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 February 2021 | Vol. 1 No. 4

Contents Editor : Rahul Chopra

Editorial : Phone: +91-9811155335
correspondence E-mail: [email protected]
technology Subscriptions & : Phone: +91-9811155335
missing issues E-mail: [email protected]
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38 CIRCUITS: Little Things That Matter In The World Of Designing Tiny Connectors Mumbai : E-mail: [email protected]
42 CIRCUITS: Peltier Module Design For Precision Thermal Management Bengaluru : E-mail: [email protected]

44 SYSTEMS: Open Source Tools That Enable Real-Time IoT Data Analytics
china : Worldwide Focus Media
46 SYSTEMS: Cloud Based Implementation Of IoT Using MQTT Brokers E-mail: [email protected]
germany :
pms Plantenberg Media Service GmbH
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do-it-yourself JAPAN :
Tandem Inc.
E-mail: [email protected]
50 Automated Washroom Light Using IR Sensors taiwan : J.K. Media
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54 Smart Agriculture Irrigation System United Kingdom : ASA Media
E-mail: [email protected]
58 Creating A Very Basic Chatbot In Python On Telegram Messenger
United States : E & Tech Media
E-mail: [email protected]

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 FeedBack
Your suggestions

EFY EXPRESS DIGITAL PHOTO FRAME along with capacitor to Zobel net-
I used to purchase kits and books from This is regarding ‘Design Your Own work circuit at output, as given in the
Kits‘n’Spares. Now I have retired and Digital Photo Frame’ DIY project pub- datasheet that has a 4.7-ohm resistor?
stopped reading EFY for a year or so. lished in April 2020 issue (also available Absence of resistor can cause oscilla-
However, now you have an abridged at https://www.electronicsforu.com/ tions in the circuit!
version of EFY Express, an ezine version, electronics-projects). I am getting follow-
which is good, and I liked it. ing messages - C:\Users\Kjell 2\App- Anirvan Kule
EFY news-stand (ezine portal) price Data\Local\Temp\Rar$DIa9656.29544\
is `50 per month and you have offered display\display.ino:42:14: warning: The author Raj K. Gorkhali replies:
50% discount for old senior customers. converting to non-pointer type ‘int’ 1. No, it does not affect the gain. It’s a
In view of that, please share the link so from NULL [-Wconversion-null], if (f low cut-off frequency. If the capacitor
that I can pay for six months and get EFY != NULL) { //file exists. What does value is increased, it just delays the start-
Express for 12 months. this mean? ing time. To reduce the gain, you may
add a 22-kilo-ohm pot at the input side.
Bhabadeb Sinha Kjell Nilsson 2. Yes, the complete Zobel filter net-
work can be implemented at the output
EFY. Thanks for sharing your feedback! The author Dr Manikandan replies: using inductor, resistor, and capacitor
EFY Express is a free-to-read ezine, and Thanks for showing interest in our to protect speakers for higher wattage
hence you need not pay anything to read article! After opening Arduino IDE, amplifiers. Zobel network was not
it. But, if you want to subscribe to the make sure to select ‘Show verbose included here just to make the circuit
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off offer at renew.efyindia.com. For fur- Preferences options. Otherwise, you construct.
ther queries please contact our support will get error message “warning: con- •••
team ([email protected]). verting to non-pointer type ‘int’ from
••• NULL [-Wconversion-null]” Please LIQUID VENDING MACHINE
share a snapshot of the error, as it may This is regarding ‘Arduino-based Liquid
SUGGESTIONS be a simple warning that can be easily Vending Machine’ DIY article published
I would like to suggest to you to include ignored. in May 2020 issue. I am doing this pro-
a series of topics on the latest electronics ••• ject but the amount of water flowing
developments for military applications out from the 12V DC solenoid valve is
and electronic weapons. Also, please STEREO AMPLIFIER very less. Please suggest whether there
try to cover space electronics like Apollo I have some doubts concerning is any remedy? 
mission and related electronics systems. ‘6W+6W Stereo Amplifier Using
LA4440’ DIY article published in Yellala Palguna Reddy
Alan Alappatt November 2020 issue:
1. Why the negative feedback capac- The author Sagar Raj Gupta replies:
EFY. Thanks for the suggestions! The itor value is increased from 47µF (as Attach or join a DC water pump
topic was covered extensively in a series mentioned in the datasheet) to 100µF? between water source and solenoid
of articles a couple of years ago, but we Will it reduce the gain of the circuit? valve to increase water pressure. Such
shall try to cover the latest developments How to reduce the gain to 40dB? example can be seen in an automatic
in some of the forthcoming issues. 2. Why no resistor is connected water purifier.

The latest from the Open Source world is here.

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 Q&A
Things You Wanted to Know!

Q1. Is there any health risk with a Wi-Fi router and what would be a safe distance from
a Wi-Fi router installed in a building?
R. Roy

A1. There are many articles on the Internet suggesting that a Wi-Fi routers generally us 2.4GHz or 5GHz band. The
Wi-Fi router poses potential health risks while others negate 5GHz Wi-Fi routers offer higher download speeds but the
it. Scientists and researchers are still studying the effects of 2.4GHz waves can travel through walls, which 5GHz have
long-term electromagnetic radiation. difficulty in doing.
Some experts say that wireless routers and allied systems The radiation from a router is the strongest near its
produce radiation in low GHz frequency, which is potentially antenna and reduces when you move away. Most experts
dangerous even when it is within the so-called ‘safe limits’ suggest that radiation level of three to six microwatts per
set by some countries. As the RF radiations could still cause metre squared are safe, which can be measured using an RF/
harmful or non-thermal biological problems, we should EMF meter.
understand the risks associated with Wi-Fi radiation from our You can use a meter to measure the Wi-Fi radiation in your
own routers and those installed by our neighbours, offices, or environment or you can use Wi-Fi router guards available in
even in public places. the market if you are feeling stressed due to the radiation.

Q2. What is fanout in PCB layout design? Can we place a via under the BGA pad
without fanout?
A. Samiuddhin

A2. In PCB layout designing, especially for BGA (ball grid vias next to a pad, in some cases even by removing some pads
array), the PCB fanout, land, and via are particularly impor- from the BGA footprint. Here fanouts are not involved.
tant. Fanouts are traces from the device lands to adjacent via, If there is a via in pad (Fig. 2), it needs to be filled either
as shown in Fig. 1. A via is an electrical connection between with copper or non-conductive material. Because an open
layers in PCB to connect the input and output, power, and hole would cause the solder to flow away from the pad, which
ground tracks. is not desirable. This via creates an extra step in PCB manu-
Typically, there is one via per land. PCB lands are where facturing and involves additional costs. That is why many
device balls sit and get soldered to. One of the important and designers don’t use this option.
difficult aspects of PCB design using fine pitch BGAs is the The second problem is the required drill-hole diameter. For
layout of their lands and fanouts. example, it is difficult to place a 0.2mm hole in a pad of a 0.4mm
You can place a via under the BGA pad without fanout, spaced BGA. Using a smaller drill size would result higher costs.
but it comes with advantages and disadvantages. Having vias One of the solutions is to use normal fanout routing with few
placed on a pad is a common practice. Some designers place vias. This option would give you a much cheaper solution.

land

fan out

via

Fig. 1: Typical fanout in BGA PCB

(Credit: www.nexlogic.com) Fig. 2: Via in Pad (Credit: www.nexlogic.com)

Answers compiled by Sani Theo, technical editor. Letters and questions for publication may be addressed to Editor, Electronics For You, D-87/1, Okhla Industrial Area,
Phase 1, New Delhi 110020 (e-mail: [email protected]) and should include name and address of the sender.

10 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 Tech News
Technology Updates

AI based system that resolves defects

in lithium-ion batteries
Electric vehicles (EVs) are gradually becoming popular as Faraday. The algorithms help
a viable eco-friendly mode of transportation. However, the identify battery cell defects
problem of lithium battery repair presents a challenging task and rectify the damage. The
in the market as the supply chains are not well established. EV process is fully automated by
customers are reliant on the OEMs who, in turn, are reliant on the hardware and requires
battery manufacturers. no manual intervention.
To solve this challenge, researchers at the IIT Hyderabad The system is likely to be
incubated startup Pure EV have designed artificial neural launched in the first quarter
network (ANN) based algorithms for a system called BaTRics of 2021.

Light based chips advance machine learning

The computing demands for applications in artificial intel- an extremely efficient way, researchers at the University of
ligence, such as pattern and speech recognition or for self- Münster, along with an international team, are developing
driving vehicles, often exceeds the capacities of conven- new approaches and process architectures with the help of
tional computer processors. To cope up with these tasks in photonic processors, which can rapidly process (up to 1012 - 1015
operations per second) data and information by means
of light—something conventional electronic chips such
as graphic cards or specialised hardware like Google’s
TPU (Tensor Processing Unit) are incapable of doing
as these are based on electronic data transfer and are
much slower.
The use of larger neural networks allows more accu-
rate forecasts and precise data analysis. For example,
photonic processors support the evaluation of large
quantities of data in medical diagnoses by generating
high-resolution 3D data in special imaging methods. Fur-
ther applications are in the fields of self-driving vehicles,
which depend on fast, rapid evaluation of sensor data,
and of IT infrastructures such as cloud computing that
Schematic representation of a processor for matrix multiplications which runs
on light. Together with an optical frequency comb, the waveguide crossbar array provide storage space, computing power, or applications
permits highly parallel data processing (Credit: www.uni-muenster.de) software.

Enhanced optical-flow based control for drones

Flying insects heavily rely on optical flow for visual navigation objects in view, thus improving the navigation skills of drones.
and flight control. But when implemented in drones, they often Learning to see distances by means of visual appearance
run into problems that insects appear to have overcome. Now a also leads to much faster, smoother landings. This technique is
team of researchers from TU Delft and the Westphalian University quite relevant to resource-constrained flying robots, especially
of Applied Sciences have developed an optical-flow based learn- when these operate in a rather confined environment, such as
ing process that allows these small robots to estimate distances flying in greenhouses to monitor crops or keeping track of the
through the visual appearance (shape, colour, texture) of the stock in warehouses.

12 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

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 Tech News
Israel’s doctors perform first-ever AR, 3D eye socket surgery
Doctors at the Galilee Medical Center in Nahariya, Israel, have
performed an eye socket fracture repair using augmented real-
ity (AR) and 3D technologies. The surgery was on a 31-year-old
patient who needed the floor of his eye socket repaired due to
a serious fracture, which had led to double vision as well as
impairment of the look and symmetry of the eyes.
Using a software, a 3D-printed model of the patient’s skull
was built and, with the help of computerised tomography
(CT) scan, a plate was designed that matched the patient’s
eye socket floor. This plate was then printed in titanium and
placed beneath the eye using AR.
One of the surgeons wore Microsoft’s HoloLens AR glasses,
which connected to the computer software and thus both the
patient’s skull and plate models. The model was virtually
placed over the patient’s head and the surgeon then placed
Surgeons are seen examining a model skull ahead of eye surgery using the plate in the correct position in real time. The surgery was
AR technology (Credit: www.jpost.com) successful and only took an hour and a half.

World’s fastest optical neuromorphic processor

developed for AI
An international team of researchers led by Swinburne Uni-
versity of Technology has demonstrated the world’s fastest
and most powerful optical neuromorphic processor for arti-
ficial intelligence (AI), which operates faster than ten trillion
operations per second (TeraOPs/s) and is capable of processing
ultra-large-scale data.
While state-of-the-art electronic processors such as the
Google TPU can operate beyond 100 TeraOPs/s, this is done
with tens of thousands of parallel processors. In contrast, the
optical system demonstrated by the team uses a single proces-
sor and uses a new technique of simultaneously interleaving
the data in time, wavelength, and spatial dimensions through
an integrated micro-comb source. The breakthrough represents
Dr Xingyuan (Mike) Xu with the integrated optical microcomb chip,
an enormous leap forward for neural networks and neuromor- which forms the core part of the optical neuromorphic processor
phic processing in general. (Credit: www.swinburne.edu.au)

Hydrogen fuel cells maximise drone flight time

for humanitarian missions
An average drone generally does about one hour of flight
before it needs to be recharged, which can cause frequent
interruptions during disaster relief missions. Now, South Korea
based Doosan Mobility Innovation (DMI) has announced that
they have successfully extended the flight time of drones to
over two hours. The feat was achieved thanks to the incorpora-
tion of miniaturised hydrogen fuel cells.
Compared to Li-ion or LiPo batteries, hydrogen fuel cells
offer many advantages, primarily their high energy to weight
DMI drones delivered emergency medical supplies to the Virgin Islands. A ratio. The engineers at DMI utilised very thin metals with a
hydrogen fuel cell power pack made this possible by enabling over two hours
of UAV flight time; four times longer than most battery-powered drones proprietary technology for the bipolar plates in the fuel cell.
(Credit: www.vicorpower.com/press-room) Known as DP30, the fuel cell has two main powertrains that

14 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

Maxim
Maxim
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Accurate, cost-effective,
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 Tech News
supply power to the drone’s rotors and to the controller for the were designed to ensure a tightly regulated 48V, 12A output
two stacks. Because of the wide range and variable output volt- to the rotor motors of the drone, plus a 12V, 8A output to the
age of the DP30 power pack, from 40 to 74V, the powertrains stack controller board and fans.

Qubit that can switch between

storage and fast calculation modes
To perform calculations, quantum computers need quantum
bits (qubits) to act as elementary building blocks that process
and store information. Compared to conventional bits, qubits
are much more fragile and can lose their information content
very quickly. The challenge for quantum computing is there-
fore to keep the sensitive qubits stable over a prolonged period
of time, while at the same time finding ways to perform rapid
quantum operations.
Strengthening this is a new type of qubit developed by
researchers from the University of Basel and TU Eindhoven that
can be switched from a stable idle mode to a fast calculation
mode and store quantum information with the application of
an electrical voltage. This capability is vital since the construc-
tion of a powerful quantum computer requires the ability to
selectively control and interconnect many individual qubits. Electrically switchable qubit: a nanowire made of germanium and silicon
(blue/green) lies on electrodes known as gates (gold). Voltages applied to the
Scalability is particularly necessary to reduce the error rate in gates lead to the formation of individual spin qubits (blue and red arrows)
quantum calculations. The researchers were also able to use that can be manipulated by microwave signals (blue pulse). In one mode,
the qubit is slow and the quantum information is more stable (blue spin).
the electrical switch to manipulate the spin qubits at record In the other, the qubit can be changed more quickly (red spin) (Credit: www.
speed in as little as a nanosecond. unibas.ch/en)

Neuroscience and robotics combination helps

rehabilitate patients
Combining neuroscience with robotic research has gained
impressive results in the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. A
research team from the Technical University of Munich (TUM)
was able to show that exoskeleton training not only helped
patients to walk but also stimulated their healing process,
allowing them to regain a certain degree of control over the
movement of their legs.
The idea behind this is that the coupling between the brain
and the machine should work in a way where the brain thinks
of the machine as an extension of the body. Given the recent
technological advances and better understanding of how to
Gordon Cheng, Professor for Cognitive Systems, wants to dig deeper in decode the user’s momentary brain activity, the time is ripe for
understanding how the brain works (Credit: www.tum.de/nc/en) their integration into more human-centered solutions.

Smart devices and AI help monitor mental health

Behavioural health issues like depression and bipolar disorder
often do not clearly show up with external symptoms and
cannot be easily detected (unlike common cold). While there
are thousands of apps available to assist in mental wellbeing
and mental-health monitoring, these tools are rarely validated
by clinicians, nor do they deliver behavioural data in ways that
make sense to doctors. (Credit: https://infosci.cornell.edu)

16 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 Tech News
To meet this challenge, Cornell University has launched bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, this would prove criti-
the Precision Behavioural Health Initiative that could enable cal in identifying early-intervention treatments. Through
health industry professionals to leverage smart devices and machine learning algorithms, a lot of data can be handled
artificial intelligence (AI) to better monitor and manage to provide meaningful interpretations for better patient
mental health of the patients. Especially for people with outcomes.

Engineers inspired by vines develop soft robotic gripper

Drawing inspiration from pole bean vines, engineers at the new soft robotic gripper. While pole beans and other twining
University of Georgia College of Engineering have designed a plants use their touch-sensitive shoots to wrap themselves
around supports like ropes and rods to grow upward, the robot
is designed to firmly but gently grasp objects as small as one
millimetre in diameter.
The soft robotic spiral gripper offers several advantages
over existing robotic devices. A single pneumatic control facili-
tates the robotic gripper to work well in confined areas and
needs only a small operational space. The device also offers
another advancement over many existing robotics in the form
of an embedded sensor in the middle of the robot’s elastic spine
that can sense the twining angle, the physical parameters of
the target and any external disturbances that might cause the
target to come loose—all in real time. The soft robotic gripper,
a little more than seven centimetres long and fashioned from
Illustration of the twining motion in twining plant (a); Soft spiral gripper
before actuation (b); Actuated soft spiral gripper holding a flower (c) silicone could be useful in many settings, including agriculture,
(Credit: www.osapublishing.org/oe; https://news.uga.edu) medicine, and research.

150,000-plus
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18 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 FOLLOW THE LEADER
FOLLOW THE LEADER
Since 1895
Since 1895

Since 1895 Since 1895

Since 1895 Since 1895

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Be a Leader - Discover how you can get better measurement confidence with Anritsu.
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Anritsu India Private Limited
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IndiqubeIndia
ETA,Private
No 38/4,Limited
6th Floor, OfficeIndia
Indiqube No
ETA, 19,NoGround Floor,
38/4,Limited
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19, Ground
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Anritsu
© 2019

Anritsu Anritsu
Anritsu India Private
Private Limited Anritsu Limited
Adjacent ETA,
Indiqube to EMC No2, Doddanekundi,
38/4, 6th Floor, D-5, Logix
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Indiqube to EMC
No
ETA, Infotech
19, No 2,
GroundPark,
38/4, Sect 59,
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Floor,
Anritsu
© 2019

Anritsu
Outer Ring
India Private Limited Anritsu India Private Limited
Adjacent to Road,
EMC 2,Bengaluru, India
Doddanekundi, NOIDA
Outer
D-5,Ring (UP)
Logix Road, India
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Infotech Park,
Adjacent to EMC 2, Doddanekundi, India
Sect 59, NOIDA (UP) India
D-5, Logix Infotech Park, Sect 59,
Anritsu
Ring-India
Indiqube ETA, Private
No 38/4,Limited
6th Floor, Outer - Anritsu
Office
301No India Private Floor,
19,India
Ground Limited
© 2019

Pin Code
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Road,048
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© 2019

Phone:
Pin Code+91
- 560 67281300 Phone:
Phone:
Pin Code
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+91 80
560 120
201
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301 Phone:
Pin Code+91 120301
- 201 4211330-32
© 2019 Anritsu Company
Adjacent
Outer +91
Phone: Ringto EMC
80Road, 2,Bengaluru,
67281300 Doddanekundi,
India Phone:
Phone:+91+9180D-5,
NOIDA
120 Logix
(UP)Infotech
4211330-32
67281300 India Park, Sect
Phone:59,
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©
© 2019
2019 Anritsu
Anritsu Company
Company
Outer Ring- 560
Pin Code Road, Bengaluru, India
048 NOIDA (UP)
Pin Code India
- 201 301 © 2019 Anritsu Company
© 2019 Anritsu Company
 Truly Innovative Tech

Amongst numerous press releases of new products received by us, these are the ones
we found worthy of the title Truly Innovative Tech

SNN chip to process low lighting conditions, enabling more

capable safety systems. Automotive
and fault detection, a math coprocessor
allows fast and energy-efficient digital
radar signals cameras using the OX03A2S require less
illumination, thus reducing material
signal processing.
Melexis
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are cost and overall power consumption. www.melexis.com
the backbone of artificial intelligence
(AI) and machine learning (ML). How-
ever, ANNs consume too much power Fuel gauge IC with
and data travel is a time-consuming pro-
cedure from the sensor device to the AI
monitoring feature
inference algorithm for decision making. The new MAX17320 high-accuracy
To overcome this challenge, Imec, an fuel-gauge and protection IC extends
run-time on multi-cell battery-powered
products and also keeps in check the
With the ability to display high qual- self-discharge hazards. For up to 2 to
ity, NIR-enhanced, RGB, and machine 4 series Lithium-ion (Li+) cells (2S-
vision images, automotive designers can 4S), the device is part of an IC family
efficiently utilise the sensor for both day equipped with ModelGauge m5 EZ
and night environments.
Omnivision Technologies
organisation doing R&D of nanoelectron- www.ovt.com
ics and digital technologies, has devel-
oped a chip that makes use of spiking
neural networks (SNNs). Unlike ANNs, Embedded sensor
SNNs fire electrical pulses sparsely over
time, and only when the sensory input
for smart tyres algorithm that delivers 40% more
accurate state-of-charge (SOC) read-
changes. As such, energy consumption To facilitate tyre-pressure monitoring for ings, eliminating the need for battery
can significantly be reduced. Besides commercial vehicles, including heavy- characterisation for most common Li+
ECG and speech processing applications, duty and passenger cars, and enable cells. This fuel gauge also offers 85%
the chip is a smart solution for imple- future generations of smart tyres, the lower quiescent current and features
menting a low-power, anti-collision SHA-256 authentication for safeguarding
system for drones and autonomous cars. systems from counterfeit batteries. Until
Imec now there were no solutions for detect-
www.imec-int.com ing self-discharge that develops during
normal usage of the battery. But with the

Automotive image MAX17320, which is suitable for hand-

held devices with 2S-4S Li+ batteries,
sensor for low light MLX91805 has been specially designed to
be embedded in the tyre, unlike current
applications consisting of computing,
IoT, power tool, consumer, healthcare,
Enhanced with near-infrared (NIR) rim-mounted TPMS sensors. The sensor and mobile device categories can be met
technology, the 2.5-megapixel OX03A2S integrates an 800g XZ-axis accelerometer with high customer safety standards.
image sensor is ideal for exterior imag- that can sense up to 10,000 samples per Maxim Integrated
ing applications that operate in low to second. It also integrates a high-accuracy www.maximintegrated.com
no ambient light conditions within two pressure sensor as well as tempera-
metres of the vehicle. It has a novel sili-
con semiconductor architecture, which
ture and voltage sensors. Integrating a
low-power 16-bit microcontroller and Portable LiDAR with
helps to achieve automotive quantum
efficiency of 40 per cent at 940nm NIR
315/433MHz RF transmitter that draws
just 5mA, and with an extremely low
powerful features
wavelength. This enables detection and 90nA sleep current, the MLX91805 can This all-in-one solid-state LiDAR comes
recognition of objects that other image operate from a tiny battery for the life of with powerful control features, which
sensors would miss under extremely the tyre. In addition to built-in diagnostics makes the system more portable than

20 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 Truly Innovative Tech
5G and AI-enabled access and manage your property from
a centralised location. Given the havoc
robotics platform caused by the pandemic, the instal-
lation of such a system is necessary.
Designed specifically for robotics, the Simply place your smartphone in front
Robotics RB5 platform comprises an of the facility, scan the QR code and
extensive set of hardware, software, and enter your details. These details are
development tools. The Robotics RB5 then sent to the cloud through a cen-
platform brings together 5G and AI to tralised dashboard from anywhere in
before. Its onboard quad-core ARM com- the world, where these are processed.
puter comes with Ubuntu 20.04 Aarch64 On successful verification, access is
architecture OS and has built-in Neu- granted. Once this happens, the system
Viewer client software for scanning effect scans for body temperature and sends
display and ROS driver software package an alert or restricts access if high tem-
supporting LiDAR. Moreover, the device perature is detected. SecurePass uses a
comes with a Wi-Fi hotspot. A 17.7cm combination of door sensors and people
multitouch screen allows users to con- counter to detect and send alerts for all
trol the device without connecting their such scenarios.
personal computers or other industrial Singularity Automation
personal computer. Applications include www.thesecurepass.com
outdoor mapping, 3D imaging, and meas- empower developers and manufacturers
urements for autonomous driving, smart
city (V2X), drone, mapping, etc.
creating the next generation of high-
compute, low-power robots and drones FPGA for satellite
Neuvition
www.neuvition.com
for the consumer, enterprise, defence,
industrial, and professional service
and space use
sectors. The platform’s QRB5165 pro- Delivering full radiation tolerance, ultra-

Smart 3D cessor offers a powerful heterogeneous

computing architecture coupled with
high throughput and bandwidth perfor-
mance for satellite and space applica-
surveillance system an AI engine delivering 15 tera opera-
tions per second of AI performance for
tions, the KintexUltraScale XQRKU060 is
a 20nm space-grade FPGA that provides
To provide an enhanced and robust solu- running complex AI and deep learning
tion for high-security needs, the Leica workloads. The processor also offers
BLK247—a 3D surveillance system— incredible machine learning inferencing
combines LiDAR, video camera, and at the edge. With support for 4G and 5G
thermal imaging technology for security connectivity speeds via a companion
that building owners, operators, and module, the RB5 platform helps pave the
security teams can make use of for way for the proliferation of 5G in robot-
continuous monitoring of buildings and ics and intelligent systems.
Qualcomm Technologies
www.qualcomm.com
unlimited on-orbit reconfiguration and

Contactless hi-tech delivers a significant reduction in size,

weight, and power. The XQRKU060
access control brings to space high-performance
machine learning development tools
In order to secure a building or a work- that support industry-standard frame-
spaces including hospitals, factories, place from harmful unseen organisms works, including TensorFlow and
manufacturing plants, and offices. Addi- that can infect a person and put others PyTorch, enabling neural network infer-
tionally, the Leica BLK247 provides reli- at risk, the cloud-based access control ence acceleration for real-time on-board
able surveillance for private properties, system called SecurePass lets you processing in space with a complete
allows creation of 3D zones by geofenc- ‘process and analyse’ solution. The
ing areas, and applies custom alarm XQRKU060’s dense, power-efficient
rules. Assistive AI enables the device compute with scalable precision and
to make unaided real-time decisions large on-chip memory provides 5.7 tera
by learning the space it is monitoring operations per second of peak INT8
(known as a ‘static scene’) and through performance, a nearly 25x increase com-
change detection technology recognises pared to the prior generation, which is
changes within that scene. optimised for deep learning
Leica Geosystems Xilinx
www.leica-geosystems.com www.xilinx.com

22 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 New Products NEW

waterproof option for smart HVAC sys-

components tems, ventilator fans, kitchen and bath-
room lights, and switches and wearables,
that operate in high-humidity, splash
pact, energy-efficient, and reliable IoT zone, dirty, or submersible environ-
Radiation-tolerant memory devices for cost-effective connections ments. The IP67-
Microchip’s SST38LF6401RT is a radia- over large geographical areas and remote ra t e d p a c ka g i n g
tion-tolerant, 64Mbit parallel-interface locations. This enables accuracy
SuperFlash memory device. It has enables smart and reliability for
total ionizing dose radiation tolerance technologies low-power applica-
of up to 50krad to add greater tions that operate
for reliability and value in indus- in splash zones. It
robustness in the tries from utilities and agriculture to maintains the high precision and flex-
harsh space envi- shipping, transportation, and others. ibility that users need for customising
ronment, which The STM32WL series supports multiple their systems and eliminate the need for
reduces the time, modulation schemes, which allow high expensive waterproofing systems.
cost, and risk of developing spaceflight- receiving sensitivity at low RF signal Renesas Electronics Corporation
qualified systems. It allows designers power, and (G)FSK, (G)MSK, and BPSK www.renesas.com
to start with commercial off-the-shelf modulation used by Sigfox and wireless
devices that can later be replaced by Meter-Bus protocols.
their space-qualified, radiation-tolerant STMicroelectronics
High-power UV-C LED
equivalent parts. www.st.com UV-C light can eliminate most viruses
Microchip Technology and bacteria on surfaces, in the air, and
www.microchip.com in drinking water—making them harm-
Solar for wearables and IoT less and preventing them from spread-
The tradeoff between small size and ing. UV-C light has often been used with
High-speed op-amp long runtime for wearable and IoT large lamps for dis-
The 2-channel, high-speed, ground applications often poses a challenge for infection purposes.
sense CMOS op-amp BD77502FVM space-constrained designs. Reducing Now, with the Oslon
from ROHM Semiconductor mitigates this problem is the MAX20361 single/ UV 3636, UV-C light
noise issues asso- multi-cell solar can be obtained with
ciated with the harvester from the help of LEDs for
large number of Maxim Integrat- small disinfection applications. The
electronic compo- ed, which has LED operates in a wavelength of 275
nents used in an maximum power nanometers and poses no risk to human
IoT environment. point tracking beings. Thus, it can be safely installed
The noisy envi- capability. By enabling solar charging in for direct interaction with the objects
ronment makes it extremely difficult to highly space-constrained products, the being sanitised such as faucets and air-
implement designs with electromagnetic MAX20361 extends device runtime with conditioning systems.
compatibility. This op-amp is optimised a supplemental power source, reducing OSRAM
for consumer and industrial equipment solution size by at least half while boost- www.osram.com
requiring high-speed sensing for indus- ing the efficiency of harvested energy
trial measurement and control systems. by up to 5 per cent, making it ideal for
ROHM Semiconductor wearables and other IoT applications. Power monitoring chip
www.rohm.com Maxim Integrated The ACS37800, a Hall-effect power
www.maximintegrated.com monitoring IC from Allegro MicroSys-
tems, allows simultaneous measurement
LoRa compatible SoC of power, voltage, and current for AC
The STM32WL long-range sub-GHz Indoor air quality sensor and DC signals
wireless system-on-chip family by The ZMOD4410 indoor air quality sensor with an isola-
STMicroelectronics enables connection from Renesas Electronics can operate tion rating of up
with LoRa-based low-power wide-area in wet or dirty environments. It has a to 1480Vpk in
networks. It allows users to create com- software-configurable IP67-qualified a small SOIC16

24 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 New Products
package, reducing the bill-of-material Power management ICs support for medical, dental, and general
size, cost, and complexity. It allows healthcare applications. These have a
devices to easily track power consump- Multi-time programmable power man- small foot-
tion and optimise energy use by detect- agement ICs, the ACT88327 and print, are
ing reduced power efficiency for predic- ACT88329, are optimised for high light, and
tive maintenance, making it ideal for performance and less cum-
motor control, building automation, and compact form-factor bersome for
a variety of green industrial applications. designs. They accel- use as adap-
Allegro MicroSystems erate time to market tors. The series meet 60601-1 edition
www.allegromicro.com by delivering design 3.1 safety standards for medical uses,
flexibility for multi- besides the current average efficiency
ple applications, from and no-load power specifications.
ESD protection devices SSD cards, computer CUI Inc.
The leadless PESD2CANFDx series vision such as security cameras and www.cui.com
for CAN-FD applications, comprising routers, to low-power mobile uses
DFN1412D-3 and DFN1110D-3 from (LPDDR5), home control, and voice-
Nexperia, are fully AEC-Q101-quali- assisted devices. Single-phase filter
fied, offer ESD and Qorvo With the launch of the GTX series single-
RF performance, and www.qorvo.com phase filters by KEMET, excess elec-
occupy 80% less PCB tromagnetic
space than traditional interference
SOT23 and SOT323 Z-wave SoCs generated by
packages. They also Offering seamless wireless connectiv- power lines
feature improved thermal behaviour ity beyond the smart home, the Z-wave within 250V
due to a larger internal lead frame that 700 series SoCs AC s i n g l e -
includes a heat-sink and thermal pad. from Silicon Labs, phase electri-
Nexperia with their back- cal systems can now be suppressed.
www.nexperia.com ward compatibil- The filter contains a nanocrystalline
ity, present unique core, which offers higher permeability
benefits of Z-wave and lower losses than ferrite material
Current sensors long range for IoT cores. As a result, the performance of
The new Hall-effect based integrated applications in single-phase power supply systems for
current sensors, MLX91220 (5V) and commercial, multi-dwelling units, and commercial, industrial, and medical
the MLX91221 (3.3V) from Melexis, are hospitality. These demonstrate one- applications is improved.
meant for automotive and industrial mile point-to-point range (line-of-sight) KEMET
applications such as on-board chargers, at +14dBm output power. Addition- www.kemet.com
DC-DC convert- ally, the series supports dynamic output
ers, power sup- control to optimise power settings and
plies, and small enables up to ten years of operation on Image sensor
electric drives. a coin-cell battery. The new NanEyeC image sensor from
With 300kHz Silicon Labs ams is claimed
bandwidth, they suit a variety of power www.silabs.com to be the small-
conversion applications that require est, lightest
lower than 50A RMS current, resulting 100k pixel image
in a response time of just 2µs, which
modules & boards sensor for pro-
supports high switching frequencies and viding digital
more accurate tracking in control loops. AC-DC power supplies video output for
Melexis The two new 120W AC-DC external use in mobile or
www.melexis.com power supply series from CUI provide wearable consumer devices like virtual

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 New Products
reality headsets. It enables all types qualification cycle time, and reduces space-limited application where a supe-
of visual sensing, is GDPR compliant, overall development time. rior power rating is required.
connects flexibly to interfaces, and is NXP Semiconductors Traco Power
affordable for single-use applications www.nxp.com www.tracopower.com
in consumer electronics. Combining
a wide-angle view with a good depth
of focus, the NanEyeC offers the speed Industrial motherboard T&M solutions
and picture quality needed for video Avalue Technology has unveiled the
applications where the camera must be EAX-W480P, an ATX board that is Handheld vector network
virtually invisible to the end-user or be based on Intel 10th generation core analyser
accommodated in a tiny space. and Celeron The new ZNH handheld vector network
ams processors. analyser from Rohde & Schwarz enables
www.ams.com EAX-W480P timely detection and rectification of
is an indus- defective RF cables and communica-
trial mother- tions system
Auxiliary AC-DC controller board, which components,
In an AC-DC power supply, a sec- requires less expansion for automation, which allows
ondary side microcontroller is typi- industrial, automatic medicine pack- field engineers
cally unable to start it without a ing machines, and other embedded to maintain
separate bias applications. a n d re s t o re
power supply. Avalue Technology radar and satellite systems. Characteris-
This problem www.avalue.com.tw ing components up to 26.5GHz in the
can be solved field and lab, the analyser facilitates
with MCP1012 functions such as cable and antenna
high-voltage AI development board measurements and full 2-port S-param-
auxiliary AC-DC controller from The WE-I Plus EVB is an endpoint AI eter measurements. Useful for R&D labs,
Microchip Technology that has the development board that incorporates an production lines, and universities with
ability to remove the independent bias ultra-low-power HX6537-A WE-I Plus limited space and budgets, the analyser
power supply in many applications. AI processor can also check RF components such as
The MCP1012 offline auxiliary device and HM0360 filters, amplifiers, cables, connectors,
enables the system to transfer control always-on and antennas in production environ-
of the power and duty cycle to a sec- image sensor. ments.
ondary microcontroller, thus maintain- It includes an Rohde & Schwarz
ing a precise and purposefully coupled AI processor, www.rohde-schwarz.com
control between the system and the HM0360 AoS
load, which also reduces size and cost. VGA camera, two microphones, and a
Microchip Technology 3-axis accelerometer to perform vision, 800G test solutions
www.microchip.com voice, and vibration detection and rec- It is challenging to meet the growing
ognition. demands in network capacity due to
Himax Technologies widespread consumption of digital ser-
Power amplifier modules www.himax.com.tw vices delivered via wireless technologies
The new Airfast RF power multi-chip such as 4G, 5G, and Wi-Fi. Now service
module (MCM) series from NXP Semi- providers and data
conductors supports the evolution of Power supply centre operators
5G mMIMO active antenna system The Protection Class II models (TPP seeking 800G tech-
requirements 450BA-M open-frame and TPP 450B-M nology can rapidly
for cellular enclosed with Fan) are ideal for non- develop next-gen-
base stations. stationary requirements where a ground eration data centre
Based on connection is technologies, including 100Gb/s trans-
LDMOS tech- not possible. mitter and receiver pre-conformance test
n o l o g y, t h i s High efficien- solution with the newly launched 800G
power ampli- cy up to 94% test solutions by Keysight Technologies.
fier module family accelerates 5G supports con- The solutions enable an 800G ecosys-
coverage and offers high output power, vection-cooled tem (consisting of optical components,
extensive frequency coverage, and operation up to chipset, and switch) and IC vendors,
high efficiency. The MCMs cover 5G 320W at +50 degrees Celsius and 450W as well as system integrators, to speed
frequency bands from 2.3 to 4.0GHz, operation at +65 degrees Celsius with design, develop, test, and validate across
from 37 to 39dBm average output 20cfm airflow. Potential applications the entire design cycle.
power. A high level of integration include portable medical equipment, Keysight Technologies
removes RF complexities, decreases home healthcare devices, and any www.keysight.com

26 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 New Products
help of geographic The lineup also provides a wide range of
manufacturing information GIPS storage capacities from 16GB to 1.6TB.
Equipment technology. The The series offers strong security features,
solution combines including anti-tampering, anti-spoofing,
Optical inspection system stable and accurate AES128/256-bit encryption, and ATA
With increasing miniaturisation of features of UWB wireless communica- security.
components and PCB boards, the tion technology with the TDOA compu- TDK Corporation
demand for resolution inspection tation, so it has the ability to accurately www.tdk.com
increases. So, Test Research locate and track up to 30cm for indus-
has released the high-reli- trial applications.
ability TR77000QM SII 3D Avalue Technology
EDA tools
automated optical inspec- www.avalue-solutions.com
tion system, which is built Design and verification software
on a high precision platform The Lattice Diamond 3.12 from Lattice
with 5.5µm-resolution 12MP Flash storage products Semiconductor is an FPGA design and
imaging technology for the Integration of flash storage into edge verification software that accelerates the
semiconductor and packaging industry devices in industrial equipment and development of FPGA-based applications
and other high-reliability industries. many IIoT devices has increased the for a range of markets, including indus-
Test Research, Inc. need for user trial/automotive, communications/
www.tri.com.tw data protec- compute, and consumer.
tion as well. The tool improves overall simulation
To meet this performance for faster design verifica-
Enterprise-class requirement, a new series of flash stor- tion. Additionally, it supports the Lattice
products age devices have been launched that CrossLinkPlus FPGAs for MIPI D-PHY
are optimal for industrial, medical, based embedded vision systems and
Locating and tracking solution smart grid, transportation, and security Lattice MachXO3D FPGAs for system
The Renity Artemis from Avalue Tech- applications. The storage series uses security.
nology provides high-performance GBDriver GS2, a NAND flash memory Lattice Semiconductor
real-time locating and tracking with the control IC, which supports serial ATA. www.latticesemi.com

28 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

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 What’s New

How Machine Learning

Can Enhance Art
Machine learning
is everywhere and
the field of art is
no exception. This
article explores
applications of
machine learning in
painting and music

M
Dr K.S. Kuppusamy achine learning has emerged as an or Monet. The major steps in neural style
important and powerful tool for transfer are:
software developers. It has helped • Get an image
solve problems that were earlier considered • Get a reference image
unsolvable, and has been adopted in a wide • Blend the images with ML
spectrum of domains. In addition to the • Output the image with the transformed
various tech domains that have benefited style
from ML, many art forms have also benefited Fig. 1 shows a source image (the banner
from it. This article focuses on two major art image of an earlier article titled, ‘Is your
forms—music and painting. website accessible and inclusive?’ in the
Various tools can assist in applying ML March 2020 issue of OSFY available at https://
to the creative process. Some of them are: opensourceforu.com/2020/03/is-your-website-
• Magenta accessible-and-inclusive/) and a reference style
• Google Deep Dream image (a Kandinsky painting).
• MuseNet The fast style transfer using TensorFlow
There are various applications that have Hub is shown in Fig. 2.
been developed using popular tools such The code snippet with TensorFlow Hub
as TensorFlow. This article has two major is as follows:
sections: import tensorflow_hub as hub
• The first section explores neural style hub_module = hub.load(‘https://tfhub.dev/google/
transfer using TensorFlow. magenta/arbitrary-image-stylization-v1-256/1’)
• The second section explores Magenta stylized_image = hub_module(tf.constant(content_
and its application to music. image), tf.constant(style_image))[0]
tensor_to_image(stylized_image)
Neural style transfer In the style conversion process, the follow-
Composing one image in the style of another ing steps are involved:
image is called neural style transfer. Using • Defining content and style representa-
this technique, an ordinary picture can be tions
converted into a style of painting created • Building the model
by the masters such as Picasso, Van Gogh, • Calculating the style

30 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 What’s New
Steps in Style Conversion

#1. DEFINE CONTENT AND STYLE REPRESENTATION

#2. BUILD THE MODEL

#3. CALCULATE THE STYLE

Fig. 1: A source image and a style image
#4. EXTRACT STYLE AND CONTENT

#5. RUN GRADIENT DISSENT

#6. COMPUTE TOTAL VARIATION LOSS

#7. RETURN THE OPTIMIZATION

Fig. 3: Steps involved in the styling process

Fig. 2: Fast style transfer

• Extracting the style and content

• Running the gradient descent
• Total variation loss
• Re-running the optimisation
The final stylised output with the source image rendered
using the reference style image is shown in Fig. 4.
The complete code demo is available at https://colab. Fig. 4: Stylised output
research.google.com/github/tensorflow/docs/blob/master/
site/en/tutorials/generative/style_transfer.ipynb from magenta.music.protobuf import music_pb2
twinkle_twinkle = music_pb2.NoteSequence()
Magenta # Add the notes to the sequence.
Magenta is an open source project aimed at exploring the twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=60, start_time=0.0, end_time=0.5,
role of machine learning in the creative process (https:// velocity=80)
magenta.tensorflow.org/). There are two different distribu- twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=60, start_time=0.5, end_time=1.0,
tions of Magenta, as listed below. velocity=80)
Magenta-Python. This is a Python library that is built twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=67, start_time=1.0, end_time=1.5,
on TensorFlow. It has powerful methods to manipulate velocity=80)
music and image data. Generating music by using ML twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=67, start_time=1.5, end_time=2.0,
models is the primary objective of Magenta-Python. It can velocity=80)
be installed with pip. twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=69, start_time=2.0, end_time=2.5,
Magenta-JavaScript. This distribution is an open source velocity=80)
API. It enables the use of pre-trained Magenta models inside twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=69, start_time=2.5, end_time=3.0,
the Web browser. TensorFlow.js is at the core of this API. velocity=80)
twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=67, start_time=3.0, end_time=4.0,
Magenta-Python velocity=80)
The first step is to install Magenta along with the dependen- twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=65, start_time=4.0, end_time=4.5,
cies, as follows: velocity=80)
print(‘Installing dependencies...’) twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=65, start_time=4.5, end_time=5.0,
!apt-get update -qq && apt-get install -qq libfluidsynth1 velocity=80)
fluid-soundfont-gm build-essential libasound2-dev libjack-dev twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=64, start_time=5.0, end_time=5.5,
!pip install -qU pyfluidsynth pretty_midi velocity=80)
!pip install -qU magenta twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=64, start_time=5.5, end_time=6.0,
Magenta fundamentally works on NoteSequences, velocity=80)
which are abstract representations of a sequence of notes. twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=62, start_time=6.0, end_time=6.5,
For example, the following code snippet represents ‘Twinkle velocity=80)
Twinkle Little Star’: twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=62, start_time=6.5, end_time=7.0,

www.EFYMag.com electronics For You express • February 2021 31

 What’s New
velocity=80)
Melody RNN
twinkle_twinkle.notes.add(pitch=60, start_time=7.0, end_time=8.0,
velocity=80) Magenta Music Models Music VAE

twinkle_twinkle.total_time = 8 Onsets and Frames

twinkle_twinkle.tempos.add(qpm=60);
Fig. 5: Magenta.Music models
# This is a colab utility method that visualizes a NoteSequence.
mm.plot_sequence(twinkle_twinkle) temperature = 1.0 # the higher the temperature the more random
the sequence.
# This is a colab utility method that plays a NoteSequence.
mm.play_sequence(twinkle_twinkle,synth=mm.fluidsynth) # Set the start time to begin on the next step after the last note
ends.
Machine learning with Magenta last_end_time = (max(n.end_time for n in input_sequence.notes)
The magenta.music library enables the developer to if input_sequence.notes else 0)
do the following: qpm = input_sequence.tempos[0].qpm
• Create music using utilities in the Magenta library by seconds_per_step = 60.0 / qpm / melody_rnn.steps_per_quarter
using abstractions. total_seconds = num_steps * seconds_per_step
• Generate music using ML models.
This library incorporates various ML models that are generator_options = generator_pb2.GeneratorOptions()
built using TensorFlow. Three of the prominent models are generator_options.args[‘temperature’].float_value = temperature
listed below. generate_section = generator_options.generate_sections.add(
MelodyRNN. Given a note sequence, it will continue in start_time=last_end_time + seconds_per_step,
the original style. end_time=total_seconds)
MusicVAE. This is used to build novel NoteSequences.
It can also be used to interpolate between sequences. # Ask the model to continue the sequence.
Onsets and frames. This transcribes piano audio. sequence = melody_rnn.generate(input_sequence, generator_options)

Melody RNN mm.plot_sequence(sequence)

Melody RNN is primarily an LSTM based language model. It mm.play_sequence(sequence, synth=mm.fluidsynth)
handles musical notes. The objective is to continue the given
sequence in the original style. There are two steps to using it: Music VAE
• Initialising the model Music VAE (variational auto encoder) is a generative model
• Continuing a sequence that can be used to create novel sequences or interpolate
The code snippet for model initialising follows: between existing sequences.
print(‘Downloading model bundle. This will take less than a The model initialisation can be done with the following
minute...’) code snippet:
mm.notebook_utils.download_bundle(‘basic_rnn.mag’, ‘/content/’) # Import dependencies.
from magenta.models.music_vae import configs
# Import dependencies. from magenta.models.music_vae.trained_model import TrainedModel
from magenta.models.melody_rnn import melody_rnn_sequence_generator
from magenta.models.shared import sequence_generator_bundle # Initialize the model.
from magenta.music.protobuf import generator_pb2 print(“Initializing Music VAE...”)
from magenta.music.protobuf import music_pb2 music_vae = TrainedModel(
configs.CONFIG_MAP[‘cat-mel_2bar_big’],
# Initialize the model. batch_size=4,
print(“Initializing Melody RNN...”) checkpoint_dir_or_path=’/content/mel_2bar_big.ckpt’)
bundle = sequence_generator_bundle.read_bundle_file(‘/content/ New sequence creation may be carried out as shown
basic_rnn.mag’) below:
generator_map = melody_rnn_sequence_generator.get_generator_map() generated_sequences = music_vae.sample(n=2, length=80,
melody_rnn = generator_map[‘basic_rnn’](checkpoint=None, temperature=1.0)
bundle=bundle)
melody_rnn.initialize() for ns in generated_sequences:
The sequence continuation can be carried out with two mm.plot_sequence(ns)
parameters—the number of steps and temperature. You can mm.play_sequence(ns, synth=mm.fluidsynth)
tweak these two parameters and understand the change in
the resultant output: Magenta-JavaScript
# Model options. Change these to get different generated sequences! As stated earlier, the JavaScript distribution of Magenta can
input_sequence = twinkle_twinkle be used right inside your Web browser. It provides many
num_steps = 128 # change this for shorter or longer sequences powerful features to manipulate music in the Web browser.

32 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 What’s New

The Magenta music can be incorporated into JavaScript unquantized:

as follows: const qns = mm.sequences.quantizeNoteSequence(ORIGINAL_
<script src=”https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@magenta/ TWINKLE_TWINKLE, 4);
music@^1.0.0”></script> music_rnn
Managing NoteSequences and playing them is rather .continueSequence(qns, rnn_steps, rnn_temperature)
simple in JavaScript: .then((sample) => rnnPlayer.start(sample));
player = new mm.Player(); }
player.start(TWINKLE_TWINKLE);
player.stop(); rnn_steps and rnn_temperature can be used to modify the output.
The three machine learning models (MusicRNN, There are many demos available at https://magenta.
MusicVAE, and onsets and frames), which were explained tensorflow.org/demos.
earlier with Magenta-Python, are available in the JavaScript The Magenta Studio provides a collection of music
version as well. A sample code snippet for MusicRNN is plugins that are built using Magenta models (https://
shown below: magenta.tensorflow.org/studio). The power of Magenta can
// Initialize the model. be understood from the variety of demos.
music_rnn = new mm.MusicRNN(‘https://storage.googleapis.com/ With the advent of advanced libraries such as Magenta,
magentadata/js/checkpoints/music_rnn/basic_rnn’); handling art with machine learning is becoming simpler
music_rnn.initialize(); and more effective. We can surely expect more to come in
the near future.
// Create a player to play the sequence we’ll get from the model. To conclude, as the official documentation says,
rnnPlayer = new mm.Player(); Magenta can really make your browser sing.
This article was first published in May 2020 issue of Open Source For You
function play() {
if (rnnPlayer.isPlaying()) {
Dr K.S. Kuppusamy is assistant professor of computer
rnnPlayer.stop();
science, School of Engineering and Technology, Pondicherry
return; Central University. He has 14+ years of teaching and
} research experience in academia and industry. His research
interests include accessible computing, Web information
retrieval and mobile computing
// The model expects a quantized sequence, and ours was

www.EFYMag.com electronics For You express • February 2021 33

 Circuits

Unleash The Untapped

Potential Of Memory
Intelligence
Over the past few
decades, innovative
memory architectures
have shaped memory
design for various
physical devices. This
change continues
and is particularly
interesting from
the perspective of
artificial intelligence,
The Internet of
Things, and robotics

S
Vinay Prabhakar Minj ystem development has come a long DSRAMs are coming in. “I will not be sur-
way over the years. The process began prised if intelligent memory starts coming in
right when computers were being the future. We have not reached that point
designed. In a system, the critical compo- yet, but we have come to a stage where we
nents are the processor and memory. When are thinking of pipelined design in software,”
both of these are efficient, you get more says Nikhil Bhaskaran, founder, Shunyaos.
processing power and better bandwidth for
memory. Already a lot has happened on the Neural networks
processing side with the central processing Neural networks certainly hold promise in
units (CPUs) evolving into graphics pro- developing intelligent memory for faster
cessing units (GPUs) and later transitioning data compute and efficiency. Huge datasets
into neural processing units (NPUs). require frequent memory access. Doing that
This has come into effect in mobile in today’s memory system creates high inef-
phones with the introduction of NPUs for ficiency, leading to speed loss. To overcome
faster artificial intelligence (AI) process- that, AI on edge offers a viable solution
ing. It seems the maximum limit has been where a fast output can be obtained. “This
reached there. Now the focus is shifting correlates with testing the limits of a system,
towards strengthening the memory effi- but that is when things start getting fixed,”
ciency. This is where 3D SRAMs and stack says Nikhil.

34 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 Circuits
The future is about AI happening
completely on the edge where both
Importance of Memory for an IoT Device
the processor and the memory need There are three parallel verticals which IoT works on:
to be efficient. “They are like husband Embedded design. Most IoT devices are handheld and low-powered where data speed
and wife. One cannot go too fast, impacts both the hardware and the information going to the cloud. So effective data speed
otherwise the marriage will break. and even device power is required.
Everything has to happen in tandem,” Mobile apps. These incorporate edge computing for storage of less complex data in
explains Nikhil. the phone itself.
Convolutional neural networks Cloud competencies. On the cloud side, definitely a lot of security is required. For
(CNNs) do a lot of processing via data centres, security should impact data storage within memory in a big way. Solutions
like cryptography can work for both embedded as well as for the cloud using memory
multiply-accumulate (MAC) opera-
pipelining.
tions (which is to multiply two values
In all these scenarios, memory is highly required.
and store the result in the accumula-
tor). Here the value has to be held
for a certain time while the next (UFS), which have both microcon- traveling from hardware to software
operation is being performed. But if troller and intelligence inside them. in an embedded system also requires
the time taken to deliver and receive “Memory from an IoT point of view careful consideration.
that value is more than its processing requires the presence of intelligence
speed, then there is a problem. One not just for the software but also for Memory for mobile robotics
solution is to bring memory closer to the hardware,” he emphasises. The efficiency of a robot determines
a system, so that with the interface In recent years, mobile phones the quality of the work output, for
pipelines the bandwidth speed can be have emerged as powerful tools for which there should be intelligent pro-
increased. This is highly required as enabling seamless functioning of IoT cessing and controlling. To achieve
we increasingly move towards edge devices. So, if a simple operation such this, memory management and organ-
computing. as switching on/off an IoT device is isation is important. A communica-
required, the related data can then tion interface between the operating
Memory from the IoT be stored on the device itself without system and the embedded software
perspective memory. But if a complex process is needed for effective synchronisa-
IoT generally involves communicat- such as data intelligence and data tion between two or more different
ing, processing, and storing data. acquisition from the sensor needs platforms.
And although microcontrollers can to be carried out, then memory is In an industry, typically there are
effectively handle embedded systems, required. multiple workstations, each having
they cannot handle high-speed data At the same time, some cases different needs. For example, one
control, transfer, and storage required need network considerations as well. workstation calls for materials from
for communication with the cloud. Take for example narrowband IoT stores, another for transportation of
Therefore, memory architecture needs (NB-IoT). It is a part of the GSM tech- finished goods to a warehouse, and
to be strengthened for IoT. “An embed- nology in which data is in a constant so on. Here, the industrial mobile
ded system is required that has low state of motion. So why not eliminate robot employed to carry out such tasks
limitations with respect to size, data the need for external memories and should be able to do so effectively
as well as power,” says Dharmendra simply place the memory within the from one workstation to another.
Kumar, IoT & Digital Business Head NB-IoT module? For that to happen, Since it is difficult to predict the
at Arihant. the GSM platform as well as the nature and application of the calls
He strongly recommends design embedded system can be interfaced in such a scenario, these should be
engineers to go for such memories via the concept of host microcon- prioritised based on risk and urgency,
as EMC and universal flash storage troller. How much data is suitable for which requires intelligence in the

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www.EFYMag.com electronics For You express • February 2021 35

 Circuits
robot. If the task is of high risk or high developed, but India is lagging behind
urgency, then it should be given the
Speakers with respect to these. As the develop-
first priority. Dharmendra Kumar, ment platform exists in the country, it
This assigning of priorities is simi- IoT & Digital should be utilised. “Although we are
lar to weighing of the neural network Business Head, making certain efforts, we need the
systems. Weights are assigned here in Arihant ecosystem. Government is taking a lot
the form of call requests. Other than of initiatives, but they need to support
that, single-board computers can the ecosystem even for design,” he says.
be employed for queue mechanism On a similar note, Nikhil feels that
for which a stack can be present to Nikhil Bhaskaran, emphasis should be given more on
perform the memory organisation founder, design than on manufacture. Just as
and call request management. There Shunyaos China is good at manufacturing, India
should also be a mobile robot localisa- is good at designing. “If we have to be
tion part to implement locomotion for a leader, then we have to mass edu-
the robot movement. cate on the latest technologies rather
“Localisation means that there than holding them. That is all what is
should be an obstructionless path for Vishnu Kumar, required for India to become a leader
the robot to move. Robot condition is freelance consultant, in design,” he says. He thinks that to
Embedded Systems
also important to keep in check the fulfil our manufacturing aspirations,
and Mobile Robotics
wear and tear mechanism and align- we should take inspiration from the
ment problems. Everything is moni- Chinese manufacturing industry while
tored using inertial measurement and staying practical with respect to our
position sensors. From these sensors strength, which is design.
we can implement a sensor-fusion
algorithm. Based on this algorithm, handling devices will be required. Further insights
prioritisation of call management and Hence, thought should also be given The next level of innovation is going
memory organisation helps improve to power management. The size and to be in quantum computing. Since
the intelligence and efficiency of the weight of the power device is also quantum is multi-dimensional, an
robot, which can also be considered quite important. intelligent chip is needed that will be
as an intelligent smart mobile robot able to do all the management.
with trolley-type material transpor- Edge device design On the possibility of increasing
tation system,” says Vishnu Kumar, and manufacture the RAM capacity in a given device,
Freelance Consultant at Embedded The government of India is taking a the emergence of ReRAM can help
Systems and Mobile Robotics. lot of initiatives to promote manu- increase it, especially for space-con-
All these things determine how facturing under its Make in India strained areas and where the data rate
a robot can autonomously work in a programme. But the challenge while is remarkably high.
certain environment. focusing on embedded systems or In conclusion, AI on edge plays a
As processing speed requirements modules is that there is insufficient vital role in enhancing the memory
are increasing day-by-day, it is critical support for memory production and design for developing robust embed-
for accessing the memory from the manufacturing ecosystems in India. ded systems. In the sphere of IoT, a
processor and other peripherals. At These need to be developed. strong data communication equipped
the same time, for efficient power Dharmendra informs that in some with a reliable data storage and pri-
management and consumption, cer- other countries, research involving vacy mechanism should be there.
tain algorithms should be improvised. nanotube RAM (NRAM) is going on. For mobile robotics, a well-defined
Normal battery power is enough for So, India should also go for NRAM and memory organisation determines the
today’s robotic needs, but in future a adopt this technology. Technologies intelligence of a robotic system to
number of motors and multiple power such as ReRAM and NRAM have been prioritise a task. With these in place,
the time to come is surely going to be
Power versus Data Tradeoff? really exciting as it will bring with itself
new opportunities for the next genera-
Earlier, while implementing AI, not much thought was given regarding power consumption, tion of the advanced driver-assistance
which has created challenges today with respect to efficient power handling. To overcome systems, artificial intelligence, and
this, a complete system realignment needs to be done so that there is no tradeoff any more memoryless ecosystems.
between power and data.
Regarding system realignment, there is a need for AI to be low powered even when
handling a huge amount of data. This can be achieved by realigning our operations. May This article is based on the panel discussion
be there will be a RAM which. while storing data, is intelligent enough to handle information ‘Memories: What’s New for Design Engineers?’
when requested. in November edition of India Technology Week
Concerning power and data, one thing is for sure: We cannot continue to consume 2020. The panel was chaired by Naresh Neelkan-
power the way we are consuming. Power is critically important going forward. tan, senior architect - system software at Sasken
Technologies

36 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

Low-distortion measurements with high-
resolution oscilloscopes
High-resolution fault-finding and testing with the PicoScope 4262.
Basic fault-finding
The PicoScope 4262 is a high-precision oscilloscope that is also suitable for
general-purpose fault-finding. With two input channels, it can display
signals in both time domain and frequency domain views, or even both at
the same time. Spectrum views provide a number of automatic
measurements including distortion and noise.
Dynamic range
The analog to digital converters in most digital oscilloscopes have 8-bit
resolution, which produces 256 quantization levels. This is equivalent to an
ideal dynamic range of 48 dB. The PicoScope 4262 has a 16-bit analog to
digital converter which produces 65,536 quantization levels, increasing the
dynamic range to 96 dB.
96 dB is the best theoretical figure, but in practice the acquisition system will
have some noise that will reduce the actual usable dynamic range. Figure 1: Measuring dynamic range
The dynamic range of the generator and acquisition system was measured by feeding signal from built-in
with the generator output directly connected to the channel A input, as in generator into oscilloscope
Figure 1.
Figure 2 shows the spectrum view in PicoScope. This was obtained by capturing the sine wave signal in the time
domain and then clicking the Spectrum button.
To measure the dynamic range we aligned the two channel A rulers (controlled by the blue squares next to the y-
axis) with the signal peak and the noise floor. The ruler legend then showed the dynamic range, given by the delta
between the two rulers, to be –98 dB.
Monitoring waveform distortion
This test measures distortion in a stereo amplifier. It shows how
PicoScope’s automatic distortion measurement can detect harmonics
even when the time-domain waveform looks clean. The PicoScope
4262 has more than enough dynamic range to capture these signals
without adding significant noise or distortion of its own.
Figures 4 and 5 show the PicoScope screen divided into
four views: a time-domain and a spectrum view for each
of the two channels. Each view is easily created by right- Figure 2: the spectrum view in PicoScope
clicking on the default view and selecting Add View.
The channel B spectrum has THD of –28 dB at this level.
We can start to see the distortion in the time-domain
display (lower left panel).
Figure 3: Setup for distortion measurement

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note/low-distortion-measurements
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or email us: [email protected]

Figure 4 Figure 5
 Circuits

Little Things That Matter

In The World Of Designing
Tiny Connectors
There are several important aspects concerning connectors: their physical design,
communication protocols and standards, and their connectivity concerning PCB versus the
external world, both from the consumer and non-consumer perspectives. Wireless connectivity
is also an emerging trend that is gradually revolutionising the way we communicate. Here is a
discussion between some experts on the subject

C
Vinay Prabhakar Minj onnectors have come a long way India (as compared to European ones like
since they were conceptualised and CE mark, UL certification, etc, which we
invented. With changing times, used to follow earlier). The flame-retarda-
they have undergone many different modi- bility characteristics of the connectors are
fications. And with the ongoing techno- also improving.
logical developments, they will certainly “Connectors are the heart of everything.
go through more. Even if you design electronics with the best
Compared to several years ago, connec- microcontroller, best semiconductor chips
tors nowadays have become high-end and and best software/firmware, the failure
miniaturised. Also, earlier we used to rely of the connector means the failure of the
on European connector manufacturers for product. If a connector fails, then the design
our needs, but with the entry of many Chi- fails. Therefore, connector selection is very
nese and Indian connector manufacturers, vital,” says Mahendra Karandikar, GM-
the same quality of products is now avail- Developments & Projects, JISL.
able at a much lower cost. Adding to that, Abhinav Behl, R&D
Due to globalisation and increasing engineer at Logic Fruit Technologies says,
awareness concerning certification, certain “Connectors help establish contact with an
standards have been now introduced for electronic device. While choosing a connec-
tor type, the first thing to consider should be
its durability. Any misalignment should not
cause failure in the connector or the PCB.”
Considerations for
selecting a connector
First go through the
datasheet and speci-
fication of a par-
ticular connector
to have clarity
regarding details
such as its cur-
rent carrying
capacity, voltage
rating, and type
of insulation mate-
rial used. Then check
the other aspects. For

38 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 Circuits
instance, if it is a pluggable connec-
tor, check how hard it is to plug it in
and plug it out, whether the locking
arrangement is proper or not, and
whether the polarisation is clearly
mentioned or not.
When pulling out the connector,
especially a PCB-to-wire connector,
the physical design should also be
taken into consideration. If there are
any sharp edges in the connector, it
can hurt fingers while pulling-out or
pushing-in.
Before finalising a connector,
Mahendra Karandikar prefers to get
some samples and cut them open to
see their internal design. Most connec-
tors are made of brass, generally, with
tinplating, chrome-plating, or zinc-
plating. The other factors he checks for manage your firmware updates and port). From that perspective, several
include surface area for contact, design wired-in applications in a completely reference designs are being created
of the spring action inside a connector different way, making things really by semicon companies, which need to
(Is it robust enough to last long after complicated. be studied if you are trying to get your
repeated connections?), and current However, Type-C has changed device charged and powered from a
capacity ratings. everything. “Nowadays, everything is USB Type-C port.
supported by Type-C. This was difficult
Consumer-domain perspective to achieve back then when all elec- Non-consumer domain
Initially, there used to be many differ- tronic devices such as laptops used to In the consumer domain, the way
ent types of USBs such as micro-USB come with their own separate adaptors. power is distributed is getting stand-
Type-B-port, and Type-C port. There Now it is a lot easier for the consumer ardised to USB Type-C. However,
were separate connectors for USB 3.0 to have a single device charger/cable the same is not happening from an
and USB 2.0. The socket for Type-A was that connects with all. So, I definitely industrial point of view as there is no
different. It was a complicated scenario. see Type-C being the future, especially specific standard for connectivity. “In
But now, all of that has collapsed since it supports tremendous amounts the case of consumer electronics, you
into Type-C, which is ‘idiot-proof.’ It of bandwidths,” he says. have to collect power and data togeth-
has a simple interface, which can be Stating his experience as a Mac- er through USB connection; the same
plugged in any direction. It is also Book user that has a Type-C port, he cable is used for charging a phone and
compatible with USB 2.0 and USB 3.0, finds it extremely convenient to charge data extraction. As far as industrial
while supporting both power delivery his laptop with a power bank (which communication is concerned, there
and data connectivity. also has a Type-C port) while on the are a variety of communication stand-
“Type-C has completely revolution- go. Consumers find it much easier to ards,” says Mahendra Karandikar.
ised the way we connect. You do not have a single Type-C cable that con- PLC manufacturers have their own
need a separate power port and data nects with everything. communication standards. Siemens
port. You can have a single port con- This is an interesting point, given is coming up with PROFIBUS over RS
nected with both of those. Soon HDMI that the traditional USB 3.0 port or 485, PROFIBUS over Ethernet, etc.
and Ethernet cable will go away and USB 2.0 port earlier provided 4.5W CAN bus protocol, MOD bus protocol,
will be replaced with Type-C,” says of power (9mA of current at 5V), and RS 485 protocol are also used in
Rajanikant Mohan, director-product which was not enough. With Type-C, industry. And every standard has its
management, business development one can go up to 5A over 20V, which own connector design. For Ethernet,
and marketing, Mindtree. allows you to charge your laptop, run there is RJ45 while for PROFIBUS, gen-
a monitor, and do much more - using erally, it is a 9-pin D-Sub connector. It
Will Type-C replace HDMI and just a single port. is very rare in industry to see power
Ethernet cables? Designing a PCB that can sup- and signal being delivered through the
“Absolutely,” agrees Abhishek Satish, port power coming in from Type-C same connector cable.
co-founder and CTO, Vicara. Many is not a trivial task. A controller tells “Standardisation in the consumer
smartphones earlier came with micro- the power circuitry about the power and IT sector is a different ball game
USB that made these cables popular rating of the device that the cable is altogether. Industrial designs are slight-
among consumers. But what if today connected to regarding how much ly flexible and there is a lot of freedom
your microcontroller did not support current is going to get driven out of to choose the connectors. An organisa-
micro-USB? Then you will need to the power lines (connected to the USB tion standardises as per their variety of

www.EFYMag.com electronics For You express • February 2021 39

 Circuits
products. If I buy a connector, then it different power delivery, there is the thickness that the PCB connectors sat
should be able to go into ten different concept of electronically marked on. But because the connector standard
products. That is the standardisation cables which have a Type-C controller for the USB mini cable was little, there
done in the industry. In industry, use embedded inside them that helps to was no scope to expand the pads.
cases for mostly PCB-to-wire connec- negotiate this power. This smart cable “To resolve the issue, the con-
tors can be found. Regarding other is popular in high-end devices. nector was mechanically supported
communications, especially CAN from behind the PCB, so that if it was
bus and RS 485, there is no specific Some design issues pushed in, it didn’t get pushed back
standard for a connector. All can go in “My experience with mobile charger and damage the pads. In the front, the
a screw terminal or 9-pin D-Sub termi- cables is that a lot of mobile phone enclosure was made very tight and
nal,” Mahendra Karandikar says. users put a cover on their mobile. there was no space for the connector
From the perspective of PCB con- When you use a mobile cover, it adds to get accidentally pulled out.”
nectivity, there is no specific standardi- 1-2mm extra length for the connector. According to Abhishek, the physi-
sation in the industry. BLC connectors, Sometimes, if you plug in the connec- cal design of the outer packaging also
VGA connectors, and many others for tor, the connector doesn’t get fully has an impact. “Most people don’t
PCB-to-wire connections are used. inserted,” says Mahendra Karandikar. realise that the manufacturers give
The Arduino interface, which is “Since mobile covers have been there about 1-2mm gap to account for enclo-
popular for allowing modular design, in the market for several years, it is still sure thickness. When the consumers
can just be used for prototyping, and unknown why USB OTG cable manu- used to plug in the cable, the connec-
cannot be realistically extended to facturers aren’t making longer versions tor it used to stick out; it felt like the
production requirements. “Arduino of the connector. So, even if I have connector had not gone in completely.
is kind of a processor not used in 2-3mm thick mobile cover, it should get So, they pushed it further because
the industry. We use other versions inserted completely. Many times, we it looked to them it hadn’t gone in
of processors in the industry, which have to remove the cover of the mobile completely. We (too) didn’t account
are embedded on the PCB. We use phone and plug in the charger to it to for that. And so, we had to end up
inter-PCB connectors for connection. ensure that it is inserted completely.” increasing the enclosure thickness
We communicate using processors “We faced a lot of trouble because unnecessarily to make sure nobody
through SPI, UART, and I2C proto- the connector for our miniature wear- forcibly pushed the connector and
cols,” says Abhinav Behl. able device took up a big chunk of broke it in the process,” he says.
For high-speed data transfer at its area (about 5mm×4mm), due to “In connectors, we have faced
consumer end, the most popular is which there was less space on the issues regarding PCB-to-wire connec-
the USB. For industrial purposes, PCI PCB for the charging circuitry, MCU, tors with a pitch distance of 2.5mm,”
and other high-speed protocols are and antenna matching networks. We says Mahendra Karandikar. “When
used as well. tried a lot of explorations by having you want to pull out the connector
magnetically attached cables and all while testing the PCB, or for replace-
Limitations of USB sorts of paraphernalia. But we real- ment during design time, there is no
One of the limitations of USB is that it ised that there was no standard out other option but to hold the wires con-
cannot be extended to longer lengths there for any of this. In fact, to find nected to it and pull it out. After insert-
(cannot go beyond one or two metres). a manufacturer who will make these ing a few times, the wires get broken
If an extension cable is used, then miniature pluggable cables was almost internally. In such connectors, there
sometimes there could be a data loss. impossible,” says Abhishek Satish. is a plug part which is soldered onto
So, USB is typically fit for consumers. He continues, “(In such a scenario) the PCB and the receptacle part which
In industry, USB is used for short-term one is left with no option but to create is inside the connector. So, when we
usage, like firmware upgrades, but cer- one’s own connectors and cables. So, insert the receptacle into the plug, a
tainly not for real-time data transfer. to reduce the total amount of space force is required to plug-in and plug-
Agreeing to this, Rajanikant that had been taken, we opted for out the connector. There are two areas
Mohan says that “very often, the qual- mid-mount USB. This was surface where force is required: the contact
ity of the signal obtained through USB mount. So, it basically sat in between itself because the receptacle will have
significantly deteriorates when the the PCB rather than on top or below some surface area connection which
cable length increases. A lot of people it. That kind of saved us some space. gets connected to the other part. And
don’t realise that and it could impact But it came with its own set of chal- there is the spring action for proper
your design. In the PCB domain, you lenges because now when you don’t electrical contact. So that offers you
have the advantage of not using a have a through-hole element for a USB some kind of resistance and requires
cable; you can route it on the PCB. connector, the pad starts to fatigue force to pull out.”
But externally, if you are using a cable, (from all the constant plugging in and He adds, “Another thing is that
then it becomes complicated.” out). When you pull it out, it rips the the plastic part of the connector has a
Another thing noticed with Type-C USB connector from the pad, and you locking mechanism, because once you
is that they have become ‘smart become stuck (as there is now no other insert a connector, it shouldn’t come
cables.’ When you are connecting way for charging). Probably we could out accidentally or due to vibration.
different devices, which can handle have avoided it by increasing the pad So, a lot of force is required on account

40 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 Circuits
of the locking mechanism from the signal passing through when direct
plastic itself. Electrical contacts hardly
Speakers line of sight is not available while
offer any resistance. So, if you are into Abhinav Behl, devices are talking to one another.
design or testing firmware develop- R&D engineer, Then you have to install repeaters. But
ment, and need to do lot of debugging, Logic Fruit the moment you install repeaters, the
and need to connect-disconnect a con- Technologies signal is repeated and then you have
nector too often, then search for the the issue of bandwidth, because the
interlocking parts on the connector, amount of data transferred through
take a file and simply chop off those wired cable is immense. If you want to
interlocking areas so that your connec- Abhishek Satish, take it on wireless, where there will be
tor moves in and out smoothly. That’s co-founder and master-slave kind of communication
what you can do while designing.” CTO, Vicara or multi-node kind of communication,
So, if the connector manufactur- then it is going to be challenging,”
ers (of PCB-to-wire or pluggable-to- says Mahendra Karandikar.
terminals) can create a lock-release “What industry requires is the
mechanism, where if you press an presence of very few kinds of com-
area then the mechanical interlocking Mahendra Karandikar, munication standards and protocols.
becomes disabled or ineffective, the GM-Developments These should be laid down as per the
& Projects, JISL
force required to plug out the connec- precise requirements of the industry
tor will get reduced. Take for example without any compromise. A lot of
the Ethernet cable, which has one thinking needs to be done. If there are
such mechanism. Its lock pin has been few standards, then the industry will
built in such a way that the connec- accept it (wireless) quickly,” he says.
tor comes out smoothly, completely Rajanikant Mohan, The good news is that some prob-
breaking the connection. director-product lems concerning wireless have been
management,
addressed. For instance, Bluetooth has
A few more design issues business
a built-in dynamic frequency hopping
development and
“Another problem is that of the 9-pin marketing, Mindtree as part of the protocol, although it is
D-Sub connector or the 5-pin D-Sub 2.4GHz. So, where you have Wi-Fi
connector being replaced by HDMI co-existing with Bluetooth, the in-built
cables,” says Mahendra Karandikar. frequency hopping helps in improving
“These cables have two screws on up a factory, one of the major cost the reliability. From an encryption
both sides. You put the pin and tighten drivers is the wiring. Being able to cut point of view, the security aspect is
the screws. What happens is that that down is a huge benefit to many pretty much covered. There is 128-bit
when the counter part of the screw, companies. According to Rajanikant AES encryption which gets built-in to
which is on the PCB, is unscrewed, Mohan, wireless connectivity can the Bluetooth standard nowadays.
then the counterpart also starts rotat- reduce the clutter of cables consider- “Wi-Fi and Bluetooth combination
ing. This leads to the counterpart, ably. is really good. You have Bluetooth for
which is a nut, also coming out along However, it is important to also some lower speed and low-energy
with the screw. On one side the screw see the dangers and inconveniences transmissions and Wi-Fi for higher-
comes out clearly and on the other that come with wireless connectivity. bandwidth stuff. I think we need to
side the screw comes out with the nut. For instance, there can be a problem start seeing more packages with Wi-Fi
To avoid that, we apply some kind of of interference, that is several wireless and Bluetooth integrated. If we come
a fastener adhesive and insert that devices talking to each other, resulting up with an integrated solution with
particular nut inside the 9-pin.” in a clash. Also, clearing the test of both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, then that
Dust problems are also a cause of RF susceptibility and immunity can will be a flexible, all-rounded solu-
concern. If a PCB is not used for a long cause issues. tion,” says Abhishek Satish.
time, then the connectors stop work- But there is a tradeoff since your Abhinav Behl concludes with
ing properly as some connectors are wiring is reduced with wireless con- the thought that, in the near future,
sensitive to dust. “I faced an issue with nectivity. The EFTA requirements and there needs to be an improvement to
the RJ 45 connector. Because it was of the surge which comes through the the delay experienced in Bluetooth
poor quality, due to dust accumulation cable is not required to be taken care connectivity. Thanks to the power-
it stopped responding properly and we of, because you do not have any cable ful capabilities that the upcoming
had to change the connector/wire on coming in. chipsets offer, a solution can surely be
the whole,” says Abhinav Behl. “If the industry goes wireless, then achieved soon.
there are too many standards and
An attractive option: Wireless methods of communication such as This article is based on a panel discussion on
connectivity TCP-IP over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa, ‘Connectors: What’s New For Design Engineers?’
A lot of industrial OEMs incur huge Zigbee, and many more. And then during the November edition of India Technology
cost in wiring. When you are setting there is the problem of the wireless Week

www.EFYMag.com electronics For You express • February 2021 41

 Circuits

Peltier Module Design

For Precision Thermal
Management
By understanding the basics of the powerful little Peltier modules, you can better choose the
right-sized module with performance ratings to adequately support the thermal management
requirements of your design

S
Jawaaz Ahmad ometimes cooling needs to be con- applications, such as controlling the rate
trolled more strictly than a simple or performance of a chemical reaction, also
heat-sink and fan can handle. Rap- require precisely managed cooling.
idly fluctuating loads can make it difficult Fortunately, there is a solution to help
to keep a component cool and stable. you tackle tough challenges like these.
However, this can often be important when Thermoelectric modules, or Peltier mod-
trying to improve signal-to-noise perfor- ules, are available in a variety of sizes that
mance or prevent damage to a system. can be connected to an IC package or other
On the other hand, reliability calcula- types of components in a manner similar
tions may require a controller or power to a heat-sink.
component to operate below normal Powered by a small current, the module
ambient temperature. Non-electronic actively draws thermal energy from the
attached heat source
Heat Absorbed (Cold Side) and dissipates it into
the atmosphere. It can
be designed to keep the
component cooled to a
specific temperature, or
even below room tem-
perature, if necessary.
A Peltier module
comprises two external
Positive (+)
ceramic plates separated
by a series of PN-doped
semiconductor pellets
p-Type Semiconductor
that are electrically con-
nected in series. When
n-Type Semiconductor Electrical Conductor current passes through
(Copper)
Electrical Insulator (Ceramic) the matrix, a tempera-
ture gradient is estab-
lished according to the
Peltier effect.
This causes one of
the module’s boards to
Negative (–) cool down, allowing
Heat Rejected (Hot Side)
it to absorb heat from
a source (such as the
Fig. 1: The constitution of a Peltier module surface of a component,

42 FEBRUARY 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

 Circuits
such as a chip or laser diode), while
the other side becomes hotter, and
thus, it can dissipate heat into ambi-
ent air or a heat-sink. This allows heat
to be efficiently extracted from an
attached component, as long as both
the extracted heat and that internally
generated by the operating current can
be dissipated on the opposite surface.
Design of a thermoelectric
cooling system
Note that the Peltier element cannot
absorb heat. It is purely a transfer
mechanism. Therefore, it is essential
to dissipate heat from the hot surface.
To start designing a system that cools
a component to the desired shell tem-
perature, we need to know a few key
parameters:
• Desired temperature of cold side
of module
• Temperature difference across
the module
• Module’s hot side temperature
• Module surface Fig. 2: Thermal energy vs temperature and input voltage vs temperature
• Required operating current
• Required driving voltage The simplest way to achieve the required to operate the module.
The data sheet for a Peltier module desired performance is to drive a Pel- Mark where the vertical line inter-
specifies the difference in temperature tier module with a controlled current sects 2.7A on the input voltage graph.
(∆T) measured on the outer surfaces source that has sufficient compliance This corresponds to approximately
of the outer ceramic plates of the to provide the required load voltage. 7.5V, which is the required voltage
module. A thin layer of thermal inter- This can be determined from the compliance of the current source.
face material (TIM) should be inserted module data sheet and operating Operating at 2.7A and 7.5V, the
where the module adheres to the restrictions. power consumption of the module is
component and the heat-sink, so the As an example, let’s use a generic 20W. Therefore, the total heat dissipat-
effects of these should be considered Peltier module to demonstrate the ed by the heat sink is 40W (20W heat
when designing the system. design of a thermoelectric cooling source + 20W heat-sink module).
Knowing the hot side temperature system where the required heat trans- As an alternative to conventional
is necessary because the character- fer, surface temperatures, and surface cooling with a directly attached heat-
istics of the Peltier module change area of the object are known. sink, the use of a thermoelectric or
with its operating temperature. CUI Assuming: Peltier module can ensure greater
Devices datasheets specify module 20W heat transfer through module precision and temperature stability
performance at various temperatures 20°C temperature difference across thanks to a faster transient response,
to help designers optimise the system. the module while the latest advances in semicon-
Even so, the temperature required 30°C hot side temperature ductors allow the modules to stay
for the application is unlikely to exact- 30×30mm object surface area reliable and profitable.
ly match one of those in the datasheet. The curves of thermal energy By understanding the basics of
So, the designer should look at the versus temperature and input voltage these powerful little devices, you can
curves for the closest temperature to versus temperature are used to calcu- better choose the right-sized module
understand how the module will work late the operating current and voltage. with performance ratings to adequate-
in practice. Draw a horizontal line at 20W ly support the thermal management
The surface of a Peltier module on the heat pump axis, representing requirements of your design.
must be similar to that of the heat the power transferred through the
source. A large mismatch can be com- module.
pensated for by using a heat spreader. Draw a vertical line at 20°C, that Jawaaz Ahmad from Srinagar
The spreader is generally made of is, the temperature difference main- is a Design Fellow at Design
aluminium or copper. tained throughout the module. Innovation Centre, Islamic
University of Science and
Like an LED, thermoelectric mod- The two lines intersect at approxi- Technology, Awantipora
ules are a current-driven device. mately 2.7A. This is the current

www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • FEBRUARY 2021 43

 Systems

Open Source Tools

That Enable Real-Time
IoT Data Analytics
Abundant new data is generated every day as billions of devices are connected thanks to
the Internet of Things. This data has useful, novel, hidden insights that are very helpful for any
business organisation to capitalise on. Analytics on this data helps to detect anomalies, mitigate
any disruption in services, predict problems early, and provide better satisfaction to customers

1 3

D
Dr Dharmendra Patel ata analytics is vital for the success such a variety of data.
and Dr Atul Patel of IoT projects and businesses. IoT 3. Real-time decision-making. Many
applications have several charac- IoT applications generate real-time data.
teristics that are suitable for analytics. Analytics of such real-time data is essen-
1. Volume. IoT projects generate a tial for fast and accurate decision making.
large amount of data every day. Analysis Analytics serves as a lifesaving solution
of this data set reveals interesting patterns for many IoT projects.
that help organisations make wise and 4. Business growth. Businesses use
timely decisions. the data generated by IoT for revenue
2. Variety of data. IoT applications generation. Analytics gives a number of
capture diverse types of data such insights into the large volume of data that
as structured, semi-structured, and can really help businesses foresee trends,
unstructured. Analytics is the only way helping them to strategise and increase
to derive useful and novel insights from their earnings.

44 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 Systems

Types of analytics for IoT uted File System (HDFS), MapR file played with various layers and shapes.
system, Cassandra, Kudu, etc. It also Time series analytics. Time
The traditional way of analytics supports a pseudo-distributed local series data analytics is familiar in IoT
uses a combination of reporting and mode. applications such as health monitor-
predictive analytics, but IoT applica- Apache Storm. This distributed ing systems, weather forecasting
tions have different characteristics, real-time computing system is fast, systems, geological applications, and
so this way is not effective. IoT and easy to set up and operate. It is processing manufacturing and other
analytics requires real-time stream- scalable and fault-tolerant. industrial settings.
ing data analysis. It demands more Spatial analytics. Spatial data Several popular Time series analyt-
data, and needs automation and is generated in a multitude of ways. ics open source tools are listed below.
integration to perform efficiently. IoT applications have increased Influxdb. This open source Time
Streaming analytics. Accord- such data exponentially. Spatial series platform includes several APIs
ing to Jerry Baulier, vice presi- analytics is the demand of the for a variety of data analytics tasks
dent, Internet of Things R&D, SAS, modern era due to the exponential such as storing and querying, ETL pro-
“Streaming analytics generates growth of data that is generated cess, dashboard, and visualisations. It
informed decisions in milliseconds through satellite measurements is very helpful for real-time analytics.
from millions of devices, and also and imaging, through sensors on Timescaledb. This tool is open
examines thousands of events per IoT applications, use of specialised source and optimised for complex
second.” Streaming analytics helps handheld devices, Wi-Fi, etc. Spa- queries in real-time situations. It per-
in providing security by identifying tial analytics is the logical process- forms automatic partitioning across
events that are vulnerable to threats ing of such data using topological time and space. It looks like regular
and risks rapidly. It plays a key role or geographical properties. tables but is only an abstraction of
in data-driven organisations, and A few popular Spatial analytics many individual tables comprising
allows them to build real-time solu- open source tools are listed below. actual data.
tions using IoT. Real-time streaming GIS tools for Hadoop. This com- Tdengine. This open source Big
analytics uses Big Data to gener- prises a collection of GIS tools for Data platform is designed and opti-
ate statistics and visualisations to Spatial analytics of Big Data. GIS mised for the Internet of Things. It
measure the efficacy of any process tools for Hadoop are divided into provides several functionalities such
in the organisation. two main parts: Spatial Framework as caching, stream computing, and
Here are several open source for Hadoop and Geoprocessing Tools message queuing.
tools for Streaming analytics. for Hadoop. Spatial Framework for Nightingale. This open source,
Apache Flink. This open source Hadoop contains Java Helper utili- distributed high-performance system
platform is capable of distributed ties for Hadoop developers and Hive is suitable for IoT applications.
data processing and batch data spatial user-defined functions. Geo- Analytics in IoT is very crucial in
processing. Any kind of data is processing Tools for Hadoop consist the modern era, as billions of con-
produced as a stream of events. of ArcGIS Desktop or server. ArcGIS nected devices generate a humon-
Credit card transactions, sensor supports advanced analysis, data gous amount of data every day.
measurements, machine logs, visualisation, and authoritative data In this article, we have described
user interactions on a website, or maintenance in both 2D and 3D. three main types of analytics for IoT
mobile applications—all of this Geoplot. This is the high-level applications: Streaming, Spatial and
data is generated as a stream, and geospatial data visualisation library Time series. In each category, several
can be processed as unbounded or for Python. It is an extension of popular open source tools that are
bounded streams. Apache Flink cartopy and matplotlib that makes very essential for effective analytics
excels at processing unbounded mapping easy. It has three main fea- have been listed.
and bounded data sets. tures: high-level plotting API, native
Apache Samza. This is an open projection support, and compatibil- This article was first published in December 2020
source distributed stream processing ity with matplotlib. issue of Open Source For You
framework. It uses Apache Kafka Geospark. This is the cluster
for messaging and Apache Hadoop computing system for process-
YARN to provide fault tolerance, ing large-scale spatial data. It
security and resource management. extends Apache Spark and Spark- Dr Dharmendra Patel (left) and Dr Atul
Patel (right) are associated with the Smt.
Samza is built to handle a large SQL with the set of Spatial Resil- Chandaben Mohanbhai Patel Institute of
amount of states. ient Distributed Datasets (SRDDs)/ Computer Applications, Charusat, Gujarat.
Apache Spark. This open source SpatialSQL. Their areas of interest
platform is for large scale data pro- are data mining, data
Googleway. This is the R package science, artificial
cessing. For cluster management, for accessing and plotting Google intelligence, deep
Spark supports Hadoop YARN or Maps. Googleway provides access to learning, and image
Apache Mesos. For distributed Google Maps APIs, and the ability to processing
storage, it can use Hadoop Distrib- plot an interactive Google Map over-

www.EFYMag.com electronics For You express • February 2021 45

 Systems

Cloud Based Implementation

Of IoT Using MQTT Brokers
Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a standardised, lightweight protocol that
transmits messages between connected objects in an IoT network

A
Dr Gaurav Kumar number of devices and gadgets time applications of these technologies.
communicate in real-time using The FASTags introduced in the country
advanced wireless technologies. recently to pass through toll plazas is a
Smart cities, smart offices, smart homes, classical implementation of IoT, in which
etc, are interconnected specifically by a small chip on a vehicle communicates
the Internet of Things (IoT) in which with the nearby sensor and a transaction
gadgets and smart objects communicate is done automatically.
with each other using specific wire- In such scenarios, the scalability as well
less protocols. IoT is also referred to as reliability issues are addressed by high-
as Ubiquitous Computing or Pervasive performance network communications or
Computing, and there are many real- advanced wireless communications using
4G, 5G, and related technologies.
Protocols and engines for the
implementation of IoT
IoT helps smart gadgets communicate
using less resources and minimum power
consumption. In the IoT environment,
MQTT is a specific protocol for low-
powered and lightweight communication
so that there is minimum load on devices
and gadgets. It is the key data protocol
used in IoT for swift communication in
low-powered devices.
Lightweight and low-powered com-
munication needs to be speedy and reli-
able in order to operate on high frequency
network communications with various
Fig. 1: Key constituents of MQTT devices. MQTT enables this communica-
tion between a large number of devices and
gadgets with varying configurations.
Key Protocols in IoT Communication Table 1
Layer Protocols Dimensions of MQTT broker
Data protocols MQTT, AMQP, CoAP, Node, Websocket In IoT communication, there are mainly
Infrastructure 6LowPAN, RPL, IPv4/IPv6 two types of objects—publisher and sub-
scriber. Data signals transmission is known
Communication transport Wi-Fi, LPWAN, Bluetooth
as publishing. Technically, the transfer of
Semantics Web Thing, JSON-LD data from the computer to a separate end
Discovery Physical Web, DNS-SD, mDNS is called publishing.
The sender of data signals is known as
Device management OMA-DM, TR-069
publisher and the receiver is referred to as
Identification URIs, EPC, IPv6, uCode subscriber. The MQTT broker is the central

46 FEBRUARY 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

 Systems
point or simply the IoT server that A number of MQTT brokers are lable over the Internet.
controls the communication between available in the free and open source MQTT broker applications can be
publisher and subscriber. It handles space including Mosquitto, which installed on specialised devices such
the data that the publisher transmits implements the MQTT protocol as Raspberry Pi, Arduino, laptops,
for other gadgets known as subscrib- for IoT based communications. It’s servers, and many others for real
ers, as shown in Fig. 1. lightweight, high-performance, and world applications.
For instance, if data is to be trans- suitable for use on all devices, from
ferred from a temperature sensor to low-power single boards like Arduino Cloud platforms for MQTT
a farmer’s handheld phone, the data and ESP8266 to computers and serv- A number of MQTT cloud broker
signals are sent by the temperature ers. Instead of a local PC, Mosquitto services are available, in which the
sensor (publisher) while the farmer’s can be deployed on a cloud based MQTT brokers are available as infra-
device is the receiver (subscriber) server that implements this broker so structure on demand without any
of data. that IoT communication is control- physical deployment of these.
CloudMQTT
URL: https://www.cloudmqtt.com
CloudMQTT is a commonly used
MQTT broker and can be used for IoT
interfacing that gadget communica-
tion. IoT applications using Cloud-
MQTT include multiple scenarios like
smart toll plazas, smart cities, smart
homes, or smart offices.
For researchers, the CloudMQTT
includes the free package named
‘Cute Cat’ in which five users/con-
nections can be created and the IoT
devices can be connected, as shown
in Fig. 2. The free instances can be
Fig. 2: Creating a free instance on CloudMQTT built on the CloudMQTT network,

Fig. 3: Viewing authentication in CloudMQTT for connections

www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • FEBRUARY 2021 47

 Systems
board on Google Play Store, as shown
in Fig. 4. Such IoT MQTT applica-
tions communicate directly with the
MQTT broker platforms so that the
IoT apps, tablets, and cloud brokers
can interact.
DIoTY
URL: http://www.dioty.co
DIoTY is another cloud based
MQTT broker application with the free
account that can be used to access IoT
gadgets, as shown in Fig. 5. It provides
the scripts so that MQTT broker con-
nections can be rendered to various
programming environments.
The following programming plat-
forms can be used for communication
between MQTT broker and smart
gadgets for publishing as well as sub-
Fig. 4: IoT MQTT apps on Google Play Store scribing the data and signals:
• C#
Table 2 • Java
Prominent MQTT Brokers for • Python
IoT Based Communications • Arduino
MQTT applications URL • Node.JS
• PHP
Cloud MQTT cloudmqtt.com
• Go-Lang
Mosquitto mosquitto.org • NodeMCU
EMQ X emqx.io Paho Client is one of the best
libraries in Python used for commu-
FLESPI flespi.com
nication and interfacing the devices.
Bevywise MQTTBroker bevywise.com/mqtt-broker For implementation using Python,
M2MQTT github.com/eclipse/paho.mqtt.m2mqtt the package ‘paho-mqtt’ is installed
Mosca github.com/mcollina/mosca
as follows:
$ pip install paho-mqtt
Paho MQTT eclipse.org/paho The following is the code snippet
Rabbit MQ rabbitmq.com that can be integrated with IoT based
Thingstream thingstream.io
devices and gadgets:
import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
VerneMQ vernemq.com # Define event callbacks
HiveMQ hivemq.com def on_connect(client, mySignalData, CN):
if CN == 0:
MOQUETTE github.com/moquette-io/moquette
print(“Connected successfully.”)
wolfMQTT wolfssl.com/products/wolfmqtt else:
EMQTTD emqtt.io print(“Connection failed. CN= “+str(CN))
def on_publish(client, mySignalData,
NET-MQTT hackage.haskell.org/package/net-mqtt
MyString):
FLUUX mqtt.fluux.io print(“Message “+str(MyString)+”
published.”)
using the current Google Account. saging using a publish/subscribe def on_subscribe(client, mySignalData,
The key features of Cloud- message queuing model MyString, granted_qos):
MQTT broker are: The authentication details from print(“Subscribe with MyString
• 24×7 availability of MQTT CloudMQTT can be used in the IoT “+str(MyString)+” received.”)
broker hardware or smartphones so that a def on_message(client, mySignalData, msg):
• Managed Mosquitto servers in real-time connection is established print(“Message received on topic “+msg.
the cloud between CloudMQTT and gadgets, topic+” with QoS “+str(msg.qos)+” and
• Mosquitto implements the MQ as shown in Fig. 3. payload “+msg.payload)
Telemetry Transport protocol A variety of Android applications mqttclient = myMQTT.Client()
• Lightweight methods for mes- are available at the IoT MQTT dash- # Assign event callbacks

48 FEBRUARY 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

 Systems

Fig. 5: Dashboard of DIoTY

Fig. 6: Receiving data on the DIoTY dashboard using MQTT

mqttclient.on_connect = on_connect Scope for research and

mqttclient.on_publish = on_publish development
mqttclient.on_subscribe = on_subscribe
mqttclient.on_message = on_message Research scholars, academicians, and
# Connect practitioners can carry out research
mqttclient.username_pw_set(‘kumargaurav. and make innovative problem state-
[email protected]’, ‘7881730a’) ments on IoT using MQTT brokers.
mqttclient.connect(‘myMQTT.dioty.co’, A number of research statements and
1883) domains exist in which MQTT based
# Subscribing implementations can be done includ-
mqttclient.subscribe(‘/kumargaurav.in@ ing telemedicine, personal security
gmail.com/’) gadgets, defence equipment, military
# Publishing a message devices, agribots for smart agriculture,
x=input(‘Message’) and many others.
mqttclient.publish(‘/kumargaurav.in@
This article was first published in September 2020
gmail.com/’, x)
issue of Open Source For You
# Loop; exit on error
CN = 0
Dr Gaurav Kumar is managing
while CN == 0: director of Magma Research and
CN = mqttclient.loop() Consultancy and is associated
with various academic institutes,
print(“CN: “ + str(CN)) where he delivers expert
After executing the Python script, lectures and conducts technical
the data is handled and processed by workshops on the latest
technologies and tools
MQTT broker, as shown in Fig. 6.

www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • FEBRUARY 2021 49

 Do-It-Yourself EF Y
vedi
Dwi
S.C.

Automated Washroom Light Gowtaman G.

Using IR Sensors

T
his project based on Arduino person enters the washroom, the light light remaining on by mistake after
Uno and IR sensors is used to bulb (or tubelight) will automatically use of the washroom. The author’s
automatically switch on and turn on. When the person leaves the prototype is shown in Fig. 1.
switch off a washroom’s light that bathroom, the light will turn off. This
works on AC mains. Whenever a will save electricity charges due to the Circuit and working
Circuit diagram of the automated light
is shown in Fig. 2. It is built around
Arduino Uno (Borad1), BC547 transis-
tor (T1), infrared (IR) sensor modules
(Module1 and Module2), and relay
(RL1).
Infrared sensor. The IR sensors
(FC-51) used here (refer Fig. 3) are
commonly used in obstacle-detection
projects. Two pairs of the IR sensor
modules are used to detect a person’s
entry or exit from the washroom.
Each sensor has three pins, namely,
Vcc, Vout, and GND. The Vcc pin is
to be provided with 5V DC supply,
which can be taken from 5V pin of the
Arduino Uno. The ground pin (GND)
of the sensor can be connected to GND
pin of Arduino Uno. The Vout pins of
IR Module1 and IR Module2 are the
Fig. 1: Author’s prototype output pins connected to pins 8 and 7
of Arduino Uno, respectively.
The output of each sensor will be
N either 5V (high) or 0V (low) based
L
BOARD1
NO
on the detection. When a person is
CON2
POWER USB
230V AC
detected, Vout is low, otherwise it is
INPUT D1
high (about 5V). These logic levels of
1N4007 NC
DRIVER AREF both the sensors are used to find out
IOREF GND RL1
RST 13 5V,1CO
CON3 whether the person is entering or leav-
ARDUINO

3.3V
5V
12
11 R1 RELAY
230V AC ing the washroom.
60W BULB
GND 10 220E 5V relay. The 5V electromechani-
T1 CON4
GND
Vin
9
8 FOR IR cal relay (RL1) is used to switch on
BC547
MODULE 1 and switch off the light bulb. A typi-
ATMEGA328

CON1
FOR
7
OUT (EXIT) Vcc cal sugar-cube type 5V relay has five
5V 6 GND terminals, two of which are used
DIGITAL

A0 5 OUT
A1 4
for energising the coil. The rest are
ANALOG

A2 3 Vcc common (COM), normally closed

A3 2
A4 TX 1
GND (NC), and normally open (NO) ter-
OUT
A5 RX 0
IN (ENTRANCE) CON5 minals.
GND FOR IR The light bulb is connected
MODULE 2 between NO and COM contacts of the
IR MODULE 1 IS USED FOR IN IR MODULE 2 IS USED FOR OUT relay. As is obvious, in normal condi-
tion, NO pin does not have any contact
Fig. 2: Circuit diagram of automated washroom light with the COM pin. When the relay coil

50 FEBRUARY 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

 Do-It-Yourself

Fig. 3: IR sensor module

5V COM

0V

NO

Fig. 4: Pin details of 5V sugar cube relay

Fig. 5: Arduino code void setup ( )

is energised, the COM pin touches the NO pin and

the light bulb gets 230V AC mains supply. Pin details
of a typical sugar cube relay are shown in Fig. 4.
Neutral (N) wire of the 230V AC source is con-
nected to the light bulb through the relay. The live
(L) wire is directly connected to the light bulb.
When the ‘in’ sensor (Module2) detects a

www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • FEBRUARY 2021 51

 Do-It-Yourself EFY Note
The source code
troller assumes that a of this project
person is leaving and is available
provides 0V at pin 9, for free download
which de-energises at source.efymag.com
the relay. This dis-
connects the neutral
and the light bulb
switches off.
If only one of the PARTS LIST
two sensors is used, Semiconductors:
the current state will Board1 - Arduino Uno board
Fig. 6: Actual-size PCB layout for the automated light not change, so you Module1,
Module2 - FC-51 IR sensors
need both the sen- T1 - BC547 transistor
sors. The ‘in’ sensor D1 - 1N4007 rectifier diode
should be placed just Resistors (all 1/4-watt, ±5% carbon):
outside the wash- R1 - 220-ohm
room near the door Miscellaneous:
RL1 - 5V, 1CO relay
and the ‘out’ sensor CON1 - 2-pin connector
should be placed CON2, CON2 - 2-pin terminal connector
inside the washroom CON3, CON4 - 3-pin connector
- Light bulb 60W, 230V AC
near the door. You - Jumper wires
need to install the
sensors such that they
Fig. 7: Components layout of the PCB can easily detect the ‘out’ sensor, the output of the sensor
person entering or is low, so the program exits the while
leaving the bathroom. loop and count is incremented. The
vice versa is framed for else if part
Software with the count value decremented.
Arduino Uno is used to compute the Show ( ) function is used for serial
logics of the two IR sensors. The cir- monitor and is unnecessary for prac-
cuit is controlled through the software tical application. Void loop is shown
loaded in internal memory of the in Fig. 5.
Arduino. The program (bathroom.ino) It is assumed that only one person
is written in Arduino programming would be using the washroom at a
language. Arduino IDE 1.8.5 is used time, so using if condition, when
to compile and upload the program. count (here ‘total’) is checked for the
ATmega328P on Arduino Uno value ‘1’ is shown in Fig. 5. If total
comes with a pre-programmed boot- is one, digital pin 9 output will be
loader that allows you to upload a high only for count one and the relay
code to it without using an external will be connected. If not, it will be
hardware like programmer kit. In the kept low, that is, the relay will not be
IDE, the count (total) is globally ini- energised.
tialised to zero.
In the code (bathroom.ino), the Construction and testing
‘void setup’ contains the initialisation An actual-size PCB layout for the
of digital pins 7 and 8 as input, and automated light is shown in Fig. 6
Fig. 8: Sensors’ installation near the door digital pin 9 as output. Serial begin in and its components layout in Fig. 7.
void setup is for serial communica- After assembling the circuit on PCB
person followed by ‘out’ sensor tion. Void show ( ) is a function used and uploading the source code (bath-
(Module1), the microcontroller in for serial communication. Void setup room.ino) into Arduino Uno, connect
Arduino assumes that a person is is shown in the Fig. 5. a 5V supply across CON1, 230V AC
entering the washroom and it provides The main part of the program is across CON2, and the light bulb across
5V at pin 9 of Board1. The current void loop, which contains the logic CON3. Installation of the sensors near
from the output pin of Arduino is, to be executed. First the ‘in’ sensor is the door is shown in Fig. 8.
however, insufficient to energise the checked for obstruction (person). In
relay. So, npn transistor T1 (BC547) is case of any obstruction, if condition
used for amplification to control the is satisfied and while loop is executed. Gowtaman G. is an electronics
relay and switch on the light. At this stage, the ‘out’ sensor is not yet hobbyist. His area of
interest includes embedded
When ‘out’ sensor detects a person subjected to obstruction. programming and automation
followed by ‘in’ sensor, the microcon- When the person obstructs the

52 FEBRUARY 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

 150,000-plus
Readers Like You
Will Read This Ad.
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Rs 20,000 / US$ 350 only.

Interested? SMS ‘EFY’ At 98111 55335

 Do-It-Yourself EF Y
&
vedi
Dwi
S.C. ni Theo
Sa

Smart Agriculture Jitendra Jangir

Irrigation System and V.K. Shukla

T
his is an Internet of Things (IoT) Tx Antenna
Cloud
based irrigation system that
automatically turns on water- Rx Antenna
pump when soil moisture in the field
433MHz RF Wi-Fi
goes below the set threshold level. It Tx Module
433MHz RF
Module
Rx Module
has three parts—transmitter, receiver, Status
and the IoT system—as may be seen
from its block diagram in Fig. 1. Soil Moisture
Relay Drive
Sensor

Circuit and working Available Internet/

Wi-Fi Facility
Besides the IoT, the circuit comprises Probe inserted in Water Supply At pump house
soil at field where
transmitter and receiver whose dia- no Internet facility
grams are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3,
respectively. Fig. 1: Block diagram of the irrigation system
Transmitter. The transmitter is
built around 433MHz RF transmit- received by
ter module (TX1), encoder HT12E 4 3 3 M H z re c e i v - R1 TX1 ANT.1
(IC1), and transistor BC547 (T1). It er module RX1. 1M 433MHZ

DATA
is installed in the field along with soil Decoder HT12D, RF TX

GND

ANT
18 16 15 +

Vcc
MODULE _
moisture sensor (SS1). The sensor’s with address pins 1 V
A0
DD OSC1 OSC2
1 2 3 4
17
signal is transmitted by TX1 to the A0 though A7 con- 2
DOUT CON1
A1
receiver, which is installed nearby— nected to ground, 14
FOR 5V
3 TE
within a few metres from the trans- receives the serial A2 OV 5V
Vcc
mitter. The transmitter works off 5V data at its pin 14 4
A3 IC1 AD11
13 J1 GND
FOR LOGIC
DC supply. from RX1. Data pin D0
A4 HT12E
5 0 OR 1 A0
Threshold level of the soil moisture D8 of IC2 drives the 6
AD10
12

can be set using the in-built pot in soil relay through tran- A5 D1 CON2
R3 1N4007 FOR SS1
sensor module. When soil moisture sistors T2 and T3. 7
A6 AD9
11
330E
in the field goes below the threshold Diode 1N4007 8
A7
R2
330E R4
10
level, the sensor produces active low (D2) connected in 9
AD8 330E
VSS T1
(0V) signal, which goes to the base of reverse bias mode is
BC547
inverting transistor T1. Encoder IC1 used to protect the
receives active-high signal at pin 10 circuit against volt- SS1 = SOIL SENSOR MODULE
(AD8) from collector of T1 and gener- age spikes during
ates serial data at pin 17 (DOUT) with switching on/off of Fig. 2: Circuit diagram of transmitter
its address pins A0 through A7 con- the water-pump.
nected to ground. The modulated ASK LED3 is for power on indication, LED4 computer or smartphone over cloud.
RF signal from DOUT is transmitted by for RF signal, and LED1 for water- Adafruit IoT platform is used to monitor
TX1 module at 433MHz frequency. J1 pump’s motor on status. If optional the water-pump’s status online.
is used for optional sensor input for an sensor is used at J1 in the transmitter, Pump’s switching off. When soil
optional motor in the receiver circuit. LED2 indicates the optional motor’s is adequately wet, SS1 output pin D0 is
Receiver. The receiver comprises status. low, which makes transistor T1 to stop
433MHz RF receiver module (RX1), conduction. So, collector voltage of
decoder HT12D (IC2), two BC317 IoT system T1 becomes high (5V), which is con-
transistors (T2 and T3), a 5V single- The heart of the IoT system is NodeMCU nected to pin AD8 of IC1. Transmitter
changeover relay (RL1), and NodeM- ESP32/8266 Wi-Fi module. Data pin TX1 transmits this signal, which is
CU (Board1). This receiver also oper- D8 of IC2 is connected to pin D0 of received by receiver RX1, decoded,
ates off a 5V DC supply. NodeMCUmodule (Board1) to provide and passed on to transistor T2 through
The signal from transmitter is the motor on/off status on a remote resistor R10. So, T2 conducts making

54 FEBRUARY 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

 Do-It-Yourself
2. Generate a key and
RX1 ANT.2 RL1 CON4 note down this key. This is
433MHZ RF RX 5V,1CO FOR RELAY
CONTACTS a long, unique identifier that
NO
1
A0 VDD
18 D2
NO
you use to authenticate any

DATA
DATA
device using your account.

GND

GND
GND
1N4007

ANT
Vcc

Vcc
2
A1 OSC1
16 POLE
R6
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
NC NC You get one key per account,
3 15 47K
A2 OSC2 but you can revoke and
4
A3 VT
17
CON3
regenerate your key any time.
IC2
5
A4 DIN
14 LED4
R7 R8
FOR 5V 3. After creating an
HT12D 470E 4.7K
RF SIGNAL T3 account, you need to manage
6 13
BC317
A5 D11
LED2
R9 Vin
your feeds for publishing
7
A6 D10
12 OPTIONAL MOTOR
470E D0 on the dashboard. (Feeds is
8
A7 D9
11 GND basically a set of data that
R10
9 10 470E
LED3 CON5 you can read or write, as
VSS D8 POWER
LED1 T2 FOR specified in the program, as
R11 R12 BOARD1
MOTOR STATUS 470E
BC317 per your application.) In this
470E
project, we used Relay1 on
BOARD1 = NODE MCU the dashboard, as shown in
GND
Figs 6 and 7.
Fig. 3: Circuit diagram of receiver More details regarding
configuration with Adafruit
IoT and NodeMCU are given
in ‘Interfacing with Adafruit
and NodeMCU’ document
file in the source code folder.
Software
Arduino IDE is used for
programming the NodeMCU
board (Board1). The Arduino
code ‘program_soil.ino’ is to
Fig. 6: Relay1 on be uploaded into NodeMCU
Fig. 4: NodeMCU module board before connecting it to
the receiver circuit.
Connect the NodeMCU
to PC/laptop and select
proper COM port and board
name from Tools menu of
the Arduino IDE. The board
name we used in this project
is ‘NodeMCU 1.0 ESP-12E
Module.’ The board name
will depend on the model you
Fig. 7: Relay1 off are using.
Before compiling and
sistor T2. This makes transistor T3 uploading the source code, do not
Fig. 5: Soil sensor module to conduct and energise relay RL1, forget to include ESP8266WiFi.h,
making the pump switch on. Adafruit, and MQTT libraries from
its collector low, which turns transis- Library Manager. Also, you need to
tor T3 off. This de-energises relay Adafruit IoT platform add the ‘package_esp8266com_index.
RL1 and the pump connected to it is NodeMCU Wi-Fi is connected to Ada- json’ package under Preferences in
switched off. fruit.io open source cloud service to your Arduino IDE, as shown in Fig. 8.
Pump’s switching on. When soil is provide real-time data online. Steps to Next, open program_soil.ino code
dry, SS1 output pin D0 is high, which organise the dashboard on Adafruit.io from Arduino IDE and make some
makes transistor T1 to conduct. So, IoT platform are: changes, such as Wifi SSID, password,
collector voltage of T1 becomes low 1. Open https://io.adafruit.com Adafruit username, and key with your
(0V), which is connected to pin AD8 website. Create an account with a own credentials, as shown in the code
of IC1. Transmitter TX1 transmits this unique username. Note down this below:
signal, which is received by receiver username as it will be used in Arduino #include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
RX1, decoded, and passed on to tran- code (program_soil.ino) later. #include <Adafruit_Sensor.h>

www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • FEBRUARY 2021 55

 Do-It-Yourself

Fig. 8: Adding package_esp8266com_index.json in Arduino IDE

Expected Signals at Different Points Table 1

Status Remarks
Wet soil = D0 of SS1 will be low LED1 = On, RL1 deenergised, motor remains off
Dry soil = D0 of SS1 will be high LED1 = Off, RL1 energised, motor on
J1=0V LED2 = Off (for optional)
J1=5V LED2 = On (for optional)
RF signal transmission LED4 = On
Power on in receiver section LED3 = On
Power off in receiver section LED1 through LED4 = Off
Fig. 13: Authors’ prototype of the transmitter
Relay RL1 energised Adafruit platform logic 1, as shown in Fig. 6 and receiver units
Relay RL1 de-energised Adafruit platform logic 0, as shown in Fig. 7
#include “Adafruit_MQTT.h”
#include “Adafruit_MQTT_Client.h”
#define S0 D0
#define WLAN_SSID “Samsungi” //
**Your wifi name ssid** change it(1)
#define WLAN_PASS “abcd123456” //
**Your WIFI password*** change it(2)
#define aio_server “io.adafruit.com”
//adafruit server
#define AIO_SERVERPORT 1883
#define aio_username “jitendra41085”
//** adafruit username** change it (3)
#define aio_key
Fig. 9: Actual-size PCB layout for transmitter Fig. 11: Actual-size PCB layout for receiver “859813f4cb144ee5b0f9e124a239a3f4”
//**adafruit auth key**change it (4)
wificlient client;
Adafruit_MQTT_Client mqtt(&client, AIO_
SERVER, AIO_SERVERPORT, AIO_USERNAME,
AIO_KEY);
Adafruit_MQTT_Publish photocel3 =
Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt, AIO_
USERNAME “/feeds/
Relay1”);
void MQTT_connect();
void setup(void)
Now, compile and upload the
source code to the NodeMCU board
Fig. 10: Components layout transmitter PCB Fig. 12: Components layout for the receiver PCB by clicking on the Upload button.

56 FEBRUARY 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

 EFY Note Do-It-Yourself
The source code
of this project PARTS LIST receiver circuits. Login to https://
is available Semiconductors: io.adafruit.com and open the dash-
for free download Board1 - NodeMCU module board you have already created.
SS1 - Soil sensor module
at source.efymag.com IC1 - HT12E encoder
Depending on the soil moisture level
IC2 - HT12D decoder in the field, you will see the relay
D1, D2 - 1N4007 rectifier diode status on the dashboard, as shown in
T1 - BC547 npn transistor
T2, T3 - BC317 npn transistor
Figs 6 and 7. When Relay1 status is 1,
LED1-LED4 - 5mm LED motor is on and when Relay1 status is
Resistors (all 1/4-watt, ±5% carbon): 0, motor is off. The status of the relay
R1 - 1-mega-ohm will change automatically depending
Construction and testing R2-R4 - 330-ohm
on the soil moisture level in the field.
R5, R7, R9-R11 - 470-ohm
An actual-size PCB layout for the R6 - 47-kilo-ohm For testing/checking the signals
R8 - 4.7-kilo-ohm
transmitter is shown in Fig. 9 and its in transmitter and receiver circuits
Miscellaneous:
components layout in Fig. 10. After J1 - 3-pin connector with (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3), the expected sig-
assembling the circuit on PCB, con- shorting jumper nals at different points are listed in
nect 5V supply across CON1. CON1 - 2-pin connector Table 1.
CON2 - 4-pin connector
An actual-size PCB layout for CON3 - 2-pin terminal connector
receiver is shown in Fig. 11 and its CON4 - 3-pin connector (not shown
in PCB)
components layout in Fig. 12. After CON5 - 3-pin connector Jitendra Jangir is training officer
assembling the circuit on PCB, con- TX1 - 433MHz RF transmitter (Electronics) at National Skill
nect another 5V supply across CON3. module Training Institute (W), Patna,
RX1 - 433MHz RF receiver Bihar
Use a 5V, 10A contact-rating relay for module
RL1. As relay RL1 is not PCB-mount- RL1 - 5V, 10A single-changeover
ed, connect its coil to the PCB where relay
- 3V battery/5V DC supply V.K. Shukla retired as director at
it is marked RL1. Connect the water- for transmitter Directorate General of Training,
pump’s power on/off switch across - 5V DC supply for receiver Ministry of Skill Development and
Pole and NO contacts of the relay. ANT.1, ANT.2 - 30cm hook-up wire for Entrepreneurship, government
antenna of India
Switch on the transmitter and

Job
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www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • FEBRUARY 2021 57

 Do-It-Yourself

Creating A Very Basic Chatbot In Python Anurag Gupta

On Telegram Messenger
The Internet is full of articles about building
chatbots on platforms like Telegram. However,
in this article, readers get some insights on how
to code for a chatbot in Python. Understanding
the package used in this article will enable the
adventurous to extend the functionality of this
chatbot on their own

T
o get started with building the
chatbot in real-time, there are
some prerequisites, which are
as follows:
• Basic knowledge of Python and
using Pip/Conda to install packages.
• A Python IDE (I use Jupyter user, the Telegram server that hosts
Notebook, while you could pick any the bot, and the bot controller (which
of the popular options like Spyder, is from the Python script that we write
PyCharm, Visual Studio Code, or and execute).
Eclipse (with PyDev)). Also, note that you can use the
• You need to install Telegram following two ways to control the bot: controller script does not ‘poll’ the
on a mobile phone and also on your The ‘polling’ scheme. Here the bot; rather, it is the bot that informs
desktop. Python script (which controls the bot) the bot controller that a new mes-
• You will need the Python library will periodically access, i.e., ‘poll’ the sage has been sent by a bot user. This
python-telegram-bot. bot on the Telegram server, check if scheme, however, requires two addi-
there are any new messages from a bot tional things—a permanent IP address
How the bot scheme works user, and respond accordingly. of the server where the bot controller
You need to understand that there are The webhook scheme. This is the is located, and that the server host-
three actors in the scheme—the bot more efficient scheme. Here the bot ing the bot controller must be HTTPS

Fig. 1: The two different schemes for working the bot

58 FEBRUARY 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

 Do-It-Yourself
enabled. In this article, I am only
describing the ‘polling’ scheme.
Using @BotFather to create
your bot
The steps in creating a Telegram
bot are as follows:
1. Telegram has a bot named @Bot-
Father which can create a bot for you.
So, as a first step, go to your Telegram
app and search for @BotFather.
2. Then send it the message /start. Fig. 2: Using the command ‘/start’ on @BotFather
The scheme works like this—if it is a
message without a leading forward
slash (/), then it will be interpreted
as a text message. However, if it has a
leading forward slash, then it will be
interpreted as the function / method.
A Telegram bot cannot respond on its
own (to reduce spamming by bots). It
must receive a text message (one with-
out a forward slash) or a command
(one with a leading forward slash) to
respond to such messages.
3. Now create a new bot using
the command /newbot and give it an
appropriate name, which must end in
the word bot. @BotFather will send
you a message, which will include a
token. The token should look some-
thing like what’s shown below:
1104497538:AAEbXXXi PegAxUXXXX_
TevmyPG01GnXXLY
(Some letters have been replaced
with X to preserve privacy.) Fig. 3 Fig. 3: Creating a new bot using @BotFather
shows the process on the Telegram
app.
4. Note that your newly created
bot is hosted on the Telegram server,
and you can now access your bot on
a Web browser by using a command
of the format: Fig. 4: A screenshot of the output on giving a command
https://api.telegram.org/bot<your_bot_
token>/getme the format https://api.telegram.org/ pip install python-telegram-bot
The above URL has three parts: bot<your_bot_token>/getme This is shown in Fig. 5.
(1) https://api.telegram.org/bot ; (2) There is, however, a second To write the Python script, you can
<your_bot_token> ; and (3) /getme. method in which we can use a Python use any popular IDE. Some common
The first two parts of the URL will script to access the messages/com- ones are PyCharm, Visual Studio
allow your browser to access your mands coming from the bot user to Code, and Eclipse (with PyDev). You
bot (which resides on the Telegram our bot hosted on the Telegram server. need to know some of the classes and
server) and the last part will give the In the next section, we will look at cre- methods of this library in order to
appropriate command to your bot. ating a bot controller through a script truly understand how the code works.
Here the command is /getme and so written in Python. Remember, we are using the polling
it will provide details of your bot in and not the webhook technique.
the form of a JSON object (similar to a Writing a Python script to create We shall use instances of (i.e., we
Python dictionary). Fig. 4 shows this. a bot controller using python- will create objects of) two classes from
Now there are two ways to interact library-telegram the telegram.ext sub-module, namely,
with the bot. The first is, of course, To create a bot controller script, we telegram.ext.Updater and telegram.
the method we used earlier, where shall use a Python library python-tele- ext.Dispatcher. The Updater class gets
we used a Web browser and a URL of gram-bot; so download this using Pip: updates from Telegram and passes

www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • FEBRUARY 2021 59

 Do-It-Yourself

Fig. 5: Downloading the Python library python-telegram-bot

them on to the Dispatcher class. function gets triggered. The way the return value of context.bot) is an
When you create an Updater Telegram package is written is such object of class telegram.Bot. Further,
object, it will create a Dispatcher that when you write a function (like this object, i.e., my_bot, being an
object for you and link them together /start here), the Telegram server will object of class telegram.Bot, has a
with a Queue. This Dispatcher object pass it two attributes. So, you must method send_message(). So, you can
can then be used to sort the updates have two attributes in your function use this method to send a message to
fetched by the Updater according definition and, by convention, these the bot user.
to the handlers you registered, and are called update and context. I don’t Note. You can confirm that the
deliver them to a callback function want to get too technical but for those return of context.bot is actually an
that you defined. interested, the attribute update will object of class telegram.Bot by looking
The above para may be a bit get an object of class telegram.update. at the source code for this in the file
confusing, so I have elaborated on Update. While the attribute context callbackcontext.py. You can find this
it, as follows: will get an object of class telegram.ext. file on GitHub at https://github.com/
Step 1. Create an object (we will callbackcontext.CallbackContext python-telegram-bot/python-telegram-
call it my_updater) of class telegram. The attribute update is actually a bot/blob/7b3b278c7c09d2961a696e
ext.Updater. To do this, you need to Python dictionary. You can confirm 58b955914486d96313/telegram/ext/
import the Updater class from tel- this by putting a print(update) com- callbackcontext.py. You will find the
egram.ext. Also, when you create your mand somewhere in your get() func- definition of bot() around lines 155-
Updater object, namely my_updater, tion. This dictionary has a key named 157. Also, the class telegram.Bot has a
you will need the HTTP API key for effective_chat and the value of this key method send_message() by looking at
the bot you created earlier. The code is another dictionary, which contains the source code of the file bot.py avail-
to create this object will be like what keys like ID, first_name, last_name, able at https://github.com/python-
follows: etc. So, using a format of type update. telegram-bot/python-telegram-bot/
my_updater = Updater(token=’your_bot_ effective_chat.id, you can get the ID blob/master/telegram/bot.py. You will
token’, use_context=True) of the chat. In our bot code, we will get the code for the method send_mes-
Note. In the example code on the ‘extract’ three parameters of the bot sage() around lines 265-275.
website (Ref 2 & 3), this variable is user—(1) id, (2) first_name, and (3) But, in the above scheme, there
often called Dispatcher, but I have last_name is one problem—you need to register
used my_dispatcher to specify that this In this step, we will do the follow- this command, i.e., get() in the dis-
is not some method of a class but an ing things: patcher. To do this, the module has
object of class Updater, which I have • Extract id, first_name, and a class Handler, and from this class
created. last_name from the parameter update. many other classes are inherited such
Step 2. Now, this Updater class has • We will use the first_name and as CommandHandler, MessageHan-
an attribute called Dispatcher. This last_name to send a reply back to the dler, etc. Here, since get() is a com-
attribute returns an object of class bot user. mand, we will use the specific Handler
telegram.ext.Dispatcher. Don’t get • To send a reply back to the bot meant to handle commands, which is
confused by this scheme. This is a typi- user, we need to use the following Commandhandler. Note that the class
cal method by which many libraries command: Commandhandler sub-classes the
of Python work. So, you can create an context.bot.send_message(chat_id, text= class Handler, i.e., it inherits from the
object of Dispatcher class (we will call out_text) class Handler. So, the scheme works
it my_dispatcher) by using the dispatch- To make the code more readable like this.
er attribute of the object of the Updater and easier to follow, I have split this You first create an object of class
class (which here is my_updater). The in two lines as: CommandHandler (I have named it
following code snippet shows this: my_bot = context.bot start_handler) and pass to it the name
my_dispatcher = my_updater.dispatcher my_bot.send_message(chat_id, text= out_ of the command as the first parameter
Step 3. Here, we will write a func- text) and the name of the callback function
tion named start. So, whenever the For the technically inclined, you as the second parameter. So, the line
bot user types a message /start, this may note that my_bot (which is the of code will be as follows:

60 FEBRUARY 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

 Do-It-Yourself
start_handler = CommandHandler(‘start’, 9 full_name = f_name + ‘’ + l_name # Full 27 # my_updater.idle() command is used to
start) name of bot user block the script until
Note. You can see the source code 10 out_text = ‘Hi {0} {1} from bot’. 28 # the user sends a command to break from
for the Dispatcher class in the file format(f_name, l_name) the Python script such as ctrl-c
dispatcher.py at https://github.com/ 11 # The print functions are to show the 29 on windows
python-telegram-bot/python-telegram- contents of the variables 30 my_updater.idle()
bot/blob/7b3b278c7c09d2961a696e 12 # You can remove the print functions The complete code for this bot is
58b955914486d96313/telegram/ext/ 13 print(update) available on GitHub at https://github.
dispatcher.py 14 print(‘effective_chat ->’,update. com/ag999git/jupyter_notebooks/
Having created an object of type effective_chat) blob/master/telegram-bot
CommandHandler, you can add it to 15 print(‘chat_id->’, chat_id)
the Dispatcher class object (which 16 print(‘bot->’, context.bot)
Further extensions
in our code is my_dispatcher), using 17 You can improvise and extend the
the method add_handler() of the 18 my_bot = context.bot # my_bot is an functionality of the bot. This bot
Dispatcher class. So, the code will be object of type telegram.Bot accepts only one command, namely,
as follows: 19 # print(my_bot) /start. You can create a message han-
1 from telegram.ext import Updater, 20 my_bot.send_message(chat_id, text= dler. For that you will need an object
CommandHandler out_text) of class MessageHandler. You can also
2 my_updater = Updater(token=’Your_ 21 start_handler = CommandHandler(‘start’, try using Webhooks or install your bot
token_here’, use_context=True) start) on a remote server like Heroku, Pytho-
3 my_dispatcher = my_updater.dispatcher 22 my_dispatcher.add_handler(start_ nAnywhere, etc.
4 handler)
This article was first published in August 2020
5 def start(update, context): 23 # my_updater.start_polling() starts the
issue of Open Source For You
6 chat_id = update.effective_chat.id # Get bot, and the bot begins

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www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • FEBRUARY 2021 61

 11 Million-plus LED Streetlights by EESL
As on 25th Jan 2021, EESL had installed 11-million plus LED streetlights in India, resulting in a saving of 7.7 billion units
of electricity! Also managed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 5.3 million tons!

Himachal Pradesh (57,935)

Jammu and Kashmir
(140,878) Delhi (339,294)
Punjab (108,013)
Uttarakhand
Chandigarh (45,888) (53,701) Bihar (479,948)
State Level Projects
Uttar Sikkim
Pradesh Assam (28,073)
Haryana (80,020) (868)
(1,140,885)
State & Gram
Panchayat Projects Rajasthan (1,049,724)

Gujarat (1,151,100) Tripura (75,751)

Individual ULB West Bengal (80,529)
Level Projects Madhya Pradesh
(105,888) Jharkhand (484,351)
Odisha (334,819)
Institutional Chhattisgarh (370,885)
Projects Maharashtra (903,531) Telangana (1,230,378)
Note: Quantity
Goa (207,110) Andhra Pradesh Andaman
displayed for Gujarat
Project Under (2,891,048) Nicobar
Puducherry also includes
Discussions Karnataka (12,310)
(14,027)
(450) 262,522 numbers of
Tamil Nadu LED lights installed
Lakshadweep (1,000)
(7,376) by government of
Kerala (73,574) Gujarat on their own.

Source: https://slnp.eeslindia.org

Energy Efficient Buildings: 34K ACs and 290K Fans

EESL’s National Building Energy Efficiency Programme (BEEP) has saved 224 million kWh of energy
resulting in savings of 1944 million rupees of energy costs in last year alone!

224,021,105.55 kWh 1,944.9 million 75.64 MW 183,697.28 tCO2

Energy Saving Cost Saving Avoided Demand Emission Reduction

1,254,222 156,710 290,073 34,780

Indoor Lights Installed Outdoor Lights Installed Fans Installed ACs Installed

259 Completed 132 Ongoing 6,660 Completed 3,800 Ongoing

PROJECTS BUILDINGS

Source: https://beep.eeslindia.org

62 FEBRUARY 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

At-a-glance view of key industry trends that
can shape the future of your business…

India Smartphone Market Registered 37% YoY Growth

Company Oct-20 Sell-Out Oct-20 Market Oct-19 Sell Out Oct-19 Market Year-over-Year Unit Change
Volumes Share Volumes Share (Oct-20 over Oct-19)
Xiaomi 5.5 24.8% 3.9 24.7% 38.1%
Samsung 4.5 20.6% 3.2 20.0% 42.2%
Vivo 3.9 17.8% 2.9 17.9% 37.3%
Realme 3.0 13.8% 2.0 12.8% 48.2%
OPPO 2.7 12.3% 1.9 12.1% 40.2%
Others 2.4 10.7% 2.0 12.5% 18.4%
Total 22.0 100.0% 15.9 100.0% 37.9%
According to IDC India, India’s smartphone market registered a massive year-over-year (YoY) growth of 37.9%. The growth was driven by multiple online
sale festivals and pent up demand. The low-midrange segment (US$100-200) grew by 60% YoY. The premium segment (US$500-700) witnessed
multifold growth driven by affordability schemes.
Source: IDC India Monthly City Level Sell Out Smartphone Tracker, October 2020 release

Automotive Remains #1 Consumer of Cellular IoT Modules

Counterpoint’s latest study reveals that the higher ASP (average selling price) of automotive modules helped this segment
lead the global cellular IoT module application market. Healthcare, asset tracking and telematics have been seeing
some growth buoyed by COVID-19
Automotive
18.91%
Others
33.76%
Global Cellular IoT
Module Shipments Router/CPE
by Application 12.50%
Revenue Share,
Q3, 2020
Healthcare Enterprise
5.07% 9.23%
Smart Meter
Industrial
5.18% Telematics
8.78%
6.57%

Source: www.counterpointresearch.com

Quectel Tops Global Cellular IoT Module Revenue-wise

Quectel, Fibocom and Neoway were the only suppliers which grew their revenues on a YoY basis. Quectel revenues grew
a healthy 41%, Fibocom revenues grew 34%—reveals the latest study by Counterpoint on Global Cellular IoT Modules...

Quectel
Others 24.86%
32.26%
Global Cellular IoT
Module Revenue
Share by Brand,
Q3, 2020 Sierra Wireless
10.41%
Sunsea
6.78%
Thales
Fibocom
Telit 9.83%
7.67%
8.19%

Source: www.counterpointresearch.com
www.EFYMag.com electronics FOR YOU express • FEBRUARY 2021 63
 Industry News
Industry Updates

PLI scheme may add $520 billion to GDP in five years

The production-linked incentive (PLI) ers, stand to be the biggest beneficiary intensive. It is expected to provide to
scheme launched to boost local manu- of the scheme. Other sectors that will the growing employment needs and
facturing may add $520 billion to the benefit include automobile, battery, achieving size and scale in manu-
gross domestic product in the next five pharma, food, textiles, and telecom. facturing. As part of the scheme, the
years. According to analysts, electronics, The scheme is applicable for ten government has made a budgetary
particularly mobile phone manufactur- select sectors, which are labour- outlay of about $26 billion.

Electronics manufacturing can contribute $1 trillion to GDP:

Ravi Shankar Prasad
Communications and IT Minister Ravi global majors like Apple, Samsung, devices, including laptops and tablets.
Shankar Prasad has said that scaling and their contract manufacturers to India has a huge potential for manufac-
up electronics manufacturing in the scale up production in India. turing printed circuit boards, laptops,
country can alone contribute $1 tril- Prasad added that by 2025, India and IoT devices. The whole idea is that
lion to the economy. He added that will manufacture one billion phones, India must become a big global centre
the government has seen interest from 50 million TVs, and 50 million hardware for mobile phone manufacturing.

Work to begin on Centre of Excellence for mobile accessories

The Union Ministry of Electronics million rupees for the Centre of Excel- completed by the end of 2023.
and Information Technology (MeitY) lence (CoE) project being developed Additional chief secretary (IT and
has released its first instalment of 66 in Noida. The CoE is scheduled to be Electronics) Alok Kumar said that the

On The move
Sterlite appoints Sandeep Girotra as head Shukla as the managing director of its vehicle group in
India. In this role, Shukla will be responsible for leading the
of global sales vehicle business in India and oversee operations, sales
Sterlite Technologies, the fibre-optic cables manufacturing performance, market development, customer management,
company, has announced the appointment of Sandeep Girotra partner relationships, new product launches, and leadership
as its global sales head. He will be responsible for driving the development.
company’s order book and revenues across portfolios, customer
segments, and geographies. Girotra will be a part of the Executive
Committee of the company. Prior to joining STL, Sandeep was IEEE selects Deepak Mathur as director
associated with Nokia for 24 years. of Asia-Pacific region
IEEE, the world’s largest technical professional organisation
dedicated to advancing technology for humanity, recently
Rajita D’Souza joins STMicroelectronics announced Deepak Mathur as director of the IEEE Asia-
as president-HR and CSR Pacific Region for the year 2021-2022. The region represents
The Swiss multinational semiconductors company the largest and most diverse geographical area for IEEE
STMicroelectronics has appointed Rajita D’Souza as president, containing 26 countries with 59 geographical sections
Human Resources and Corporate Social Responsibility wef consisting of 122,000 members.
January 1, 2021. She reports directly to Jean-Marc Chery, president
and CEO, and is a member of ST’s Executive Committee. She will
play a critical role in driving the company’s sustainability strategy
MeitY secretary Ajay Prakash Sawhney
and programmes including ST’s goal to be carbon neutral by 2027.
gets IESA’s Sarabhai Award
India Electronics and Semiconductor Association (IESA) has
announced its flagship Technovation Award winners for 2019-
Eaton appoints Shailendra Shukla 2020. Sarabhai Award was given to Ajay Sawhney, Secretary,
as MD of vehicle group Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY),
Power management company Eaton has appointed Shailendra Government of India.

66 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

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 Industry News
UP state government has also con-
sented to release 22 million rupees as
its share towards the project, which
is being developed under the state’s
Electronics Manufacturing Policy, so
that the first phase of development
can start.

Incentive scheme expected

for wearables, hearables,
IoT devices, drones
The government of India is planning
a big push for the domestic manufac-
ture of new technology devices that
include wearables (smartwatches and
fitness trackers), hearables (in-ear
wireless hearing devices), drones, vir-
tual/augmented reality, and Internet
of Things products in India this year.
The Ministry of Electronics and IT
(MeitY) is in the process of preparing Representational image

corporate news snippets

facturing their smartphones. The products will be assembled at
Indian Army signs contract with ideaForge Padget’s manufacturing facility situated in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
to procure UAVs Padget Electronics is one among the five Indian companies that
The Indian Army has signed an approximately $20 million have been approved to receive incentives for incremental pro-
contract for undisclosed quantities of a high-altitude variant of duction of mobile phone handsets under the Production-Linked
ideaForge’s Switch UAV, which will be delivered over a period of Incentive (PLI) scheme.
one year. ideaForge was awarded this contract after it emerged
as the only vendor that qualified the operational requirements OneWeb secures additional funding
in an evaluation done in real-world conditions, for a fast-track from Softbank and Hughes
procurement.
OneWeb, the low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications
company jointly owned by the UK government and Bharti
Tesla sets up office in Bengaluru Global, has secured additional funding from SoftBank Group
Tesla has registered its Indian entity in the name of Tesla India Corp. and Hughes Network Systems LLC, bringing OneWeb’s
Motors And Energy Private Limited in Bengaluru, Karnataka, total funding to $1.4 billion. The capital raised to date positions
according to documents filed in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs the company to be fully funded for its first-generation satellite
(MCA). It has been incorporated with an authorised capital of fleet, totaling 648 satellites, by the end of 2022.
just 1.5 million rupees and a paid-up capital of only 100,000
rupees. Vaibhav Taneja, Venkat­rangam Sreeram, and David Jon Triton looking to set up EV manufacturing base in India
Feinstein will be the three directors of the new company.
Triton Electric Vehicle LLC recognises India as one of the top
three markets for it and thus, the company has strong plans for
JBM officially forays into EV space expanding in India. This expansion will be in the area of setting
JBM (Jay Bharat Maruti) Group has formed a new company, up a manufacturing base as well as developing a strong cus-
JBM Ecolife Mobility Private Limited, to use the growth oppor- tomer base for various models of Triton’s electric vehicles (EVs).
tunities in the electric vehicles segment including e-buses and The company is in advanced stage of deliberations with Bharat
to expand electric charging infrastructure. JBM Ecolife will sell Electronics Limited and there could be a joint venture between
electric buses and expand electric charging infrastructure for the two companies for manufacturing batteries and electronics
e-buses. The company had recently partnered with Microvast, systems for the energy storage system and EVs.
a Chinese provider of fast-charging battery power systems, to
produce pure electric buses. It will manufacture nine and EESL has distributed 367 million LED bulbs across India
twelve-metre electric buses equipped with fast-charging Under UJALA programme, EESL has distributed over 366,9 mil-
batteries from Microvast. lion LED bulbs across India. This, as per the Ministry of Power,
has resulted in estimated energy savings of 47.65 billion kWh
Dixon to make Motorola smartphones in India per year with avoided peak demand of 9,540MW and estimated
The wholly owned subsidiary of Dixon Technologies, Padget GHG emission reduction of 38.59 million tonnes CO2 per year.
Electronics, has signed an agreement with Motorola for manu- Additionally, over 7.2 million LED tubelights and over 2.3 million

68 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

 Industry News

corporate news snippets

energy-efficient fans have also been distributed at affordable on-board chargers and, for certain automakers, related e-drive
price under this programme. systems to support the growing global shift toward vehicle
electrification. The new company, tentatively called LG Magna
Warburg Pincus invests $100 million in consumer e-Powertrain, marries Magna’s strength in electric powertrain
electronics company boAt systems and world-class automotive manufacturing with LG’s
The US private equity firm Warburg Pincus has invested about expertise in component development for e-motors and inverters.
$100 million in India’s boAt. During the third quarter of 2020, boAt
captured a market share of 32.4 per cent in the earwear category Teledyne Technologies acquiring Flir Systems
in India, as per IDC data. The company said that the investment Teledyne Technologies Inc. and Flir Systems have entered
by Warburg Pincus will enable it to further fortify its leading into an agreement under which Teledyne will be acquiring Flir.
market position, widen its R&D capabilities and product portfolio, The deal is said to be worth approximately $8 billion. Teledyne
and build on boAt’s efforts to create and support a manufacturing expects the acquisition to be immediately accretive to earnings,
ecosystem under the Make-in-India initiative. excluding transaction costs and intangible asset amortisation,
and accretive to GAAP earnings in the first full calendar year fol-
Salcomp acquires Jabil Circuit’s defunct India unit lowing the acquisition.
Finland’s Salcomp has acquired Jabil Circuit’s India unit. Jabil is Intel to tap TSMC to make new chip using enhanced
a US based electronics maker that had a defunct manufacturing 7-nanometer process
unit in India for over a decade. It is within the Nokia Telecom SEZ
in Sriperumbudur, near Chennai. This plant will commence pro- Intel Corp plans to tap Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co.
duction by mid-2021. The company will manufacture electronic to make a second-generation discrete graphics chip for personal
computers. The chip called DG2 will be made using a new chip-
and electro-mechanical parts that go into phones.
making process at TSMC that has not yet been formally named
but is an enhanced version of its 7-nanometer process. DG2
MediaTek becomes the biggest smartphone chip is expected to be released late this year or early 2022 to
chipset vendor compete with Nvidia and AMD gaming chips that cost between
MediaTek became the biggest smartphone chipset vendor with $400 and $600.
31 percent market share in third quarter of 2020 as smartphone
sales rebounded in the quarter, as per Counterpoint Research. Samsung reveals new brand and logo for OLED products
The research said that MediaTek’s strong performance in the
Samsung’s OLED display panels will now be produced under
$100-$250 price band and growth in key regions like China and
the brand of ‘Samsung OLED’ to better promote its products.
India helped it become the biggest smartphone chipset vendor. The company has applied to register a trademark for its new
brand and logo in 43 countries including the United States,
Joint venture between LG and Magna China, and the European Union. Samsung aims to improve its
for EV components sales of OLED displays used for laptops for which they plan to
LG Electronics and Magna International Inc. have announced release more than ten types of OLED panels, with the production
a joint venture (JV) to manufacture e-motors, inverters, and of a full HD panel starting from February.

an incentive scheme for manufactur- ment that it predicts that the Indian multiple incentives to reduce the
ing such devices. EMS industry will gallop from $23.5 share of coal-based power and shift
The sops will be in line with the billion in 2019-20 to $152 billion by more towards green energy. Under
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) 2025. This effectively means that it has the new policy, the state government
scheme launched for mobile phones the potential to grow from less than 3 has scrapped the condition that the
and components last year. It is aimed percent of the global industry to about installed capacity of a solar project
at capturing the huge anticipated 14 percent within five years. needs to be 50 per cent of the sanc-
demand for wearables, hearables as Electronics and IT Secretary Ajay tioned load or contract demand.
well as IoT and VR devices. Prakash Sawhney, releasing the The state government would pur-
‘EMS Task Force Report’ by ELCINA, chase surplus energy from residen-
Electronics contract emphasised on the necessity to manu- tial and micro, small, and medium
manufacturing to grow facture printed circuit board (PCB) enterprise consumers after setting off
over six times assemblies inside the nation and cut against their consumption. They would
The electronics contract manufactur- back import dependence. be allowed to sell their surplus power at
ing sector in India is projected to grow the rate of 2.25 rupees per unit.
by over six-fold, as per industry body Gujarat brings out
ELCINA. Globally, the electronics Solar Power Policy 2021 Maharashtra government
manufacturing services (EMS) sector Gujarat’s chief minister Vijay Rupani extends policy tenure
was valued at $832 billion in 2019 and has announced the state’s new Solar by two years
is estimated to grow to $1,055 billion Power Policy, which will be valid for The Maharashtra government has
by 2025. ELCINA has said in a state- the next five years. It comes with decided to increase the Maharash-

www.EFYMag.com electronics For You express • February 2021 69

 Industry News
for manufacturing increasingly large and complex data-
room air-condi- sets driving the need for AI, the adop-
tioners (RACs) at tion of AI for improving consumer
the cluster by their services, and reducing operational
flagship company, costs. Other factors include the grow-
E-Pack Durables ing number of AI applications, the
Solutions Pvt Ltd. improving computing power, and
The company is growing adoption of deep learning
claimed to be the and neural networks.
second largest
manufacturer of Unmanned underwater
RACs in the coun- vehicles market likely to
try with annual reach $4.4billion by 2025
turnover of about The global unmanned underwater
twelve billion vehicles market size is projected to
rupees. grow from $2 billion in 2020 to $4.4
ELCINA had set billion by 2025 at a CAGR of 16.4
up this greenfield percent. The growth of the market
electronics manu- can be attributed to the rising number
Representational image facturing cluster of deep-water offshore oil and gas
at Industrial Area production activities and increasing
tra Electronics Policy tenure by two Salarpur in Bhiwadi, Rajasthan, which maritime security threats.
years and also extend its scope. This is 71km from IGI Airport in Delhi. It is Based on application, the com-
policy, which was issued in 2016, the country’s first EMC which is being mercial exploration segment of the
was set to expire on April 10, 2021. developed as a ‘co-operative project’ remotely operated vehicles (ROV)
It has been decided to extend it till by ELCINA members under MeitY’s market is expected to witness the
March 31, 2023. The government has Electronics Manufacturing Cluster highest growth during the forecast
also decided to align the policy with Scheme of 2012. period. Based on the system, the sen-
the Central government’s Scheme sors segment of the ROV market is
for Promotion of Manufacturing of Artificial intelligence also expected to witness the highest
Electronic Components and Semicon- chipsets market size growth during the forecast period.
ductors (SPECS). to exceed $92 billion
The definition of FAB was also by 2025 5G chipset market expected
expanded and it will now include com- The global artificial intelligence (AI) to grow over five times
ponents such as compound semicon- chipsets market size is projected to by 2027
ductors, silicon photonics devices, and reach $91,185 million by 2025, as The 5G chipset market is expected
integrated circuits. The government per Valuates Reports. It will register to grow from $12.8 billion in 2020 to
of Maharashtra will reconsider those a CAGR of 45.2 per cent from 2019 to $67.2 billion by 2027. This growth, as
projects which were not sanctioned 2025. It was valued at $6,638 million per a report by Research and Markets,
under the SPECS scheme. in 2018. represents a CAGR of 26.7 per cent.
Major factors driving the growth The major factors driving the
Two major projects launched of AI chipsets market size are, growth of the 5G chipset market
in ELCINA’s Rajasthan are the grow-
manufacturing cluster ing demand
Sahasra Group has announced the for high-speed
construction of its new subsidiary Internet and
Sahasra Semiconductors’ plant in broad net-
ELCINA cluster at Bhiwadi, Rajas- work coverage,
than. This is the first cluster project increasing cel-
launched by any member of ELCINA lular IoT con-
under the Electronics Manufacturing nections, and
Cluster (EMC) Scheme 1.0 of National an increase in
Policy on Electronics 2012 announced mobile data traf-
by government of India’s Ministry of fic. However,
Electronics & Information Technology the high cost of
(MeitY). the 5G chipsets
Simultaneously, chairman B.L. is expected to
Bothra of East India Group, a major restrain the
investor in the EMC, has announced growth of the
the launch of their mega project Representational image market.

70 February 2021 • electronics For you express www.EFYMag.com

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 ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
Client name Page No. Client name Page No.
Alfa Electronic Components (www.alfaopto.com)...............................................................................5 Pico Technology (www.picotech.com)........................................................................................17, 37
Anritsu India Pvt Ltd (www.anritsu.com/en-IN).................................................................................19 Powersem Semiconductors Pvt Ltd (www.powersem.com).............................................................33
Binay Opto Electronics Pvt Ltd. (www.binayLED.com)........................................................... Gatefold Premier Industries (www.solderwire.co.in).......................................................................................71
CHIPMAX DESIGNS PVT LTD (chipmax.in)....................................................................................29 Samwha India Energy Saving..........................................................................................................13
CTECH ENERGY PRIVATE LIMITED (www.ctechenergyindia.com)...............................................71 Sanjay Technologies (www.sanjaytechnologies.co.in).....................................................................67
Digi-Key Electronics (www.digikey.in)..................................................................... Inside Front Cover
Sanson SM Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (www.sansontechs.com).....................................................64, 65
EFY Group of Publications: Subscription Scheme (subscribe.efy.in)...............................................27
SEKI Controls Co. Ltd. (www.sekicon.com).....................................................................................67
element14 India Pvt Ltd (in.element14.com).....................................................................Front Cover
Shavison Electronics Pvt. Ltd. (www.shavison.com)........................................................................49
Harting (India) Private Limited (https://www.harting.com/UK/en-gb)..................................................7
Surya Power Packs (www.primeproducts.in)....................................................................................72
HK Wentworth (India) Pvt Ltd (www.electrolube.in)..........................................................................21
I.T. Solutions India Pvt Ltd (www.itsipl.com).....................................................................................76 TME SLOVAKIA (www.tme.com)......................................................................................................51
LWI Electronics Inc. (www.livewireinfo.com)....................................................................................23 TRACO Electronic AG. (www.tracopower.com)................................................................................35
Maxim Integrated  (www.maximintegrated.com)..............................................................................15 UKC Electronics S Pte Ltd (www.ukc.com.sg)...................................................................................9
Microchip Technology Hong Kong Ltd. (www.microchip.com).......................................................... 11 Universal Electronic Agencies (http://www.easternradio.co.in).........................................................72
National Controlling & Equipments (www.nacei.com)......................................................................73 VINIT Electronics and Electricals (www.vinitelectronics.com)..........................................................73

ADVERTISERS’ PRODUCT CATEGORIES INDEX

Products Page No. Products Page No. Products Page No.
Batteries & Power Supplies Industrial & Manufacturing Equipment Shavison Electronics Pvt. Ltd........................................................ 49
CTECH ENERGY PRIVATE LIMITED........................................... 71 CHIPMAX DESIGNS PVT LTD .................................................... 29 Reseller and Distributors
National Controlling & Equipments................................................ 73 Sanson SM Technologies Pvt. Ltd........................................... 64, 65 Alfa Electronic Components ........................................................... 5
Shavison Electronics Pvt. Ltd........................................................ 49 IT Products element14 India Pvt Ltd ................................................ Front Cover
Harting (India) Private Limited ........................................................ 7 LWI Electronics Inc. ...................................................................... 23
Surya Power Packs....................................................................... 72
TME SLOVAKIA ........................................................................... 51
TRACO Electronic AG. ................................................................. 35 UKC Electronics S Pte Ltd.............................................................. 9
Services
Components (Including Active & Passive) Materials (Including Chemicals & Consumables)
Sanjay Technologies .................................................................... 67
Alfa Electronic Components ........................................................... 5 HK Wentworth (India) Pvt Ltd ....................................................... 21
VINIT Electronics and Electricals ................................................. 73
element14 India Pvt Ltd ................................................ Front Cover Premier Industries ........................................................................ 71
Switches & Relays
LWI Electronics Inc. ...................................................................... 23 Optics & Optoelectronics
Shavison Electronics Pvt. Ltd........................................................ 49
Maxim Integrated ......................................................................... 15 Alfa Electronic Components ........................................................... 5 Test & Measurement Equipment (Including Indicators & Monitors)
Microchip Technology Hong Kong Ltd. ......................................... 11 Binay Opto Electronics Pvt Ltd.............................................Gatefold Anritsu India Pvt Ltd ..................................................................... 19
Powersem Semiconductors Pvt Ltd ............................................. 33 PCBs, Assemblies & Sub Assemblies Pico Technology ..................................................................... 17, 37
Samwha India Energy Saving ...................................................... 13 Sanjay Technologies .................................................................... 67 SEKI Controls Co. Ltd................................................................... 67
SEKI Controls Co. Ltd................................................................... 67 VINIT Electronics and Electricals ................................................. 73 Wires & Cables
TME SLOVAKIA ........................................................................... 51 Plugs, Sockets & Connectors Sanjay Technologies .................................................................... 67
Universal Electronic Agencies ...................................................... 72 Harting (India) Private Limited ........................................................ 7 Shavison Electronics Pvt. Ltd........................................................ 49

74 FEBRUARY 2021 • electronics FOR YOU express www.EFYMag.com

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