Parametrizations of Surfaces

S URFACES AND A REA

RIYAS P

Government Brennen College,

Thalassery, Kerala

Email:[email protected]
Mob No-9746004847

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 Parametrizations of Surfaces

Parametrizations of Surfaces

There is a parametric form for surfaces that gives the position of a

point on the surface as a vector function of two variables. We discuss
this new form in this section and apply the form to obtain the area of a
surface as a double integral.
The general form of a parametrization of the surface is
~r (u, v ) = f (u, v )î + g(u, v )ĵ + h(u, v )k̂ , a ≤ u ≤ b, c ≤ v ≤ d

or

x = f (u, v ), y = g(u, v ), z = h(u, v ), a ≤ u ≤ b, c ≤ v ≤ d

Here u and v are parameters.

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Example 1.1
Find a parametrization of the cone
p
z = x 2 + y 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1

Solution:

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If we introduce cylindrical coordinates , then a typical point (x, y , z)

on the cone has
p
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = x 2 + y 2 = r , 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

Taking u = r , v = θ, a parametrization of the cone is

~r (u, v ) = u cos v î + u sin v ĵ + u k̂ , 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π

Example 1.2
Find a parametrization of the sphere

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2

Solution: If we introduce spherical coordinates , then a typical point

(x, y , z) on the sphere has

x = a sin φ cos θ, y = a sin φ sin θ, z = a cos φ, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

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Taking u = φ, v = θ, a parametrization of the sphere is

~r (u, v ) = a sin u cos v î+a sin u sin v ĵ+a cos u k̂ , 0 ≤ u ≤ π, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π

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Example 1.3
Find a parametrization of the cylinder

x 2 + (y − 3)2 = 9, 0 ≤ z ≤ 5

Solution:

In cylindrical coordinates, a point (x, y , z) has

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z
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If (x, y , z) is any point on the cylinder x 2 + (y − 3)2 = 9 then we have

x 2 + y 2 − 6y = 0 =⇒ r = 6 sin θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

A typical point on the cylinder therefore has

x = 6 sin θ cos θ, y = 6 sin2 θ, z = z, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ z ≤ 5

Taking u = θ, v = z, a parametrization of the cylinder is

~r (u, v ) = 6 sin u cos u î + 6 sin2 u ĵ + v k̂ , 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ v ≤ 5

Example 1.4
Find a parametrization of the surface.
1 The paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 , z ≤ 4
2 The paraboloid z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 , z ≥ 0
p
3 The first-octant portion of the cone z = ( x 2 + y 2 )/2 between
the planes z = 0 and z = 3

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Solution:
1 In cylindrical coordinates, we have x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z .
If (x, y , z) is any point on the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 , z ≤ 4 then
we have

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = r 2 , 0 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

Taking u = r , v = θ, a parametrization of the paraboloid is

~r (u, v ) = u cos v î + u sin v ĵ + u 2 k̂ , 0 ≤ u ≤ 2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π

2 In cylindrical coordinates, we have x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z .

If (x, y , z) is any point on the paraboloid z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 , z ≥ 0
then we have

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = 9 − r 2 , 0 ≤ r ≤ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

Taking u = r , v = θ, a parametrization of the paraboloid is

~r (u, v ) = u cos v î +u sin v ĵ +(9−u 2 )k̂ , 0 ≤ u ≤ 3, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π

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3 In cylindrical coordinates, we have x = r cosp θ, y = r sin θ, z = z .

If (x, y , z) is any point on the the cone z = ( x 2 + y 2 )/2 then
we have
r π
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = , 0 ≤ r ≤ 6, 0 ≤ θ ≤
2 2
Taking u = r , v = θ, a parametrization is
π
~r (u, v ) = u cos v î + u sin v ĵ + (u/2)k̂ , 0 ≤ u ≤ 6, 0 ≤ v ≤
2

Example 1.5
p
Find a parametrization of the portion of the cone z = 2 x 2 + y 2
between the planes z = 2 and z = 4.

Solution: In cylindrical coordinates, we have

x = rp
cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z . If (x, y , z) is any point on the cone
z = 2 x 2 + y 2 then we have
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = 2r , 1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
Taking u = r , v = θ, a parametrization is
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~r (u, v ) = u cos v î + u sin v ĵ + 2u k̂ , 1 ≤ u ≤ 2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π

Example 1.6
Find a parametrization of the cap cut from the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9
p
by the cone z = x 2 + y 2

Solution: In cylindrical coordinates, we have

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z . If (x, y , z) is any point on the
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 then we have
p
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = 9 − r 2 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
p
For the domain of r , z = x 2 + y 2 and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 =⇒
x 2 + y 2 = 29 or r = √32 Taking u = r , v = θ, a parametrization is

p 3
~r (u, v ) = u cos v î + u sin v ĵ + 9 − u 2 k̂ , 0 ≤ u ≤ √ , 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π
2
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Example 1.7
Find a parametrization of the following surfaces:

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Definition 1.8 (Smooth Surface)

A parametrized surface ~r (u, v ) = f (u, v )î + g(u, v )ĵ + h(u, v )k̂ is said
to be smooth if ~ru and ~rv are continuous and ~ru × ~rv is never zero on
the interior of the parameter domain.

Remark 1.9
The condition that ~ru × ~rv is never the zero vector means that the two
vectors ~ru and ~rv are nonzero and never lie along the same line, so
they always determine a plane tangent to the surface.

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Surface Area
Consider a small rectangle ∆Auv in R with sides on the lines
u = u0 , u = u0 + ∆u, v = v0 , and v = v0 + ∆v . Each side of ∆Auv
maps to a curve on the surface S, and together these four curves
bound a "curved patch element" ∆σuv Assume that the side v = v0
maps to curve C1 , the side u = u0 maps to C2 , and their common
vertex (u0 , v0 ) maps to P0 .

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The partial derivative vector ~ru (u0 , v0 ) is tangent to C1 at P0 . Likewise,

~rv (u0 , v0 ) is tangent to C2 at P0 . The cross product ~ru × ~rv is normal to
the surface at P0 .
We next approximate the surface patch element ∆σuv by the parallelo-
gram on the tangent plane whose sides are determined by the vectors
∆u ~ru and ∆v ~rv . The area of this parallelogram is

|∆u ~ru × ∆v ~rv | = | ~ru × ~rv |∆u ∆v

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A partition of the region R in the uv − plane by rectangular regions

∆Auv induces a partition of the surface S into surface patch elements
∆σuv . We define the area of each surface patch element ∆σuv to
be the parallelogram area and sum these areas together to obtain an
approximation of the surface area of S :
X
| ~ru × ~rv |∆u ∆v

As ∆u and ∆v approach zero independently, the number of area ele-

ments n tends to ∞ and the continuity of ~ru and ~rv guarantees that the
above sum approaches the double integral
Z b Z d
| ~ru × ~rv |du dv
a c

This double integral over the region R defines the area of the surface
S.
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Definition 1.10 (Surface Area)

The area of the smooth surface

~r (u, v ) = f (u, v )î + g(u, v )ĵ + h(u, v )k̂ , a ≤ u ≤ b, c ≤ v ≤ d

is ZZ Z b Z d
A= | ~ru × ~rv |dA = | ~ru × ~rv |du dv
R a c

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Example 1.11
Find the surface area of the cone
p
z = x 2 + y 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1

Solution: A parametrization of the cone is

~r (r , θ) = r cos θî + r sin θĵ + r k̂ , 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

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Example 1.12
Find the surface area of a sphere of radius a.

Solution: Consider a sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 of radius a. A

parametrization of the sphere is
~r (φ, θ) = a sin φ cos θî+a sin φ sin θĵ+a cos φk̂ , 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

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Example 1.13
Let S be the "football" surface formed by rotating the curve x =
cos z, y = 0, −π/2 ≤ z ≤ π/2 around the z− axis . Find a parametriza-
tion for S and compute its surface area.

Solution: If we rotate a point (x, 0, z) on the curve x = cos z, y = 0

about the z-axis, we obtain a circle at height z above the xy − plane
that is centered on the z− axis and has radius r = cos z.

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The point sweeps out the circle through an angle of rotation θ, 0 ≤

θ ≤ 2π. We let (x, y , z) be an arbitrary point on this circle, and de-
fine the parameters u = z and v = θ. Then we have x = r cos θ =
cos u cos v , y = r sin θ = cos u sin v , and z = u giving a parametrization
for S as
~r (u, v ) = cos u cos v î+cos u sin v ĵ+u k̂ , −π/2 ≤ u ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π

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Implicit Surfaces
Consider the implicit surface( level surface that does not come with an
explicit parametrization) defined by the equation

F (x, y , z) = c

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Consider a piece of an implicit surface S that lies above its "shadow"

region R in the plane beneath it. Assume that p̂ is a unit vector nor-
mal to the plane region R. We assume that the surface is smooth
(F is differentiable and ∇F is nonzero and continuous on S) and that
∇F .p̂ 6= 0, so the surface never folds back over itself.

Assume that the normal. vector p̂ is the unit vector k̂ , So the region R
lies in the xy − plane. By assumption, we then have ∇F .p̂ = ∇F .k̂ =
Fz 6= 0 on S. Then by the Implicit Function Theorem , S is then the
graph of a differentiable function z = h(x, y ).

Define the parameters u and v by u = x and v = y . Then z = h(u, v )

and
~r (u, v ) = u î + v ĵ + h(u, v )k̂

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To find the surface area.

∂h ∂h
~ru = î + k̂ , ~rv = ĵ + k̂
∂u ∂v

Applying the Chain Rule for implicit differentiation to F (x, y , z) = c,

where x = u, y = v , and z = h(u, v ), we obtain the partial derivatives

∂h Fx ∂h Fy
=− , =−
∂u Fz ∂v Fz

Then
Fx Fy
~ru = î − k̂ , ~rv = ĵ − k̂
Fz Fz

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Definition 1.14 (Surface Area- Implicit Form)

Example 1.15
Find the area of the surface cut from the bottom of the paraboloid
x 2 + y 2 − z = 0 by the plane z = 4.

Solution:The surface S is part of the level surface F (x, y , z) = x 2 +

y 2 − z = 0, and R is the disk x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4 in the xy − plane. To get a
unit vector normal to the plane of R, we can take p̂ = k̂ .

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At any point (x, y , z) on the surface, we have

F (x, y , z) = x2 + y2 − z = 0
∇F = 2x î + 2y ĵ − k̂
p
|∇F | = 4x 2 + 4y 2 + 1
|∇F .p̂| = |∇F .k̂ | = | − 1| = 1
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Example 1.16
Derive the surface area differential dσ of the surface z = f (x, y ) over
a region R in the xy − plane (a) parametrically and (b) implicitly.

Solution:

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Surface Area- Some More Examples

Example 1.17
Find the surface area of the portion of the plane y + 2z = 2 inside the
cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1

Solution: The parametrization of the given surface can be taken as

 
2 − r sin θ
~r (r , θ) = (r cos θ)î + (r sin θ)ĵ + k̂ , 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
2
 
1
~rr = (cos θ)î + (sin θ)ĵ + (− sin θ) k̂
2
 
1
~rθ = (−r sin θ)î + (r cos θ)ĵ + (−r cos θ) k̂
2
 
 î ĵ k̂ 
− sin θ  = r ĵ + r k̂

~rr × ~rθ =  cos θ sin θ 2
−r sin θ r cos θ −r cos θ  2

2
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r √
r r2 5
|~rr × ~rθ | = | ĵ + r k̂ | = 2
+r = r
2 4 2
The required surface area
ZZ Z 2π Z 1 √ Z 2π √
5 5
A= |~rr × ~rθ |dA = rdrdθ = dθ
R 0 0 2 0 4
√
5π
=
2

Example 1.18
Find the surface area of the portion of the plane z = −x inside the
cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4

Solution: The parametrization of the given surface can be taken as

~r (r , θ) = (r cos θ)î + (r sin θ)ĵ + (−r cos θ) k̂ , 0 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
~rr = (cos θ)î + (sin θ)ĵ + (− cos θ) k̂
~rθ = (−r sin θ)î + (r cos θ)ĵ + (r sin θ) k̂
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 î ĵ k̂ 

~rr × ~rθ =  cos θ sin θ − cos θ = r î + r k̂
−r sin θ r cos θ r sin θ 
p √
|~rr × ~rθ | = |r î + r k̂ | = r 2 + r 2 = 2r
The required surface area
ZZ Z 2π Z 2 √ √ Z 2π
A= |~rr × ~rθ |dA = 2rdrdθ = 2 2 dθ
R 0 0 0
√
= 4 2π

Example 1.19
p
Find the surface area of the portion of the cone z = 2 x 2 + y 2 be-
tween the planes z = 2 and z = 6.

Solution: The parametrization of the given surface can be taken as

~r (r , θ) = (r cos θ)î + (r sin θ)ĵ + 2r k̂ , 1 ≤ r ≤ 3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

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~rr = (cos θ)î + (sin θ)ĵ + 2k̂

~rθ = (−r sin θ)î + (r cos θ)ĵ
 
 î ĵ k̂ 

~rr × ~rθ =  cos θ sin θ 2 = (−2r cos θ)î + (2r sin θ)ĵ + r k̂
−r sin θ r cos θ 0
√ √
|~rr × ~rθ | = |(−2r cos θ)î + (2r sin θ)ĵ + r k̂ | = 5r 2 = 5r
The required surface area
ZZ Z 2π Z 3 √ √ Z 2π
A= |~rr × ~rθ |dA = 5rdrdθ = 4 5 dθ
R 0 1 0
√
= 8 5π

Example 1.20
Find the surface area of the portion of the cylinder x 2 + z 2 = 10 be-
tween the planes y = −1 and y = 1.

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√ √
Solution: Exercise (x = 10 cos u, z = 10 sin u, v = y )

Surface Area for Implicit and Explicit Forms

Example 1.21
Find the area of the surface cut from the paraboloid x 2 + y 2 − z = 0
by the plane z = 2.

Solution: The surface S is part of the level surface

F (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 − z = 0, and R is the disk x 2 + y 2 ≤ 2 in the xy −
plane. To get a unit vector normal to the plane of R, we can take
p̂ = k̂ . At any point (x, y , z) on the surface, we have

F (x, y , z) = x2 + y2 − z = 0
∇F = 2x î + 2y ĵ − k̂
p
|∇F | = 4x 2 + 4y 2 + 1
|∇F .p̂| = |∇F .k̂ | = | − 1| = 1

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Therefore,
|∇F |
ZZ
Surface Area = dA
|∇F .p̂|
Z ZR p
= 4x 2 + 4y 2 + 1dxdy
x 2 +y 2 ≤2
√
Z 2π Z 2p
= 4r 2 + 1rdr dθ
0 0
Z 2π  √2
1
= (4r 2 + 1)3/2 dθ
0 12 0
Z 2π
13 13
= dθ = π
0 6 3

Example 1.22
Find the area of the band cut from the paraboloid x 2 + y 2 − z = 0 by
the planes z = 2 and z = 6.

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Solution: The surface S is part of the level surface F (x, y , z) = x 2 +

y 2 − z = 0, and R is the annulus 2 ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 6 in the xy − plane. To
get a unit vector normal to the plane of R, we can take p̂ = k̂ . At any
point (x, y , z) on the surface, we have
F (x, y , z) = x2 + y2 − z = 0
∇F = 2x î + 2y ĵ − k̂
p
|∇F | = 4x 2 + 4y 2 + 1
|∇F .p̂| = |∇F .k̂ | = | − 1| = 1
Therefore,
|∇F |
ZZ
Surface Area = dA
R |∇F .p̂|
ZZ p
= 4x 2 + 4y 2 + 1dxdy
2≤x 2 +y 2 ≤6
√
Z 2π Z 6p
= √ 4r 2 + 1rdr dθ
0 2
49
= π
3
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Example 1.23
Find the area of the region cut from the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5 by the
cylinder whose walls are x = y 2 and x = 2 − y 2 .

Solution: The surface S is part of the level surface F (x, y , z) = x +

2y +2z −5 = 0, and R is the region bounded by x = y 2 and x = 2−y 2
in the xy − plane. To get a unit vector normal to the plane of R, we can
take p̂ = k̂ . At any point (x, y , z) on the surface, we have

F (x, y , z) = x + 2y + 2z − 5 = 0
∇F = î + 2ĵ + 2k̂
√
|∇F | = 9=3
|∇F .p̂| = |∇F .k̂ | = |2| = 2
|∇F |
ZZ
Surface Area = dA
R |∇F .p̂|
Z 1 Z 2−y 2
3
= dxdy
−1 y 2 2
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Z 1
= 3(1 − y 2 )dy
−1
1
y3

= 3 y− =4
3 −1

Example 1.24
2
√ x − 2z = 0 that lies above
Find the area of the portion of the surface
the triangle bounded by the lines x = 3, y = 0 and y = x in the
xy-plane.

Solution: The surface S is part of the level surface√ F (x, y , z) = x 2 −

2z = 0, and R is the region bounded by x = 3, y = 0 and y = x in
the xy − plane. To get a unit vector normal to the plane of R, we can
take p̂ = k̂ . At any point (x, y , z) on the surface, we have
F (x, y , z) = x 2 − 2z = 0
∇F 2x î − 2k̂
= p p
|∇F | = 4x 2 + 4 = 2 x 2 + 1
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|∇F .p̂| = |∇F .k̂ | = | − 2| = 2

|∇F |
ZZ
Surface Area = dA
R |∇F .p̂|
√
Z 3Z x p
= 1 + x 2 dydx
0 0
√
Z 3 p
= 1 + x 2 xdx
0
√
1h i 3 7
= (1 + x 2 )3/2 =
3 0 3

Example 1.25
Find the area of the surface x 2 − 2y − 2z = 0 that lies above the
triangle bounded by the lines x = 2, y = 0, and y = 3x in the xy −
plane.

Solution: Exercise
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Example 1.26
Find the area of the cap cut from the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 by the
p
cone z = x 2 + y 2 .

Solution: The surface S is part of the level surface F (x, y , z) = x 2 +

y 2 + z 2 − 2 = 0, and R is the disk x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 in the xy − plane. To
get a unit vector normal to the plane of R, we can take p̂ = k̂ . At any
point (x, y , z) on the surface, we have

F (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z2 − 2 = 0
∇F = 2x î + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂
p p √
|∇F | = 4x 2 + 4y 2 + 4z 2 = 2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 2
|∇F .p̂| = |∇F .k̂ | = |2z| = 2z
|∇F |
ZZ
Surface Area = dA
R |∇F .p̂|
ZZ √
2
= dA
2 2
x +y ≤1 z
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√ ZZ 1
= 2 p dA
x 2 +y 2 ≤1 2 − x2 − y2
√ Z 2π Z 1
1
= 2 √
rdrdθ
0 2 − r2
0
= ························
= ························
√
= 2π(2 − 2)

Example 1.27
Find the area of the ellipse cut from the plane z = cx by the cylinder
x 2 + y 2 = 1.

Solution: Exercise
Example 1.28
Find the area of the portion of the paraboloid x = 4 − y 2 − z 2 that lies
above the ring 1 ≤ y 2 + z 2 ≤ 4 in the yz− plane.

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Solution:The surface S is part of the level surface F (x, y , z) = x +

y 2 + z 2 − 4 = 0, and R is the annulus(ring) 1 ≤ y 2 + z 2 ≤ 4 in the yz−
plane. To get a unit vector normal to the plane of R, we can take p̂ = î.
At any point (x, y , z) on the surface, we have
F (x, y , z) = x + y 2 + z2 − 4 = 0
∇F = î + 2y ĵ + 2z k̂
p
|∇F | = 4y 2 + 4z 2 + 1
|∇F .p̂| = |∇F .î| = |1| = 1
|∇F |
ZZ
Surface Area = dA
|∇F .p̂|
Z ZR p
= 4y 2 + 4z 2 + 1dA
1≤y 2 +z 2 ≤4
Z 2π Z 2 p
= 4r 2 + 1rdr dθ
0 1
Z 2π  2
1 π 
= (4r 2 + 1)3/2 dθ = (17)3/2 − 53/2
0 12 1 6

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Example 1.29
Find the area of the surface cut from the paraboloid x 2 + y + z 2 = 2
by the plane y = 0.

Solution: The surface S is part of the level surface F (x, y , z) = x 2 +

y + z 2 − 2 = 0, and R is the disk x 2 + z 2 ≤ 2 in the xz− plane. To get
a unit vector normal to the plane of R, we can take p̂ = ĵ. At any point
(x, y , z) on the surface, we have

F (x, y , z) = x 2 + y + z2 − 2 = 0
∇F = 2x î + ĵ + 2z k̂
p
|∇F | = 4x 2 + 4z 2 + 1
|∇F .p̂| = |∇F .ĵ| = |1| = 1
|∇F |
ZZ
Surface Area = dA
R |∇F .p̂|
ZZ p
= 4x 2 + 4z 2 + 1dA
x 2 +z 2 ≤2

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√
Z 2π Z 2 p
= 4r 2 + 1rdr dθ
0 0
Z 2π  √2 Z 2π
1 13 13
= (4r 2 + 1)3/2 dθ = dθ = π
0 12 0 0 6 3

Example 1.30
Find the area of the surface cut from the bottom of the paraboloid
z = x 2 + y 2 by the plane z = 3.

Solution: The area of the surface z = f (x, y ) over a region in the

xy − plane is ZZ q
A= fx2 + fy2 + 1dx dy
R
Here
f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , fx = 2x, fy = 2y
and R is the disk x 2 + y 2 ≤ 3
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ZZ q
Surface Area = fx2 + fy2 + 1dx dy
R
ZZ p
= 4x 2 + 4y 2 + 1dxdy
x 2 +y 2 ≤3
Z 2π Z √3 p
= 4r 2 + 1rdr dθ
0 0
Z 2π  √3
1 π  3/2 
= (4r 2 + 1)3/2 dθ == 13 − 1
0 12 0 6

Example 1.31
Find the area of the surface cut from the ”nose” of the paraboloid
x = 1 − y 2 − z 2 by the yz− plane

Solution: The area of the surface x = f (y , z) over a region in the

yz− plane is ZZ q
A= fy2 + fz2 + 1dy dz
R
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Here
f (y , z) = 1 − y 2 − z 2 , fy = −2y , fz = −2z
and R is the disk y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1
ZZ q
Surface Area = fy2 + fz2 + 1dy dz
R
ZZ p
= 4y 2 + 4z 2 + 1dydz
y 2 +z 2 ≤1
Z 2π Z 1 p
= 4r 2 + 1rdr dθ
0 0
Z 2π  1
1 π  3/2 
= (4r 2 + 1)3/2 dθ == 5 −1
0 12 0 6

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Surface Integrals
Suppose a function G(x, y , z) is defined on a region D which contains
the surface S. Assume that the surface S is defined parametrically on
a region R in the uv − plane

~r (u, v ) = f (u, v )î + g(u, v )ĵ + h(u, v )k̂

The Subdivision of R divides the surface S into corresponding curved

surface elements, or patches, of area

∆σuv ≈ |~ru × ~rv |du dv

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Surface Integrals
We number the surface element patches in some order with their areas
given by ∆σ1 , ∆σ1 2, ∆σ3 · · · ∆σn . To form a Riemann sum over S, we
choose a point (xk , yk , zk ) in the k th patch, multiply the value of the
function G at that point by the area ∆σk and add together the products:

n
X
G(xk , yk , zk )∆σk
k =1

Then we take the limit as the number of surface patches increases,

their areas shrink to zero, and both ∆u → 0 and ∆v → 0. This limit,
whenever it exists independent of all choices made, defines the sur-
face integral of G over the surface S as
ZZ n
X
G(x, y , z)dσ = lim G(xk , yk , zk )∆σk
s n→∞
k =1

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Example 1.32
p
Integrate G(x, y , z) = x 2 over the cone z = x 2 + y 2 , 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.

Solution: If we introduce cylindrical coordinates , then a typical point

(x, y , z) on the cone has
p
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = x 2 + y 2 = r , 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

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Then a parametrization of the cone can be taken as

~r (r , θ) = r cos θî + r sin θĵ + r k̂ , 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

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Example 1.33
Integrate G(x, y , z) = x over the parabolic cylinder y = x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤
2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3.

Solution: The parametrization of the given surface can be taken as

~r (x, z) = x î + x 2 ĵ + z k̂ , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3

~rx = î + 2x ĵ
~rz = k̂

 
 î ĵ k̂ 

~rx × ~rz = 1 2x 0 = 2x î + ĵ
0 0 1
p
|~rx × ~rz | = |2x î + ĵ| = 4x 2 + 1

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ZZ ZZ Z 3 Z 2 p
G(x, yz)dσ = xdσ = x 4x 2 + 1dxdz
S S 0 0
Z 3 i2 iZ 3
1 h 1 h 1h i
= (4x 2 + 1)3/2 dz = (17)3/2 − 1 dz = (17)3/2 − 1
0 12 0 12 0 4

Example 1.34
Integrate G(x, y , z) = z over the cylindrical surface y 2 + z 2 = 4, z ≥
0, 1 ≤ x ≤ 4.

Solution: The parametrization of the given surface can be taken as

~r (u, v ) = u î + (2 cos v )ĵ + (2 sin v )k̂ , 0 ≤ u ≤ 4, 0 ≤ v ≤ π

~ru = î
~rv = (−2 sin v )ĵ + (2 cos v )k̂

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 î ĵ k̂ 

~ru × ~rv = 1 0 0  = (−2 cos v )ĵ + (−2 sin v )k̂
0 −2 sin v 2 cos v 

|~ru × ~rv | = |(−2 cos v )ĵ + (−2 sin v )k̂ | = 2

ZZ ZZ Z πZ 4
G(x, yz)dσ = zdσ = (2 sin v )2dudv
S S 0 1
Z π
= 12 sin vdv = 24
0

Example 1.35
IntegrateG(x, y , z) = xyz over the surface of the cube cut from the
first octant by the planes x = 1, y = 1, and z = 1

Solution: Here we integrate xyz over each of the six sides of cube
and add the results.

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Since xyz = 0 on the sides that lie in the coordinate planes, the
integral over the surface of the cube reduces to
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
xyz dσ = xyz dσ+ xyz dσ+ xyz dσ
cube surface side A side B side C

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On the surface side A, we have f (x, y , z) = z = 1 and the projection

of the surface side A on the xy − plane is bounded by Rxy : 0 ≤ x ≤
1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. A unit vector normal to the region Rxy is

p̂ = k̂ , ∇f = k̂ , |∇ f | = 1, |∇f .p̂| = |k̂ .k̂ | = 1

|∇f | 1
dσ = dA = dx dy = dx dy
|∇ f .p̂| 1
G(x, y , z) = xyz = xy (1) = xy
So ZZ ZZ ZZ
G(x, y , z)dσ = xyzdσ = xydx dy
side A sideA Rxy
Z 1 Z 1
1
= xydx dy =
0 0 4

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On the surface side B, we have g(x, y , z) = x = 1 and the projection

of the surface side B on the yz− plane is bounded by
Ryz : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1. A unit vector normal to the region Ryz is

p̂ = î, ∇g = î, |∇ g| = 1, |∇g.p̂| = |î.î| = 1

|∇g| 1
dσ = dA = dy dz = dy dz
|∇ g.p̂| 1
G(x, y , z) = xyz = (1)yz = yz
So ZZ ZZ ZZ
G(x, y , z)dσ = xyzdσ = yzdy dz
side B side B Ryz
Z 1 Z 1
1
= yzdy dz =
0 0 4

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On the surface side C, we have h(x, y , z) = y = 1 and the projection

of the surface side C on the xz− plane is bounded by
Rxz : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1. A unit vector normal to the region Rxz is

p̂ = ĵ, ∇h = ĵ, |∇ h| = 1, |∇h.p̂| = |ĵ.ĵ| = 1

|∇h| 1
dσ = dA = dx dz = dx dz
|∇ h.p̂| 1
G(x, y , z) = xyz = x(1)z = xz
So ZZ ZZ ZZ
G(x, y , z)dσ = xyzdσ = xzdx dz
side C side C Rxz
Z 1 Z 1
1
= xzdx dz =
0 0 4
Thus, ZZ
1 1 1 3
xyz dσ = + + =
cube surface 4 4 4 4

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Example 1.36
Integrate G(x, y , z) = x 2 over the unit sphere: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
4π
Solution: Exercise( Ans: 3 )

Example 1.37
Integrate G(x, y , z) = xyz over the surface of the cube cut from the
first octant by the planes x = a, y = a, and z = a

Solution: Exercise
Example 1.38
Integrate G(x, y , z) = xyz over the surface of the rectangular solid
bounded by the planes x = ±a, y = ±b, and z = ±c

Solution: Exercise

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Example 1.39
p
Integrate G(x, y , z) = 1 − x 2 − y 2 over the "football" surface S
formed by rotating the curve x = cos z, y = 0, −π/2 ≤ z ≤ π/2
around the z− axis.
Solution:

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The point sweeps out the circle through an angle of rotation θ, 0 ≤

θ ≤ 2π. We let (x, y , z) be an arbitrary point on this circle, and de-
fine the parameters u = z and v = θ. Then we have x = r cos θ =
cos u cos v , y = r sin θ = cos u sin v , and z = u giving a parametrization
for S as
~r (u, v ) = cos u cos v î+cos u sin v ĵ+u k̂ , −π/2 ≤ u ≤ π/2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π

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Example 1.40 (Assignment Question)

Integrate G(x, y , z) = xyz over the triangular surface with vertices
(1, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), and (0, 1, 1).

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Oriented surface
Definition 1.41
We call a smooth surface S orientable or two-sided if it is possible
to define a field n̂ of unit normal vectors on S that varies continuously
with position.

Spheres and other smooth closed surfaces in space are orientable.

By convention, we choose n̂ on a closed surface to point outward.

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Surface Integral for Flux

Definition 1.42
~ is a continuous vector field defined over an oriented
Suppose that F
surface S and that n̂ is the chosen unit normal field on the surface.
~ .n̂ over S the flux of F
We call the integral of F ~ across S in the positive

direction

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Example 1.43
~ = yz î + x ĵ − z 2 k̂ through the parabolic cylinder
Find the flux of F
y = x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 4 in the direction n̂ indicated in Figure

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Solution:

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Example 1.44
~ = z 2 î + x ĵ − 3z k̂ outward
Use a parametrization to find the flux of F
(normal away from the x− axis) through the surface cut from the
parabolic cylinder z = 4 − y 2 by the planes x = 0, x = 1, and z = 0

Solution:

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Example 1.45
~ = x 2 ĵ − xz k̂ outward
Use a parametrization to find the flux of F
(normal away from the x− axis) through the surface cut from the
parabolic cylinder y = x 2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 by the planes z = 0 and z = 2.

Solution : Exercise

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Remark

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Example 1.46
~ = yz ĵ + z 2 k̂ outward through the surface S cut from
Find the flux of F
the cylinder y + z 2 = 1, z ≥ 0, by the planes x = 0 and x = 1.
2

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Example 1.47
~ = −î + 2ĵ + 3k̂ across the rectangular
Find the flux of the field F
surface S : z = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3 direction = k̂ .

Solution:

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Example 1.48
~ = yx 2 î − 2ĵ + xz k̂ across the rectangular
Find the flux of the field F
surface S : y = 0, −1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 2 ≤ z ≤ 7 direction = −ĵ.

Solution: Exercise:-
Example 1.49
~ = −y î + x ĵ across the portion of the sphere
Find the flux of the field F
2 2 2 2
x + y + z = a in the first octant in the direction away from the
origin.

Solution:

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Moments and Masses

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Example 1.50
Find the center of mass of a thin hemispherical shell of radius a and
constant density δ.

Solution:

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Example 1.51
1
Find the center of mass of a thin shell of density δ = z2
cut from the
p
conez = x 2 + y 2 by the planes z = 1 and z = 2

Solution: The symmetry of the surface about the z−axis tells us that
x = y = 0.

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The parametrization of the given surface is

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Stokes’ Theorem
Curl of a vector field
Suppose that F ~ is the velocity field of a fluid flowing in space. Particles
near the point (x, y , z) in the fluid tend to rotate around an axis through
(x, y , z) that is parallel to a certain vector we are about to define. This
vector points in the direction for which the rotation is counterclockwise
when viewed looking down onto the plane of the circulation from the
tip of the arrow representing the vector. This is the direction your right-
hand thumb points when your fingers curl around the axis of rotation in
the way consistent with the rotating motion of the particles in the fluid
. The length of the vector measures the rate of rotation.

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Definition 1.52 (Curl of a Vector Field)

~ = M î + N ĵ + P k̂ is defined as
The curl of a vector field F
 
   î ĵ k̂ 
~ =∇×F ~ =
∂ ∂ ∂ 
curl F  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
M N P 
     
∂P ∂N ∂M ∂P ∂N ∂M
= − î + − ĵ + − k̂
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

Example 1.53
~ = (x 2 − z)î + xez ĵ + xy k̂
Find the curl of F

Solution:  
   î ĵ k̂ 
~ ~
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
curl F = ∇ × F =  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
x 2 − z xez
xy 

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Example 1.54
~ = yz î + xz ĵ + xy k̂
Find the curl of F

Solution: Exercise

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Theorem 1.55

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Remark 1.56
If two different oriented surfaces S1 and S2 have the same boundary
C, their curl integrals are equal:
ZZ ZZ
~ .n̂1 dσ =
∇×F ~ .n̂2 dσ
∇×F
S1 S2

Example 1.57
Verify Stoke’s theorem for the hemisphere S : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, z ≥ 0,
~ = y î − x ĵ.
its bounding circle C : x 2 + y 2 = 9, z = 0, and the field F

Solution:

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Example 1.58
Calculate the circulation around the bounding circle C for the field
~ = y î − x ĵ , using the disk of radius 3 centered at the origin in the
F
xy − plane as the surface S

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Solution:

Example 1.59
~ = (x 2 − y )î + 4z ĵ + x 2 k̂ around the
Find the circulation of the field F p
curve C in which the plane z = 2 meets the cone z = x 2 + y 2 ,
counterclockwise as viewed from above .

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Example 1.60
~ .d~r if F
~ = xz î + xy ĵ + 3xz k̂ and
H
Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate C F
C is the boundary of the portion of the plane 2x + y + z = 2 in the
first octant, traversed counterclockwise as viewed from above.

Solution:

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Example 1.61
Let the surface S be the ellipitical paraboloid z = x 2 + 4y 2 lying be-
neath the plane z = 1. We define the orientation of S by taking the
inner normal vector n̂ to the surface, which is the normal having a pos-
itive k − component. Find the flux of the curl ∇ × F ~ across S in the
~ = y î − xz ĵ + xz 2 k̂ .
direction n̂ for the vector field F

Solution

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Solution: We use Stokes’Theorem to calculate the curl integral by

finding the equivalent counterclockwise circulation of F ~ around the
2 2
curve of intersection C of the paraboloid z = x + 4y and the plane
z = 1. The curve C is the ellipse x 2 + 4y 2 = 1 in the plane z = 1.

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Remark 1.62

curl grad f = 0̂ or ∇ × ∇f = 0̂
where f (x, y , z) is any function whose second partial derivatives are
continuous.
Proof:

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If the second partial derivatives are continuous, the mixed second

derivatives in parentheses are equal and the vector is zero.

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Remark

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The Divergence Theorem

Definition 1.63
The divergence of a vector field
~ = M(x, y , z)î + N(x, y , z)ĵ + P(x, y , z)k̂ is the scalar function
F

~ = ∂M + ∂N + ∂P
~ = ∇.F
div F
∂x ∂y ∂z

Remark 1.64
~ is the velocity field of a flowing gas, the value of div F
If F ~ at a point
(x, y , z) is the rate at which the gas is compressing or expanding at
(x, y , z). The divergence is the flux per unit volume or flux density at
the point.

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Example 1.65

Solution:

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Divergence Theorem

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Example 1.66
Verify Divergence theorem for the expanding vector field
~ = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ over the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2
F

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Example 1.67
~ == xy î + yz ĵ + xz k̂ outward through the surface of
Find the flux of F
the cube cut from the first octant by the planes x = 1, y = 1, and
z = 1.
Solution:

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Assignment

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Assignment

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