tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.

tamila
tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamila
tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in BIOLOGY
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamila
tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamila
Number of Question(s) in
tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamila
Ch. No Chapter Name 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2016
tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Ph-1 www.tamila
Ph-2
tamilaruvi.in
1 The www.tamilaruvi.in
Living World www.tamilaruvi.in
4 1 1 0 1www.tamilaruvi.in
0 1 0 0 1 www.tamila
1
tamilaruvi.in
2 www.tamilaruvi.in
Biological Classification www.tamilaruvi.in
4 4 3 3 8www.tamilaruvi.in
4 1 6 2 4 www.tamila
4
tamilaruvi.in
3 www.tamilaruvi.in
Plant Kingdom www.tamilaruvi.in
5 3 3 3 1www.tamilaruvi.in
3 4 4 4 2 www.tamila
2
tamilaruvi.in
4 www.tamilaruvi.in
Animal Kingdom www.tamilaruvi.in
1 5 2 4 3www.tamilaruvi.in
1 4 4 3 3 www.tamila
2
tamilaruvi.in
5 www.tamilaruvi.in
Morphology of Flowering Plants www.tamilaruvi.in
1 1 2 3 4www.tamilaruvi.in
7 2 5 5 7 www.tamila
5
6
tamilaruvi.in Anatomy of Flowering
www.tamilaruvi.in Plants 2 3 5
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5 3 2 0www.tamila
3
7
tamilaruvi.in Structural Organisations in Animals
www.tamilaruvi.in 1 1 6
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2 1 2 2 2www.tamila
2
8
tamilaruvi.in Cell:www.tamilaruvi.in
The Unit of Life 2 3 4
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5 3 4 4 3www.tamila
3
9
tamilaruvi.in Biomolecules
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3 4 2 1 5 3
www.tamila
10
tamilaruvi.in Cell www.tamilaruvi.in
Cycle and Cell Division 0 0 2
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2 2 3 2 4www.tamila
3
11
tamilaruvi.in Transport in Plants
www.tamilaruvi.in 2 2 1
www.tamilaruvi.in 0 0www.tamilaruvi.in
0 1 0 1 1www.tamila
0
12 Mineral Nutrition 2 1 2 3 4 3 1 1 2 1 2
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13 Photosynthesis 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 4 2
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14 Respiration in Plants 2 3 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 1
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15 Plant Growth and Development 3 1 2 2 0 0 2 4 2 1 1
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16 Digestion and Absorption 2 3 4 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1
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17
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Breathing and Exchange of Gases
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1 2 0 2 0
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1 2 1 2 2
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2
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18
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Body Fluids and Circulation
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0 2 5 3 5
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0 1 2 3
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19
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Excretory Products and their Elimination
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2 2 2 3 5
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1 1 1 2
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20 www.tamilaruvi.in
Locomotion and Movement www.tamilaruvi.in
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1 3 1 2 1 www.tamila
1
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21 www.tamilaruvi.in
Neural Control and Coordination www.tamilaruvi.in
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3 2 3 2 2 www.tamila
1
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22 www.tamilaruvi.in
Chemical Coordination and Regulation www.tamilaruvi.in
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4
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23 www.tamilaruvi.in
Reproduction in Organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
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1 3 0 0 1 www.tamila
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24 www.tamilaruvi.in
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants www.tamilaruvi.in
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3 6 3 4 2 www.tamila
4
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25 Humanwww.tamilaruvi.in
Reproduction www.tamilaruvi.in
1 3 7 11 3www.tamilaruvi.in
4 3 3 3 2www.tamila
5
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26 www.tamilaruvi.in
Reproductive Health www.tamilaruvi.in
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2
27
tamilaruvi.in Heredity and variation
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2 4 4 3 6www.tamila
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28
tamilaruvi.in Molecular basis of Inheritance
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4 2 4 6 3www.tamila
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29
tamilaruvi.in Evolution
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4 4 2 1 3 3
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30
tamilaruvi.in Health and disease
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6 2 2 6 3www.tamila
2
Strategies for Enhancement in Food
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31 www.tamilaruvi.in
Production
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6 3 2 2 3www.tamilaruvi.in
2 1 1 2 1www.tamila
3
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32 www.tamilaruvi.in
Microbes in Human Welfare www.tamilaruvi.in
2 3 0 3 2www.tamilaruvi.in
7 2 1 0 2www.tamila
1
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33 www.tamilaruvi.in
Biotechnology: Principles and processes www.tamilaruvi.in
0 1 1 5 2www.tamilaruvi.in
5 2 3 0 3 www.tamila
4
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34 www.tamilaruvi.in
Biotechnology and its Applications www.tamilaruvi.in
0 2 3 3 3www.tamilaruvi.in
1 1 2 3 0 www.tamila
1
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35 www.tamilaruvi.in
Organisms and Environment www.tamilaruvi.in
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4
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36 www.tamilaruvi.in
Ecosystem www.tamilaruvi.in
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2
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37 www.tamilaruvi.in
Biodiversity and its Conservation www.tamilaruvi.in
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2 1 4 2 2www.tamila
3
38
tamilaruvi.in Environmental Issues
www.tamilaruvi.in 3 4 8
www.tamilaruvi.in 4 4www.tamilaruvi.in
3 3 2 3 3www.tamila
2
tamilaruvi.in Total Questions
www.tamilaruvi.in 100 100 100 100 100
www.tamilaruvi.in 100 90
www.tamilaruvi.in90 90 90 90
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
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www.tamilaruvi.in
UNIT 1 www.tamilaruvi.in
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Chapterwww.tamilaruvi.in
1 Biology is thewww.tamilaruvi.in
science of life forms and livingwww.tamilaruvi.in
processes. The living world www.tamil
The
amilaruvi.in Living World
www.tamilaruvi.incomprises an amazing diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in of living organisms. Early man could
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
easily perceive the difference between inanimate matter and living
amilaruvi.in
Chapter 2
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
organisms. Early man deified some of the inanimate matter (wind, sea,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Biological Classification www.tamilaruvi.in
fire etc.) and some www.tamilaruvi.in
among the animals and plants. A common feature of www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inall such forms www.tamilaruvi.in
of inanimate and animate objects www.tamilaruvi.in
was the sense of awe www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Chapterwww.tamilaruvi.in
3 www.tamilaruvi.in
or fear that they evoked. The description of www.tamilaruvi.in
living organisms including www.tamil
Plant
amilaruvi.in Kingdom
www.tamilaruvi.inhuman beings began much
www.tamilaruvi.in later in human history. Societies which
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
indulged in anthropocentric view of biology could register limited
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Chapter 4 progress in biological knowledge. Systematic and monumental
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Animal Kingdom description ofwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
life forms brought in, out of necessity, detailed systems www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of identification, www.tamilaruvi.in
nomenclature and classification. The biggest spin off www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inof such studieswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
was the recognition of the sharing of similarities among www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inliving www.tamilaruvi.in
organisms both horizontally and www.tamilaruvi.in
vertically. That all present day www.tamil
living organisms are related to each other and also to all organisms
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
that ever lived on this earth, was a revelation which humbled man and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
led to cultural movements for conservation of biodiversity. In the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
following chapters of this unit, you will get www.tamilaruvi.in
a description, including www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inclassification,www.tamilaruvi.in
of animals and plants from awww.tamilaruvi.in
taxonomist’s perspective. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Born on 5 July 1904, in Kempten, Germany, ERNST MAYR, the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Harvard University evolutionary www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
biologist who has been called
th
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in ‘The Darwin of
www.tamilaruvi.inthe 20 century’, was one of the
www.tamilaruvi.in 100 greatest
www.tamil
scientists of all time. Mayr joined Harvard’s Faculty of Arts
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and Sciences in 1953 and retiredwww.tamilaruvi.in
in 1975, assuming the titlewww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Alexander Agassiz Professor ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
Zoology Emeritus. Throughout www.tamil
his nearly 80-year career, his research spanned ornithology,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
taxonomy, zoogeography, evolution, systematics, and the
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
history www.tamilaruvi.in
and philosophy of biology. He almost single-handedly www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in made the origin of species diversity
www.tamilaruvi.in the central question of
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
evolutionary biology that it is today. He also pioneered the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
currently accepted definition ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
a biological species. Mayr waswww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
awarded the three prizes widelywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
regarded as the triple crown of
biology: the Balzan Prize in 1983, the International Prize for
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Biology in 1994, and the Crafoord Prize in 1999. Mayr died at
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the age of 100 in the year 2004. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Ernst Mayr www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
(1904 – 2004) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
C
www.tamilaruvi.inHAPTER1 www.tamilaruvi.in
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amilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in T L HEW www.tamilaruvi.in
IVING
www.tamilaruvi.in ORLD
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www.tamil
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
1.1
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
What is ‘Living’? How wonderful is the living world ! The wide range of living types is
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
amazing. The extraordinary habitats in whichwww.tamilaruvi.in
we find living organisms, www.tamil
1.2 Diversity in the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Living World
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
be it cold mountains, deciduous forests, oceans, fresh water lakes, deserts www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
or hot springs, leave us speechless. The beauty www.tamilaruvi.in
of a galloping horse, of www.tamil
1.3 Taxonomic the migrating birds, the valley of flowers or the attacking shark evokes
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Categories
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
awe and a deep sense of wonder. The ecological conflict and cooperation
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
among members of a population and among populations of a community
www.tamil
1.4 Taxonomical
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
or even the molecular www.tamilaruvi.in
traffic inside a cell make us deeply reflect on – what www.tamil
Aids
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
indeed is life? This question has two implicit questions within it. The first www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is a technical onewww.tamilaruvi.in
and seeks answer to what livingwww.tamilaruvi.in
is as opposed to the www.tamil
amilaruvi.in non-living, and the
www.tamilaruvi.in second is a philosophical www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in one, and seeks answer to www.tamil
what the purpose of life is. As scientists, we shall not attempt answering
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
the second question. We will try to reflect on – what is living?
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
1.1 WHAT IS ‘L www.tamilaruvi.in
IVING’?
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
When we try to www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
define ‘living’, we conventionally look for distinctive www.tamil
amilaruvi.in characteristics exhibited
www.tamilaruvi.in by living organisms. Growth,
www.tamilaruvi.in reproduction, ability
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
to sense environment and mount a suitable response come to our mind
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
immediately as unique features of living organisms. One can add a few
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
more features like www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
metabolism, ability to self-replicate, self-organise, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
interact and emergence to this list. Let us try to understand each of these. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
All living organisms grow. Increase in mass www.tamilaruvi.in
and increase in number www.tamil
amilaruvi.in of individuals are www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in twin characteristics of growth.www.tamilaruvi.in
A multicellular organism www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 4 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inBIOLOGYwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
grows by cell division. In plants, this growth by cell division occurs
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
continuously throughout their life span. In animals, this growth is seen
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
only up to a certain age. However, cell division www.tamilaruvi.in
occurs in certain tissues to www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
replace lost cells. Unicellular organisms grow www.tamilaruvi.in
by cell division. One can www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
easily observewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
this in in vitro cultures by simply counting the number of www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
cells under thewww.tamilaruvi.in
microscope. In majority ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
higher animals and plants, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in growth
www.tamilaruvi.in and reproduction
www.tamilaruvi.inare mutually exclusive events.
www.tamilaruvi.in One mustwww.tamil
remember that increase in body mass is considered as growth. Non-living
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
objects also grow if we take increase in body mass as a criterion for growth.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Mountains, boulders and sand mounds do www.tamilaruvi.in
grow. However, this kind of www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
growth exhibited by non-living objects is bywww.tamilaruvi.in
accumulation of material on www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the surface. Inwww.tamilaruvi.in
living organisms, growth is from www.tamilaruvi.in
inside. Growth, therefore, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
cannot be takenwww.tamilaruvi.in
as a defining property of www.tamilaruvi.in
living organisms. Conditions www.tamil
amilaruvi.in under
www.tamilaruvi.in which it can be observed
www.tamilaruvi.in in all living organisms have
www.tamilaruvi.in to be explained
www.tamil
and then we understand that it is a characteristic of living systems. A
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
dead organism does not grow.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Reproduction, likewise, is a characteristic of living organisms.
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
In multicellular organisms, reproductionwww.tamilaruvi.in
refers to the production of www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
progeny possessing features more or lesswww.tamilaruvi.in
similar to those of parents. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Invariably and www.tamilaruvi.in
implicitly we refer to sexual www.tamilaruvi.in
reproduction. Organisms www.tamil
amilaruvi.in reproduce by www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in asexual means also. Fungi multiply and spread easily due
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to the millions of asexual spores they produce. In lower organisms like
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
yeast and hydra, we observe budding. In Planaria (flat worms), we observe
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
true regeneration, i.e., a fragmented organism regenerates the lost part of
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
its body and becomes, a new organism. Thewww.tamilaruvi.in
fungi, the filamentous algae, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the protonema www.tamilaruvi.in
of mosses, all easily multiply www.tamilaruvi.in
by fragmentation. When it www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
comes to unicellular organisms like bacteria, www.tamilaruvi.in
unicellular algae or Amoeba, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
reproduction iswww.tamilaruvi.in
synonymous with growth, i.e., www.tamilaruvi.in
increase in number of cells. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in We have
www.tamilaruvi.in already defined growth
www.tamilaruvi.in as equivalent to increase
www.tamilaruvi.in in cell numberwww.tamil
or mass. Hence, we notice that in single-celled organisms, we are not very
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
clear about the usage of these two terms – growth and reproduction.
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Further, therewww.tamilaruvi.in
are many organisms which do www.tamilaruvi.in
not reproduce (mules, sterile www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
worker bees, infertile human couples, etc). Hence,www.tamilaruvi.in
reproduction also cannot www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
be an all-inclusive defining characteristic of www.tamilaruvi.in
living organisms. Of course, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
no non-livingwww.tamilaruvi.in
object is capable of reproducing www.tamilaruvi.in
or replicating by itself. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Another characteristic
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in of life is metabolism. All living organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
are made of chemicals. These chemicals, small and big, belonging to
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
various classes, sizes, functions, etc., are constantly being made and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
changed into some other biomolecules. These conversions are chemical
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
reactions or www.tamilaruvi.in
metabolic reactions. There www.tamilaruvi.in
are thousands of metabolic www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
reactions occurring simultaneously insidewww.tamilaruvi.in
all living organisms, be they www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in THEwww.tamilaruvi.in
LIVING WORLD www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
5 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
unicellular or multicellular. All plants, animals, fungi and microbes exhibit
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
metabolism. The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in our
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
body is metabolism. No non-living objectwww.tamilaruvi.in
exhibits metabolism. Metabolic www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
reactions www.tamilaruvi.in
can be demonstrated outside the www.tamilaruvi.in
body in cell-free systems. www.tamilaruvi.in
An www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
isolated metabolic reaction(s) outside thewww.tamilaruvi.in
body of an organism, performed www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in a test tube is neither
www.tamilaruvi.in living nor non-living. Hence,
www.tamilaruvi.in while metabolism is
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a defining feature of all living organisms without exception, isolated
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things but surely living reactions.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Hence, cellular organisation of the body www.tamilaruvi.in
is the defining featurewww.tamilaruvi.in
of www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
life forms.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Perhaps,www.tamilaruvi.in
the most obvious and technically www.tamilaruvi.in
complicated feature ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
all www.tamil
living
amilaruvi.in organisms is this
www.tamilaruvi.in ability to sense their surroundings
www.tamilaruvi.in or environment
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and respond to these environmental stimuli which could be physical,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
chemical or biological. We sense our environment through our sense
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
organs. Plants respond to external factors www.tamilaruvi.in
like light, water, temperature, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
other organisms, www.tamilaruvi.in
pollutants, etc. All organisms, from the prokaryoteswww.tamilaruvi.in
to www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
the mostwww.tamilaruvi.in
complex eukaryotes can sensewww.tamilaruvi.in
and respond to environmental www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
cues.
amilaruvi.in Photoperiod affects
www.tamilaruvi.in reproduction in seasonal
www.tamilaruvi.in breeders, both plants
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and animals. All organisms handle chemicals entering their bodies. All
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
organisms therefore, are ‘aware’ of their surroundings. Human being is
amilaruvi.in
the only www.tamilaruvi.in
organism who is aware of himself, www.tamilaruvi.in
i.e., has self-consciousness. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Consciousness therefore, becomes the www.tamilaruvi.in
defining property of living www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
organisms. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in When www.tamilaruvi.in
it comes to human beings, it www.tamilaruvi.in
is all the more difficult to www.tamilaruvi.in
define www.tamil
the living state. We observe patients lying in coma in hospitals virtually
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
supported by machines which replace heart and lungs. The patient is
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
otherwise brain-dead. The patient has no self-consciousness. Are such
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
patientswww.tamilaruvi.in
who never come back to normalwww.tamilaruvi.in
life, living or non-living? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in In higher
www.tamilaruvi.in
classes, you will come to know www.tamilaruvi.in
that all living phenomena www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
are due www.tamilaruvi.in
to underlying interactions. www.tamilaruvi.in
Properties of tissues are not www.tamilaruvi.in
present www.tamil
in
amilaruvi.in the constituent
www.tamilaruvi.incells but arise as a result of interactions
www.tamilaruvi.in among the
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
constituent cells. Similarly, properties of cellular organelles are not present
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in the molecular constituents of the organelle but arise as a result of
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
interactions among the molecular components www.tamilaruvi.in
comprising the organelle. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
These interactions result in emergent www.tamilaruvi.in
properties at a higher levelwww.tamilaruvi.in
of www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
organisation. This phenomenon is true www.tamilaruvi.in
in the hierarchy of www.tamilaruvi.in
organisational www.tamil
complexity
amilaruvi.in at all levels.
www.tamilaruvi.in Therefore, we can say that
www.tamilaruvi.in living organisms are
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
self-replicating, evolving and self-regulating interactive systems capable
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of responding to external stimuli. Biology is the story of life on earth.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Biology is www.tamilaruvi.in
the story of evolution of living www.tamilaruvi.in
organisms on earth. All living www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
organisms www.tamilaruvi.in
– present, past and future, are www.tamilaruvi.in
linked to one another by the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
sharing of www.tamilaruvi.in
the common genetic material,www.tamilaruvi.in
but to varying degrees. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 6 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inBIOLOGYwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1.2 DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
If you look around www.tamilaruvi.in
you will see a large variety of living organisms, be itwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
potted plants,www.tamilaruvi.in
insects, birds, your pets or other www.tamilaruvi.in
animals and plants. There www.tamil
amilaruvi.in are
www.tamilaruvi.inalso several organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in that you cannot see with your
www.tamilaruvi.in naked eye but
www.tamil
they are all around you. If you were to increase the area that you make
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
observations in, the range and variety of organisms that you see would
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
increase. Obviously, www.tamilaruvi.in
if you were to visit a dense forest, you would probably www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
see a much greater number and kinds ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
living organisms in it. Each www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
different kindwww.tamilaruvi.in
of plant, animal or organism www.tamilaruvi.in
that you see, represents www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.in species.
www.tamilaruvi.in The number of
www.tamilaruvi.inspecies that are known and
www.tamilaruvi.indescribed rangewww.tamil
between 1.7-1.8 million. This refers to biodiversity or the number and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
types of organisms present on earth. We should remember here that as
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
we explore new www.tamilaruvi.in
areas, and even old ones, new www.tamilaruvi.in
organisms are continuously www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
being identified. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
As stated earlier, www.tamilaruvi.in
there are millions of plants and animals in the world; www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
we know the www.tamilaruvi.in
plants and animals in our www.tamilaruvi.in
own area by their local names.www.tamil
These local names would vary from place to place, even within a country.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Probably you would recognise the confusion that would be created if we
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
did not find ways and means to talk to each other, to refer to organisms
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
we are talkingwww.tamilaruvi.in
about. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Hence, there is a need to standardise the www.tamilaruvi.in
naming of living organisms www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
such that a particular organism is known by www.tamilaruvi.in
the same name all over the www.tamil
amilaruvi.in world.
www.tamilaruvi.in This process is called
www.tamilaruvi.in nomenclature. Obviously,
www.tamilaruvi.innomenclature or
www.tamil
naming is only possible when the organism is described correctly and we
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
know to what organism the name is attached to. This is identification.
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
In order towww.tamilaruvi.in
facilitate the study, number www.tamilaruvi.in
of scientists have established www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
procedures towww.tamilaruvi.in
assign a scientific name to each www.tamilaruvi.in
known organism. This is www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
acceptable to www.tamilaruvi.in
biologists all over the world. For www.tamilaruvi.in
plants, scientific names are www.tamil
amilaruvi.in based
www.tamilaruvi.in on agreed principles
www.tamilaruvi.in and criteria, which are provided
www.tamilaruvi.in in International
www.tamil
Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). You may ask, how are animals
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
named? Animal taxonomists have evolved International Code of Zoological
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Nomenclaturewww.tamilaruvi.in
(ICZN). The scientific names www.tamilaruvi.in
ensure that each organism www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
has only one name. Description of any organismwww.tamilaruvi.in
should enable the people www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
(in any part ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
the world) to arrive at the same www.tamilaruvi.in
name. They also ensure www.tamil
amilaruvi.in that such a name
www.tamilaruvi.in has not been used for any
www.tamilaruvi.in other known organism. www.tamil
www.tamilaruvi.in
Biologists follow universally accepted principles to provide scientific
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
names to known organisms. Each name has two components – the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Generic name www.tamilaruvi.in
and the specific epithet. This www.tamilaruvi.in
system of providing a name www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
with two components is called Binomial www.tamilaruvi.in
nomenclature. This naming www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
system given www.tamilaruvi.in
by Carolus Linnaeus is being www.tamilaruvi.in
practised by biologists all www.tamil
amilaruvi.in over the world.
www.tamilaruvi.in This naming system using www.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in a two word format was found www.tamil
convenient. Let us take the example of mango to understand the way of
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in THEwww.tamilaruvi.in
LIVING WORLD www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
7 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
providing scientific names better. The scientific name of mango is written
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
as Mangifera indica. Let us see how it is a binomial name. In this name
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Mangifera www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
represents the genus while indica, is a particular species, orwww.tamilaruvi.in
a www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
specific epithet. Other universal rules ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
nomenclature are as follows:www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 1. www.tamilaruvi.in
Biological names are generallywww.tamilaruvi.in
in Latin and written in italics. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
They are Latinised or derived www.tamilaruvi.in
from Latin irrespective of their www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
origin. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 2. www.tamilaruvi.in
The first word in a biological namewww.tamilaruvi.in
represents the genus while www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the second component denoteswww.tamilaruvi.in
the specific epithet. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 3. www.tamilaruvi.in
Both the words in a biologicalwww.tamilaruvi.in
name, when handwritten, are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
separately underlined, or printed www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in italics to indicate their Latin www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
origin. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 4. www.tamilaruvi.in
The first word denoting the genus www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
starts with a capital letter www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
while the specific epithet starts www.tamilaruvi.in
with a small letter. It canwww.tamilaruvi.in
be www.tamil
amilaruvi.in illustrated with the example ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
www.tamilaruvi.in Mangifera indica. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Namewww.tamilaruvi.in
of the author appears after the www.tamilaruvi.in
specific epithet, i.e., at the endwww.tamilaruvi.in
of www.tamil
the
amilaruvi.in biological name and
www.tamilaruvi.in is written in an abbreviated form,
www.tamilaruvi.in e.g., Mangifera
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
indica Linn. It indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus.
amilaruvi.in Sincewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
it is nearly impossible to study all the living organisms, it is
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
necessary www.tamilaruvi.in
to devise some means to make www.tamilaruvi.in
this possible. This processwww.tamilaruvi.in
is www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
classification. www.tamilaruvi.in
Classification is the process by which anything is grouped www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
into convenient categories based on some www.tamilaruvi.in
easily observable characters. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
For
amilaruvi.in example, we easily
www.tamilaruvi.in recognise groups such as plants
www.tamilaruvi.in or animals or
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
dogs, cats or insects. The moment we use any of these terms, we associate
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
certain characters with the organism in that group. What image do you
amilaruvi.in
see when www.tamilaruvi.in
you think of a dog ? Obviously, www.tamilaruvi.in
each one of us will see ‘dogs’www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and not ‘cats’. Now, if we were to think ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
‘Alsatians’ we know what we are www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
talking about. Similarly, suppose we were www.tamilaruvi.in
to say ‘mammals’, you would, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
of course,www.tamilaruvi.in
think of animals with externalwww.tamilaruvi.in
ears and body hair. Likewise,www.tamilaruvi.in
in www.tamil
plants, if we try to talk of ‘Wheat’, the picture in each of our minds will be
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of wheat plants, not of rice or any other plant. Hence, all these - ‘Dogs’,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
‘Cats’, ‘Mammals’, ‘Wheat’, ‘Rice’, ‘Plants’, ‘Animals’, etc., are convenient
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
categorieswww.tamilaruvi.in
we use to study organisms. www.tamilaruvi.in
The scientific term for these www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
categorieswww.tamilaruvi.in
is taxa. Here you must recognisewww.tamilaruvi.in
that taxa can indicate www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
categorieswww.tamilaruvi.in
at very different levels. www.tamilaruvi.in
‘Plants’ – also form a taxa. ‘Wheat’www.tamilaruvi.in
is www.tamil
also a taxa.
amilaruvi.in Similarly, ‘animals’, ‘mammals’,
www.tamilaruvi.in ‘dogs’ are all taxa – but you
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
know that a dog is a mammal and mammals are animals. Therefore,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
‘animals’, ‘mammals’ and ‘dogs’ represent taxa at different levels.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Hence, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
based on characteristics, all living organisms can be classifiedwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
into different www.tamilaruvi.in
taxa. This process of classification is taxonomy. External www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and internal structure, along with thewww.tamilaruvi.in
structure of cell, development www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 8 www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inBIOLOGYwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
process and ecological information of organisms are essential and form
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the basis of modern taxonomic studies.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Hence, characterisation, www.tamilaruvi.in
identification, classification and nomenclature www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
are the processes that are basic to taxonomy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Taxonomywww.tamilaruvi.in
is not something new. Human www.tamilaruvi.in
beings have always been www.tamil
amilaruvi.in interested
www.tamilaruvi.in in knowing more
www.tamilaruvi.in and more about the various
www.tamilaruvi.in kinds of
www.tamil
organisms, particularly with reference to their own use. In early days,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
human beings needed to find sources for their basic needs of food, clothing
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and shelter. Hence, the earliest classificationswww.tamilaruvi.in
were based on the ‘uses’ ofwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
various organisms. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Human beingswww.tamilaruvi.in
were, since long, not only www.tamilaruvi.in
interested in knowing more www.tamil
amilaruvi.in about
www.tamilaruvi.in different kinds of organisms
www.tamilaruvi.in and their diversities,
www.tamilaruvi.in but also the
www.tamil
relationships among them. This branch of study was referred to as
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
systematics. The word systematics is derived from the Latin word
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
‘systema’ which www.tamilaruvi.in
means systematic arrangement www.tamilaruvi.in
of organisms. Linnaeus www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
used Systema www.tamilaruvi.in
Naturae as the title of his www.tamilaruvi.in
publication. The scope of www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
systematics was www.tamilaruvi.in
later enlarged to include www.tamilaruvi.in
identification, nomenclature www.tamil
amilaruvi.in and
www.tamilaruvi.in classification. Systematics
www.tamilaruvi.in takes into account
www.tamilaruvi.in evolutionary www.tamil
relationships between organisms.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1.3 TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Classificationwww.tamilaruvi.in
is not a single step process but www.tamilaruvi.in
involves hierarchy of steps www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in which eachwww.tamilaruvi.in
step represents a rank or category.www.tamilaruvi.in
Since the category is www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.in part
www.tamilaruvi.inof overall taxonomic arrangement,
www.tamilaruvi.in it is called the taxonomic
www.tamilaruvi.in categorywww.tamil
and all categories together constitute the taxonomic hierarchy. Each
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
category, referred to as a unit of classification, in fact, represents a rank
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and is commonly www.tamilaruvi.in
termed as taxon (pl.: taxa). www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Taxonomic www.tamilaruvi.in
categories and hierarchy canwww.tamilaruvi.in
be illustrated by an example. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Insects represent a group of organisms sharing www.tamilaruvi.in
common features like www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
three pairs ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
jointed legs. It means insectswww.tamilaruvi.in
are recognisable concretewww.tamil
objects which can be classified, and thus were given a rank or category.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Can you name other such groups of organisms? Remember, groups
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
represent category. Category further denotes rank. Each rank or taxon,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in fact, represents a unit of classification. www.tamilaruvi.in
These taxonomic groups/ www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
categories arewww.tamilaruvi.in
distinct biological entities and www.tamilaruvi.in
not merely morphological www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
aggregates. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Taxonomical
www.tamilaruvi.in studies
www.tamilaruvi.inof all known organisms have
www.tamilaruvi.in led to the
www.tamil
development of common categories such as kingdom, phylum or division
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
(for plants), class, order, family, genus and species. All organisms,
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
including those www.tamilaruvi.in
in the plant and animal kingdomswww.tamilaruvi.in
have species as thewww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
lowest category.www.tamilaruvi.in
Now the question you may www.tamilaruvi.in
ask is, how to place an www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in THEwww.tamilaruvi.in
LIVING WORLD www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
9 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
organism in various categories? The basic requirement is the knowledge
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of characters of an individual or group of organisms. This helps in
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
identifying similarities and dissimilarities www.tamilaruvi.in
among the individuals of thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
same kind www.tamilaruvi.in
of organisms as well as of other www.tamilaruvi.in
kinds of organisms. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1.3.1 Species
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Taxonomic www.tamilaruvi.in
studies consider a group www.tamilaruvi.in
of individual organisms with www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
fundamental similarities as a species. One should be able to distinguish
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
one species from the other closely related species based on the distinct
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
morphological differences. Let us consider Mangifera indica, Solanum
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
tuberosum www.tamilaruvi.in
(potato) and Panthera leo (lion). www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
All the three names, indica, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
tuberosum www.tamilaruvi.in
and leo, represent the specific www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
epithets, while the first words www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Mangifera,www.tamilaruvi.in
Solanum and Panthera are www.tamilaruvi.in
genera and represents another www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
higher
amilaruvi.in level of taxon or
www.tamilaruvi.in category. Each genus may have
www.tamilaruvi.in one or more than
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
one specific epithets representing different organisms, but having
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
morphological similarities. For example, Panthera has another specific
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
epithet www.tamilaruvi.in
called tigris and Solanum includes www.tamilaruvi.in
species like nigrum and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
melongena.www.tamilaruvi.in
Human beings belong to www.tamilaruvi.in
the species sapiens whichwww.tamilaruvi.in
is www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
groupedwww.tamilaruvi.in
in the genus Homo. The scientific www.tamilaruvi.in
name thus, for human being, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
is written
amilaruvi.in as Homo sapiens.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
1.3.2 Genus
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Genus comprises a group of related species which has more characters
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in common in comparison to species of other genera. We can say that
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
genera arewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
aggregates of closely related species. www.tamilaruvi.in
For example, potato and www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
brinjal are two different species but both www.tamilaruvi.in
belong to the genus Solanum. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Lion (Panthera leo), leopard (P. pardus) www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and tiger (P. tigris) with several www.tamil
commonwww.tamilaruvi.in
amilaruvi.in features, are all species of the genus Panthera. This genus differs
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
from another genus Felis which includes cats.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
1.3.3 www.tamilaruvi.in
Family www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
The next category, Family, has a group of related genera with still less
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
number www.tamilaruvi.in
of similarities as compared to genus www.tamilaruvi.in
and species. Families arewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
characterised www.tamilaruvi.in
on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive featureswww.tamilaruvi.in
of www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
plant www.tamilaruvi.in
species. Among plants for example, www.tamilaruvi.in
three different genera www.tamilaruvi.in
Solanum, www.tamil
Petunia
amilaruvi.in and Datura are
www.tamilaruvi.in placed in the family Solanaceae.
www.tamilaruvi.in Among animals
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
for example, genus Panthera, comprising lion, tiger, leopard is put along
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
with genus, Felis (cats) in the family Felidae. Similarly, if you observe the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
features of a cat and a dog, you will find some similarities and some
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
differences as well. They are separated into www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
two different families – Felidae www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and Canidae, respectively. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 10www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inBIOLOGYwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1.3.4 Order
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in You have seen earlier
www.tamilaruvi.in that categories like species,
www.tamilaruvi.in genus and www.tamil
families are based on a number of similar characters. Generally,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
order and other higher taxonomic categories are identified based
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in on thewww.tamilaruvi.in
aggregates of characters. Order www.tamilaruvi.in
being a higher category, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in is thewww.tamilaruvi.in
assemblage of families which www.tamilaruvi.in
exhibit a few similar www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
characters. The similar characterswww.tamilaruvi.in
are less in number as www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in compared to different genera included
www.tamilaruvi.in in a family. Plant families
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are included in the order
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Polymoniales mainly based on the floral characters. The animal
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in order,www.tamilaruvi.in
Carnivora, includes familieswww.tamilaruvi.in
like Felidae and Canidae. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 1.3.5www.tamilaruvi.in
Class www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
This category www.tamilaruvi.in
includes related orders. For example, order Primata www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
comprising monkey, gorilla andwww.tamilaruvi.in
gibbon is placed in class www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in Mammalia along with
www.tamilaruvi.in order Carnivora that includes
www.tamilaruvi.in animals like
www.tamil
tiger, cat and dog. Class Mammalia has other orders also.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 1.3.6www.tamilaruvi.in
Phylum www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Classes www.tamilaruvi.in
comprising animals like fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in alongwww.tamilaruvi.in
with mammals constitute the www.tamilaruvi.in
next higher category called www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Phylum. www.tamilaruvi.in
All these, based on the common features like presence www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of notochord and dorsal hollow www.tamilaruvi.in
neural system, are included www.tamil
in
phylum Chordata. In case of plants, classes with a few similar
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
characters are assigned to a higher category called Division.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 1.3.7www.tamilaruvi.in
Kingdom www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
All animals belonging to variouswww.tamilaruvi.in
phyla are assigned to the www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
highest www.tamilaruvi.in
category called Kingdom Animalia in the classificationwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in systemwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of animals. The Kingdom Plantae, on the other hand, is www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in distinct, and comprises
www.tamilaruvi.in all plants from various
www.tamilaruvi.in divisions.www.tamil
Henceforth, we will refer to these two groups as animal and
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
plant kingdoms.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
The taxonomic categories from www.tamilaruvi.in
species to kingdom have been www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in shown www.tamilaruvi.in
in ascending order starting www.tamilaruvi.in
with species in Figure 1.1. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Figure 1.1 T a x o n o m i c Thesewww.tamilaruvi.in
are broad categories. However, www.tamilaruvi.in
taxonomists have also www.tamil
categories developed sub-categories in this hierarchy to facilitate more
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
s h o w i n g
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
sound and scientific placement of various taxa.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
hierarchial www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
arrangement Look at the hierarchy in Figure 1.1. Can you recall the basis
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in ascending
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of arrangement? Say, for example, as we go higher from species
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
order www.tamilaruvi.in
to kingdom, the number of common www.tamilaruvi.in
characteristics goes on www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in THEwww.tamilaruvi.in
LIVING WORLD www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 11 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
decreasing. Lower the taxa, more are the characteristics that the members
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
within the taxon share. Higher the category, greater is the difficulty of
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
determining the relationship to other taxawww.tamilaruvi.in
at the same level. Hence, the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
problemwww.tamilaruvi.in
of classification becomes more www.tamilaruvi.in
complex. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Table 1.1www.tamilaruvi.in
indicates the taxonomic categorieswww.tamilaruvi.in
to which some common www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
organismswww.tamilaruvi.in
like housefly, man, mango and www.tamilaruvi.in
wheat belong. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
TABLE 1.1 Organisms with their Taxonomic Categories
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Common Biological Genus Family Order Class Phylum/
amilaruvi.inName www.tamilaruvi.in
Name
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Division
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inMan www.tamilaruvi.in
Homo sapiens Homo www.tamilaruvi.in
Hominidae Primata www.tamilaruvi.in
Mammalia Chordata www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inHouseflywww.tamilaruvi.in
Musca Musca www.tamilaruvi.in
Muscidae Diptera www.tamilaruvi.in
Insecta Arthropoda www.tamil
domestica
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.inMango www.tamilaruvi.in
Mangifera www.tamilaruvi.in
Mangifera Anacardiaceae www.tamilaruvi.in
Sapindales Dicotyledonae Angiospermae www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
indica www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Wheat Triticum Triticum Poaceae Poales Monocotyledonae Angiospermae
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
aestivum www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1.4
amilaruvi.in T www.tamilaruvi.in
AXONOMICAL A IDS www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Taxonomic studies of various species of plants, animals and other
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
organismswww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
are useful in agriculture, forestry, industry and in generalwww.tamilaruvi.in
in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
knowing our bio-resources and their diversity. These studies would www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
require correct www.tamilaruvi.in
classification and identification www.tamilaruvi.in
of organisms. Identification www.tamil
of
amilaruvi.in organisms requires
www.tamilaruvi.inintensive laboratory and field studies.
www.tamilaruvi.in The collection
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
of actual specimens of plant and animal species is essential and is the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
prime source of taxonomic studies. These are also fundamental to studies
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and essential for training in systematics.www.tamilaruvi.in
It is used for classification ofwww.tamilaruvi.in
an www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
organism, and the information gathered is also stored along with the www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
specimens. In some cases the specimen www.tamilaruvi.in
is preserved for future studies. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Biologists have established certain procedures
www.tamilaruvi.in and techniques to store
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and preserve the information as well as the specimens. Some of these are
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
explained to help you understand the usage of these aids.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
1.4.1 www.tamilaruvi.in
Herbarium www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
Herbariumwww.tamilaruvi.in
is a store house of collected www.tamilaruvi.in
plant specimens that are dried, www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
pressed www.tamilaruvi.in
and preserved on sheets. Further, www.tamilaruvi.in
these sheets are arranged www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 12www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inBIOLOGYwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Figure 1.2 Herbarium showing stored specimens
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
according to a universally accepted system of classification. These
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
specimens, along with their descriptions on herbarium sheets, become a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
store house or repository for future use (Figure 1.2). The herbarium sheets
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
also carry a label providing information about www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
date and place of collection,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
English, local www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and botanical names, family, collector’s www.tamil
name, etc. Herbaria
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
also serve as www.tamilaruvi.in
quick referral systems in www.tamilaruvi.in
taxonomical studies. www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
1.4.2 Botanical Gardens
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
These specialised gardens have collections of living plants for reference.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Plant species in these gardens are grown for identification purposes and
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
each plant is labelled www.tamilaruvi.in
indicating its botanical/scientific www.tamil
name and its family.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
The famous botanical gardens are at Kewwww.tamilaruvi.in
(England), Indian Botanical www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Garden, www.tamilaruvi.in
Howrah (India) and at National www.tamilaruvi.in
Botanical Research www.tamil
Institute,
amilaruvi.in Lucknow
www.tamilaruvi.in (India).
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
1.4.3 Museum www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Biological museums are generally set up in educational institutes such
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
as schools and www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
colleges. Museums have collections of preserved plantwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and animal specimens www.tamilaruvi.in
for study and reference. Specimens are preserved www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in the containers or jars in preservative www.tamilaruvi.in
solutions. Plant and animal www.tamil
amilaruvi.in specimens
www.tamilaruvi.in may also be preserved
www.tamilaruvi.in as dry specimens. Insects
www.tamilaruvi.in are preserved
www.tamil
in insect boxes after collecting, killing and pinning. Larger animals like
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
birds and mammals are usually stuffed and preserved. Museums often
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
have collections of skeletons of animals too.www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in THEwww.tamilaruvi.in
LIVING WORLD www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
13 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
1.4.4
amilaruvi.in Zoological Parks
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
These www.tamilaruvi.in
are the places where wild animals www.tamilaruvi.in
are kept in protected www.tamilaruvi.in
environments www.tamil
under human care and which enable us to learn about their food habits
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
and behaviour. All animals in a zoo are provided, as far as possible, the
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
conditions similar to their natural habitats. Children love visiting these
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
parks, commonly www.tamilaruvi.in
called Zoos (Figure 1.3). www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Figure 1.3 Pictures showing www.tamilaruvi.in
animals in different zoological www.tamilaruvi.in
parks of India www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
1.4.5 Keywww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
Key is another taxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
based onwww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
the similarities and dissimilarities. The keys are based on thewww.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
contrasting www.tamilaruvi.in
characters generally in a pair www.tamilaruvi.in
called couplet. It represents www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
the www.tamilaruvi.in
choice made between two opposite www.tamilaruvi.in
options. This results in www.tamilaruvi.in
acceptance www.tamil
of only one and rejection of the other. Each statement in the key is called
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
a lead. Separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category
amilaruvi.in
such as www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
family, genus and species for identification www.tamilaruvi.in
purposes. Keys are www.tamil
amilaruvi.in
generallywww.tamilaruvi.in
analytical in nature. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 14www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.inBIOLOGYwww.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Flora, manuals, monographs and catalogues are some other means
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of recording descriptions. They also help in correct identification. Flora
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in contains the www.tamilaruvi.in
actual account of habitat and www.tamilaruvi.in
distribution of plants of www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
given area. These provide the index to the www.tamilaruvi.in
plant species found in www.tamil
a
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
particular area. Manuals are useful inwww.tamilaruvi.in
providing information for www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in identification of names of species
www.tamilaruvi.in found in an area. Monographs
www.tamilaruvi.in contain
www.tamil
information on any one taxon.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in S UMMARY
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
The living world is rich in variety. Millions of plants and www.tamilaruvi.in
animals have been www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
identified and described butwww.tamilaruvi.in
a large number still remains www.tamilaruvi.in
unknown. The very www.tamil
amilaruvi.in range of organisms in terms
www.tamilaruvi.in of size, colour, habitat,
www.tamilaruvi.in physiological and
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
morphological features make us seek the defining characteristics of living
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
organisms. In order to facilitate the study of kinds and diversity of organisms,
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
biologists have evolved certain rules and principles for identification, nomenclature
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and classification of organisms. www.tamilaruvi.in
The branch of knowledge dealing www.tamilaruvi.in
with these aspects www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
is referred to as taxonomy. The www.tamilaruvi.in
taxonomic studies of various www.tamilaruvi.in
species of plants www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and animals are useful in agriculture, forestry, industry andwww.tamilaruvi.in
in general for knowing www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
our bio-resources and their diversity. The basics of taxonomy www.tamilaruvi.in
like identification, www.tamil
amilaruvi.in naming and classification
www.tamilaruvi.in of organisms are universally
www.tamilaruvi.in evolved under international
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
codes. Based on the resemblances and distinct differences, each organism is
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
identified and assigned a correct scientific/biological name comprising two words
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
as per the binomial system of nomenclature. An organism represents/occupies a
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
place or position in the system www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of classification. There are many categories/ranks www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
and are generally referred towww.tamilaruvi.in
as taxonomic categories or taxa. www.tamilaruvi.in
All the categories www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
constitute a taxonomic www.tamilaruvi.in
hierarchy. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in Taxonomists
www.tamilaruvi.in have developed a variety
www.tamilaruvi.in of taxonomic aids to facilitate
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
identification, naming and classification of organisms. These studies are carried
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
out from the actual specimens which are collected from the field and preserved as
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
referrals in the form of herbaria, museums and in botanical gardens and zoological
www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
parks. It requires special techniques www.tamilaruvi.in
for collection and preservation of specimens www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
in herbaria and museums. www.tamilaruvi.in
Live specimens, on the otherwww.tamilaruvi.in
hand, of plants and www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
animals, are found in botanical www.tamilaruvi.in
gardens or in zoological parks.www.tamilaruvi.in
Taxonomists also www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
prepare and disseminate www.tamilaruvi.in
information through manuals www.tamilaruvi.in
and monographs for www.tamil
amilaruvi.in further taxonomic
www.tamilaruvi.in studies. Taxonomic keys
www.tamilaruvi.in are tools that help in identification
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
based on characteristics.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in THEwww.tamilaruvi.in
LIVING WORLD www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in 15 www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
EXERCISES
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
1. www.tamilaruvi.in
Why are living organisms classified? www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
2. www.tamilaruvi.in
Why are the classification systems changing every now andwww.tamilaruvi.in
then? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
3. What different criteria would you choose to classify people that you meet often? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
4. What do we learn from identification of individuals and populations?
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
5. Given below is the scientific name of Mango. Identify the correctly written name.
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amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
Mangifera Indica
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Mangifera indica
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
6. Define a taxon. Give some examples of taxa at different hierarchical levels.
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 7. Can you identify
www.tamilaruvi.in the correct sequence of taxonomical
www.tamilaruvi.in categories?
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in (a) Species
www.tamilaruvi.in Order Phylum
www.tamilaruvi.in Kingdom
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
(b) Genus www.tamilaruvi.in
Species Order www.tamilaruvi.in
Kingdom www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
(c) Species Genuswww.tamilaruvi.in
Order www.tamilaruvi.in
Phylum www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
8. Try to collect all the currentlywww.tamilaruvi.in
accepted meanings for the word www.tamilaruvi.in
‘species’. Discuss www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
with your teacher the meaning www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
of species in case of higher plants and animals www.tamil
amilaruvi.in on one hand,
www.tamilaruvi.in and bacteria on the other hand.
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in 9. Define and understand the following
www.tamilaruvi.in terms:
www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
(i) Phylum (ii) Class (iii) Family (iv) Order (v) Genus www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
10. www.tamilaruvi.in
How is a key helpful in the identification and classification www.tamilaruvi.in
of an organism? www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
11. www.tamilaruvi.in
Illustrate the taxonomical hierarchy with suitable examples www.tamilaruvi.in
of a plant and an www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in
animal. www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil
amilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamilaruvi.in www.tamil