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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2006

2006 年泛珠江三角物理競賽
Part-1 卷-1
(9:00 am – 12:00 pm, 02-09-2006)

Q1 (8 points) 題 1 (8 分)
A meson is composed of two quarks with rather complicated interaction between them. To learn the
physics inside the meson high energy electrons are usually employed to collide inelastically with
the mesons. The process is very difficult to interpret, and to grasp the essential elements of it the
Parton model was developed. The model assumes that the incoming electron collides elastically
with only part of the meson, i. e., with only one quark. The quark then passes its energy to its parent
meson. The essence of the model can be illustrated with the following drastically simplified model.
The electron of mass m1 and kinetic energy E collides elastically with a quark of mass m2 in a
meson. The other quark has mass m3. The two quarks are connected by a weightless spring. Before
the collision the two quarks are at rest and the spring is at its natural length. All motions are along
one dimension only, and ignore all relativistic effects. Find the internal energy of the meson as
represented by the vibration energy of the spring, and the kinetic energy of the meson as a whole
after the collision.
Electron 电子

Meson 介子

介子由兩個誇克構成，而誇克之間的相互作用相當複雜。研究介子可通過用高能電子與之作非彈性碰撞來進行。
由於碰撞過程難於分析，為掌握其主要內涵，人們發展了一種簡化了的｀分粒子＇模型。其主要內容為：電子
只和介子的某部分（比如其中一個誇克）作彈性碰撞。碰撞後的誇克再經過介子內的相互作用把能量和動量傳
給整個介子。模型的主要精神可用下面的簡化模型來闡述：一電子質量為 m1，動能為 E，與介子的一個誇克（質
量 m2）作彈性碰撞。介子裏另一個誇克的質量為 m3。誇克間以一無質量彈簧相連。碰撞前誇克處於靜止狀態，
彈簧處於自然長度。所有運動都是一維的。忽略一切相對論效應。求碰撞後以彈簧振動形式代表的介子內能，
和介子作為一整體所具有的動能。

Q2 (8 points) 題 2 (8 分)
A uniform iron pulley of total mass M1 and radius R is fixed above the ground. It can spin freely
about its center. Additional weights in the form of many small magnets with total mass M2 can be
attached to the pulley. A long thread is winding around its edge, and at its end hangs a weight of
mass M3 at height H from the ground that can be released suddenly. Assume that there is no slip
between the thread and the pulley. (a) How should the magnets be placed with circular symmetry on
the pulley such that the final speed of M3 is minimum when it reaches the ground? (b) Find the
minimum speed.

一均勻鐵滑輪質量為 M1，半徑為 R，固定在地面上方。滑輪可以輪心自由轉動。另有總重量為 M2 的許多小磁

鐵塊可吸附在滑輪上。一長細繩繞著滑輪邊緣，終端掛一質量為 M3 的小重塊，離地高度為 H。細繩與滑輪間
無滑動。(a)問小磁鐵塊應怎樣圓對稱地分佈在滑輪上，才能使小重塊被放開後到達地面時的速度為最小？(b) 求
該速度。
Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 泛珠三角物理競賽 2006
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Q3 (10 points) 題 3 (10 分)
A cylindrical vessel of radius R is filled with water (density ρ) up to height H.

(a) Calculate the force of water exerting on a narrow vertical strip of width d (<< R < H) of the
cylinder wall. (3 points)
(b) The vessel is then placed on a platform spinning at angular speed ω (< gh / R ). The rotation
axis coincides with the central axis of the vessel. The water spins at the same angular speed as the
platform. Find the shape of the water surface, and the extra force of water exerting on the strip due
to spinning. (g is the gravity acceleration.) (7 points)

一圓柱容器半徑為 R，裝有高度達 H 的水（密度為ρ）。

(a) 求水對容器面上一寬度為 d (<< R < H) 的豎直面的壓力。(3 分)
(b) 將容器放在以角速度ω (< gh / R ) 轉動的轉臺上，轉動軸與容器中心軸重合。水的轉動和轉臺一致。求
水面形狀和水對豎直面因轉動而帶來的附加壓力。(g 為重力加速度。) (7 分)

Q4 (12 points) 題 4 (12 分)

A cylinder of fixed volume V is partitioned into left and right compartments separated by a movable
piston of negligible mass. The left and right compartments are filled with nL and nR moles of the
same ideal gas, respectively, at initial temperatures TL and TR .

a) What are the volumes of the left and right compartments VL and VR initially when the
system is at equilibrium? (2 points)
b) Suppose heat can be exchanged between the two compartments but there is no heat exchange
∆QL→ R
between the cylinder and outside world. The amount of heat flow per unit time
∆t
from left to right compartment is proportional to the temperature difference between the two
∆QL→R
compartments, i.e. = k (TL − TR ) . Find the temperature difference, TL − TR as a
∆t
function of time. (8 points)
c) Find out how VL and VR changes with time. (2 points)

VL VR

一固定體積為 V 的汽室中間由一可左右無磨擦滑動的輕活塞分開。左 、右汽室分別充有 nL 、 n R 摩爾初始溫

度分別為 TL 、 TR 的相同理想氣體。

a) 求平衡時左 、右汽室的體積 VL 、 VR 。(2 分)

∆QL→ R
b) 假設左 、右汽室之間可以作熱交換，但與外界無熱量交換，單位時間熱量的交換 與兩邊的溫
∆t
Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 泛珠三角物理競賽 2006
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∆QL→R
差成正比，即 = k (TL − TR ) 。求 TL − TR 與時間的關係。(8 分)
∆t
c) 求 VL 、 VR 與時間的關係。(2 分)

Q5 (12 points) 題 5 (12 分)

A planar boundary at y = 0 separates two non-magnetic media with refractive indices n1 (real) and
ρ ρ
n2 (can be complex). An electromagnetic wave E I = E 0 x0 e i ( k1 y −ω t ) is incident onto the boundary,
ρ ρ ρ ρ
and its reflected wave and transmitted wave are given by E R = E r x0 e i ( − k1 y −ω t ) and ET = Et x0 e i ( k2 y −ω t ) ,
respectively.

(a) Use the boundary conditions of electric and magnetic fields to find r ≡ E r / E0 and
tr ≡ Et / E0 in terms of n1 and n2. (8 points)
(b) For n1 = 1, n2 = 2.0i, where i ≡ − 1 , find the reflection R ≡| r |2 . (1 points)
(c) For n1 = 1, n2 = 1.0 + 2.0i, find the phase shift of the reflected wave relative to the incidence
wave. (3 points)

Boundary
ρ
y0
邊界
ρ
x0 ρ
ER
ρ ρ
EI ET

n1 n2

一位於 y = 0 的平面的左、右分別是折射率為 n1 (實數)、n2 (可能是複數)的非磁性介質。一電磁波

ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ
E I = E0 x0 e i ( k1 y −ω t ) 射向介面，其反射波為 E R = E r x0 e i ( − k1 y −ω t ) ，透射波為 ET = Et x0 e i ( k2 y −ω t ) 。

(a) 利用電磁場的邊界條件，導出 r ≡ E r / E0 , tr ≡ Et / E0 。你的答案應只含 n1 和 n2。(8 分)

(b) 當 n1 = 1, n2 = 2.0i 時, 其中 i ≡ − 1 , 求反射率 R ≡| r | 2 。(1 分)
(c) 當 n1 = 1, n2 = 1.0 + 2.0i 時, 求反射波相對於入射波的位相差。(3 分)

Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 泛珠三角物理競賽 2006

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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 2006
2006 年泛珠江三角物理競賽
Part-2 卷-2
(2:00 pm – 5:00 pm, 02-09-2006)

Q6 題 6 Casmir Effect 卡士米爾效應

(13 points 13 分)

Part-A What is the pressure of ideal gases when the temperature goes to absolute zero? (2 points)

Part-B Casmir proposed in the 1950’s that vacuum is actually filled with virtual electromagnetic
waves, and the energies stored in the vacuum produces an observable force between two parallel
metallic plates separated by distance d. The electromagnetic energy stored between the plates is
1
given in Quantum Mechanics by E = ∑ En , where En = ηck n , c is the velocity of light and η is
2 n< p
a fundamental constant called Planck’s constant, p (>> 1) is a large number that depends on the
material properties of the plates. k n ≡ 2π / λn , where λn is the wavelength of a standing
electromagnetic wave that fits into the space between the plates.

(a) Assume that the waves take the form of sin k n x , what are the possible values of k n such that
at the plate surfaces x = 0 and x = d the standing waves vanish? (2 points)
(b) Show that the vacuum electromagnetic force is of the form a / d 2 . What is the constant a? (5
points)
(c) What is the force due to the vacuum electromagnetic waves outside the two plates? (2 point)
(d) Find the amplitude of the force when d = 1.0 mm. (Hint: If you cannot get a in (b), use
dimensional analysis to estimate its order of magnitude.) (2 points)

( η = 1.05 ×10 −34 (Joule*second); p = 2000 ; c = 3.0 ×108 m/s .)

d
（A）當理想氣體的溫度趨於零時，其壓強為多少？(2 分)
（B）卡士米爾在 50 年代提出，真空中其實充滿了’虛’電磁波。它們所具有的能量會對一對相隔距離為 d 的金
1
屬平板產生作用力。 根據量子力學，兩板間儲有的能量為 E = ∑ En , 其中 En = ηckn , c 為真空光速， η 為
2 n< p
普朗克常數, p (>> 1)是個很大的數，和金屬板的材料性質有關。 k n ≡ 2π / λn , 其中 λn 是可在兩板之間形成的
駐波的波長。
(a) 設電磁波的波動方程具有 sin k n x 這樣的形式，在兩板面 x = 0 和 x = d 處波必須消失，求 k n 可取的
值。(2 分)
2
(b) 證明真空電磁力具有 a / d 這樣的形式，並求常數 a。(5 分)
(c) 板外邊的真空電磁力為多少? (2 分)
(d) 求當 d = 1.0 mm 時力的數值。 (提示: 如果你沒有在（b）部分求得 a，你可用量綱分析來估計力的
大小。) (2 分)

Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 泛珠三角物理競賽 2006

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−34
( η = 1.05 × 10 (焦耳*秒); p = 2000 ; c = 3.0 × 10 m/s .)
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Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 泛珠三角物理競賽 2006

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Q7 題 7 Electric Current Driven Magnetic Domain Movement 電流驅動的磁疇運動
(15 points 15 分)
ρ
Electrons and some atoms have permanent angular momentum called spins ( S ) that are fixed in
amplitude while their directions can be changed by an external torque. Associated with the spins are
ρ ρ
the magnetic moments that make them as individual magnetic dipoles m = µ B S , where µ B is a
constant called magneton. For simplicity, we assume that the electrons and the atoms here have the
same spin amplitude S and magneton.
ρ ρ ρ ρ
(a) Refer to Figure-A below. Dipole-A is at r = 0 and along z 0 , and Dipole-B is at r = ax0 and
ρ
along y0 . Find the torque of Dipole-A on Dipole-B. (3 points)
(b) Find the direction of Dipole-B after a short time ∆t, assuming that the direction of Dipole-A
remains unchanged. (5 points)
(c) Figure-B is a schematic of a magnetic domain in (x0, x0 + 2b) that contains many atoms
(Dipole-B’s). The directions of the dipoles are pointed in an ordered fashion, as shown.
Dipole-B’s are at the fixed sites of equal distance along the x--axis (within the space of 2b
there are 104 dipole-B’s). An electron (Dipole-A) flies by and its action on the Dipole-B is the
same as your answer in (b). Figure-C shows the initial angular profile of the dipoles. The
ρ ρ
dipoles at x0 + b are along y 0 , the dipoles at x≤ x0 are along − x0 , and that at x ≥ x0 + 2b are
ρ ρ ρ
along x0 . Dipoles along − x0 can no longer rotate. Dipoles along x0 cannot rotate either,
except for the ones close to the domain edge which can rotate freely as the ones pointing in
other directions. Given the electric current carried by the electrons as I, find the speed of the
movement of the domain center when the current is just turned on. (Take the electron charge e
as known) (5 points)
(d) Find the time it takes for the whole domain to pass the x0 + 2b point. (2 points)
ρρ ρ ρ
(Hint: Magnetic field B(r ) at position r due to a magnetic dipole m at coordinate origin is given by
ρρ ρ ρρ ρ ρ
µ 0 ⎡ 3(m ⋅ r )r ρ⎤ ρ ρ ρ ρ
B (r ) = − m . Torque N of magnetic field B on a dipole m is N = m × B .)
4πr 3 ⎢⎣ r 2 ⎥⎦

Angle 角度
z y
180°
y
x
x 0°
x
Figure-A Figure-B x0 x0 + 2b
Figure-C
ρ
電子和某些原子具有叫做自旋的固定角動量 S ，其大小是不變的，但方向可由外力矩改變。 由自旋產生的磁矩
ρ ρ
為磁偶極子 m = µBS , 其中 µ B 為常數。為簡單起見，我們假設電子和原子的自旋和磁偶極子都是一樣的。

ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ
(a) 參照上圖-A。磁偶極子-A 在 r = 0 處，沿方向 z 0 ，磁偶極子-B 在 r = ax0 ，沿方向 y0 。求磁偶極子-A
對磁偶極子-B 的力矩。(3 分)
(b) 假設磁偶極子-A 的方向固定，求過了一短時間∆t 後，磁偶極子-B 的方向。(5 分)
(c) 上圖-B 描述的是一個在(x0, x0 + 2b)空間裏的含有很多原子(磁偶極子-B)的磁疇。磁偶極子-B 占滿了
x--軸上的固定等距位置，它們的方向以一定的規律排列。(在 2b 長度內可含有 104 個磁偶極子-B)。一
電子(磁偶極子-A)飛過，它對每個磁偶極子-B 的作用和(b)部分的答案相同。上圖-C 為開始時磁偶極子
ρ ρ
方向分佈。在 x0 + b 的磁偶極子沿 y0 方向，在 x ≥ x0 + 2b 的磁偶極子沿 x0 方向，在 x≤ x0 的磁偶
ρ ρ ρ
極子沿 − x0 方向。沿 − x0 的磁偶極子不能再轉動，沿 x0 的磁偶極子除了靠近磁疇邊緣的那些以外也不
Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 泛珠三角物理競賽 2006
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ρ
能轉動。指向其他方向的磁偶極子和磁疇外面一點點的沿 x0 的磁偶極子可自由轉動。給定電子的電流
為 I， 求電流剛開始時磁疇中心的速度。（當電子電荷 e 為已知）(5 分)
(d) 求整個磁疇通過 x0 + 2b 點所需的時間。(2 分)
ρρ ρ ρρ ρ
ρ ρ µ 0 ⎡ 3(m ⋅ r )r ρ⎤
(提示: 在 r 處由位於座標原點的磁偶極子 m 產生的磁場為 B (r ) = − m 。在磁場 B 裏磁偶
4πr 3 ⎢⎣ r 2 ⎥⎦
ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ
極子 m 受的力矩 N 為 N = m × B 。)

Q8 Force between a conductor sphere and a conductor plane 導體球與導體板之間的力

(22 points 22 分)

The uniqueness theorem of the theory of electric field ensures that virtual charges could be placed
outside the closed space where the electric field is to be determined to mimic the real boundary
conditions. For example, in Figure-A below, to find the electric field when a point charge q is
placed in front of a large planar conductor at zero potential, a virtual, or ‘image’ charge -q is placed
at the mirror-image position so that the combined contribution of the two charges is to make the
potential everywhere on the plane zero. The force on q by the plane is then the same as the force by
the image charge.

Part-A
Consider the force of a conductor sphere of radius R held at zero potential on a point charge q at a
distance d (> R) from the sphere center. The image charge q’ should be inside the sphere (outside
the space outside the sphere) and on the line joining the sphere center and q, as shown in Figure-B.
The combined contribution of q and q’ is to make the potential everywhere on the sphere surface
zero. Find the position and the value of q’. (4 points)

Part-B
As shown in Figure-C, a problem often encountered in atomic force microscopy is to determine the
force of the sample on the probe tip, which is a conductor sphere of radius R held at electric
potential V at distance h0 from a large conducting sample surface at zero potential. In the following
we will apply the ‘image charge’ method step by step to find the force.

(a) We start by putting a point charge q0 inside the sphere such that the sphere surface is an
equal-potential one with voltage V, while ignoring the effect of the conductor plate.
Determine q0 in terms of V and R. (1 point)
(b) Determine the value and position (h1) of the image charge of q0 and call it q1, such that the
combined contribution of them is to make the sample surface a zero-potential plane. (2 points)
(c) The presence of q1 now makes the conductor sphere surface no longer equal-potential. Put
another point charge q2 inside the sphere such that the combined effect of q0, q1 and q2 is to
make the potential on the sphere surface equal to V again. Determine q2 and its position h2. (2
points)
(d) Repeat (b) to determine the image charge q3 of q2, and repeat (c) to find the image charge q4
of q3. Derive the general expression between h2n and h2(n+1), q2n and q2(n+1), and q2n+1 and
q2(n+1)+1, n = 0, 1, 2... (3 points)
(e) Derive the total force of the sample on the sphere in the form of a summation over an
infinite series. (2 points)
(f) Suppose the force in (e) is 1.1 × 10-12 N when V = V0, R = 1.0 × 10-8 m, and h0 = 5.0 ×
10-8 m, find the force when V = 2V0, R = 1.0 m, and h0 = 5.0 m. (4 points)
(g) Given R/h0 = 1/51, to determine the force in (e) up to ~1% accuracy, what are the terms that
should be kept? (2 points)
(h) Estimate the order of magnitude of the relative error caused by the terms neglected in (g). (2
points)
Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 泛珠三角物理競賽 2006
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-q q R
θ
q’ q
0 z
(A) (B)

h0

q1 q0

(C)

利用電場理論的唯一性定理，我們可在一閉合空間外用一虛擬電荷分佈來產生和原來相同的電勢邊界條件，以
便求出閉合空間內的電勢/電場。如圖-A 所示，一點電荷 q 放在零電勢的大導電平面前，為求電場，可以在平面
左邊放一｀鏡像＇電荷-q，兩電荷的合電勢使平面的電勢仍然為零。平面對 q 的力等於-q 對 q 的力。

（A）
我們先考慮一半徑為 R 的零電勢導體球對放在離球心距離為 d (> R) 的點電荷 q 的力的問題。如圖-B 所示，q
的鏡像電荷 q’ 在球裏面（球以外空間的外面）球心與 q 的連線上。q 和 q’ 的合電勢使球面上處處電勢為零。
求 q’ 的值和位置。
（4 分）

（B）
如圖-C 所示，原子力顯微鏡經常遇到的問題是要確定樣品對掃描探頭的力。掃描探頭為一半徑為 R 電勢為 V
的導體球，離導電樣品表面距離為 h0。樣品電勢為零。下面我們利用鏡像電荷方法一步步地把力最終求出來。

(a) 首先，當樣品不在，放一點電荷 q0 在球心。求使球面的電勢為 V 時 q0 的值。(1 分)

(b) q0 和它的鏡像電荷 q1 必須使樣品的表面處處電勢為零。求 q1 的值和位置 h1。(2 分)
(c) q1 的出現使導體球面不再是等勢面。在球裏放上點電荷 q2，使 q0, q1 和 q2 的合電勢場在球面處處為
V。求 q2 的值和位置 h2。 (2 分)
(d) 重複（b）求 q2 的鏡像電荷 q3, 重複（c）求 q3 的鏡像電荷 q4。導出 h2n 與 h2(n+1), q2n 與 q2(n+1)，以
及 q2n+1 與 q2(n+1)+1 之間的一般關係式。 n = 0, 1, 2... (3 分)
(e) 求樣品對球的力。答案可以無窮級數相加形式表達。(2 分)
(f) 已知當 V = V0, R = 1.0 × 10-8 m, h0 = 5.0 × 10-8 m 時，樣品對球的力為 1.1 × 10-12 N, 求當 V
= 2V0, R = 1.0 m, and h0 = 5.0 m 時的力。(4 分)
(g) 已知 R/h0 = 1/51，如要求用(e)的答案來計算力時可達到大約 1%的精確度，需要保留哪幾項？(2 分)
(h) 估計(g)中因忽略其餘項所引起的相對誤差的數量級。(2 分)

END 完

Pan Pearl River Delta Physics Olympiad 泛珠三角物理競賽 2006