Subject :- BEE Unit -1

Unit 1 BEE Short Question Answer

Qu 1. Define charge.
 
Ans :- The total deficiency or addition of excess electrons in an atom is called its charge. Constant charge is denoted
by letter Q and charge varying with time is denoted by q or q (t). Unit of charge is coulomb.One coulomb of charge
is defined as the charge possessed by the total number  of electrons.
One coulomb = charge on 6.24x1018 electrons
 
Qu 2.Define current.
 
Ans :- Movement of electrons is called current. It is also defined as flow of charges.
Movement of electrons always flow from negative to positive. Unit of current is Ampere. Current is defined
as the rate of flow of charge in an electric circuit or in any medium in which charges are subjected to electric
field.

 Qu 3 What is DC current ?

Ans :- The current does not vary with time is called direct current. It is denoted by I. its frequency is Zero
 
Qu4 What is AC current ?

Ans :-  The current varies with time is called alternating current. It is denoted by i (or)i(t). In India home AC
Supply frequency is 50 Hz
 
 Qu5. Define potential difference.

Ans:- It is also called as voltage (or) electric potential. It is defined as the energy required moving the unit of charge
from one point to other. It is also defined as the difference of electric potential between the two points of the
conductor.

Qu6. Define Power and Energy?

Ans :- The rate of doing work is called power. Power P = V I

 

The rate of doing work with time is called power. It is also called as the capacity to do the work.
Unit of Energy is Watt-hour (or) Joules.It is denoted by letter E (or) W.
 
Qu7. What is electric circuit or electric network? 

Ans:- The combination of various electrical elements such as resistors, capacitors and inductors along with various
energy sources such as voltage and current sources is called electric circuit or electric network.
 
 Qu8. Define Independent source.

Ans:- It is defined as the source voltage independent of current flowing through it and source current independent of
voltage across it. It is indicated by circle with polarity of voltage and direction of current. It is also called as
uncontrolled sources.
 
Types of independent of sources.

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Qu 9. Define Dependent sources.

 
Ans :- It is defined as the voltage source or current source depends on voltage or current elsewhere in the given circuit.
It is indicated by diamond shape. It is also called as controlled sources.
 
Types of Dependent of sources.
(i)Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS).
(ii) Voltage controlled current source (VCCS). 
(iii) Current controlled current source (CCCS). 
(iv)Current controlled voltage source (CCVS). 

Qu10. Define practical voltage source.

Ans:- Practical voltage source has small amount of resistance (R or Rse) in series with voltage source.

Due to Rse, the voltage across load terminals decreases slightly with increase in current.   The source in which
voltage or current is not varying with time is called time invariant sources. It is also called as DC sources. It is
denoted by capital letters.
 
Qu11. Define branch and node. 

Ans:- Branch: It is a portion of a circuit with two terminal connected to it. A branch may contain one or more
elements.
Node: It is a junction of two or more branches.
 
Qu12. Define mesh or loop.

Ans:- It is defined as a set of branches forming a closed path in a network.

 
Qu13. Define active and passive elements.

Ans:- Active element: Active elements are the elements which supply power or energy to the network. Example :-
Voltage source, current source 
Passive element: Passive elements are the elements which either store energy or dissipate energy in the form of
heat. Example:- R,C.L
 
Qu14. Define lumped and distributed network. 

Ans:- Lumped network: A network consisting of physically separable elements such as resistor, capacitor and
inductor is known as lumped network. Example:- .RLC network. 
Distributed network: A network consisting of elements that are not separable for analytical purpose is
known as distributed network. Example:- Transmission lines(R, L ad C is distributed along its length)

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 Qu15. Define bilateral and unilateral network.

 
Ans:- Bilateral network: The voltage-currant relationship is same for current flowing in either direction is called
bilateral network. Example;- R, L and C
 
Unilateral network: The network has different relationships between voltage and current for the two possible
directions of current. Example ;- Diodes, vaccum tubes

Qu16. Define linear and non-linear network.

 
Ans:- Linear network: The relationship between voltage and current is linear, then the network is called linear
network. Example:- :Resistance
 
Non-Linear network: The networks which do not satisfy the linear voltage-current relationship is called non-
linear network. Example: Diodes, Zener Diodes

Qu17. Explain  Ohm’s   law. 

Ans:- At constant temperature. the current flowing through the resistor is directly proportional to voltage across the
resistor. Power dissipated in resistor

Qu18. what is Kirchhoff’s law?

Ans:- Kirchhoff’s circuit laws are two equalities that deal with the conservation of charge and energy in electrical
circuits, and were first described in 1845 by Gustav Kirchhoff. Widely used in electrical engineering, they are also
called Kirchhoff’s rules or simply Kirchhoff’s laws.

Qu19 What is Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)?

Ans :- This law is also called Kirchhoff’s point rule, Kirchhoff’s junction rule (or nodal rule), and Kirchhoff’s first
rule. The principle of conservation of electric charge implies that: When performing calculations, current flowing
into and out of the junction typically has opposite signs. This allows Kirchhoff’s Current Law to be restated as: At
any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents
flowing out of that node. Or The algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point is zero.

Qu20 What is Superposition Theorem?

Ans:- Superposition theorem is extremely useful for analyzing electric circuits that contains two or more active
sources. In such cases, the theorem considers each source separately to evaluate the current through or voltage
across a component. The resultant is given by the algebraic sum of all currents or voltages caused by each source
acting independently. Superposition theorem can be formally stated as follows:

Qu21 What is Thevenin’s Theorem?

Ans Thevenin’s theorem provides a useful tool when solving complex and large electric circuits by reducing them
to a single voltage source in series with a resistor. It is particularly advantageous where a single resistor or load in a
circuit is subject to change. Formally, the Thevenin’s theorem can be stated as:
“Any two-terminal linear electric circuit consisting of resistors and sources, can be re-placed by an equivalent circuit
containing a single voltage source in series with a resistor connected across the load.”
he following steps outline the procedure to simplify an electric circuit using Thevenin’s theorem
where VTH and RTH are the Thevenin’s voltage and Thevenin’s resistance respectively.
1. Remove the load resistance RL.

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2. VTH is the open circuit (OC) voltage across the load terminals and
3. RTH is the resistance across the load terminals with all sources replaced by their internal resistances.

Qu22. What Are Dimensionless Quantities?

Ans:- Physical quantities which do not possess dimensions are called dimensionless quantities.
Example: Angle, specific gravity, strain. In general, physical quantity which is a ratio of  two quantities of same
dimension will be dimensionless.

Qu23 List The Basic Dimensions?

Ans Length – L, Time – T, Mass – M ,Temperature – K or  θ, Current – A

Long Answer Question

Qu 01 Explain Superposition Theorem with help of Example

Ans:- Superposition theorem :- It states that the response in a particular branch of a linear circuit when multiple
independent sources are acting at the same time is equivalent to the sum of the responses due to each independent
source acting at a time.

In this method, we will consider only one independent source at a time. So, we have to eliminate the remaining
independent sources from the circuit. We can eliminate the voltage sources by shorting their two terminals and
similarly, the current sources by opening their two terminals.

Therefore, we need to find the response in a particular branch ‘n’ times if there are ‘n’ independent sources. The
response in a particular branch could be either current flowing through that branch or voltage across that branch.

Procedure of Superposition Theorem

Follow these steps in order to find the response in a particular branch using superposition theorem.

Step 1 − Find the response in a particular branch by considering one independent source and eliminating the
remaining independent sources present in the network.

Step 2 − Repeat Step 1 for all independent sources present in the network.

Step 3 − Add all the responses in order to get the overall response in a particular branch when all independent
sources are present in the network.

Example

Find the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor of the following circuit using superposition theorem.

Step 1 − Let us find the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor by considering only 20 V voltage source. In this
case, we can eliminate the 4 A current source by making open circuit of it. The modified circuit diagram is shown
in the following figure.

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There is only one principal node except Ground in the above circuit. So, we can use nodal analysis method. The
node voltage V1 is labeled in the following figure. Here, V1 is the voltage from node 1 with respect to ground.

The nodal equation at node 1 is

(V1−20 ) / 5 + (V1 -0)/10 + (V1-0)/(10+20) = 0

⇒V1=12V

The current flowing through 20 Ω resistor can be found by doing the following simplification.

I1 = (V1-0) / (10+20)

Substitute the value of V1 in the above equation.

I1= 0.4A

Therefore, the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor is 0.4 A, when only 20 V voltage source is considered.

Step 2 − Let us find the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor by considering only 4 A current source. In this
case, we can eliminate the 20 V voltage source by making short-circuit of it. The modified circuit diagram is shown
in the following figure.

In the above circuit, there are three resistors to the left of terminals A & B. We can replace these resistors with a
single equivalent resistor. Here, 5 Ω & 10 Ω resistors are connected in parallel and the entire combination is in
series with 10 Ω resistor.

The equivalent resistance to the left of terminals A & B will be

RAB=5×10/5+10+10=10/3+10=40/3Ω

The simplified circuit diagram is shown in the following figure.

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We can find the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor, by using current division principle.

I2= Is [R1 / (R1+R2)]

Substitute IS=4A,R1=40/3Ω IS=4A,R1=40/3Ω and R2=20Ω.

I2=1.6A

Therefore, the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor is 1.6 A, when only 4 A current source is considered.

Step 3 − We will get the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor of the given circuit by doing the  addition of two
currents that we got in step 1 and step 2. Mathematically, it can be written as

I=I1+I2

Substitute, the values of I1 and I2 in the above equation.

I=0.4+1.6=2AI=0.4+1.6=2A

Therefore, the current flowing through 20 Ω resistor of given circuit is 2 A.

Note − We can’t apply superposition theorem directly in order to find the amount of power delivered to any
resistor that is present in a linear circuit,

Qu.02 Explain Thevenin’s throrem.

Ans :- Thevenin theorem is an analytical method used to change a complex circuit into a simple equivalent circuit
consisting of a single resistance in series with a source voltage

Thevenin’s Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several voltages and resistances can be replaced by
just one single voltage in series with a single resistance connected across the load“.

Procedure to Solve a Problem by Applying Thevenin’s Theorem

Some important steps are to be followed carefully.

Step 1: Draw the circuit by removing load resistance, shortening voltage sources and opening the current sources
from the circuit. Name the Load terminals with A and B.

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Step 2: View back into the open circuited network i.e. from the open terminal A and B. Calculate equivalent
resistance of the circuit, i.e. RTh.
Step 3: Draw the circuit as previous but keeping the Load Resistance removed from A and B terminal.
Step 4: Find the individual Loops. Apply KVL (Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law) and find out loop current.
Step 5: Start journey from terminal A to B by choosing any path of branches. Calculate total Voltage that you have
faced during journey. This voltage is VTh.
Step 6: Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit with the value of calculate R Th and VTh. Connect RL across AB
terminal. Again apply KVL to find out the load current IL directly put the value of VTh, RTh and RL in the formula

Qu.03 Explain Source Transformation.

OR

How the Practical Voltage is converted in Practical current source.

Ans :- Source Conversion :

A voltage source with a series resistor can be converted into an equivalent current source with a resistor in parallel
to it. A current source with a parallel resistor can be converted into an equivalent voltage source with a resistor in
series with it The conversions are possible only when their respective open circuit voltages are equal or their
respective short circuit currents are equal.

Voltage to Current

Current to Voltage

Qu. 4 how to Convert Delta to Star Network and Star To Delta.

Ans :-

Compare the resistances between terminals 1 and 2.

Resistance between the terminals 2 and 3.

Resistance between the terminals 1 and 3.

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This now gives us three equations and taking equation 3 from equation 2 gives:
Then, re-writing Equation 1 will give us:

Adding together equation 1 and the result above of equation 3 minus equation 2 gives:

From which gives us the final equation for resistor P as:

 Then to summarize a little about the above maths, we can now say that resistor P in a Star network can be found
as Equation 1 plus (Equation 3 minus Equation 2) or  Eq1 + (Eq3 – Eq2).

Similarly, to find resistor Q in a star network, is equation 2 plus the result of equation 1 minus equation 3 or  Eq2 +
(Eq1 – Eq3) and this gives us the transformation of Q as:

and again, to find resistor R in a Star network, is equation 3 plus the result of equation 2 minus equation 1 or  Eq3 +
(Eq2 – Eq1) and this gives us the transformation of R as:

When converting a delta network into a star network the denominators of all of the transformation formulas are the
same: A + B + C, and which is the sum of ALL the delta resistances. Then to convert any delta connected network
to an equivalent star network we can summarized the above transformation equations as:

Delta to Star Transformations Equations

 If the three resistors in the delta network are all equal in value then the resultant resistors in the equivalent star
network will be equal to one third the value of the delta resistors. This gives each resistive branch in the star network
a value of: RSTAR = 1/3*RDELTA which is the same as saying: (RDELTA)/3

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Qu.05 Explain Different units Used in Electrical Engineering.

Ans :- There are different types of unit used to measure electrical quantity.
Some of them are

Standard Electrical Units of Measure

Measurin
Electrical
g Symbol Description
Parameter
Unit

Unit of Electrical Potential

Voltage Volt V or E
V = I × R

Unit of Electrical Current

Current Ampere I or i
I = V ÷ R

Unit of DC Resistance
Resistance Ohm R or Ω
R = V ÷ I

Reciprocal of Resistance
Conductance Siemen G or ℧
G = 1 ÷ R

Unit of Capacitance
Capacitance Farad C
C = Q ÷ V

Unit of Electrical Charge

Charge Coulomb Q
Q = C × V

Unit of Inductance
Inductance Henry L or H
VL = -L(di/dt)

Unit of Power
Power Watts W
P = V × I  or  I2 × R

Unit of AC Resistance
Impedance Ohm Z
Z2 = R2 + X2

Unit of Frequency
Frequency Hertz Hz
ƒ = 1 ÷ T

Multiples and Sub-multiples

There is a huge range of values encountered in electrical and electronic engineering between a maximum value and
a minimum value of a standard electrical unit.

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Prefix Symbol Multiplier Power of Ten

Terra T 1,000,000,000,000 1012

Giga G 1,000,000,000 109

Mega M 1,000,000 106

kilo k 1,000 103

none none 1 100

centi c 1/100 10-2

milli m 1/1,000 10-3

micro µ 1/1,000,000 10-6

nano n 1/1,000,000,000 10-9

pico p 1/1,000,000,000,000 10-12

So to display the units or multiples of units for either Resistance, Current or Voltage we would use as an example:
 1kV = 1 kilo-volt  –  which is equal to 1,000 Volts.
 1mA = 1 milli-amp  –  which is equal to one thousandths (1/1000) of an Ampere.
 47kΩ = 47 kilo-ohms  –  which is equal to 47 thousand Ohms.
 100uF = 100 micro-farads  –  which is equal to 100 millionths (100/1,000,000) of a Farad.
 1kW = 1 kilo-watt  –  which is equal to 1,000 Watts.
 1MHz = 1 mega-hertz  –  which is equal to one million Hertz.

Qu. 06 Explain Mesh Analysis for Given Circuit.

Ans:- Given circuit

One simple method of reducing the amount of math’s involved is to analyse the circuit using Kirchhoff’s
Current Law equations to determine the currents, I1 and I2 flowing in the two resistors. Then there is no
need to calculate the current I3 as its just the sum of I1 and I2. So Kirchhoff’s second voltage law simply
becomes:
Equation No 1 :    10 =  50I1 + 40I2
Equation No 2 :    20 =  40I1 + 60I2

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therefore, one line of math’s calculation have been saved.

Mesh Current Analysis
An easier method of solving the above circuit is by using Mesh Current Analysis or Loop Analysis which
is also sometimes called Maxwell´s Circulating Currents method. Instead of labelling the branch currents
we need to label each “closed loop” with a circulating current.
As a general rule of thumb, only label inside loops in a clockwise direction with circulating currents as the
aim is to cover all the elements of the circuit at least once. Any required branch current may be found from
the appropriate loop or mesh currents as before using Kirchhoff´s method.
For example: :    i1 = I1 , i2 = -I2  and  I3 = I1 – I2
We now write Kirchhoff’s voltage law equation in the same way as before to solve them but the advantage
of this method is that it ensures that the information obtained from the circuit equations is the minimum
required to solve the circuit as the information is more general and can easily be put into a matrix form.
For example, consider the circuit from the previous section.

 These equations can be solved quite quickly by using a single mesh impedance matrix Z. Each element ON
the principal diagonal will be “positive” and is the total impedance of each mesh. Where as, each element
OFF the principal diagonal will either be “zero” or “negative” and represents the circuit element connecting
all the appropriate meshes.

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First we need to understand that when dealing with matrices, for the division of two matrices it is the same
as multiplying one matrix by the inverse of the other as shown.

 
having found the inverse of R, as V/R is the same as V x R-1, we can now use it to find the two circulating
currents.

Where:
[ V ]   gives the total battery voltage for loop 1 and then loop 2
[ I ]     states the names of the loop currents which we are trying to find
[ R ]   is the resistance matrix
[ R-1 ]   is the inverse of the [ R ] matrix
and this gives I1 as -0.143 Amps and I2 as -0.429 Amps
As :    I3 = I1 – I2
The combined current of I3 is therefore given as :   -0.143 – (-0.429) = 0.286 Amps

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Qu. 07 Difference Between Star And delta connection .

Ans:- The difference between the Star and Delta Connection are given below in the tabulated form.

BASIS STAR CONNECTION DELTA CONNECTION

Basic Definition The terminals of the three branches are The three branches of the network are
connected to a common point. The connected in such a way that it forms a
network formed is known as Star closed loop known as Delta Connection
Connection

Connection of The starting and the finishing point that The end of each coil is connected to the
terminals is the similar ends of the three coils are starting point of the other coil that means the
connected together opposite terminals of the coils are connected
together.

Neutral point Neutral or the star point exists in the star Neutral point does not exist in the delta
connection. connection.

Relation between Line current is equal to the Phase Line current is equal to root three times of
line and phase current. the Phase Current.
current

Relation between Line voltage is equal to root three times Line voltage is equal to the Phase voltage.
line and phase of the Phase Voltage
voltage

Phase voltage Phase voltage is low as 1/√3 times of Phase voltage is equal to the line voltage.
the line voltage.

Number of turns Requires less number of turns Requires large number of turns.

Insulation level Insulation required is low. High insulation is required.

Network Type Mainly used in the Power Transmission Used in the Power Distribution networks.
networks.

Type of system Both Three phase four wire and three Three phase four wire system can be derived
phase three wire system can be derived from the Delta connection.
in star connection.

Objective Type

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Qu 01 If four resistors are connected in series, each with a value of 4Kohm, the total resistance is

(a) 1kΩ
(b) 4 kΩ
(c) 8 kΩ
(d) 16 kΩ

Ans: D

Qu 02 A practical current source is usually represented

(a) A resistance in series with an ideal current source

(b) A resistance in parallel with an ideal current source
(c) A resistance in parallel with an ideal voltage source
(d) None of the above

Ans: B

Qu 03  A DC circuit has ___________ as a load.

a) Resistance
b) Inductance
c) Capacitance
d) All of the above

Ans : A

Qu 04 When the number of resistance are connected in parallel, the total resistance is
 
a) Greater than the smallest resistance
b) Between the smallest and greatest resistance
c) Less than the smallest resistance
d) None of the above

Ans:- C

Qu 05  Kirchhoff’s current law at a junction deals with

 
a) Conversation of energy
b) Conversation of momentum
c) Conversation of charge
d) Conversation of angular momentum

Ans:- C

Qu 06 Kirchhoff’s voltage law deals with

 
a) Conversation of energy
b) Conversation of momentum
c) Conversation of charge
d) Conversation of angular momentum

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Ans:- A

Qu 07 The superposition theorem is used when the circuit contains

 
a) A single voltage sources
b) A number of voltage sources
c) Only passive elements
d) None of the above

Ans:- B

Qu 08 Star/Delta or Delta/Star technique is applied to ________ network

 
a) One terminal
b) Two terminal
c) Three terminal
d) None of the above

Ans :- C

Qu 09 Mesh current analysis is based on

 
a) Kirchhoff’s current law
b) Kirchhoff’s voltage law
c) Maxwell’s law
d) None of the above

Ans :- B

Qu 10 The superposition theorem applies to

a) Current / Voltage calculations

b) Power calculations
c) Current and power calculations
d) Voltage and power calculations

Ans:- A

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