ASSIGNMENT 1

ANATOMY OF HEART

QAP20302T

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

FEBRUARY SESSION 2021

LECTURER’S NAME: MADAM ZUHAIRA BINTI SAHID

STUDENT’S NAME STUDENT ID

AMEER ATHIFF BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN 012021020473

DAYASORUBAN SANMUGAM 012021021618

FARRAH NUR SYAHERRA BINTI 012021021870

SYAMSUL

SUSMITAA A/P GOBALA KRISHNAN 012021021672

the body's tissues. Its main job is to distribute oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as nutrients

and metabolic waste. Temperature control, hormone distribution, and immune function are all

influenced by it. The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, arteries, capillaries and

veins. Two atria and two ventricles comprise the heart's four chambers. The atria collect blood,

while the ventricles are responsible for the heart's blood flow. The heart valves are thin

endocardial folds with a thick connective tissue centre. Heart valves are fixed to the fibrous

rings of the cardiac skeleton to keep their form. Purkinje fibres are specialised muscle fibres

that transmit impulses to the ventricles, resulting in coordinated contractions. Tunica intima

are the three layers that makes up the walls of blood vessels. Tunica media is the middle. The

Tunic adventitia is the outermost layer of connective tissue. Depending on the type of vessel,

the thickness of these layers varies.

Gases, nutrients, and waste products are exchanged between blood and tissues

through continuous capillaries. Capillary beds are a network of capillaries that supply blood to

organs and tissues. The valves in medium and large veins prevent blood from flowing

backwards. Hypertension, bacterial or viral infections, or chemicals in the blood may all cause

damage to the tunica intima, resulting in atherosclerosis. Many concentric fenestrated sheets

of elastin are interspersed with smooth muscle cells in the tunica media. This elastic tissue

allows these vessels to distend when the blood pressure rises (systole), and recoil when the

blood pressure fails (diastole). The pumping action helps maintain blood pressure through the

cardiac cycle. The size of the lumen is changed by the contraction and relaxation of these

muscle cells, which controls blood flow. Smooth muscle cells contract, narrowing the lumen of

the arteriole and increasing vascular resistance.

The heart is mainly composed of cardiomyocytes and connective tissue. Dense

connective tissue with elastic fibers is present in the fibrous skeleton. Certain stains such as

the Masson's elastic trichrome stains can help visualize these components. The pericardium

subdivides into two layers, a superficial fibrous layer, and deeper serous layer. The fibrous
layer is composed of fibrous connective tissue. The serous layer further divides into two layers,

an outer layer inseparable from the fibrous pericardium and an inner layer overlying the

myocardium. Both layers are histologically the same. The fibrous pericardium and the outer

serous pericardium combined is known as the parietal pericardium. The inner serous

pericardium, known as the visceral pericardium, is also part of the epicardium. In between the

outer and inner serous layer is a potential space known as the pericardial cavity containing

pericardial fluid, which is produced and reabsorbed by the microvilli on the mesothelial cells.

The conduction system comprises of specific myocardial cells and strands that allow

for the initiation and propagation of impulses. The SA node is made of nodal (P) cells and

transitional cells. These cells are seems to be like myocardial cells but contain less myofibrils.

The atrioventricular (AV) node, arranged close to the fibrous skeleton of the heart, has muscle

fibers that receive impulses from the SA node. Purkinje fibers rich in glycogen and furthermore

contain less myofibrils. Valves have three layers: spongiosa, fibrosa, ventricularis.

Recognizing these layers can help arrange the valves on microscopy.

Blood supply are the components of the circulatory system that transports blood

throughout our human body. The blood vessels of the body are divided into two functional

circuits which is the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit. The pulmonary circulation

transports poor oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where the blood will turn

into a rich oxygenated blood then returns it to the left atrium. The systemic circuit is the one

that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through the arteries, to the capillaries in

the tissues of the body where it will return the deoxygenated blood through a system of the

veins to the right atrium. There are three types of blood vessels that is the artery, vein and

capillaries. Artery is the one that carries oxygenated blood that enters the systemic circulation

that leaves the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve while the vein is the one that

carry deoxygenated blood and waste products around the body which will delivered back to

the heart. The capillaries are the small, thin blood vessels that connect the arteries and the
veins. These thin walls allow the oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products to

pass to and in the tissue cells of the body.

The lymphatic drainage is important for our immune system because they provide

protection against the spread of infection and cancer. The lymphatic system consists of thin-

walled lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and two collecting ducts. Lymphatic vessels drain the

fluid called lymph that were leaked from the body vessels into tissue and returns the fluid to

the venous system through the two collecting ducts. The lymph nodes are bean shaped organs

that acts as a collection centre for lymph where it will filter damaged cells, cancer cells and

foreign particles out of the lymph.

The cardiac tissue in the heart, there is 3 layers which is the pericardium the outermost

layer, myocardium for the middle layer which known as the muscle of the heart and lastly the

endocardium the innermost layer. The myocardium is a smooth muscle that is unique on its

own than other muscle tissues in the human body. Myocardium contains contractile muscle

fibers cells and the one that forms the bulk of the heart. It comprises of intercalated disks

which contain many gap functions and are organized into layers of myocardial tissue that

wraps around the chambers of the heart. The cardiac muscle, they are the one exhibits the

rhythmic contractions where it is regulated by the sinoatrial node of the heart which is also

known as the heart’s pacemaker. The myocardium is responsible for the contraction of the

heart to pump blood and to resist the pressure of the blood flowing in the heart. The ventricles

have thicker muscle compared to atria because the blood that were pumped out of the heart

have greater pressure than the one that receives blood into the heart.

The innervationi of the hearti refersi to the networki of nerves that are responsible for

heart function. The heart is innervertedi by parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers of the

autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system. The network of nerves that convey the

heart is called the plexus of the heart. It receives donations from the right and left vagus

nerves, as well as donations from the sympathetic trunk. This serves to affect the heart rate,

cardiac output, and the force of heart contraction. The parasympathetic part of the heart plexus
receives only donations from the vagus nerve. Preganglionic fibers, branching from the right

and left vagus nerves, to the heart. They enter the plexus of the heart in synapses with the

ganglia within this plexus and wall of the atria. Parasympathetic rating is responsible for

reduced heart rate and vasoconstriction (narrowing) of the coronary arteries. The sympathetic

portion of the heart plexus consists of fibers from the sympathetic trunk, arising from the upper

segment of the thoracic spinal cord. Fibers from the sympathetic trunk reach the cardiac

plexus through the cardiac nerve. Preganglionic fibersibranch from the upper thoracic spinal

cord and synapses to the lower and upper thoracic cervical ganglia. Postganglionic fibers

extend from the ganglia to the plexus of the heart. The sympathetic nerve is responsible for

increasing the heart rate and increasing the contractile force of the myocardium.

The heart is located below the sternum in the thoracic space called the mediastinum,

which occupies the space between the lungs. The narrow end of the heart, called the apex, is

directed downwards and to the left. It is located just above the arch of the diaphragm, about

the level of the fifth or sixth rib. The broad end of the heart is called the base and gives rise to

the main blood vessels. The broad end of the heart is called the base and gives rise to the

main blood vessels. The organs of the cardiovascular system are connected to all systems.

The brain sends a message to the heart that tells it to beat. The heartbeat pumps blood

throughout the body so that nutrients and oxygen can be carried to the cells and waste can

be removed. The digestive system breaks down food and removes the necessary nutrients.

Therefore, put into the bloodstream for cells to be used as energy. The respiratory system is

how oxygen is carried into the body. It enters through the lungs into the alveoli and it is sent

through the bloodstream into the bloodstream for use by the body. The endocrine system

where hormones are produced. Therefore, what is produced by these glands uses the

cardiovascular system to travel to the required parts of the body.

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