Scribd
Upload
19 views

Advanced Encryption Standard

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric-key algorithm and specification used by the U.S. government and others to encrypt electronic data. AES is based on the Rijndael cipher and operates by transforming plaintext input into ciphertext output using encryption keys and multiple processing rounds. The number of rounds depends on the key size, with 10 rounds for 128-bit keys, 12 rounds for 192-bit keys, and 14 rounds for 256-bit keys.

Uploaded by

deekshant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views

Advanced Encryption Standard

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric-key algorithm and specification used by the U.S. government and others to encrypt electronic data. AES is based on the Rijndael cipher and operates by transforming plaintext input into ciphertext output using encryption keys and multiple processing rounds. The number of rounds depends on the key size, with 10 rounds for 128-bit keys, 12 rounds for 192-bit keys, and 14 rounds for 256-bit keys.

Uploaded by

deekshant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Advanced Encryption Standard

Advanced Encryption Standard


(Rijndael)

Best public cryptanalysis


Attacks have been published that are
computationally faster than a full brute-force
attack, though none as of 2013 are
computationally feasible.[1] For AES-128, the key
can be recovered with a computational complexity
of 2126.1 using the biclique attack. For biclique
attacks on AES-192 and AES-256, the
computational complexities of 2189.7 and 2254.4
respectively apply. Related-key attacks can break
AES-256 and AES-192 with complexities 299.5 and
2176 in both time and data, respectively.[2]
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also
known by its original name Rijndael (Dutch
pronunciation: [ˈrɛindaːl]),[3] is a specification for
the encryption of electronic data established by the
U.S. National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) in 2001.[4]
AES is a subset of the Rijndael block cipher[3]
developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Vincent
Rijmen and Joan Daemen, who submitted a
proposal[5] to NIST during the AES selection
process.[6] Rijndael is a family of ciphers with
different key and block sizes. For AES, NIST
selected three members of the Rijndael family,
each with a block size of 128 bits, but three
different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits.
AES has been adopted by the U.S. government. It
supersedes the Data Encryption Standard (DES),[7]
which was published in 1977. The algorithm
described by AES is a symmetric-key algorithm,
meaning the same key is used for both encrypting
and decrypting the data.
In the United States, AES was announced by the
NIST as U.S. FIPS PUB 197 (FIPS 197) on
November 26, 2001.[4] This announcement
followed a five-year standardization process in
which fifteen competing designs were presented
and evaluated, before the Rijndael cipher was
selected as the most suitable (see Advanced
Encryption Standard process for more details).
AES is included in the ISO/IEC 18033-3 standard.
AES became effective as a U.S. federal
government standard on May 26, 2002, after
approval by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce. AES
is available in many different encryption packages,
and is the first (and only) publicly accessible
cipher approved by the U.S. National Security
Agency (NSA) for top secret information when
used in an NSA approved cryptographic module
(see Security of AES, below).
AES is based on a design principle known as a
substitution–permutation network, and is efficient
in both software and hardware.[9] Unlike its
predecessor DES, AES does not use a Feistel
network. AES is a variant of Rijndael, with a fixed
block size of 128 bits, and a key size of 128, 192,
or 256 bits. By contrast, Rijndael per se is
specified with block and key sizes that may be any
multiple of 32 bits, with a minimum of 128 and a
maximum of 256 bits.
AES operates on a 4 × 4 column-major order array
of bytes, termed the state.[note 3] Most AES
calculations are done in a particular finite field.
For instance, 16 bytes, are represented as this two-
dimensional array:
The key size used for an AES cipher specifies the
number of transformation rounds that convert the
input, called the plaintext, into the final output,
called the ciphertext. The number of rounds are as
follows:
 10 rounds for 128-bit keys.
 12 rounds for 192-bit keys.
 14 rounds for 256-bit keys.
Each round consists of several processing steps,
including one that depends on the encryption key
itself. A set of reverse rounds are applied to
transform ciphertext back into the original
plaintext using the same encryption key.
High-level description of the algorithm
1.KeyExpansion – round keys are derived from
the cipher key using the AES key schedule.
AES requires a separate 128-bit round key
block for each round plus one more.
2.Initial round key addition:
1. AddRoundKey – each byte of the state is

combined with a byte of the round key


using bitwise xor.
3.9, 11 or 13 rounds:
1. SubBytes – a non-linear substitution step

where each byte is replaced with another


according to a lookup table.
2.ShiftRows – a transposition step where
the last three rows of the state are shifted
cyclically a certain number of steps.
3.MixColumns – a linear mixing operation
which operates on the columns of the
state, combining the four bytes in each
column.
4.AddRoundKey
4.Final round (making 10, 12 or 14 rounds in
total):
1.SubBytes
2.ShiftRows
3.AddRoundKey

Source :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryptio
n_Standard

You might also like