THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHILD NUTRITION AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

A Researcher Paper Presented in

ASIAN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY – BULACAO CAMPUS

TALISAY CITY CEBU

In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirement in

APLD-02 Practical Research 2

BY:

Shuvy Mae A. Jimenez

Richard C. Licaros

MS. CLARISSE DELA TORRE

RESEARCH TEACHER

NOVEMBER 2020
Acknowledgement

First and foremost, praise and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for his showers of blessings I

want to offer this endeavour to our God for his wisdom he bestowed upon me, the strength, peace of

mind and good health in order to complete the research successfully. Become a reality with the kind

of support and help of many individual. I would like to extend my sincere thanks all of them. I would

like to express my gratitude towards my family for the encouragement which helped me to completion

of this research.

To all of my friends and classmates who had helped the researcher to this study presentable. I

submit my heartiest gratitude to my respect teacher Miss. Clarisse Dela Torre, for her sincere

guidance and helping me in order to make a study a well achievement.

And Lastly to all the respondents for all their full cooperation that made them a big part of this

study. I humbly extend my thanks to all.

Dedication

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved children and parents, who have been

our source of inspiration and gave strength when we thought of giving up, who continually provide

their moral, spiritual, emotional and financial support.

To our parents, children, students, friends, and classmates who shared their words of advice

encouragement to finish this study.

And Lastly, we dedicated this study to the God Almighty, thank you for guidance, strength,

power of mind, protection and skills and for giving us healthy life. All of these, we offer to you.
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND

Introduction:

Researcher link between nutrition and cognitive development in children. New findings about

child nutrition and cognitive development indicate that undernourished children are typically and

uninterested in their social environment. More generally is evidence that malnutrition can impair

cognitive development, while breastfeeding appears to be beneficial for cognition. Cognition

development is influenced by many factors including nutrition. There is an increasing body of

literature that suggest a connection between improve nutrition and optimal brain function. Cognitive

development means how children think, explore and figure things out. It is the development of

knowledge, skills, and problem solving.

Which helps children to think about the understand the world around them. Brain development

is part of cognitive development child nutrition is essential for survival physical growth, mental

development, performance, productivity, and health. Improvements in environmental and nutrition can

rectify the development effects to which a young child is exposed. Appropriate feeding practices

stimulate bonding with the caregiver and social development. They lead to improve nutrition and

physical growth, reduced susceptibility to common childhood illness and better resistance to cope

with them and increase performance and productivity.

RATIONALE :

To asses the nutritional intake in developing a child’s physical growth and development.

Children grow and develop rapidly in their function. Cognitive development means how children think

explore and figure things out. Which help children to think about and understand the world around

them. By getting children to eat healthy foods can sometimes feel like fighting an uphill battle. Child
nutrition incredibly important at every age. The children need proper nutrients stay healthy and grow

up strong. Establish a foundation for healthy eating and nutritional knowledge.

The U.S Department of agriculture’s (USDA’S) food guide pyramid recommends how many

serving a day a child should eat of each food group such as milk, vegetables, fruits. Physical

maturation follows the same course for all children. Is a critical time in the growth and development

of a person. Child maturation includes under-nutrition and overthink both os which cause by

inadequate nutrition less energy and less interest for learning. In order that children eat healthy foods

to help them grow and develop normally. Nutrition is essential for survival, physical growth mental

development, productivity, health and as well as across the entire life span.

The study will be conducted at Barangay Ubas, Sitio. Kagang, Dumlog Talisay City Cebu. Who

earliest development at birth and through infancy, childhood, adolescence and on into adulthood.

The researcher focused this study to how a person perceives, think, and gain understanding of

his or her world. Importance of good nutrition, and help your children establish healthy eating

nutrients. Healthy children aged 2-11 years of age have unique nutritional requirements and

concerns. A child should provide sufficient energy intake for proper growth and development infants

begin learning to use their sense to explore the world around them. An easy way to ensure that

children get nutrients they need is by healthy foods for them to eat.

The general objective this study to promote the importance of child nutrition and cognitive

development. More generally to convey that malnutrition can impair cognitive development to asses

the nutrition intake in developing a child’s physical growth and development. To effectively advice

parents and children about the importance of diet and nutritions.

 The over all purpose of the study is to identify the problems of children in developing their

growth and thinking the way they growth in childhood to adulthood. Humans, unlike plants cannot

manufacture the nutrients they need to function. Nutrition for children is important them to develop

normally and needs growth. Complementary feeding are aspect of a caring for infants and young

children. The researcher also look the different practices and stimulate a passion for discovery

learning and actively exploring. Encourage development and interest to new feedings about child

nutrition and cognitive development. The children suffer a moderate function of brain development.

Under nutrition has been in growth retardation and development delays. Eating healthy nutrients food

for building innovative mind of skills. The researcher purpose that the children under 2-17 years of

age should intake the nutrients of primary healthy foods and fat in order to grow and develop healthy

adequate thinking, understanding and adroitness.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:

Piaget and the cognitive development of the child by: Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Piaget's theory is based on his observations of mental development in his three children. He was a

structuralist, genetic epistemologist who investigated the development of knowledge. Cognitive

development is the name given to the intellectual processes that help individuals understand and

learn about the world around them. The word cognition includes all of the mental activities related to

thinking, knowing, problem solving, remembering and communicating. Cognitive development is the

process of obtaining information from infancy to adulthood and includes the development of the

mental processes that are used in learning. In cognitive development, there is always a continuous

progress from spontaneous actions and reflexes towards desirable habits and intelligence. According

to Piaget, the main problem is not the point where intelligence appeared, but to understand the

mechanism of this progress. The mechanism is formed through assimilation. Individuals try to explain

every new piece of information based on existing schemata.

Effects of health and nutrition on cognitive and behavioural development in children in the first three

years of life by: Sally M. Grantham-McGregor, Lia C. Fernald, and Kavita Sethuraman

In developing countries, millions of young children suffer from nutritional deficiencies and

frequent infections. There is now a large and increasing body of evidence to indicate that nutrition and

health affect children’s cognitive, motor, and behavioural development, both pre- and postnatally. The

impact of a bio- logical insult depends on the stage of a child’s development, as well as the severity

and duration of the insult. However, because nutritional deficiencies and infections frequently occur

together, the problems result- ing from any one insult may be exacerbated.The authors are affiliated

with the Centre for International Child Health, Institute of Child Health, in the University College

London Medical School in London.hence of another, and the effects can be cumulative. The situation

is further complicated in that children who suffer from nutritional deficiencies and infections usually

come from poor sociocultural environments and suffer from a myriad of deprivations and

disadvantages that could themselves be detrimental to intellectual and behavioural development.

These conditions include poor physical resources, such as overcrowded homes with poor sanitation

and water supply, few household possessions, and low income. In addition, parents may have limited

education and intelligence, and little knowledge of child development and the importance of play.

Relationship between nutritional status, psychosocial stimulation, and cognitive development in

preschool children in Indonesia By: Oktarina Warsito, Ali Khomsan and Faisal Anwar

Based on the UNICEF (1990) conceptual framework, the three aspects that must be considered to

improve quality of life in children are food consumption (nutrition), health, and psychosocial

stimulation [1]. Furthermore, parenting plays an important role in optimal child development and leads
 to a normal and independent life. One of parenting aspects that play an important role in child

development is the pattern of eating and psychosocial stimulation.

The rapid growth and development of children occurs at 5 years of age, and the rapid growth phase

(growth spurt) of the brain occurs until the age of 18 months. Malnutrition during the period from 1-5

years of age results in a delay in physical growth, motor development, and cognitive developmental

disorders. This effect can cause an IQ reduction of 15 points. In addition, a lack of nutrition has an

effect on changes in social behaviour, decreased attention and learning ability, and poor learning

outcomes. The negative impact on cognitive ability occurs not only in malnourished children (severe

underweight) but also in short children (stunted) due to chronic malnutrition at an early age. Studies in

several countries have revealed that malnutrition at an early age affects children's physical growth

and brain development. The number of children suffering from underweight and severe underweight

has reached 18.4% in Indonesia, and stunted children account for 36.8% of children < 5 years of age.

A lost generation will result if the nutritional problem is not resolved. Children are assets and the

future generation. Therefore, they are expected to grow and develop optimally and become adults

who are physically, mentally, socially, and emotionally healthy. Children with various potentials can

develop optimally and under these conditions. One indicator of high quality human resources is

cognitive intelligence.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

The Relationship Between Child Nutrition And Cognitive Development

Effects of health and Relationship between

nutrition on cognitive nutritional status,
and behavioural psychosocial
development in children stimulation, and Piaget and the cognitive
in the first three years of cognitive development development of the child
life in preschool children in
Indonesia
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

The study attempts to determine the factors affecting the child nutrition and cognitive

development process:

1. What is the common lack of a child nutrients?

2. What are the factors that takes disadvantage of child’s surroundings?

3. A. Lack of interactions

B. Lack of healthy food

C. Not taking care

4. What are the importance of cognitive development?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

This research was conducted by High-school student under 11-17 years of age of

Barangay Ubas Sitio. Kagang, Dumlog Talisay City, Cebu and hopes

to established a better understanding. It elaborates the future benefits that they may able to gain that

was given below and children with insufficient diets are reported to have more problems with health,

academic learning, and behaviour. Malnutrition can result in long-term neural delay of process, which

can impact a child's emotional responses, reactions to stress, learning disabilities, and other medical

complications.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Cognition – The act or process of knowing or perceiving.

Discovery Learning – The idea that children learn best through doing actively exploring.

Learning Disabilities – An impairment of the study cognitive processes of understanding and using

spoken and written language that result in difficulties with one or more academic skills.
Adroitness – cleverness or skill.

Retardation – Retardation is the act or result of delaying; the extent to which anything is retarded or

delayed; that which retards or delays

Stimulate – encourage interest or activity in (a person or animal).

Malnutrition – lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the

right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Related Literature

According to Ruth Morley and Alan Lucas article entitled Nutrition and cognitive development

In this article review the evidence for such early nutritional influences on cognitive Function.There

has been a long standing interest in whether undernutrition, at a-sensitive or critical period of brain

growth or maturation could have along lasting or permanent programming influence on later cognitive

performance. Causal links between early nutrition and later cognitive performance in man have been

difficult to establish. Nutritional deprivation studies would clearly be unethical, so that most

investigations have been of nutritional supplementation in populations suffering poverty and

undernutrition. Interestingly the disadvantage for the underfed rats was greater if they were artificially

fed, raising the possibility that either maternal stimulation or one or more factors in fresh maternal

milk partly ameliorated the effect of poor nutrition on brain growth or development. whether children

with severe or mild to moderate undernutrition or those whose growth was stunted (low weight for

height perform less well than adequately nourished and normally grown children. In many, though not

all, studies, poor nutritional status has been associated with lower cognitive or attainment scores.

However, studies of subjects who were malnourished versus well nourished in childhood are

generally too confounded to yield interpretable data, undernourished children came largely from poor
and undernourished populations, with higher childhood morbidity and parents who were less able to

care for and stimulate their children. Nutrition and cognitive development explain that the children

comprehensive must first process of developing through breastfeeding in their mother. Children who

were breast fed have often been shown to degree of undernutrition. perform better in terms of tests of

development or cognition, verbal ability. The importance of early nutrition for later cognitive

development continues to be debated. Malnourished babies in developing countries may sometimes

have been motivated by political needs to stimulate programmes, though it should be unnecessary to

prove that malnutrition damages a baby's brain in order to provide a stimulus to reduce poverty and

hunger. Nutrition has been called the single greatest environmental influence on babies essential

throughout nutrients in this formative period. Nutrient deficiencies that lead to learning and

development problems.

In Rebecca Lorentz (2006) entitled The effects of nutrition on the cognitive skills of students

from kindergarten through third grades. In this article in essence, positive nutrition can have a

positive effect on students control but nutrition is a tool that is in anybody’s hands. While long term

under-nutrition is known to have negative effects on cognitive skills, it is good to remember that good

nutrition, which includes adequate intake of necessary vitamins and minerals, can have a counter

effect on the negative impact of malnutrition or under nutrition. It is good to know that it is never too

late to convert a junk food junkie. In addition eating something for breakfast is always better than

eating nothing, but foods that contain whole grains, fiber and protein can have an even more positive

effect on the beginning of a student’s school day. Skills such as memory, pattern making, abstract

thinking, and small motor skills are all directly effected nutrition. Good nutrition can assure that that

effect is a positive one. Nutrition plays an active role in a student’s day, at every age, the nutrition

needs for children changes. Development of cognitive skills is in a crucial stage, when the

implementation of reading and mathematical skills is taking place, setting up a foundation for the rest

of their years of learning.

 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The study uses a descriptive method of research that can simple response by the respondents

to explored children as well as the parents. The survey explored students and their families to have

the right to full information about the research in which they may participate.The study were to

analyze nutritional status, psychosocial stimulation, and factors affecting the cognitive development of

preschool-age children. Research design-Nutrition is important at every age. Your children need

proper nutrients stay healthy and strong, and grow up healthy. Nutrition for children can also help

establish a foundation for healthy eating habits and nutritional knowledge that your child can apply

throughout life, nutrition of children and their development progress. Maturation during child hood

causes lack of interest and energy. Better resistance as process of brain and physical development.

Research Respondents

The target respondents for this research for those children that their development into

adulthood is retardation and also the development at mainly Dumlog talisay City. The study limits it’s

coverage of the quantity and quality in child and adolescent physical activity and sedentary

behaviour have rapidly increased towards children under 11-17 years of age. The study presented in

this paper anticipate to explore several directions are often pursued in a reactive and uncoordinated

manner .

Sample And Sampling Method

This study focuses for those children who lacked the ability to think form complex ideas, to

aware their surroundings and interested exploration. The study limits its coverage primary problem of

children and parents sort the process information from around them and development of learning.
Towards student under 11-17 years of age. The researcher will get at least 20 respondents of this

study who are intended students learning disabilities. The gathered data can help the researcher to

make and construct the conclusion.

Research Instrument

The researcher have created interview questions that can easily be answered by the

respondents and they will answer it in own opinion. The data collection now that the researcher are

able to gain deep insights regarding the response of the respondents. We used a structured interview

guide or schedule done by the researchers. The content in this review guide are questions related to

the student under 11-17 years of age wherein their development and physical development through

the nutrients of the food.

These are the following questions:

 Do you intake vitamins as you get older?

 What are the ways to prevent a good fats for physical growth?

 Did your parents let you play and talking to other as you come a adulthood?

 Why we must eat the nutrients of the food?

 By eating the nutrition of the food, Is it help your process of growth?

 Problem solving

 Innovative

 Discovery learning

 What is the most important for your physical growth?

 Does under nutrition influence later behaviour?

 What are the cognitive skills of early childhood?

Data Gathering Procedure

 When we conduct our study first we ask a permission. The guardians permission is also

needed as we ask to their children how they grow and development. We would start the interview by

asking the questions to the information. Under 11-17 years of age communicating to the respondents

and hope to get the further information that came from the random respondents.

Data Analysis

The analysis that has been used by the researchers is the content analysis to examine and the

various ways in which the researcher negotiates between the respondents and the researcher. To

Get more information to our study. The gathered data can help the researchers to make and

construct the inference.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page ------------------------------------------ I

Acknowledgement ----------------------------------II

Dedication --------------------------------------------II

Table of contents ---------------------------------- IV

CHAPTER 1 The Background and It’s Problem

Introduction ------------------------------------------ 1

Rationale ---------------------------------------------- 2

Theoretical Background --------------------------- 3

Theoretical Framework ---------------------------- 4

Statement of the Problem ------------------------- 5

Significance of the study --------------------------- 6

Definition of Terms ----------------------------------- 7

CHAPTER 2 Research Process

Review of Related Literature ---------------------- 8

CHAPTER 3 Research Methodology

Research Design -------------------------------------- 9

Research Respondents ------------------------------ 10

Sample And Sampling Method --------------------- 11

Research Instrument ---------------------------------- 12

Data Gathering Procedure --------------------------- 13

Data Analysis ----------------------------------------------14

References

https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1355&context=caps_thes

https://www.ausmed.com/cpd/articles/nutrition-for-children

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3506877/

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-52732009000600012

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3506877/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335379195_The_Role_of_Nutrients_in_Child's_Brain_Deve

lopment

http://www.healthofchildren.com/C/Cognitive-Development.html

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/156482659902000107

http://www.healthofchildren.com/C/Cognitive-Development.html
CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Shuvy Mae A.Jimenez

Address: Sitio. Santo Nino Zone 5, Dumlog Talisay, City Cebu

Phone Number: 09278346101

Email: [email protected]

PERSONAL DATA

Nationality: Filipino

Gender: Female

Date of Birth: May 08, 2001

Place of Birth: Ubay Bohol

EDUCATION

2008-2014 – Talisay City Elementary School

2015-2018 – Talisay City National High School

2019-2021 – Asian College of Technology

CARRER OBJECTIVE

Motivated student who willing to utilise my knowledge and openness for everyone. Work on the

dynamic environment, challenge and responsible. Posses proven communication skills and strong

work.
CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Richard C. Licaros

Address: Kanghumaod Dumanjug Cebu

Tel:09618158255

Email: [email protected]

PERSONAL DATA

Nationality:Filipino

Sex:male

Date of Birth: March 29,2002

Place of Birth: In the central of dumanjug

Education

2008-2014- studied at Kanghumaod Elementary School

2015-2018-studied at Tungkop National High School

2019-2021-studied at Asian Collage of Technology

Career Objective

To help my member and for me to contribute to our research and to participate in oral defence .