INSTA CURRENT AFFAIRS

SEPTEMBER 2020

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 Table of Contents
GENERAL STUDIES – 1 ..................................... 6 What is an "office of profit"? ............................25
Centre allows five states to Borrow: .................27
Topics: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of
Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to Topics: Separation of powers between various organs
modern times. .............................................................. 6 dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions. ......... 28
Rare Renati Chola era inscription unearthed: .....6 Delhi HC order to Bridge Digital divide: ............28
Hampi: .................................................................7 Lok Adalat: ........................................................29
DekhoApnaDesh Webinar series on “Punjab- A
historic perspective”: ...................................................7 Topics: Parliament and State Legislatures – structure,
Who was Subramaniya Bharathiyar? ..................8 functioning, conduct of business, powers &
In News- Dhrupad: ..............................................9 privileges and issues arising out of these. ................... 30
Kakatiya Dynasty: ................................................9 Mekedatu project: ............................................30
What are Supplementary Demands for Grants?
Topics: Modern Indian history from about the middle of ………………………………………………………………………31
the eighteenth century until the present- significant Roles and limitations of Select Committees: ....32
events, personalities, issues. ...................................... 10 Termination of Session: ....................................33
Sree Narayana Guru: .........................................10
Dr. Radhakrishnan:............................................11 Topics: Structure, organization and functioning of the
'Moplah rioters’ not freedom fighters: report: .12 Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and
Govind Ballabh Pant: .........................................13 Departments of the Government; pressure groups and
Parliament of World’s Religions:.......................14 formal/informal associations and their role in the
125th birth anniversary celebrations of Sri Polity. ......................................................................... 34
Viswanatha Satyanarayana:.......................................15 International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights: ........................................................................34
Topics: The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and What is Judicial Disqualification or Recusal? ....35
important contributors /contributions from Plea for ‘legal entity’ status to animals: ............36
different parts of the country. .................................... 15
Punnapara-Vayalar revolt: ................................15 Topics: Salient features of the Representation of
Bhagat Singh: ....................................................16 People’s Act. ............................................................... 37
Criminalisation of politics: ................................37
Topics: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of EC revises timeline for candidates: ...................38
India. .......................................................................... 17
NSO time-use survey:........................................17 Topics: Appointment to various Constitutional posts,
powers, functions and responsibilities of various
Topics: Women and women related issues. ................ 18 Constitutional Bodies. ................................................ 38
What is ODF+ and ODF++? ................................18 Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha:.....................38
Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha: ..........................40
No-confidence motion against RS Deputy
GENERAL STUDIES – 2 ................................... 20 Chairman: ..................................................................40
When can MPs be suspended from the House?
Topics: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, ………………………………………………………………………41
evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions
and basic structure; Comparison of the Indian Topics: Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial
constitutional scheme with that of other countries. ... 20 bodies......................................................................... 42
What is a review petition? ................................20 Committee on Content Regulation in
Who was Kesavananda Bharati? .......................21 Government Advertising (CCRGA): ............................42
What constitutes a breach of legislature’s Let virtual courts stay: law panel: .....................42
privilege? ...................................................................22 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): ...44
The National Capital Territory of Delhi About the Central Pollution Control Board: ......44
(Amendment) Bill, 2020: ............................................23 National Medical Commission: .........................45
Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of National Cooperative Development Corporation
Parliament (Amendment) Bill, 2020 passed in Lok (NCDC): ......................................................................45
Sabah: ........................................................................24 NPPA caps price of Liquid Medical Oxygen and
Medical Oxygen cylinders: .........................................46
Topics: Functions and responsibilities of the Union
and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to Topics: Government policies and interventions for
the federal structure, devolution of powers and development in various sectors and issues arising out
finances up to local levels and challenges therein....... 25 of their design and implementation. .......................... 46
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 Adjusted gross revenue (AGR): .........................46 iRAD App: ..........................................................71
Special Marriage Act, 1954: ..............................47
Business Reform Action Plan (BRAP) ranking of Topics: Role of civil services in a democracy. .............. 71
states: ........................................................................48 Mission Karmayogi- National Programme for
Mid-day meal scheme: ......................................49 Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB): .................71
Five Star Villages Scheme: .................................50
Pesticides Management Bill, 2020: ...................51 Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations. .......... 73
Essential Commodities Bill Passed: ...................52 Gilgit-Baltistan: .................................................73
Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana Pak. told to allow Queen’s Counsel: .................75
(PMSSY):.....................................................................53 Indus Water Treaty: ..........................................75
Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment
Bill, 2020: ...................................................................53 Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and
New Defence Acquisition Procedure of 2020 agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s
(DAP 2020): ................................................................54 interests. .................................................................... 76
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency The Quad:..........................................................76
in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement BRICS Culture Ministers’ Meeting: ....................77
Act, 2013: ...................................................................55 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO): ......78
G20: ...................................................................79
Topics: Development processes and the development India, China agree on 5-point action plan: ........80
industry- the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups United Nations Convention on International
and associations, donors, charities, institutional and Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation: .81
other stakeholders...................................................... 56 China says India violated border agreements: ..82
The young child outcomes index and the young U.S. keen on finalising BECA at 2+2 dialogue: ...83
child environment index released: ............................56
What are Gram Panchayat Development Plans Topics: Effect of policies and politics of developed and
(GPDP) and VPRP? .....................................................56 developing countries on India’s interests, Indian
Questions over FCRA nod for PM CARES: .........57 diaspora. .................................................................... 84
Samarth Scheme: ..............................................58 Qatari labour laws reforms: ..............................84
Swachh Vidyalaya Abhiyan: ..............................59 U.S. Foreign Agents Act: ....................................85
Sweet sellers need to display 'best before date'
from 1 October, orders FSSAI: ...................................60 Topics: Important International institutions, agencies
Uniform Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing and fora, their structure, mandate. ............................ 86
Practices (UCPMP): ....................................................60 UNSC 1267 committee: .....................................86
Novichok and the CWC: ....................................86
Topics: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization: ..................88
population by the Centre and States and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):.....89
performance of these schemes. .................................. 61 What is “universal eligibility” condition? ..........90
Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Priyojana Association of World Election Bodies (A-WEB): 91
(PMBJP): .....................................................................61 G4 seeks time-bound reform of Security Council:
Maharashtra modifies Forest Rights Act:..........62 ………………………………………………………………………92
South Asian Association for Regional
Topics: Issues relating to development and Cooperation (SAARC): ................................................93
management of Social Sector/Services relating to Conference on Interaction and Confidence-
Health, Education, Human Resources. ........................ 63 Building Measures in Asia (CICA): ..............................94
NCRB report on accidental deaths, suicides: ....63 Retrospective taxation: the Vodafone case,
Global Multidimensional Poverty Index:...........64 and the Hague court ruling: .......................................95
‘Health in India’ report: .....................................65 G7 backs extension of debt freeze: ..............96
What are Trans Fats? ........................................66 Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child
What is serial interval, and how can it be Health (PMNCH): .......................................................97
managed to control Covid-19? ..................................67
Cat que virus: ....................................................68
Second national sero-survey: ............................69
GENERAL STUDIES – 3.................................... 98

Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning,
and accountability, e-governance applications, models, mobilization of resources, growth, development and
successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, employment. .............................................................. 98
transparency & accountability and institutional and What are Open Market Operations? ................98
other measures........................................................... 70 Start-Up Village Entrepreneurship Programme
SAROD-Ports launched:.....................................70 (SVEP): .......................................................................99
Jammu and Kashmir Integrated Grievance EASE 2.0 Banking Reforms Index: .....................99
Redress and Monitoring System (JK-IGRAMS): ..........70 RBI issues draft on rupee IR derivatives:.........100
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 Basel III compliant bonds: ...............................101 Entrepreneurs in Residence (EIR) programme:
What are International Financial Services …………………………………………………………………….120
Centres (IFSC)? .........................................................102 National Biopharma Mission (NBM): ..............120
What are govt securities? ...............................102 India joins US, Russia, China hypersonic Missile
What is a cess? ................................................103 club: 121
Domestic Systemically Important Insurers (D- First World Solar Technology Summit: ...........122
SIIs):……………………………………………………………………..104 Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-Atal New India
Challenges launched: ...............................................123
Topics: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it. .. 105 Ranking of States on Support to Startup
Index Linked Products in the life insurance Ecosystems: .............................................................124
segment: ..................................................................105 NIMHANS develops new Indian Brain Templates,
Banking Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2020: .105 brain atlas: ...............................................................125
What are non-banking financial companies- Postage Stamp released on A-SAT: .............126
microfinance institutions (NBFC-MFIs)? ..................106 What is the ‘Feluda’ test for Covid-19
RBI extends enhanced borrowing limit for banks: approved by India? ..................................................126
…………………………………………………………………….107 Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas
(HCNG): ....................................................................127
Topics: Issues related to direct and indirect farm
subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Topics: Awareness in space. ..................................... 128
Distribution System- objectives, functioning, Merger of two black holes: .............................128
limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food Asteroid 465824: .............................................129
security; Technology missions; economics of animal- Moon may be rusting, shows ISRO's
rearing. ..................................................................... 107 Chandrayaan 1 images:............................................130
Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana What is Solar Cycle 25? ...................................131
launched: .................................................................107 NASA’s sonification project: ............................132
Rashtriya Gokul Mission:.................................108
The 3 Farmers Bills And The Controversies Topics: Awareness in the fields of IT, Computers,
Surrounding them:...................................................109 robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues
relating to intellectual property rights. ..................... 133
Topics: Effects of liberalization on the economy, Red Bull’s plea on trademark rejected: ...........133
changes in industrial policy and their effects on What is net neutrality? ...................................135
industrial growth. ..................................................... 111 What is Non- Personal Data? ..........................135
Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS): GPay can share UPI data under law, says Google:
111 …………………………………………………………………….136
CAROTAR 2020 Rules: .....................................112
What is the production linked incentive scheme Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental
for electronics manufacturers? ...............................112 pollution and degradation, environmental impact
assessment. .............................................................. 137
Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Green Term Ahead Market (GTAM):...............137
Railways etc. ............................................................. 113 State to declare 600 acres of Aarey as reserve
Coal Gasification and Liquefaction:.................113 forest: ......................................................................138
Streets for People Challenge launched: ..........114 Draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
Electricity Act amendment:.............................115 notification 2020: ....................................................138
Aircraft (Amendment) Bill, 2020 passed in What are National Parks? ...............................140
Parliament: ..............................................................116 Low ozone over Brahmaputra River Valley: ....140
Draft Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework
2020: ........................................................................116 (CSCAF) 2.0: .............................................................141
Net Present Value (NPV): ................................141
Topics: Investment models. ...................................... 117 Methane in Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin: .......142
Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT) model: Living Planet Report 2020: ..............................143
117 Assam Oil Well Fire, Gas Leakage Largely
NHAI plans to monetise its highways through Tamed: ………………………………………………………………..144
InvITs:.......................................................................117 About the Policy on Promotion of City
Compost: .................................................................145
Topics: Science and Technology- developments and Global Initiative to reduce Land Degradation
their applications and effects in everyday life and Coral Reef program: ..........................................146
Achievements of Indians in science & technology; Blue flag programme: .................................147
indigenization of technology and developing new 'Beach Environment and Aesthetics
technology. ............................................................... 118 Management Services' (BEAMS) program: ..............148
World’s Largest Solar Tree: .............................118 Environment Pollution (Prevention and
Global Innovation Index 2020 released: .........119 Control) Authority:...................................................148
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 Namami Gange Programme: ......................149 AIMA Chanakya National Management Games:
…………………………………………………………………….168
Topics: Disaster and management. ........................... 150 INDRA NAVY: ...................................................168
What counts as ‘Act of God’?..........................150 Yanomami people and blood gold: .............169
Kerala to have certified snake handlers: .........151 Section 144(2) of the Railway Act, 1989: ....169
Rashtriya Poshan Maah: .............................169
Topics: Role of external state and non-state actors in First ever International Day of Clean Air For
creating challenges to internal security. ................... 151 Blue Skies: ................................................................169
Enemy properties:...........................................151 Who takes a call on central security cover to
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act: ..............153 private individuals in India? .....................................169
Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace: ....................170
Topics: Challenges to internal security through August rain second highest in a century: ...170
communication networks, role of media and social Gurupriya Bridge: .......................................170
networking sites in internal security challenges, basics Patrika Gate in Jaipur:.................................170
of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention International Literacy Day: .........................170
................................................................................. 154 What is Real Mango, which was in news
National Security Act, 1980:............................154 recently? ..................................................................171
Ban on Chinese Mobile apps: ..........................155 Narcotics Control Bureau: ..........................171
Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA): ..156 Honorary Consul: ........................................171
Cable TV Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995: ....157 South India’s 1st and country’s 2nd Kisan
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act: ..............158 Train: ………………………………………………………………..171
Official Secrets Act: .........................................159 Shikshak Parv Initiative: ..............................171
RBI releases document on UCBs’ cybersecurity: Jigyasa:........................................................171
…………………………………………………………………….159 Rafale aircraft: ............................................172
Fugitive economic offenders (FEO): ................160 WHO South East Asia Region: .....................172
National Statistical Organisation’s (NSO) latest
Topics: Security challenges and their management in report on education:................................................172
border areas; linkages of organized crime with What is "letter of credence" that is
terrorism. ................................................................. 160 sometimes heard in news? ......................................172
What is the importance of Ladakh’s Pangong With which country India recently signed an
Tso’s south bank? ....................................................160 agreement on Reciprocal Provision of Supplies and
Services? ..................................................................173
Topics: Various Security forces and agencies and their Doorstep Banking Services by PSBs launched:
mandate. .................................................................. 162 ………………………………………………………………..173
Special Frontier Force: ....................................162 What is The 1619 Project? ..........................173
Assam Rifles: ...................................................162 National School of Drama: ..........................173
HC asks Centre to decide on control over Assam Typhoon Haishen: .......................................173
Rifles: .......................................................................163 Hindi Diwas: ................................................173
What is UP’s new Special Security Force?.......164 Zero Hour:...................................................174
National Investigation Agency (NIA): ..............164 Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden glacier: ....................174
Phosphine: ..................................................174
Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor Project: ........174
ARTICLES COVERED PREVIOUSLY: ................ 166 Kharai Camel: ..............................................175
House Committees:.........................................166
Engineer's Day: ...........................................175
Special Marriage Act: ......................................166
Kosi Rail Mahasetu: ....................................175
Special Benches to hear cases against legislators:
Institute of Teaching and Research in
166 Ayurveda Bill 2020: ..................................................175
Government declares Minimum Support Prices
Nuclear Power Generation in India: ...........175
(MSP) for Rabi Crops:...............................................166
FDI in atomic energy: ..................................175
Ban on NSCN-K: ...............................................166
Kalinga frog in Western Ghats: ...................176
What are Tidal disruption events (TDE)? ....176
FACTS FOR PRELIMS .................................... 167 World Patient Safety Day- September 17:..176
Baltic Nations: .................................................167 Sloth Bear and Nandankanan Zoological Park:
Hamas: ............................................................167 ………………………………………………………………..176
Places in News- Crete Island: ..........................167 What is an air bubble? ................................177
Question Hour:................................................167 VAIBHAV Summit: .......................................177
Places in News- Chushul: ................................168 Chendamangalam saree: ............................177
3 more official languages for J&K: ..................168 World Bamboo Day: ...................................178
Mundra Port:...................................................168 International Day of Peace: ........................178
Bonda tribe and Didayi tribe: .....................178

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 Brucellosis: ..................................................178 JIMEX 20: ....................................................183
Mass Pilot Whale Strandings in Tasmania: .178 Pinaka rocket system: .................................183
Bacteria behind deaths of 330 Botswana World Tourism Day: ....................................183
elephants: ................................................................179 SAATHI Application: ....................................183
Visiting Advanced Joint Research (VAJRA) Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize: .................183
Faculty Scheme: .......................................................179 Places in News- Nagorno-Karabakh region:
Successful flight test of ABHYAS: ................179 ………………………………………………………………..184
J&K Official Languages Bill: .........................179 Sandalwood Spike Disease (SSD): ...............184
Indian Institutes of Information Technology Radio Patshala: ...........................................184
Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2020: .................................180 Punjab government appoints nodal officers to
Passage Exercise (PASSEX): .........................180 curb stubble burning: ..............................................184
‘Kritagya’ Hackathon: .................................180 Haiyang-2C:.................................................184
International Sign Languages Day: .............180 ‘Health in India’ survey: ..............................185
World’s Longest High-Altitude Shinkun La FSSAI Bans Mixing Of Edible Oils In Mustard
Tunnel: ………………………………………………………………..180 Oil: ………………………………………………………………..185
Kumhar Sashaktikaran Yojana: ...................181 National School of Drama: ..........................185
World Rhino Day:........................................181 Defence Acquisition Council (DAC): ............185
What is International Commission of Jurists About UMANG: ...........................................185
(ICJ)? ………………………………………………………………..181 Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope: .................185
What is a Robber Fly? .................................181 Himalayan Chandra Telescope: ..................186
Komodo Dragon:.........................................181 Global Counter Terrorism Council: .............186
Jnanpith presented to Malayalam ‘Mahakavi’ Ganga Avalokan: .........................................186
Akkitham: .................................................................182 Sri Lanka bans cattle slaughter: ..................186
RAISE Summit 2020: ...................................182 India-Denmark agree to elevate relations to a
‘Faceless I-T’ comes into operation: ...........182 Green Strategic Partnership: ...................................186
What are high-security number plates? .....182 Mumbai maps its biodiversity: ...................187
Fridays For Future:......................................183 About Amnesty international: ....................187

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GENERAL STUDIES – 1
Topics: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and
Architecture from ancient to modern times.
Rare Renati Chola era inscription unearthed:
Context:
This rare inscription was recently unearthed from a remote village of Kadapa district in Andhra Pradesh.

Key points:
• It was found engraved on a dolomite slab and shale.
• The inscription was written in archaic Telugu.
• It was assigned to the 8th Century A.D., when the region was under the rule
of the Chola Maharaja of Renadu.

What this inscription reveals?

It throws light on the record of a gift of six marttus (a measuring unit) of land
gifted to a person.
The last lines of the inscription are indicative of the priority given to morality in
those days.
• “It says the people who safeguard this inscription for future generations will acquire the status of
conducting Aswamedha Yaga, and those destroying it will incur sin equivalent to causing a death in
Varanasi”.

Who were Renati Cholas?

• The Telugu Cholas of Renadu (also called as Renati Cholas) ruled over Renadu region, the present day
Cuddapah district.
• They were originally independent, later forced to the suzerainty of the Eastern Chalukyas.
• They had the unique honour of using the Telugu language in their inscriptions belonging to the 7th and
8th centuries.
• The earliest of this family was Nandivarman (500 AD) who claimed descent from the family of Karikala and
the Kasyapa gotra.
• Their territory extended over the whole of Cuddapah district and the adjoining areas of Anantapur,
Kurnool and Chittoor districts.

Relevant points for exams:

Chola Local Administration:
• The most important feature of the Chola administration was the local administration at districts, towns
and villages level.
• Uttaramerur inscriptions speak much about the Chola administration.
• Village autonomy was the most unique feature of Chola administrative system.
• Nadu was one of the important administrative units of the Cholas. Nadus had representative assemblies.
The heads of the Nadus were called Nattars.
• The council of Nadu was called Nattavai.

Variyams:
Village Assemblies carried on village administration effectively with the help of variyams.
The male members of the society were the members of these variyams.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: 4. Uttaramerur inscriptions are related to?
1. Renati Cholas ruled over? 5. Local administration under Renati Cholas.
2. Important rulers.
3. About Chalukyas. Mains Link:

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Who were Renati Cholas? Write a note on local
administration during their rule.

Hampi:
Context:
Ministry of Tourism recently organised their latest webinar titled Hampi- Inspired by the past; Going into the
future under Dekho Apna DeshWebinar series.
• Dekho Apna Desh Webinar Series is an effort to showcase India’s rich diversity under Ek Bharat Shreshtha
Bharat programme.

About Hampi:
It was the last capital of the last great Hindu Kingdom of
Vijayanagar. In 1336 CE, the Vijayanagara Empire arose from the
ruins of the Kampili kingdom. It grew into one of the famed Hindu
empires of South India that ruled for over 200 years.
It was a part of the Mauryan Empire back in the third century BC.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage site now.
• Its name is derived from Pampa which is the old name of the
Tungabhadra River on whose banks the city is built.
• The site used to be multi-religious and multi-ethnic; it
included Hindu and Jain monuments next to each other.

Architecture:
It has been described by UNESCO as an “austere, grandiose site” of more than 1,600 surviving remains of the
last great Hindu kingdom in South India.
• The buildings here predominantly followed South Indian Hindu arts and architecture dating to the Aihole-
Pattadakal styles, but the Hampi builders also used elements of Indo-Islamic architecture in the Lotus
Mahal, the public bath and the elephant stables.
• The 15th Century Virupaksha temple is one of the oldest monuments of the town.
• Hemkunta Hill, south of the Virupaksha temple contains early ruins, Jain temples and a monolithic
sculpture of Lord Narasimha, a form of Lord Vishnu.
• Vittal temple built in the 16th Century, is now a World Heritage monument. The columns of the temple
are so balanced that they have a musical quality.

InstaLinks: 4. Temple architecture during the

Prelims Link: Vijayanagara Empire.
1. Various dynasties which rules hampi. 5. Important UNESCORTED world heritage
2. About Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat sites in India.
programme.
3. Tungabhadra river basin. Mains Link:
Write a note on architectural significance of Hampi.

DekhoApnaDesh Webinar series on “Punjab- A historic perspective”:

What?
DekhoApnaDesh Webinar Series is an effort to showcase India’s rich diversity under Ek Bharat Shreshtha
Bharat programme.

About Punjab:
Punjab is called as ‘the land of Five Waters' referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.
• Much of the Frontier was occupied by Maharaja Ranjit Singh also known as Sher-e-Punjab in the early 19th
century, and then taken over by the East India Company when it annexed the Punjab in 1849.

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Important festivals of Punjab:
Teej, Lohri, Basant Panchami, Baisakhi and Hola Mahalla.

Golden Temple:
• It is a major pilgrimage destination for devotees from around the world.
• Construction of the AmritSarovar (pool of nectar) was initiated by Guru
Amar Das, the third Guru, in 1570 and was completed by Guru Ram Das,
the fourth Guru.
• In step with Sikhism’s basic tenet of universal brotherhood and all-inclusive
ethos, the Golden Temple can be accessed from all directions.

Prominent places mentioned:

City of Fatehgarh Sahib: The word “Fatehgarh”, means “Town of Victory”, and
is so called because in 1710, Sikhs under the leadership of Baba Banda Singh
Bahadur conquered the area and destroyed the mughal fort. Banda Singh Bahadur announced the
establishment of Sikh rule in the city and an end to the tyranny of the Mughal rule which had spread terror and
injustice.
Virasat-e- Khalsa Museum: It is an architectural marvel commemorating the 550-years of culture and tradition
of Punjab and Sikhism and the Partition Museum-world's first museum on the largest human migration.

InstaLinks: 5. Who constructed Amritsarovar?

Prelims Link: 6. Who was Mian Mir?
1. Why is Punjab called 'the Land of Five 7. Which city in India is popularly known as
Waters'? the "Town of Victory"?
2. Who is known as 'Sher-e-Punjab'?
3. When was Punjab annexed by the East Mains Link:
India Company? Discuss the cultural significance of Golden Temple.
4. Significance of Lohri.

Who was Subramaniya Bharathiyar?

● C. Subramaniya Bharathi was born on 11th December 1882, in Ettayapuram
village of Tirunelveli District in Tamil Nadu.
● He was a poet, freedom fighter and social reformer from Tamil Nadu.
● He was known as Mahakavi Bharathiyar.
● His songs on nationalism and freedom of India helped to rally the masses to
support the Indian Independence Movement in Tamil Nadu.
● Literary works: “Kannan Pattu” “Nilavum Vanminum Katrum” “Panchali
Sabatam” “Kuyil Pattu”.
● He published the sensational “Sudesa Geethangal” in 1908.
● Sometime in mid-1908, Bharati began to serialise Gnanaratham in his political
weekly, India.
● In 1949, he became the first poet whose works were nationalised by the state government.

Bharthi as a social reformer:

He was against caste system. He declared that there were only two castes-men and women and nothing more
than that. Above all, he himself had removed his sacred thread.
He condemned certain Shastras that denigrated women. He believed in the equality of humankind and
criticised many preachers for mixing their personal prejudices while teaching the Gita and the Vedas.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link: Who was Subramaniya Bharathiyar?
1. Where was Bharathiyar Born? Discuss his views on caste system.
2. Important literary works.
3. His contributions to social reforms.

www.insightsonindia.com 8 InsightsIAS
Link:https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/bharatiyar-the-charioteer-of-
wisdom/article32603320.ece/amp/.

In News- Dhrupad:
Dhrupad is the most ancient style of Hindustani classical music that has survived until today in its original
form.
● The nature of Dhrupad music is spiritual. It does not seek to entertain, but to induce feelings of peace and
spirituality in the listener.
● It is primarily a form of worship, in which offerings are made to the divine through sound or Nada.
● Dhrupad was initially sung only in the temples, the singer facing the Lord. From this early chanting,
Dhrupad evolved into a sophisticated classical form of music.

Characteristics:
● It lays emphasis on maintaining purity of the Raga.
● The language of Dhrupad changed from Sanskrit to Brij Bhasha sometime between the 12th and the 16th
century.

Genesis:
It is a form of devotional music that traces its origin to the ancient text of SamVeda. The SAM VEDA was
chanted with the help of melody and rhythm called Samgana. Gradually this developed into other vocal style
called ‘Chhanda’ and ‘Prabandha’ with introduction of verse and meter. The fusion of these two elements led
to the emergence of Dhrupad.

Dhrupad during mediaeval times:

In medieval India, Dhrupad had mainly thrived under the patronage of Mughal and Rajput kings. Later it
declined with the shift of interest in Khayal.

Performance:
Performance of Dhrupad is done in two parts viz. the Alap and Bandish. In the Alap, the singer uses syllables
from Sanskrit Mantra which add texture to the notes. The Raga is slowly and methodically developed in a
meditative mode.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: Write a note on Indian Classical Music and its
1. Classification of Indian Classical music. evolution.
2. What is Dhrupad?
3. Its evolution. Link:
4. Key features. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
5. Differences between Dhrupad and Khayal. ?OrgId=GJP7P7RCT.1&imageview=0.

Kakatiya Dynasty:
Why in News?
Kakatii Devi temple built by Kakatiya ruler Ganapati Deva in Dharanikota (Andhra Pradesh) converted into an
abode of local Goddess ‘Balusulamma’.

Key points:
● The presiding deity at this 13th century temple was Kakati Devi, the tutelary deity of Kakatiya rulers.
● Ganapati Deva is the first king who introduced the worship of Kakati Devi into the coastal region of
Andhra and outside the dominions of his kingdom.
● Architectural significance of the temple: The ceiling bears decorations of lotus medallions and no sikhara
on its top. These architectural features are totally akin to their counterparts found in shrines at
Hanamkonda and Warangal fort etc.

www.insightsonindia.com InsightsIAS
About kakatiya dynasty-Key facts:
The 12th and the 13th centuries saw the emergence of the
Kakatiyas.
They were at first the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas
of Kalyana, ruling over a small territory near Warangal.
● The dynasty saw powerful leaders like Ganapathi Deva
and Rudramadevi.
● Prataparudra I, also known as Kakatiya Rudradeva, was
the son of the Kakatiya leader Prola II. It was under his rule
that the Kakatiyas declared sovereignty. He ruled the
kingdom till 1195 A.D.
● It was under the rule of Prataparudra I that usage of
Telugu language in inscriptions began.
● Before the establishment of Orugallu/Warangal as the
capital, Hanamakonda was the first capital of the
Kakatiyas.
● The great Italian traveller Marco Polo visited the Kakatiya
Kingdom sometime during Rudramadevi’s tenure as the
ruler of the Kakatiya Dynasty and made note of her
administrative style; admiring her extensively.

Art and architecture:

● The iconic Kakatiya Thoranam was built by Rudramadevi’s father in the 12th Century. This ornate arch is
said to have many similarities with the gateways at the Sanchi Stupa and is also the emblem of Telangana.
● The scenic Pakhal lake in Warangal was built by Ganapathi Deva.
● The 1000 pillar temple in Warangal was built during the Kakatiya Rule and is another example to the
exquisite Kakatiya Architecture.
● The Koh-i-Noor Diamond, which is now among the jewels set in the British Crown, was mined and first
owned by the Kakatiya Dynasty.

Society:
Under the Kakatiya rule, the caste system was not rigid and in fact, it was not given much significance socially.
Anyone could take up any profession and people were not bound to an occupation by birth.
The Kakatiya rule finally came to an end in 1323 A.D. when Warangal was conquered by the Ghiyasuddin
Tughlaq, the then Sultan of Delhi.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Link:
1. Who established Kakatiya kingdom? https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.co
2. Pakhal lake was built by? m/news/national/telangana/an-ancient-temples-
3. Kakatiya Thoranam was constructed by? transition-over-years-of-
4. How Kakatiya rule came to an end? neglect/article32654651.ece/amp/.
5. How was caste system during the rule of
Kakatiyas?

Topics: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the
present- significant events, personalities, issues.
Sree Narayana Guru:
Context:
164th birth anniversary of Sree Narayana Guru observed on 2nd September.

Who was Sree Narayana Guru?

Narayana Guru (1856 – 1928) was a social reformer. He has been credited with transforming the social fabric
of kerala and changing the beliefs of keralites in ways unimaginable at that point in time.

www.insightsonindia.com 10 InsightsIAS
He was born into an Ezhava family in an era when people from such communities, which were regarded as
Avarna, faced much social injustice in the caste-ridden society of Kerala.
Contributions/achievements:

Social reform movements:

• He led a reform movement in Kerala, rejected casteism, and promoted
new values of spiritual freedom and social equality.
• He stressed the need for the spiritual and social upliftment of the
downtrodden by their own efforts through the establishment of temples
and educational institutions.
• In the process, he denounced the superstitions that clouded the
fundamental Hindu cultural convention of caste.
• He preached the ‘oneness’ of humanity, crossing the boundaries of caste
and creed.
• In 1888, he installed an idol of siva at Aravippuram in Kerala in his effort to show that the consecration of
god’s image was not a monopoly of the brahmins. This is popularly known as Aravippuram movement.
• In one temple he consecrated at Kalavancode, he kept mirrors instead of idols. This symbolised his
message that the divine was within each individual.
• He also founded an Advaita Ashram in Kalady.
• He also lent his support to the Vaikkom Satyagraha which was aimed at temple entry in Travancore for the
lower castes. Mahatma Gandhi met Guru during this time.

Important literary works:

He contributed many important literary works, the most influential being Atmopadesa Satakam which he
composed in 1897.

INSTALINKS:
PRELIMS LINK:
1. SREE NARAYANA GURU BELONGED TO WHICH STATE?
2. ARAVIPPURAM MOVEMENT IS ASSOCIATED WITH?
3. WHO ESTABLISHED ADVAITA ASHRAM IN KALADY?
4. WHO STARTED VAIKKOM SATYAGRAHA? WHAT WERE THE OBJECTIVES?
5. IMPORTANT LEADERS WHO MET SREE NARAYANA GURU.
6. WHO COMPOSED ATMOPADESA SATAKAM?

MAINS LINK:
DISCUSS THE ROLE OF SRI NARAYANA GURU IN SOCIAL REFORMS IN INDIA.

Dr. Radhakrishnan:
Context:
Teacher’s Day is observed annually on September 5.
• The day commemorates the birth anniversary of Dr. Radhakrishnan.

About Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan:

He was born on September 5, 1888 in Thiruthani, Tamil Nadu.
• He was India’s first Vice President and second President.

His Philosophy and Literary works:

• His book, ‘The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore’ attracted global attention to
Indian philosophy.
• His philosophy was grounded in Advaita Vedanta.
• He defended Hinduism against “uninformed Western criticism” and played a major role in the formation
of contemporary Hindu identity.

www.insightsonindia.com 11 InsightsIAS
• His other works include Indian Philosophy, (1923-27), The Philosophy of the Upanishads (1924), An Idealist
View of Life (1932), Eastern Religions and Western Thought (1939), and East and West: Some Reflections
(1955).

Positions held, Awards and honours:

• He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in 1954.
• He received a knighthood in 1931 and honorary membership of the British Royal Order of Merit in 1963.
• He was elected chairman of UNESCO’s executive board in 1948.
• He was one of the founders of Helpage India, a renowned NGO for elderly underprivileged in India.
• He had also formed the Krishnarpan Charity Trust along with Ghanshyam Das Birla and some other social
workers in the pre-independence era.
• He was the first Indian to hold a chair at the University of Oxford - the Spalding Professor of Eastern
Religion and Ethics (1936-1952)
• In 1930, he was appointed Haskell lecturer in Comparative Religion at the University of Chicago.

InstaLinks: 6. Important Movements he was involved in.

Prelims Link: 7. Institutions established by him and he is
1. When and why Teacher’s day is associated with?
celebrated? 8. What is Advaita Vedanta?
2. Offices held by Dr. Radhakrishnan.
3. Awards and honours received. Mains Link:
4. His philosophy. What do you understand by advaita principle?
5. Important literary works. Discuss the ethical aspects of advita.

'Moplah rioters’ not freedom fighters: report:

What's the issue?
In the ‘Dictionary of Martyrs’, published by the Union Ministry of Culture in collaboration with the Indian
Council of Historical Research, Variankunnath Kunhamad Haji and Ali Musliyar, the chief architects of the
Moplah Massacre, were deemed to be martyrs. The book was published in 2019.
• However, a report by the ICHR-constituted committee has sought the removal of names of 387 ‘Moplah
rioters’ (Including leaders Ali Musliyar and Variamkunnath Ahmad Haji) from the list of martyrs.

Why?
• The report describes Haji as the “notorious Moplah Riot leader” and a “hardcore criminal,” who “killed
innumerable innocent Hindu men, women, and children during the 1921 Moplah Riot, and deposited their
bodies in a well, locally known as Thoovoor Kinar”.
• It also noted that almost all the Moplah outrages were communal. They were against Hindu society and
done out of sheer intolerance.
Thus, their names should be deleted.

What was Mapilla rebellion?

The Mapilla rebellion or Moplah Rebellion (Moplah Riots) of 1921 was the culmination of a series of riots by
Moplahs (Muslims of Malabar) in the 19th and early 20th centuries against the British and the Hindu landlords
in Malabar (Northern Kerala).
• The year 2021 will mark the 100th year anniversary of the uprising.

Causes and outcomes of the revolt:

• The resistance which started against the British colonial rule and the feudal system later ended in
communal violence between Hindus and Muslims.
• Gandhiji along with Shaukat Ali, the leader of the Khilafat movement in India, visited Calicut in August
1920 to spread the combined message of non-cooperation and Khilafat among the residents of Malabar.

www.insightsonindia.com 12 InsightsIAS
• In response to Gandhiji’s call, a Khilafat
committee was formed in Malabar and the
Mappilas, under their religious head
Mahadum Tangal of Ponnani who pledged
support to the non-cooperation movement.
• Most of tenants’ grievances were related to
the security of tenure, high rents, renewal
fees and other unfair exactions of the
landlords.
• The British government responded with
much aggression, bringing in Gurkha
regiments to suppress it and imposing martial
law.

Wagon Tragedy:
A noteworthy event of the British suppression was the wagon tragedy when approximately 60 Mappila
prisoners on their way to prison, were suffocated to death in a closed railway goods wagon.
InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. Who was Haji? Who was Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji?
2. What was the 1921 Malabar rebellion all How he stood up to the British in Malabar region in
about? 1921? Discuss why this rebellion has been
3. Who led the revolt? controversial?
4. How he established his own independent
state and ruled it? Link:
5. What is Khilafat Movement? https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/mo
6. Outcomes of Khilafat movement. plah-rioters-not-freedom-fighters-
7. Relationship between non-cooperation report/article32537886.ece.
movement and Khilafat movement.

Govind Ballabh Pant:

Context:
133rd Birth Anniversary observed on 10th September.

About Govind Ballabh Pant:

• Pant was born on 10 September 1887 in what is now Uttarakhand, at Almora.
• In Kashipur, he established an organisation called Prem Sabha that started working towards several
reforms.
• He also saved a school from shutting down due to non-payment of taxes to the British government.

Offices he held:
Before independence:
1. In December 1921, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh,
which he later renamed Uttar Pradesh.
2. He was elected as a candidate of the Swaraj Party from Nainital.
3. In the 1937 provincial elections held under the Government of India Act, 1935, Pant was appointed
premier. He served the post till 1939, when all Congress ministers resigned after the British committed
India to the Second World War of its own accord.
4. In the United Provinces election held in 1946, Pant was once again appointed the premier.

After independence:
• First chief minister of Uttar Pradesh.
• He served as India’s home minister from 1955 to 1961. It was during his tenure that states were
reorganised on linguistic lines.
www.insightsonindia.com 13 InsightsIAS
Key contributions:
• During his tenure, he raised several important issues like
the need to abolish the zamindari system and championed
the cause of forest preservation.
• He also worked to protect farmers from excessive rents
levied by the British government.
• He encouraged many cottage industries in the country
and raised his voice against the coolie-beggar law, which
forced porters to transport the heavy luggage of British
officials without any payment.
• Following Gandhi’s footsteps, Pant also organised a
massive salt movement in the United Provinces. In May 1930, he was arrested and held at Dehradun jail.
• He also protested against the Simon Commission.
• Pant was always against a separate electorate for minorities, saying the step would further divide
communities.

Awards and Honours:

In 1957, Pant was awarded India’s highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna.

InstaLinks: 5. Involvement in freedom struggle.

Prelims Link: 6. His views on separate electorates.
1. Offices held by GB Pant before
independence. Mains Link:
2. Offices held after independence. Write a note on GB Pant and his contributions to
3. Awards and honours. the freedom movement.
4. Prem Sabha organisation- objectives.

Parliament of World’s Religions:

Context;
127th anniversary of Swami Vivekananda’s in Chicago.

Details:
• The Parliament of World’s Religions, held for the first time in 1893, from September 11 to September 27,
saw eminent personalities from around the world at the same forum.
• Swami Vivekananda addressed the audience first on September 11 followed by the closing speech on
September 27.
• He stressed upon world harmony, and how religions, while co-existing with one another, must preserve his
individuality and grow according to his own law of growth.

Things you need to know about the Parliament of World's Religions:

• There have been several meetings referred to as a Parliament of the World's Religions, the first being the
World's Parliament of Religions of 1893, which was an attempt to create a global dialogue of faiths.
• The event was celebrated by another conference on its centenary in 1993.
• So far, six international modern Parliaments have been hosted.
• An organization was incorporated in 1988 to carry out the tradition of the Parliament of the World's
Religions by marking the centennial of the first Parliament.
• The Council for a Parliament of the World's Religions is headquartered in Chicago. Its board of trustees
are elected from various faith communities.

Participants in the first conference:

1. Jain preacher Virchand Gandhi.
2. Buddhist preacher Anagarika Dharmapala.
3. Soyen Shaku, the "First American Ancestor" of Zen.
www.insightsonindia.com 14 InsightsIAS
 4. Swami Vivekananda represented Hinduism.
5. Christianity was represented by G. Bonet Maury.
6. Islam was represented by Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb.
7. Theism or the Brahmo Samaj was represented by Pratap Chandra Majumdar.
8. The Theosophical Society was represented by the Vice-President of the society, William Quan Judge
and by activist Annie Besant.

InstaLinks: 5. International modern Parliaments held so

Prelims Link: far.
1. About 1893 Parliament of World’s
Religions. Mains Link:
2. Main participants. How Swami Vivekananda became the ‘messenger
3. Who represented Hinduism? of Indian wisdom’ to West. Discuss.
4. Headquarters of the Council for a
Parliament of the World's Religions.

125th birth anniversary celebrations of Sri Viswanatha Satyanarayana:

Who was Viswanatha Satyanarayana?
• He is the first writer to impart a true Teluguness to the Ramayana.
• Ramayana Kalpavruksham, the seminal work of Shri Viswanatha had
fetched him the prestigious Jnanpith Award.
• Through his works, he had highlighted the importance of imparting learning
in the mother tongue, preserving culture and protecting the nature.
• Viswanatha’s literary canvas was large comprising novels, critical works,
poems, epics, plays, songs and verses, among others.

InstaLinks: 2. Viswanatha Satyanarayana belongs to

Prelims Link: which state?
1. Who wrote Ramayana Kalpavruksham? 3. His important literary works.

Topics: The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors
/contributions from different parts of the country.
Punnapara-Vayalar revolt:
Context:
A report to the Indian Council for Historical Research (ICHR) has suggested dropping the Communist martyrs
of Punnapra-Vayalar, Karivelloor and Kavumbayi agitations from the list of martyrs of India’s Independence
struggle.

The reason:
ICHR says, these Communist agitations cannot be counted as the part of the Independence movement as they
took place after the interim government led by Jawaharlal Nehru assumed office. These riots were basically
against the interim government.

www.insightsonindia.com 15 InsightsIAS
About Punnapara-Vayalar revolt:
It was an organized working class uprising in the Princely State of Travancore, British India
against the Prime Minister, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer and the state.

The objectives of the revolt were:

1. To overthrow the exploitative diwan of Travancore.
2. To liberate the working class from unjust taxation and exploitation of the
establishment.

The significances of this revolt were:

(a) It was an unique agitation where the working class rose against government.
(b) It saw the people of all classes up in arms against a common tyrant hence it dissolved class and religion
distinction and induced unity among people.
(c) It resulted in establishing democracy in the region and also gave a decisive turn to the politics of the state.

Implications of the revolt:

• Historianss maintain this was a proper struggle against the declaration of 'Independent Travancore'
by the then Travancore.
• T K Varghese Vaidyan, a leader of the struggle, had gone on record saying it was a rehearsal for a larger
revolution with the ultimate objective of establishing a "Communist India".

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Link:
1. The above mentioned revolt is related to? https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.co
2. Who took part in it? m/news/national/kerala/four-communist-martyrs-
3. What was the main demand? may-qualify-as-freedom-
4. About ICHR. fighters/article32562222.ece/amp/.
Mains Link: Discuss the significance and issues
surrounding the Punnapara-Vayalar revolt.

Bhagat Singh:
Context:
113th birth anniversary celebrated on 28th September, 2020.

About Bhagat Singh:

Born in September, 1907.
Gandhi's influence: Initially, he supported Mahatma Gandhi and the Non-Cooperation Movement. However,
when Gandhi withdrew the movement in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident, Bhagat Singh turned to
revolutionary nationalism.

Associations he was associated with:

● In 1924 in Kanpur, he became a member of the Hindustan Republican Association, started by
Sachindranath Sanyal a year earlier.
● In 1925, Bhagat Singh returned to Lahore and within the next year he and his colleagues started a
militant youth organisation called the Naujawan Bharat Sabha.
● In 1928, he was associated with the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) along with
Sukhdev, Chandrashekhar Azad and others.
● Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev also organized the Lahore Students Union for open, legal work among the
students.

www.insightsonindia.com 16 InsightsIAS
Revolutionary activities he was involved
in:
● Lahore Conspiracy case.
● 1929 Central Assembly Bombing
Case.

Bhagat Singh Execution:

Bhagat Singh was arrested and charged in
the Saunders murder case, along with
Rajguru, Sukhdev and others. The trio
was ordered to be hanged on 24 March
1931 but the sentence was carried out a
day earlier at the Lahore Jail.
● 23rd March is observed as ‘Martyrs’ Day’ or ‘Shaheed Diwas’ or ‘Sarvodaya Day’ in honour of Bhagat
Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev.

Political ideology:
His azaadi freedom was not limited to the expelling of the British; instead he desired azaadi from poverty,
azaadi from untouchability, azaadi from communal strife, and azaadi from every form of discrimination and
exploitation.

InstaLinks: ● Lahore Conspiracy case.

Prelims Link:
About: Mains Link:
● HRA. A revolutionary and a socialist, the contribution of
● HSRA. Bhagat Singh to the Independence Movement of
● Naujawan Bharat Sabha. India is immense. Discuss.
● Kakori Conspiracy case.

Topics: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

NSO time-use survey:
Context:
The National Statistical Office (NSO), which is a wing of Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation,
has conducted the first Time Use Survey (TUS) in India during January to December 2019.

About the Survey:

● The primary objective is to measure participation of men and women in paid and unpaid activities.
● It is an important source of information on the time spent in unpaid caregiving activities, volunteer
work, unpaid domestic service producing activities of the household members.
● It also provides information on time spent on learning, socializing, leisure activities, self-care activities,
etc., by the household members.

Average time spent:

● Average Indian woman spends 243 minutes, a little over four hours, on these , which is almost ten times
the 25 minutes the average man does.
● An average Indian woman spends 19.5% of her time engaged in either unpaid domestic work or unpaid
care-giving services.
● Men spend just 2.5% of a 24-hour period on these activities. In every other group of activities – from
employment and learning to socializing, leisure, and self-care activities like sleeping and eating – men
spend a higher share of their daily time than women.
● There seems to be an inverse relationship between age and the amount of time spent by women on
household chores, but a direct one between age and the time spent by men on these.
● While women above the age of 60 see a sharp fall in their domestic work burden, men tend to devote a
greater time to domestic work when they cross 60.
www.insightsonindia.com 17 InsightsIAS
Other Key findings:
● Total percentage of employed population: As much as 38.2 per
cent of persons who were of the age of six years or above
were engaged in employment and related activities in the
country in 2019.
● Proportion of males and females: 57.3 per cent males were
engaged in employment and related activities while the
proportion was 18.4 per cent for females in the country.
● Women in rural areas: In rural areas, the proportion of women
engaged in employment and related activities was higher at
19.2 per cent compared to 16.7 per cent in cities.
● Gainful employment: Proportion of males above the age of six
years engaged in gainful employment or related activities was
higher in cities at 59.8 compared 56.1 per cent in rural areas.
● Unpaid domestic services: 53.2 per cent of participants in the
survey were engaged in unpaid domestic services for household
members. The proportion of females in the category was higher
at 81.2 per cent compared to 26.1 per cent for males. This
figure for both men and women is higher in rural areas.
● People engaged in production of goods for own final use: 17.1 per cent in the country. The proportion of
such males was 14.3 per cent while it was 20 per cent for women in the country.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: As per NSO survey, there seems to be an inverse
1. About NSO. relationship between age and the amount of time
2. About the National Statistical Commission. spent by women on household chores, but a direct
3. Key findings of the NSO time-use survey. one between age and the time spent by men on
these. Discuss why.

Topics: Women and women related issues.

What is ODF+ and ODF++?
Why in News?
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has stated that:
• All the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Haryana have been certified Open Defecation Free (ODF), 21 ULBs
ODF+ and 13 ODF++.
• All cities in Punjab have been certified ODF, 33 are ODF+ and 17 are ODF++. Chandigarh is certified
ODF++ and 3 Star (GFC).

What is ODF tag?

The original ODF protocol, issued in March 2016, said, “A city/ward is notified as ODF city/ward if, at any point
of the day, not a single person is found defecating in the open.”

What is ODF+, ODF++?

ODF+ and ODF++ were launched in August 2018 to further scale up and sustain the work undertaken by the
cities after achieving the ODF status under Phase I of the Swachh Bharat Mission — Urban (SBM-Urban).
Eligibility: Cities that had been certified ODF at least once, on the basis of the ODF protocols, are eligible to
declare themselves as SBM-ODF+ & SBM-ODF++.

What is ODF+?
A city, ward or work circle could be declared ODF+ if, “at any point of the day, not a single person is found
defecating and/or urinating in the open, and all community and public toilets are functional and well-
maintained.”

www.insightsonindia.com 18 InsightsIAS
What is ODF++?
The ODF++ protocol adds the condition that “faecal sludge/septage and sewage is safely managed and treated,
with no discharging and/or dumping of untreated faecal sludge/septage and sewage in drains, water bodies or
open areas.”

InstaLinks: 4. Nirmal Bharat Abhiyaan vs SBM.

Prelims Link:
1. ODF+ vs ODF++- criteria. Mains Link:
2. Phase 1 vs Phase 2 of SBM. “Swachh Bharat Mission campaign has become the
3. SBM Urban and Rural, implementing global benchmark for participatory and
ministries. transformative development.” Elucidate.

www.insightsonindia.com 19 InsightsIAS
GENERAL STUDIES – 2
Topics: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments,
significant provisions and basic structure; Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme
with that of other countries.
What is a review petition?
Context:
The Supreme Court has fined senior advocate Prashant Bhushan Re 1 in the contempt case for his tweets on
the judiciary.
• He will be imprisoned for three months and will be debarred from practicing for three years if he defaults
on the payment of the penalty.

Background:
• On August 25, the court had reserved its ruling after numerous arguments as Bhushan refused to
apologise.

What next?
He has agreed to pay the fine but has said that he will file a review petition against the conviction.

What is a review petition and when can it be filed?

A judgment of the Supreme Court becomes the law of the land, according to the Constitution. It is final
because it provides certainty for deciding future cases.
However, the Constitution itself gives, under Article 137, the Supreme Court the power to review any of its
judgments or orders. This departure from the Supreme Court’s final authority is entertained under specific,
narrow grounds.
• So, when a review takes place, the law is that it is allowed not to take fresh stock of the case but to
correct grave errors that have resulted in the miscarriage of justice.

When can a review petition be accepted?

In a 1975 ruling, Justice Krishna Iyer said a review can be accepted “only where a glaring omission or patent
mistake or like grave error has crept in earlier by judicial fallibility”.
A review is by no means an appeal in disguise.
• That means the Court is allowed not to take fresh stock of the case but to correct grave errors that have
resulted in the miscarriage of justice.

Filing Review Petition:

As per the Civil Procedure Code and the Supreme Court Rules, any person aggrieved by a ruling can seek a
review. This implies that it is not necessary that only parties to a case can seek a review of the judgment.
• A Review Petition has to be filed within 30 days of the date of judgment or order.
• In certain circumstances, the court can condone the delay in filing the review petition if the petitioner
can establish strong reasons that justify the delay.

The procedure to be followed:

1. The rules state that review petitions would ordinarily be entertained without oral arguments by
lawyers. It is heard “through circulation” by the judges in their chambers.
2. Review petitions are also heard, as far as practicable, by the same combination of judges who delivered
the order or judgment that is sought to be reviewed.
3. If a judge has retired or is unavailable, a replacement is made keeping in mind the seniority of judges.
4. In exceptional cases, the court allows an oral hearing. In a 2014 case, the Supreme Court held that
review petitions in all death penalty cases will be heard in open court by a Bench of three judges.

Option after Review Petition Fails:

In Roopa Hurra v Ashok Hurra case (2002), the Court evolved the concept of a curative petition, which can be
heard after a review petition is dismissed.
www.insightsonindia.com 20 InsightsIAS
 • A curative petition is also entertained on very narrow grounds like a review petition and is generally
not granted an oral hearing.

InstaLinks: 5. What is Section 497 of IPC?

Prelims Link: 6. What is Article 137?
1. Review vs Curative petition.
2. Procedure to be followed. Mains Link:
3. Who can file? What is a review petition? What is the procedure to
4. Time- period within which a review petition be followed? Discuss.
should be filed?

Who was Kesavananda Bharati?

Why in News?
Kesavananda Bharati, the man who lent his name to an iconic case as the petitioner, died on Sunday.
• The landmark ruling in which the Supreme Court announced the basic structure doctrine was in the
case of His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru and Ors v State of Kerala.

Who was Kesavananda Bharati? Why is he remembered?

He was the head seer of the Edneer Mutt in Kasaragod district of
Kerala since 1961.
He left his signature in one of the significant rulings of the Supreme
Court when he challenged the Kerala land reforms legislation in 1970.

What was the case about?

The case was primarily about the extent of Parliament’s power to
amend the Constitution.
1. First, the court was reviewing a 1967 decision in Golaknath v State of Punjab which, reversing earlier
verdicts, had ruled that Parliament cannot amend fundamental rights.
2. Second, the court was deciding the constitutional validity of several other amendments. Notably, the
right to property had been removed as a fundamental right, and Parliament had also given itself the
power to amend any part of the Constitution and passed a law that it cannot be reviewed by the
courts.
Politically, the case represented the fight for supremacy of Parliament led by then Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi.

What happened then?

A 13-judge Bench was set up by the Supreme Court, the biggest so far, and the case was heard over 68
working days spread over six months. The basic structure doctrine was evolved in the majority judgment.

What did the court decide?

• While the court said that Parliament had vast powers to amend the Constitution, it drew the line by
observing that certain parts are so inherent and intrinsic to the Constitution that even Parliament cannot
touch it.
• However, despite the ruling that Parliament cannot breach fundamental rights, the court upheld the
amendment that removed the fundamental right to property. The court ruled that in spirit, the
amendment would not violate the “basic structure” of the Constitution.
Essentially, Kesavananda Bharati, lost the case. But as many legal scholars point out, the government did not
win the case either.

What constitutes the basic structure?

The Constitutional Bench ruled by a 7-6 verdict that Parliament should be restrained from altering the ‘basic
structure’ of the Constitution.
The court held that under Article 368, which provides Parliament amending powers, something must remain of
the original Constitution that the new amendment would change.

www.insightsonindia.com 21 InsightsIAS
 • However, the court did not define the ‘basic structure’, and only listed a few principles — federalism,
secularism, democracy — as being its part. Since then, the court has been adding new features to this
concept.

‘Basic structure’ since Kesavananda:

The ‘basic structure’ doctrine has since been interpreted to include the supremacy of the Constitution, the rule
of law, Independence of the judiciary, doctrine of separation of powers, federalism, secularism, sovereign
democratic republic, the parliamentary system of government, the principle of free and fair elections, welfare
state, etc.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. Constitutional amendments under Article Discuss the significance of Supreme Court’s verdict
368 and other constitutional amendments. in Kesavanand Bharati case judgment.
2. Types of amendments.
3. Key changes introduced by CAA 25, 26, 39 Link:
and 41. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kesava
4. Different benches of the Supreme Court. nanda-bharati-the-petitioner-who-saved-
5. Definition and ambit of basic structure. democracy-but-lost-his-case-in-
6. FRs vs DPSPs. sc/article32535243.ece.

What constitutes a breach of legislature’s privilege?

Why in News?
This week, the Houses in Maharashtra moved motions of breach of privilege against Arnab Goswami and
Kangana Ranaut.

What are privileges?

Parliamentary privilege refers to the right and immunity enjoyed by legislatures, in which legislators are
granted protection against civil or criminal liability for actions done or statements made in the course of their
legislative duties.

Which provisions of the Constitution protect the privileges of the legislature?

• The powers, privileges and immunities of either House of the Indian Parliament and of its Members
and committees are laid down in Article 105 of the Constitution.
• Article 194 deals with the powers, privileges and immunities of the State Legislatures, their Members
and their committees.

What constitutes a breach of this privilege?

There are no clear, notified rules to decide what constitutes a breach of privilege, and the punishment it
attracts.
• Generally, any act that obstructs or impedes either House of the state legislature in performing its
functions, or which obstructs or impedes any Member or officer of such House in the discharge of his
duty, or has a tendency, directly or indirectly, to produce such results is treated as breach of privilege.
• It is a breach of privilege and contempt of the House to make speeches or to print or publish libel
reflecting on the character or proceedings of the House, or its Committees, or on any member of the
House for or relating to his character or conduct as a legislator.

What is the procedure to be followed in cases of alleged breach of the legislature’s privilege?
1. The Legislative Assembly Speaker or Legislative Council Chairman constitutes a Privileges Committee
consisting of 15 members in the Assembly and 11 members in the Council.
2. The members to the committee are nominated based on the party strength in the Houses.
3. Speaker or Chairman first decides on the motions.
4. If the privilege and contempt are found prima facie, then the Speaker or Chairman will forward it to the
Privileges Committee by following the due procedure.

www.insightsonindia.com 22 InsightsIAS
 5. The Committee will examine whether statements made by him had insulted the state legislature and
its Members, and whether their image was maligned before the public.
6. The Committee, which has quasi-judicial powers, will seek an explanation from all the concerned, will
conduct an inquiry and will make a recommendation based on the findings to the state legislature for
its consideration.

What is the punishment for an individual who is found guilty of breaching the legislature’s privilege?
• If the Committee finds the offender guilty of breach of privilege and contempt, it can recommend the
punishment.
• The punishment can include communicating the displeasure of the state legislature to the offender,
summoning the offender before the House and giving a warning, and even sending the offender to jail.
• In the case of the media, press facilities of the state legislature may be withdrawn, and a public apology
may be sought.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. Which provisions of the Constitution What do you understand by legislative privileges?
protect the privileges of the legislature? Discuss the problem of legislative privileges as seen
2. What is the procedure to be followed in in India time to time.
cases of alleged breach of the legislature’s
privilege? Link:
3. Composition and functions of Privileges https://www.google.com/amp/s/indianexpress.co
Committees in Parliament and State m/article/explained/explained-what-constitutes-a-
Legislatures. breach-of-the-legislatures-privilege-6590615/lite/.
4. What is the punishment for an individual
who is found guilty of breaching the
legislature’s privilege?

The National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2020:

Context:
The bill is proposed to be introduced in this Parliament session.
• It seeks to amend the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 pertaining to the powers and
function of the Delhi government and the Lieutenant Governor.

Highlights of the proposed Bill:

• It proposes to clearly spell out the functions of the Council of Ministers and the Lieutenant-Governor
(L-G) by giving more discretionary powers to the L-G.
• As per a provision, the L-G could act in his discretion in any matter that is beyond the purview of the
powers of the Legislative Assembly of Delhi in matters related to the All India (Civil) Services and the
Anti Corruption Branch.
• It will also give more teeth to the L-G, and the validity of any decision taken as per such discretion
shall not be questioned.

How is Delhi administered presently?

The Union Territory of Delhi with a Legislative Assembly came into being in 1991 under Article 239AA of the
Constitution inserted by ‘the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991’.
• It said that the UT of Delhi shall be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi, and the administrator
thereof appointed under Article 239 shall be designated as the Lieutenant-Governor.
• According to the existing Act, the Legislative Assembly of Delhi has the power to make laws in all
matters except public order, police, and land.

Issues present:
Due to the co-existence of Article 239 and 239AA, there is a jurisdictional conflict between the government of
NCT and the Union Government and its representative, the Lieutenant Governor.
www.insightsonindia.com 23 InsightsIAS
 • According to the Union government, New Delhi being a Union Territory Article 239 empowers the
Lieutenant Governor to act independently of his Council of Ministers.
• However, the state government of Delhi held that the Article 239AA of the Constitution bestows
special status to Delhi of having its own legislatively elected government.
This creates a tussle around the administrative powers of the LG and state government of NCT of Delhi.

Supreme Court judgment:

In 2018, the Supreme Court had unanimously held that the L-G was bound by the “aid and advice” of the Delhi
government and both had to work harmoniously with each other.

Unresolved Areas in the Judgement:

Overlapping Areas: Though the court has
settled that LG is bound to act on the aid
and advice except in respect of ‘Land’,
‘Public Order’ and the ‘Police’. However,
Public Order is a very wide connotation,
which subsequently leads to overlapping
executive powers.
Still No Clarity on Article 239AA (4): The
court did not very clearly delineate the
issues in respect of which the LG can refer
a decision taken by the Council of Ministers
to the President in the event of a difference
of opinion between the LG and the State
government.
Open-Ended Terminologies: In the event of
referring any matter to the President, the Court enunciated that LG must adhere to the constitutional
principles of collaborative federalism, constitutional balance and the concept of constitutional governance.
However, these terms are very wide and open- ended. They are subject to different interpretations.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. Articles 239A vs 239AA. Write a note on the Constitution (Sixty-ninth
2. Powers of Delhi Government vs LG. Amendment) Act, 1991.
3. How administration of Delhi is different
from administration of other states having Link:
a legislature? https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/new
4. When did Delhi get a legislature? -bill-on-powers-of-delhi-government-lieutenant-
5. How is Delhi LG appointed? governor-soon/article32613789.ece.

Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament (Amendment)

Bill, 2020 passed in Lok Sabah:
The bill seeks to amend:
1. The Salary, Allowances, and Pension of Members of Parliament Act, 1954 to reduce the salaries of MPs
by 30%.

www.insightsonindia.com 24 InsightsIAS
 2. The Salaries and Allowances of Ministers Act,
1952, to reduce the sumptuary allowance of
Ministers by 30%.
3. Rules notified under the 1954 Act to reduce
certain allowances of MPs for one year.
These include constituency allowance and
office expenses allowance.
These changes have been made for a period of one
year effective from April 1, 2020.

Background:
These reductions are being made to supplement the
financial resources of the centre to tackle the COVID-
19 pandemic.

Methods for setting salaries, what constitution

says?
Article 106 of the Constitution empowers MPs to
determine their salaries by enacting laws.
In 1985, Parliament enacted a law that delegated
the power to set and revise certain allowances of
MPs such as constituency allowance, office
allowance, and housing allowance to the central
government.
Till 2018, MPs periodically passed laws to revise their
salaries.
● The Finance Act, 2018 provided that the salary, daily allowance, and pension of MPs will be increased
every five years, on the basis of the cost inflation index provided under the Income-tax Act, 1961.

Link: https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=G1Q7P0VIL.1&imageview=0.

Topics: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges
pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and
challenges therein.
What is an "office of profit"?
Why in News?
President Ram Nath Kovind has rejected a plea seeking disqualification of YSR Congress leader V Vijaisai Reddy
as Rajya Sabha member on the grounds of holding 'office of profit' as special representative of the Andhra
Pradesh government in the national capital.
• The order of the president is based on the Election Commission's unanimous opinion given in June.

What's the issue?

A petition was filed seeking disqualification of Vijaysai Reddy as a member of the Upper House of Parliament
alleging that the post of special representative of the Andhra Pradesh government at the Andhra Pradesh
Bhawan being held by the YSR Congress Party MP was an office of profit.
• However, the EC had held that since no pecuniary gain was derived from the said office and Reddy
was not entitled to any other perks or remuneration other than enjoying the status of a 'state guest'
during his travels to Andhra Pradesh in connection with performance of his duties as special
representative, he did not incur disqualification under Article 102(1) (a) of the Constitution of India".

What are the basic criteria to disqualify an MP or MLA?

Basic disqualification criteria for an MP are laid down in Article 102 of the Constitution, and for an MLA in
Article 191.

www.insightsonindia.com 25 InsightsIAS
 • They can be disqualified for: a) Holding an office of profit under government of India or state
government; b) Being of unsound mind; c) Being an undischarged insolvent; d) Not being an Indian
citizen or for acquiring citizenship of another country.

What is an ‘office of profit’?

If an MLA or an MP holds a government
office and receives benefits from it, then
that office is termed as an “office of profit”.
• A person will be disqualified if he
holds an office of profit under the
central or state government, other
than an office declared not to
disqualify its holder by a law passed
by Parliament or state legislature.

What is the underlying principle for

including ‘office of profit’ as criterion for
disqualification?
• Makers of the Constitution wanted that legislators should not feel obligated to the Executive in any
way, which could influence them while discharging legislative functions.
• In other words, an MP or MLA should be free to carry out her duties without any kind of
governmental pressure. The intent is that there should be no conflict between the duties and interests
of an elected member.
• The office of profit law simply seeks to enforce a basic feature of the Constitution- the principle of
separation of power between the legislature and the executive.

Reason for controversies:

• The expression “office of profit” has not been defined in the Constitution or in the Representation of
the People Act, 1951.
• It is for the courts to explain the significance and meaning of this concept. Over the years, courts have
decided this issue in the context of specific factual situations.
• But, articles 102 (1) and 191(1) which give effect to the concept of office of profit prescribe restrictions
at the central and state level on lawmakers accepting government positions.

Role of Judiciary in defining the ‘office of profit:

The Supreme Court in Pradyut Bordoloi vs Swapan Roy (2001) outlined the four broad principles for
determining whether an office attracts the constitutional disqualification.
1. First, whether the government exercises control over appointment, removal and performance of the
functions of the office
2. Second, whether the office has any remuneration attached to it
3. Third, whether the body in which the office is held has government powers (releasing money,
allotment of land, granting licenses etc.).
4. Fourth, whether the office enables the holder to influence by way of patronage.

InstaLinks: 4. Principles outlined by the Supreme Court

Prelims Link: for determining whether an office attracts
1. What is an office of profit? Is it defined in the constitutional disqualification.
the constitution?
2. What are the basic criteria to disqualify an Mains Link:
MP or MLA? Explain the concept of ‘office of profit’. Discuss the
3. Articles 102 and 191 of the constitution are underlying principle for including ‘office of profit’
related to? as criterion for disqualification.

Link:https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ysr-mp-vijaisai-reddy-cleared-of-charge-that-
he-holds-office-of-profit/article32551691.ece.
www.insightsonindia.com 26 InsightsIAS
 Centre allows five states to Borrow:
Context:
The Centre has permitted five States to borrow an additional ₹9,913 crore through open market borrowings
to meet expenditure requirements amid falling revenues due to the COVID-19 crisis.
● These States are A.P., Telangana, Goa, Karnataka and Tripura.

What's the issue now?

The permission was accorded after these States met the reform condition of implementation of ‘One Nation
One Ration Card’ system.

Background:
The Centre had, in May, allowed additional
borrowing limit of up to 2% of Gross State
Domestic Product to States for FY21 with certain
conditions.

Let's understand the Basics here:

Why states need centre's permission while
borrowing? Is it mandatory for all states?
Article 293(3) of the Constitution requires states
to obtain the Centre’s consent in order to borrow
in case the state is indebted to the Centre over a
previous loan.
● This consent can also be granted subject to certain conditions by virtue of Article 293(4).
● In practice, the Centre has been exercising this power in accordance with the recommendations of the
Finance Commission.
Every single state is currently indebted to the Centre and thus, all of them require the Centre’s consent in
order to borrow.

Does the Centre have unfettered power to impose conditions under this provision?
Neither does the provision itself offer any guidance on this, nor is there any judicial precedent that one could
rely on.
● Interestingly, even though this question formed part of the terms of reference of the 15th Finance
Commission, it was not addressed in its interim report.

So, when can the centre impose conditions?

The Centre can impose conditions only when it gives consent for state borrowing, and it can only give such
consent when the state is indebted to the Centre.

Why are such restrictions necessary?

● One possible purpose behind conferring this power upon the Centre was to protect its interests in the
capacity of a creditor.
● A broader purpose of ensuring macroeconomic stability is also discernible, since state indebtedness
negatively affects the fiscal health of the nation as a whole.

Conclusion:
This means that in the present case, the Centre was not justified in requiring states to join the One Nation One
Ration Card scheme by exercising its power under Article 293(4). After all, this has no direct bearing on a state’s
fiscal health or on macroeconomic stability, and encroaches upon the legitimate domain of states.
Given these limitations, if the Centre desired to extend its One Nation One Ration scheme throughout the
country, it should have opted for building consensus with reluctant states instead of compelling them through
this route.

InstaLinks: Prelims Link:

www.insightsonindia.com InsightsIAS
 1. Are state governments allowed to take Mains Link:
loans directly through borrowings? Discuss the issues related to financial autonomy of
2. Role of Central Government. states and how they can be addressed?
3. States with highest GSDP.
4. Article 293 (3). Link:
5. When can the centre impose conditions on https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
states? ?OrgId=G227PSPPH.1&imageview=0.

Topics: Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and
institutions.
Delhi HC order to Bridge Digital divide:
Context:
Delhi high court has ordered schools (Both Private and Government) to provide gadgets and internet access to
students from economically weaker section (EWS) and disadvantaged groups (DG) categories to assist in their
online education during the Covid-19 crisis.

What's the issue?

The court passed the order over concerns that these EWS category students were unable to sustain their online
studies due to a lack of resources and unavailability of laptops and mobile phones during the COVID-19
pandemic.

Why such measures are necessary? Observations made by the High Court:
● To address discrimination: All students do not have access to such facilities. The intra-class
discrimination, upsets the level playing field and amounts to discrimination as well as creates a vertical
division, digital divide or digital gap or digital apartheid in addition to segregation in a classroom which
is violative of RTE, 2009, and Articles 14, 15 and 21 of the Constitution.
● A financial barrier: Such mode of teaching will erect a financial barrier for EWS/DG category students
by not providing the required equipment, preventing them from pursuing their elementary education.

What next?
The Court has made it clear that the private unaided schools will be entitled to claim reimbursement of
reasonable cost for procurement of the gadget and Internet package from the government under Section 12(2)
of the RTE Act.

About the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009:

The RTE Act aims to provide primary education to all children aged 6 to 14 years.
It enforces Education as a Fundamental Right (Article 21).
● The act mandates 25% reservation for disadvantaged sections of the society.
● It also makes provisions for a non-admitted child to be admitted to an age appropriate class.
● It also states that sharing of financial and other responsibilities between the Central and State
Governments.
● It also provides for prohibition of deployment of teachers for non-educational work, other than
decennial census, elections to local authority, state legislatures and parliament, and disaster relief.
● It had a clause for “No Detention Policy” which has been removed under The Right of Children to Free
and Compulsory Education (Amendment) Act, 2019.

It lays down the norms and standards related to:

● Pupil Teacher Ratios (PTRs). ● School-working days.
● Buildings and infrastructure. ● Teacher-working hours.

InstaLinks: 3. Key features of RTE Act.

Prelims Link: 4. Amendments to RTE Act.
1. Rights Under Article 21.
2. Overview of Articles 14 and 20. Mains Link:
www.insightsonindia.com 28 InsightsIAS
Discuss the key features of RTE Act. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.co
m/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-hc-steps-in-to-bridge-
Link: digital-divide/article32644482.ece/amp/.

Lok Adalat:
Why in News?
A daily wager in Odisha’s Kandhamal district has moved the Lok Adalat against Prime Minister Narendra Modi
after he allegedly failed to get an Aadhaar card registered in his name despite 21 attempts.
● He took the unusual step for redressal of his grievance as he ran out of patience after applying and
getting photographed multiple times at different places for the elusive card.

What is a Lok Adalat?

Lok Adalat is one of the alternative dispute redressal mechanisms, it is a forum where disputes/cases pending
in the court of law or at pre-litigation stage are settled/ compromised amicably.
● The Lok Adalats are formed to fulfil the promise given by the preamble of the Indian Constitution–
securing Justice – social, economic and political of every citizen of India.

Constitutional basis:
Article 39A of the Constitution provides for free legal aid to the deprived and weaker sections of the society
and to promote justice on the base of equal opportunity.
Articles 14 of the Constitution also make it compulsory for the State to guarantee equality before the law.

Statutory provisions:
Under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 Lok Adalats have been given statutory status.

Final award:
The decision made by the Lok Adalats is considered to be a verdict of a civil court and is ultimate and binding
on all parties.

No appeal:
There is no provision for an appeal against the verdict made by Lok Adalat.
● But, they are free to initiate litigation by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction by filing a
case by following the required procedure, in exercise of their right to litigate.

Court fee:
There is no court fee payable when a matter is filed in a Lok Adalat.
Note: If a matter pending in the court of law is referred to the Lok Adalat and is settled subsequently, the court
fee originally paid in the court on the complaints/petition is also refunded back to the parties.

Nature of Cases to be Referred to Lok Adalat:

● Any case pending before any court.
● Any dispute which has not been brought before any court and is likely to be filed before the court.
Provided that any matter relating to an offence not compoundable under the law shall not be settled in Lok
Adalat.

For further details on Lok Adalats, Pleasee go through: https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat.

www.insightsonindia.com 29 InsightsIAS
InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. Who organises National Lok Adalat? Discuss the significance of Lok Adalats as an
2. What are Permanent Lok Adalats? effective dispute resolution institution in present
3. Composition of Lok Adalats. scenario.
4. Nature of cases to be referred to Lok
Adalat. Link:
5. Article 39A of the Constitution. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
6. Decisions made by Lok Adalats- are they ?OrgId=G227PSPQS.1&imageview=0.
binding?

Topics: Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, functioning, conduct of business,

powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
Mekedatu project:
Context:
The Karnataka government is likely to take a delegation to bring pressure on the Centre to approve the
construction of the Mekedatu balancing reservoir that has been proposed to store water for drinking
purposes.

Present status of the project:

● The ₹9,000 crore project was approved by Karnataka State government in 2017.
● It has received approval from the Union Water Resources Ministry for the detailed project report and is
awaiting approval from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF).
● However, Tamil Nadu has approached the Supreme Court against the project.

About Mekedatu dispute:

Mekedatu is a location along Cauvery in Kanakapura Taluk of Ramanagara District of Karnataka.
Karnataka wants a reservoir across Cauvery at Mekedatu, to meet Bengaluru’s water problem.
www.insightsonindia.com 30 InsightsIAS
What Tamil Nadu says?
Tamil Nadu objected saying Karnataka had not sought prior permission for the project.
Its argument was that the project would affect the flow of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu.
Tamil Nadu also argues that the reservoir violates the decisions of the Supreme Court and the Cauvery
Tribunal.
● The Supreme Court had noted that the existing storage in the Cauvery basin of Karnataka should be
taken into account for ensuring water releases to Tamil Nadu during the period of June to January.

Facts for Prelims- Cauvery River:

River rises on Brahmagiri Hill of the Western Ghats in south-western Karnataka state.
The river basin covers three states and a Union Territory as follows: Tamil Nadu, 43,868 square kilometres,
Karnataka, 34,273 square kilometres l, Kerala, 2,866 square kilometres and Puducherry.
Key tributaries: Hemavati, Lakshmantirtha, Kabani (Kabbani), Amaravati, Noyil, and Bhavani rivers.
Falls along the way: Upon entering Tamil Nadu, the Kaveri continues through a series of twisted wild gorges
until it reaches Hogenakal Falls. Dams: There the Mettur Dam was constructed for irrigation and hydel power in
Tamil Nadu.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. Tributaries of Cauvery. Write a note on Mekedatu project.
2. Basin states.
3. Important falls and dams across the river. Link:
4. Where is Mekedatu? https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
5. What is the project related to? ?OrgId=GI77OUBQS.1&imageview=0.
6. Beneficiaries of the project.

What are Supplementary Demands for Grants?

The supplementary demand for grants is needed for government expenditure over and above the amount for
which Parliamentary approval was already obtained during the Budget session.

Constitutional provisions:
Supplementary, additional or excess grants and Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants are
mentioned in the Constitution of India 1949.
Article 115: Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
Article 116: Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
www.insightsonindia.com 31 InsightsIAS
Why in News?
The Centre has sought Parliament approval for a gross additional expenditure of ₹2.35 lakh crore, including
₹20,000 crore for recapitalisation of public sector banks, for 2020-21. These are Supplementary Demands for
Grants.

Procedure to be followed:
When grants, authorised by the Parliament, fall short of the required expenditure, an estimate is presented
before the Parliament for Supplementary or Additional grants.
● These grants are presented and passed by the Parliament before the end of the financial year.
● When actual expenditure incurred exceeds the approved grants of the Parliament, the Ministry of
Finance presents a Demand for Excess Grant.
● The Comptroller and Auditor General of India bring such excesses to the notice of the Parliament.
● The Public Accounts Committee examines these excesses and gives recommendations to the
Parliament.
● The Demand for Excess Grants is made after the actual expenditure is incurred and is presented to
the Parliament after the end of the financial year in which the expenses were made.

Other grants:
Additional Grant: It is granted when a need has arisen during the current financial year for supplementary or
additional expenditure upon some new service not contemplated in the Budget for that year.
Excess Grant: It is granted when money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of the
amount granted for that year. The demands for excess grants are made after the expenditure has actually been
incurred and after the financial year to which it relates, has expired.
Exceptional Grants: It is granted for an exceptional purpose which forms no part of the current service of any
financial year.
Token Grant: It is granted when funds to meet proposed expenditure on a new service can be made available
by re-appropriation, a demand for the grant of a token sum may be submitted to the vote of the House and, if
the House assents to the demand, funds may be so made available.

InstaLinks: Procedure to be followed.

Prelims Link: Constitutional provisions related.
What are? About CAG and PAC.
● Additional grants.
● Excess grants. Link:
● Exceptional Grants https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
● Token grant. ?OrgId=GI77OU6S3.1&imageview=0.

Roles and limitations of Select Committees:

Context:
Recently, the government pushed through two crucial agriculture Bills in Rajya Sabha, rejecting Opposition
demands that they be referred to a Select Committee of Rajya Sabha.
● Proceedings were disrupted as the Opposition protested against the fact that neither Bill had been
scrutinised by a parliamentary committee.

What is a Select Committee?

This is formed for examining a particular Bill and its membership is limited to MPs from one House.
● They are chaired by MPs from the ruling party.
● Since Select Committees are constituted for a specific purpose, they are disbanded after their report.

Background:
Parliament scrutinises legislative proposals (Bills) in two ways:
By discussing it on the floor of the two Houses:

www.insightsonindia.com 32 InsightsIAS
 ● This is a legislative requirement; all Bills have to be taken up for debate.

By referring a Bill to a parliamentary committee:

● But, since Parliament meets for 70 to 80 days in a year, there is not enough time to discuss every Bill in
detail on the floor of the House. In such scenarios, the bill are referred to a parliamentary committee.
● Referring of Bills to parliamentary committees is not mandatory.

When does a committee examine a Bill?

Bills are not automatically sent to committees for examination.
There are three broad paths by which a Bill can reach a committee. They are:
1. When the minister piloting the Bill recommends to the House that his Bill be examined by a Select
Committee of the House or a joint committee of both Houses.
2. If the minister makes no such motion, it is up to the presiding officer of the House to decide whether to
send a Bill to a departmentally related Standing Committee.
3. Also, a Bill passed by one House can be sent by the other House to its Select Committee.

What happens after the the bill is referred to a committee?

1. The committee undertakes a detailed examination of the Bill.
2. It invites comments and suggestions from experts, stakeholders and citizens.
3. The government also appears before the committee to present its viewpoint.
4. All this results in a report that makes suggestions for strengthening the Bill.
5. The report of the committee is of a recommendatory nature.

Time taken to submit reports:

The Bill can only progress in Parliament after the committee has submitted its report. Usually, parliamentary
committees are supposed to submit their reports in three months, but sometimes it can take longer.

InstaFact:
● In the current Lok Sabha, 17 Bills have been referred to committees.
● In the 16th Lok Sabha (2014-19), 25% of the Bills were referred to committees, which was much lower
than the 71% and 60% in the 15th and 14th Lok Sabha respectively.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: What are Parliamentary Standing committees?
1. Difference between Parliamentary vs Why are they necessary? Discuss their roles and
Cabinet committees. functions to bring out their significance.
2. Standing vs select vs finance committees.
3. Who appoints chairperson and members of Link:
these committees? https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/an-
4. Committees exclusive to only Lok Sabha. expert-explains-roles-limitations-of-select-
5. Committees where Speaker is the committees-and-other-parliamentary-panels-
chairperson. 6604092/.

Termination of Session:
A sitting of Parliament can be terminated by adjournment or adjournment sine die or prorogation or
dissolution (in the case of the Lok Sabha).
Adjournment: It suspends the work in a sitting for a specified time, which may be hours, days or weeks.
Adjournment sine die: It means terminating a sitting of Parliament for an indefinite period.
In other words, when the House is adjourned without naming a day for reassembly.
● The power of adjournment as well as adjournment sine die lies with the presiding officer (Speaker or
Chairman) of the House.
Prorogation: The President issues a notification for prorogation of the session after the business of a session is
completed and the presiding officer declares the House adjourned sine die. The President can also prorogue
the House while in session.

www.insightsonindia.com 33 InsightsIAS
Dissolution: Only the Lok Sabha is subject to dissolution. Rajya Sabha, being a permanent House, is not subject
to dissolution.
● A dissolution ends the life of the existing House, and a new House is constituted after general elections
are held.
● The President is empowered to dissolve the Lok Sabha.

Why in News?
The Lok Sabha adjourned sine die recently in what is being termed one of the shortest sessions in India’s
parliamentary history, but which was packed with 25 Bills.
● In this session, Lok Sabha productivity clocked at 167% with 25 Bills passed; 2,300 unstarred questions
answered; 68% of the sittings dealing with legislative work; and 370 Zero Hour mentions.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: What needs to be done to increase the productivity
1. Who summons the Houses of Parliament? of both the houses of Parliament? Discuss.
2. Powers of President vs Powers of
Chairperson.
3. What is adjournment sine die? Link:
4. What is dissolution of the house? https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
5. Why Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved? ?OrgId=GSK7POTH9.1&imageview=0.

Topics: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary; Ministries and
Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their
role in the Polity.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights:
Why in News?
The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) has said civil rights lawyer Prashant Bhushan’s conviction for
criminal contempt of court by the Supreme Court seemed to be inconsistent with the freedom of expression
law guaranteed by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that India was a party to.

What is International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)?

It is an international human rights non-governmental organization.
Composition: It is a standing group of 60 eminent jurists—including senior judges, attorneys and academics.
Functions: To develop national and international human rights standards through the law.
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.

What has the ICJ said on Prashant Bhushan’s case?

• The conviction appears to be inconsistent with international standards on freedom of expression and
the role of lawyers.
• The judgment risked having a “chilling effect on the exercise of protected freedom of expression in
India”.
• While some restrictions of freedom of expression are permitted by international standards, a
particularly wide scope must be preserved for debate and discussion about such matters as the role
of the judiciary, access to justice, and democracy, by members of the public, including through public
commentary on the courts.

What is International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?

It is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).
Monitored by the United Nations Human Rights Committee.
• The covenant commits its parties to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the
right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to
due process and a fair trial.
• The ICCPR is part of the International Bill of Human Rights, along with the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
www.insightsonindia.com 34 InsightsIAS
 • It became effective in 1976. Article 49 allowed that the covenant would enter into force three months
after the date of the deposit of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or accession.
• India is a party to this treaty.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: It is a “fundamental human right” for people to
1. What is International Bill of Human Rights? gather to celebrate or to air grievances, “in public
2. What is the Universal Declaration of and in private spaces, outdoors, indoors and
Human Rights (UDHR)? online.” Discuss its relevance today.
3. About United Nations Human Rights
Committee. Link:
4. When ICCPR became effective? https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prasha
5. Has India signed ICCPR? nt-bhushans-conviction-seems-at-odds-with-
6. Article 21 of ICCPR. international-free-speech-law-international-
7. International Commission of Jurists (ICJ). commission-of-jurists/article32496322.ece.

What is Judicial Disqualification or Recusal?

Why in News?
A judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court has recused from hearing the anticipatory bail application
moved by former Punjab Director General of Police (DGP) Sumedh Singh Saini, in connection with the case of
disappearance and murder of a man in year 1991.
• The Judge, while recusing himself from the case referred the matter to the Chief Justice for listing.

What is a recusal?
Judicial disqualification,
referred to as recusal, is
the act of abstaining from
participation in an official
action such as a legal
proceeding due to a
conflict of interest of the
presiding court official or
administrative officer.

General Grounds for

Recusal:
Motions to recuse or disqualify judges and other adjudicators have been made for all sorts of reasons.
• Most commonly such motions are predicated upon a claim that the judge is biased in favour of one
party, or against another, or that a reasonable objective observer would think he might be.
But such motions are also made on many other grounds, including the challenged judge’s:
1. Interest in the subject matter, or relationship with someone who is interested in it.
2. Background or experience, such as the judge’s prior work as a lawyer.
3. Personal knowledge about the parties or the facts of the case.
4. Ex parte communications with lawyers or non-lawyers.
5. Rulings, comments or conduct.

Are there any laws in this regard?

There are no definite rules on recusals by Judges.
• Justice J. Chelameswar in his opinion in Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of
India (2015) held that “Where a judge has a pecuniary interest, no further inquiry as to whether there
was a ‘real danger’ or ‘reasonable suspicion’ of bias is required to be undertaken".
Besides, In taking oath of office, judges, both of the Supreme Court and of the high courts, promise to perform
their duties, to deliver justice, “without fear or favour, affection or ill-will”.

www.insightsonindia.com 35 InsightsIAS
Need of the hour:
1. Definite rules need to be framed in this regard.
2. Judges should express their decisions in writing while recusing.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: Recusal has become a selective call of morality for
1. Grounds for Judicial Disqualification. Supreme Court judges. Discuss.
2. Who administers oath to Supreme Court Link:
and High Court judges? https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-
3. Articles 127 and 128 of the Indian states/former-punjab-dgp-sumedh-singh-saini-
Constitution are related to? absconding-say-police/article32520248.ece.

Plea for ‘legal entity’ status to animals:

Context:
The Supreme Court has agreed to examine a petition seeking “legal entity” status to the entire animal kingdom.

What's the demand?

The demand is to give animals a “legal personality”. This means bestowing on animals, by judicial direction, the
capacity to sue and be sued in courts of law.
• This mainly stems from SC’s interpretation of the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution, with
the effect the word “life” includes “all forms of life, including animal life, which are necessary for
human life.”

Why this demand?

• While referring to recent reported incidents of cruelty on animals in the country, the plea has said
that such incidents have enraged many and raised a question as to whether existing laws are sufficient
enough to protect animals from possible abuse and cruelty.
• It alleged the rights of animals exist only on paper due to their lack of implementation and
enforcement.
• Besides, the plea said that legal status has been accorded to animals in two recent verdicts rendered
by the Punjab and Haryana High Court and the Uttarakhand High Court.

What Next?
The Court has issued notices to the Centre and others seeking their replies on the petition.

What is a legal entity?

A legal entity means entity which acts like a natural person but only through a designated person, whose acts
are processed within the ambit of law.

Previous Instances:
1. In 2018, a bench presided over by justice Sharma had accorded the status of “legal person or entity” to
animals in Haryana.
2. In Uttarakhand high court, justice Sharma was part of a bench in 2017, which declared the Ganga and
Yamuna as living entities, a verdict that was later stayed by the Supreme Court.
3. In 2018, Uttarakhand high court declared the entire animal kingdom, including birds and aquatic
animals, as a legal entity.
4. In June 2019, the Punjab and Haryana High Court had ruled that all animals, birds and aquatic life in
Haryana would be accorded the status of legal persons or entities.

InstaLinks: 4. Which High Courts have declared the entire

Prelims Link: animal kingdom, including birds and
1. What is a legal entity? aquatic animals, as a legal entity?
2. Powers enjoyed by legal entities.
3. Article 21 of the Indian constitution. Mains Link:

www.insightsonindia.com 36 InsightsIAS
What are the implications of declaring the entire Link:
animal kingdom, including birds and aquatic https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/suprem
animals, as a legal entity? Discuss. e-court-questions-plea-for-legal-entity-status-to-
animals/article32565056.ece.

Topics: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.

Criminalisation of politics:
Context:
The Supreme Court had sought the amicus report on pending cases against legislators on the basis of a
petition.
• The report was recently filed by the apex court’s amicus curiae and senior advocate Vijay Hansaria.

Key findings:
• There are a total 4,442 cases pending against legislators across the country. Of this, the number of
cases against sitting Members of Parliament and members of State legislatures was 2,556.
• The cases were pending in various special courts exclusively set up to try criminal cases registered
against politicians.
• The cases against the legislators include that of corruption, money laundering, damage to public
property, defamation and cheating.
• A large number of cases were for violation of Section 188 IPC for wilful disobedience and obstruction
of orders promulgated by public servants.
• There are 413 cases in respect of offences, which are punishable with imprisonment for life, out of
which in 174 cases sitting MPs/ MLAs are accused.
• A large number of cases were pending at the appearance stage and even non-bailable warrants (NBWs)
issued by courts have not been executed.
• Highest number of cases are pending in Uttar Pradesh.

What does the RPA say on this?

Currently, under the Representation of Peoples (RP) Act, lawmakers cannot contest elections only after their
conviction in a criminal case.
• Section 8 of the Representation of the People (RP) Act, 1951 disqualifies a person convicted with a
sentence of two years or more from contesting elections. But those under trial continued to be eligible
to contest elections.

Main reasons for Criminalization:

• Corruption
• Vote bank.
• Lack of governance.

What is the way out?

• Political parties should themselves refuse tickets
to the tainted.
• The RP Act should be amended to debar persons
against whom cases of a heinous nature are
pending from contesting elections.
• Fast-track courtsshould decide the cases of tainted legislators quickly.
• Bring greater transparency in campaign financing.
• The Election Commission of India (ECI) should have the power to audit the financial accounts of
political parties.

InstaLinks: 3. ECI- composition and functions.

Prelims Link: 4. CEC- appointment.
1. Section 8 of the RP Act. 5. Powers of Election Commission on matters
2. SC guidelines in this regard. related to election of candidates.
www.insightsonindia.com 37 InsightsIAS
Mains Link: Link:
Discuss the concerns associated criminalisation of https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/4442-
politics and what the Supreme Court done to cases-pending-against-legislators-across-
address these concerns? country/article32565107.ece.

EC revises timeline for candidates:

Context:
The Election Commission (EC) has decided to revise the timeline for political parties and candidates to publish
details of the criminal antecedents of the nominees.

As per the revised guidelines:

The candidates as well as the political parties, regarding candidates nominated by them, will publish the details
of criminal antecedents, if any, in newspapers and television in following manner:
1. First publicity: Within first 4 days of last date of withdrawal.
2. Second publicity: Within 5th to 8th day of last date of withdrawal
3. Third publicity: From 9th day till the last day of campaign, i.e. two days prior to date of poll)
4. This timeline will help the voters in exercising their choices in more informed manner.

What about the uncontested or nominated winning candidates?

Uncontested winner candidates as well as the political parties who nominate them shall also publicise the
criminal antecedents, if any, as prescribed for other contesting candidates and political parties.

Significance of the move:

It will now mean that the declaration by candidates with criminal antecedents will have to spread over three
rounds of publicity beginning with soon after filing nomination and ending towards the end of campaign
period. EC felt in absence of detailed timelines, candidates had the option of clubbing publicity of such records.

Background:
The electoral reform related to publicity of criminal antecedents was set in motion by the Supreme Court (SC)
in September, 2018 when it had asked political parties to publicize criminal antecedents of contestants in news
media.
Earlier this year, the SC had directed that political parties fielding candidates with criminal records must tell
the public why they had chosen them over those with clean records along with detailed information about
candidates with criminal cases pending against them, including the nature of the offences.

InstaLinks: 5. Powers of Election Commission on matters

Prelims Link: related to election of candidates.
1. Revised timeline for timeline for political
parties and candidates to publish details of Mains Link:
the criminal antecedents of the nominees. Discuss the concerns associated criminalisation of
2. Section 8 of the RP Act. politics and what the Supreme Court done to
3. ECI- composition and functions. address these concerns?
4. CEC- appointment.

Topics: Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities

of various Constitutional Bodies.
Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha:
Why in News?
The Congress parliamentary strategy group has decided to work with the Opposition parties to field a joint
candidate for the election of Rajya Sabha deputy chairman’s post.
• The post had fallen vacant after Harivansh Narayan Singh's term ended. He has since been re-elected
to the Upper House as a member from Bihar.

www.insightsonindia.com 38 InsightsIAS
About the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha:
It is a constitutional position created under Article 89 of the Constitution, which specifies that Rajya Sabha
shall choose one of its MPs to be the Deputy Chairman as often as the position becomes vacant.

Who can be a deputy chairman?

The Deputy Chairman is elected by the Rajya Sabha itself from amongst its members.
Whenever the office of the Deputy Chairman falls vacant, the Rajya Sabha elects another member to fill the
vacancy.

The Deputy Chairman vacates his office in any of the following three cases:
1. if he ceases to be a member of the Rajya Sabha;
2. if he resigns by writing to the Chairman;
3. if he is removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all the members of the Rajya Sabha. Such a
resolution can be moved only after giving 14 days’ advance notice.

Functions:
1. The Deputy Chairman performs the duties of the Chairman’s office when it is vacant or when the Vice-
President acts as President or discharges the functions of the President.
2. He also acts as the Chairman when the latter is absent from the sitting of the House. In both the cases,
he has all the powers of the Chairman.
3. The Deputy Chairman also plays a critical role in ensuring the smooth running of the House.

Powers:
• The Deputy Chairman is not subordinate to the Chairman. He is directly responsible to the Rajya
Sabha.
• The Deputy Chairman is entitled to a regular salary and allowance which are fixed by Parliament and
are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.

Election Procedure:
1. For electing the Deputy Chair any Rajya Sabha MP can submit a motion proposing the name of a
colleague for this constitutional position. The motion has to be seconded by another MP.
2. Additionally, the member moving the motion has to submit a declaration signed by the MP whose
name s/he is proposing stating that the MP is willing to serve as the Deputy Chairperson if elected.
Each MP is allowed to move or second only one motion.
3. Then the majority of the House decides who gets elected as the Deputy Chairperson.
4. However, if the political parties arrive at a consensus candidate, then that MP will be unanimously
elected as the Deputy Chair.

Panel of Vice-Chairmen:
• The Chairman shall, from time to time, nominate from amongst the members of the Council a panel
of not more than six Vice-Chairmen, any one of whom may preside over the Council in the absence of
the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman when so requested by the Chairman, or in his absence, by the
Deputy Chairman.
• A Vice-Chairman nominated under sub-rule (1) shall hold office until a new panel of Vice-Chairmen is
nominated.

InstaLinks: 5. About the Panel of Vice-Chairmen.

Prelims Link:
1. Eligibility for the post of deputy Chairman Mains Link:
of Rajya Sabha. Discuss how the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha is
2. Article 89 of the Indian Constitution is elected.
related to?
3. When the Deputy Chairman has to vacate Link:
his office?
4. Powers and functions.
www.insightsonindia.com 39 InsightsIAS
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/opposit
ion-to-put-up-joint-candidate-for-rs-deputy-
chairman-post/article32551664.ece.

Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha:

Context:
Congress has renewed its campaign seeking the Deputy Speaker’s position in the Lok Sabha.
• The Lok Sabha has not had a Deputy Speaker for the last 15 months. Instead, a panel of MPs has been
assisting the Speaker.

About Deputy Speaker:

Article 93 of the Constitution provides for the election of both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker.
• The constitutional office of the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha is more symbolic of parliamentary
democracy than some real authority.
• There is no need to resign from their original party though as a Deputy Speaker, they have to remain
impartial.

Roles and functions:

They act as the presiding officer in case of leave or absence caused by death or illness of the Speaker of the Lok
Sabha.

Election:
Usually, the Deputy Speaker is elected in the first meeting of the Lok Sabha after the General elections from
amongst the members of the Lok Sabha.
• It is by convention that position of Deputy Speaker is offered to opposition party in India.

Tenure and removal:

• They hold office until either they cease to be a member of the Lok Sabha or they resign.
• They can be removed from office by a resolution passed in the Lok Sabha by an effective majority of
its members.

InstaFact:
There is a constitution-mandated panel of 10 members to preside over the proceedings of the Lok Sabha in
the absence of Speaker.

InstaLinks: 5. Tenure and removal.

Prelims Link:
1. Constitutional provisions related to the Mains Link:
office of Deputy Speaker. The constitutional office of the Deputy Speaker of
2. Roles and functions. the Lok Sabha is more symbolic of parliamentary
3. Appointment and election. democracy than some real authority. Discuss.
4. Does he need to resign from his party after
being elected?
Link:https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-renews-campaign-seeks-lok-sabha-deputy-speaker-
post/article32564797.ece.

No-confidence motion against RS Deputy Chairman:

Context:
Rajya Sabha Chairman M Venkaiah Naidu has rejected the no-confidence motion moved by the Opposition
against the Deputy Chairman Harivansh saying that it is "not admissible under the rules".
● A no-confidence motion against the Deputy Chairman is a first in parliament and the convention is that
Mr Singh should not preside over house sessions till the matter is settled.

What's the issue?

www.insightsonindia.com 40 InsightsIAS
 ● Opposition parties have accused Deputy Chairman of violating the parliamentary procedures in trying
to pass the farm sector Bills in haste, circumventing all demands for proper voting.
● They also say that the Deputy Chairman did not allow points of order to be raised and did not allow
large numbers of members of Rajya Sabha, from diverse political parties, to even speak against farm
bills.

Deputy Chairman:
Rajya Sabha elects a Deputy Chairman to perform the functions of the Chairman in case of a vacancy in the
office of the Chairman or when the Vice-President is acting as or discharging the functions of the President.

More about Deputy Chairman, his powers and functions:

https://www.insightsonindia.com/2020/09/09/deputy-chairman-of-rajya-sabha/.

Removal:
He may be removed from office by a resolution of Rajya Sabha moved after fourteen days notice of the
intention to move the resolution and passed by a majority of all the then members of the House.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. Eligibility for the post of deputy Chairman Discuss how the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha is
of Rajya Sabha. elected.
2. Article 89 of the Indian Constitution is
related to? Link:
3. When the Deputy Chairman has to vacate https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.co
his office? m/news/national/parliament-proceedings-12-
4. Powers and functions. opposition-parties-give-notice-of-no-confidence-
5. About the Panel of Vice-Chairmen. against-harivansh/article32654235.ece/amp/.
6. What is point of order?

When can MPs be suspended from the House?

Why in News?
Eight Rajya Sabha MPs were suspended on September 21 for unruly behaviour in the House.
● The government moved a motion seeking the suspension of these MPs and it was passed by voice vote.

Power to suspend Rajya Sabha MPs:

The Chairman of Rajya Sabha is empowered under Rule Number 255 to "direct any Member whose conduct is
in his opinion grossly disorderly to withdraw immediately" from the House.
● Unlike the Speaker, however, the Rajya Sabha Chairman does not have the power to suspend a
Member. The House may, by another motion, terminate the suspension.
The House may adopt a motion suspending the Member from the service of the House for a period not
exceeding the remainder of the session.

Background:
● It is the role and duty of the Presiding Officer — Speaker of Lok Sabha and Chairman of Rajya Sabha
— to maintain order so that the House can function smoothly.

How can suspension of MPs be justified? Isn't this an extreme step to take in order to curb unruly behaviour?
The solution to unruly behaviour has to be long-term and consistent with democratic values.
There can be no question that the enforcement of the supreme authority of the Presiding Officer is essential
for smooth conduct of proceedings. However, a balance has to be struck. It must be remembered that the job
of the Presiding Officer is to run the House, not to lord over it.

InstaLinks: 1. Power to suspend MPs vs powers to revoke

Prelims Link: suspension.

www.insightsonindia.com 41 InsightsIAS
 2. Difference in procedures followed by Lok The solution to unruly behaviour of MPs in
Sabha and Rajya Sabha in this regard. Parliament has to be long-term and consistent with
3. Appeals with regard to election of MPs. democratic values. Comment.
4. Rules in this regard.
Link:
Mains Link: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explai
ned-when-can-mps-be-suspended-from-the-house-
what-rules-are-followed-in-the-process-6605221/.

Topics: Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.

Committee on Content Regulation in Government Advertising (CCRGA):
Why in News?
19th meeting of Supreme Court -mandated Committee on Content Regulation in Government Advertising
(CCRGA) was held recently.

What is CCRGA? When was it set up?

As per the directions of Supreme Court in 2015, the Government of India had set up a three member body in
2016 to look into content regulation of government funded advertisements in all media platforms.
• As per directions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court, states are mandated to set up their respective three
member committees on Content Regulation of Government Advertisements.
• Karnataka, Goa, Mizoram and Nagaland States have already constituted state-level Three Member
Committees.

What are its powers?

• It is empowered to address complaints from the general public and can also take suo-moto
cognizance of any violation of the Supreme Court guidelines and recommend corrective actions.
• The Committee may, if necessary, also decide to summon the concerned official of the Govt. agencies
dealing with release of advertisements in the event of undue delay in responding to Committee’s
notices.

Supreme Court Guidelines:

• The content of government advertisements should
be relevant to the government’s constitutional and
legal obligations as well as the citizen’s rights and
entitlements.
• The advertisement materials should be designed to
meet the objectives of the campaign and to ensure
maximum reach in a cost effective way.
• It should be accurate and not presenting pre existing
policies and products as new. The advertisement
content should also not promote the political
interests of the ruling party.

InstaLinks: 4. What are Supreme Court Guidelines on

Prelims Link: Government advertisements?
1. When was CCRGA setup?
2. What are its powers? Mains Link:
3. States that have setup committees on Discuss the roles and mandate of the Committee
Content Regulation of Government on Content Regulation in Government Advertising
Advertisements. (CCRGA).

Let virtual courts stay: law panel:

Context:

www.insightsonindia.com 42 InsightsIAS
Parliamentary Panel on Law and Justice has Submitted its report “Functioning of the Virtual Courts/ Courts
Proceedings through Video-Conferencing”.
• This is the first report to be presented by any parliamentary panel on the impact of the pandemic.

Key recommendations:
1. Continue virtual courts even in a post-COVID scenario.
2. Transfer of certain categories of cases, like cases pertaining to traffic challans or other petty offences,
from regular court establishments to virtual courts will reduce the pendency of cases.
3. Infrastructure needs to be upgraded especially in district courts to implement this.
4. Ministry of Law and Justice and Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology should address
data privacy and data security concerns while developing a new platform for India’s judicial system.

What are the challenges present?

1. The present infrastructure does not support virtual court proceedings.
2. Almost 50% lawyers, particularly in district courts, do not have any laptop or computer facility.
3. Many witnesses have said the virtual court hearings, especially during peak hours when many people
log into the video-conferencing system, was subject to frequent crashes of the system and said entire
proceedings can be vitiated by one glitch.
4. There were also concerns that virtual courts will compromise privacy of data as well as confidentiality
of discussions and court proceedings (For instance, courts in the United States had to deal with Zoom
bombing — an unwanted intrusion by hackers and internet trolls into a video conference call).

What are virtual courts?

Virtual Court is a concept aimed at eliminating presence of litigant or lawyer in the court and adjudication of
the case online.
• An e-court or Electronic Court means a location in which matters of law are adjudicated upon, in the
presence of qualified Judge(s) and which has a well-developed technical infrastructure.

The eCourts Project:

It was conceptualized on the basis of the “National Policy and Action Plan for Implementation of Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Indian Judiciary – 2005” submitted by eCommittee, Supreme
Court of India with a vision to transform the Indian Judiciary by ICT enablement of Courts.
The eCourts Mission Mode Project, is a Pan-India Project, monitored and funded by Department of Justice,
Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India for the District Courts across the country.
• As on date, 16845 district and subordinate courts have been IT enabled.

The project envisages:

1. To provide efficient & time-bound citizen centric services delivery as detailed in eCourt Project
Litigant’s Charter.
2. To develop, install & implement decision support systems in courts.
3. To automate the processes to provide transparency in accessibility of information to its stakeholders.
4. To enhance judicial productivity, both qualitatively & quantitatively, to make the justice delivery
system affordable, accessible, cost effective, predictable, reliable and transparent.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: Discuss the significance of virtual courts.
1. Who is authorised to appoint other place
or places as seat of the Supreme Court? Link:
2. eCourts Project was launched by? https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/continu
3. What is a mission mode project? e-virtual-courts-in-post-covid-period-as-digital-
4. About law commission- composition and justice-is-faster-cheaper-
functions. panel/article32579533.ece.

www.insightsonindia.com 43 InsightsIAS
 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC):
Why in News?
NHRC has ordered the Assam government to pay ₹1 lakh to a 48-year-old man who was thrashed more than a
year ago in Biswanath district for selling cooked beef at his tea stall at a weekly market.

Relevance of this article for UPSC exam:

From this article, we can understand whether NHRC has powers to recommend payment of compensation or
not.

About National Human Rights

Commission (NHRC):
It is a statutory body established on
12th October, 1993 under the
Protection of Human Rights Act
(PHRA), 1993.
The Act also provides for the creation of
the State Human Rights Commission as
well.

Composition:
The chairperson is a retired chief justice
of India or a judge of the Supreme
Court.
They are appointed by the President on
the recommendations of a six-member
committee consisting of:
1. Prime Minister (head)
2. Speaker of the Lok Sabha
3. Deputy Chairman of the Rajya
Sabha
4. Leaders of the Opposition in
both the Houses of Parliament
5. Union Home Minister.

Term and removal:

They hold office for a term of five years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.
The President can remove them from the office under specific circumstances.

InstaLinks: 5. Key changes introduced by the Protection

Prelims Link: of Human Rights (Amendment) Bill, 2019.
1. NHRC- composition.
2. Functions. Link:
3. Selection of chairman and members. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
4. Term and removal. ?OrgId=GJP7P7RCV.1&imageview=0.

About the Central Pollution Control Board:

CPCB is a statutory organisation which was constituted in September, 1974 under the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
● It was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981.
● It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment and
Forests under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

Important functions:
www.insightsonindia.com 44 InsightsIAS
 ● to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States by prevention, control and
abatement of water pollution.
● to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country.

Why in News?
CPCB recently celebrated its 46th Foundation Day.

InstaLinks: 4. Composition of CPCB.

Prelims Link:
1. About CPCB. Mains Link:
2. Powers and functions. Discuss the functions of CPCB.
3. CPCB vs State Pollution Control Boards.

National Medical Commission:

Context:
The Union government has set up the National Medical Commission (NMC) along with four other autonomous
boards while abolishing the MCI.
The four autonomous boards include:
1. Undergraduate Medical Education Board.
2. Postgraduate Medical Education Board.
3. Medical Assessment and Rating Board.
4. Ethics and Medical Registration Board.
These boards have been constituted to help the NMC in day-to-day functioning.

About the National Medical Commission:

The Centre has notified the 33-member NMC, which will be chaired for three years by Suresh Chandra Sharma.
• Apart from the Chairman, the NMC will consist of 10 ex-officio members and 22 part-time members
appointed by the Central government.

Functions of NMC:
1. laying down policies for regulating medical institutions and medical professionals.
2. assessing the requirements of human resources and infrastructure in healthcare.
3. ensuring compliance by the State Medical Councils with the regulations made under the Bill.
4. framing guidelines for determination of fee for up to 50% of the seats in the private medical
institutions.

InstaLinks: 3. Autonomous boards constituted.

Prelims Link: 4. Functions of NMC.
1. About the Medical Council of India. 5. Composition.
2. About NMC.
Mains Link: Discuss the roles and functions of the newly constituted National Medical Commission (NMC).

National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC):

Context:
NCDC has sanctioned as first instalment, funds amounting to Rs 19444 crores to the states of Chhattisgarh,
Haryana and Telangana for Kharif paddy procurement under Minimum Support Price (MSP) operations.

About NCDC:
It is a statutory corporation set up under the National Cooperative Development Corporation Act, 1962.
The objectives of NCDC are planning and promoting programmes for production, processing, marketing,
storage, export and import of agricultural produce, foodstuffs, industrial goods, livestock and certain other
notified commodities and services on cooperative principles.
● NCDC is a major financial institution for cooperatives, and has started Mission Sahakar 22, which aims
to double farmers’ income by 2022.
www.insightsonindia.com 45 InsightsIAS
InstaLinks: 5. Products covered under MSP.
Prelims Link: 6. Is there any statutory backing for the
1. About NCDC. announcement of MSPs.
2. What is MSP? 7. MSP for sugarcane.
3. Who announces MSP?
4. Role of Commission for Agricultural Costs & Mains Link:
Prices (CACP) in deciding MSP. Discuss the roles and functions of NCDC.

NPPA caps price of Liquid Medical Oxygen and Medical Oxygen cylinders:
Context:
To ensure availability of medical oxygen in the country at a reasonable price amidst the COVID-19 pandemic,
the national drug pricing regulator National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) has capped the price of
medical oxygen cylinders and liquid medical oxygen for six months.

Related provisions:
The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare delegated powers under Section 10(2) (l) of Disaster Management
Act, 2005 to NPPA to take all necessary steps to immediately regulate the availability and pricing of liquid
medical oxygen (LMO) and medical oxygen cylinders.
● Oxygen Inhalation (Medicinal Gas) is a scheduled formulation, covered under the National List of
Essential Medicines (NLEM).

About the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM:

Under the provisions of Drug Prices Control Order, 2013, only the prices of drugs that figure in the National
List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) are monitored and controlled by the regulator, the National
Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority.
● Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the majority of the
population.
● The primary purpose of NLEM is to promote rational use of medicines considering the three important
aspects i.e. cost, safety and efficacy.
Paragraph 19 of the DPCO, 2013, deals with increase or decrease in drug prices under extraordinary
circumstances. However, there is neither a precedent nor any formula prescribed for upward revision of ceiling
prices.

InstaLinks: 4. Section 10(2) (l) of Disaster Management

Prelims Link: Act, 2005.
1. NPPA- functions.
2. What is NLEM? Who maintains the list? Mains Link:
3. What is the Drug Price Control Order? What is the National List of Essential Medicines?
What is its significance? Discuss.

Topics: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues
arising out of their design and implementation.
Adjusted gross revenue (AGR):
Why in News?
The Supreme Court has allowed telecom companies 10 years’ time to pay their adjusted gross revenue (AGR)
dues to the government.

The judgment:
1. The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) should decide whether or not spectrum can be sold under
the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code.
2. Due to the current Covid-19 situation, telcos should pay 10 per cent of the total dues by March 31,
2021.

www.insightsonindia.com 46 InsightsIAS
 3. Telecom companies would also have to make payments on or before February 7 every year. The non-
payment of dues in any year would lead to accrual of interest and invite contempt of court proceedings
against such companies.

What’s the issue?

An October 2019 judgment of the court in the AGR issue originally wanted the telcos to make the repayments
in three months. The court had concluded that the private telecom sector had long reaped the fruits of the
Centre’s liberalized mode of payment by revenue sharing regime.
• Later, the government had proposed in court a 20-year “formula” for telcos to make staggered
payments of the dues. But, the court observed that the period of 20 years fixed for payment is
excessive.
Even after part payment, the dues still run to ₹1.43 lakh crore.

What is AGR?
Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) is the usage and licensing fee that telecom operators are charged by the
Department of Telecommunications (DoT). It is divided into spectrum usage charges and licensing fees,
pegged between 3-5 percent and 8 percent respectively.

How is it calculated?
As per DoT, the charges are calculated based on all revenues earned by a telco – including non-telecom related
sources such as deposit interests and asset sales.

What are issues associated? When it all began?

The telecom sector was liberalised under the National Telecom Policy, 1994 after which licenses were issued
to companies in return for a fixed license fee.
However, to provide relief from the steep fixed license fee, the government in 1999 gave an option to the
licensees to migrate to the revenue sharing fee model.
• Under this, mobile telephone operators were required to share a percentage of their AGR with the
government as annual license fee (LF) and spectrum usage charges (SUC). License agreements
between the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and the telecom companies define the gross
revenues of the latter.
The dispute between DoT and the mobile operators was mainly on the definition of AGR.
• The DoT argued that AGR includes all revenues (before discounts) from both telecom and non-telecom
services. The companies claimed that AGR should comprise just the revenue accrued from core services
and not dividend, interest income or profit on sale of any investment or fixed assets.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link:
1. What is AGR? How is it calculated? Mains Link:
2. What was SC’s verdict on this? Discuss the challenges facing Indian telecom sector
3. Composition of TRAI? today. What should the Government of India do to
4. How spectrum allocation is done in India? save the telecom sector?

Special Marriage Act, 1954:

Why in News?
Plea in Supreme Court over certain Special Marriage Act provisions.
• The petition seeks the court’s directions to strike down certain Sections.

What are the controversial provisions? Why they should be struck down?
Section 5 of the (Act) requires that a notice of intended marriage to be given by the parties to the marriage to
the Marriage Officer of the district where at least one of the parties to the marriage has resided for a period of
not less than thirty days immediately preceding the date on which such notice is given.
Section 6 mandates that all such notices received shall be entered in the marriage notice book and the
Marriage Officer shall publish a notice by affixing a copy thereof to some conspicuous place in his office,

www.insightsonindia.com 47 InsightsIAS
Sections6(2) and 6(3): The provisions under the Act require parties to an intended marriage to publish their
private details for public scrutiny 30 days prior to the intended marriage.
• This provision violates the right to privacy of the parties. The right to privacy is held to be an aspect of
the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution.
• The requirement is also in violation of right to equality under Article 14 of the Constitution since no
other laws prescribe such a requirement.

What is Special Marriage Act of 1954?

The SMA is a law which allows solemnization of marriages without going through any religious customs or
rituals.
People from different castes or religions or states get married under SMA in which marriage is solemnized by
way of registration.
• The prime purpose of the Act was to address Inter-religious marriages and to establish marriage as a
secular institution bereft of all religious formalities, which required registration alone.

Procedure mentioned:
The SMA prescribes an elaborate procedure to get the marriage registered.
1. One of the parties to the marriage has to give a notice of the intended marriage to the marriage officer
of the district where at least one of the parties to the marriage has resided for at least 30 days
immediately prior to the date on which such notice is given.
2. Such notice is then entered in the marriage notice book and the marriage officer publishes a notice of
marriage at some conspicuous place in his office.
3. The notice of marriage published by the marriage officer includes details of the parties like names, date
of birth, age, occupation, parents’ names and details, address, pin code, identity information, phone
number etc.
4. Anybody can then raise objections to the marriage on various grounds provided under the Act. If no
objection is raised within the 30 day period, then marriage can be solemnized. If objections are raised,
then the marriage officer has to inquire into the objections after which he will decide whether or not to
solemnize the marriage.

InstaLinks: 5. Overview of Articles 14 and 21 of the

Prelims Link: constitution.
1. Objectives of the Special Marriage Act.
2. Key provisions- Sections 5 and 6. Mains Link:
3. Key requirements under the Act for the What are the controversial provisions in the Special
registration of marriage. Marriage Act of 1954? Why the law needs a
4. Details published by the marriage officer. review? Discuss.
Link:
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/plea-in-supreme-court-says-secular-marriage-law-violates-privacy-
to-marry/article32513113.ece.

Business Reform Action Plan (BRAP) ranking of states:

Context:
4th edition of Business Reform Action Plan (BRAP) ranking of states announced recently by the Department
of Industrial Promotion and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
• Ranking of States is based on the implementation of Business Reform Action Plan started in the year
2015.
• One “major change” in the current rankings is the government’s decision to link the state’s
performance “exclusively” to user feedback.

The five ten states under State Reform Action Plan 2019 are:
1. Andhra Pradesh 3. Telangana 5. Jharkhand
2. Uttar Pradesh 4. Madhya Pradesh

www.insightsonindia.com 48 InsightsIAS
What is BRAP?
The Business Reform Action Plan 2018-19 includes 180 reform points covering 12 business regulatory areas
such as Access to Information, Single Window System, Labour, Environment, etc.

Why are the states ranked on BRAP Implementation?

The larger objective of attracting investments and increasing
Ease of Doing Business in each State was sought to be achieved
by introducing an element of healthy competition through a
system of ranking states based on their performance in the
implementation of Business Reform Action Plan.

Significance and the need for these rankings:

State rankings will help attract investments, foster healthy
competition and increase Ease of Doing Business in each State.

Mid-day meal scheme:

Why in News?
The Vice President, Shri M Venkaiah Naidu recently suggested that milk could be given either as part of
breakfast or the mid-day meal in order to improve the nutritional levels of children.

About Mid-Day meal scheme:

The scheme guarantees one meal to all children in government and aided schools and madarsas supported
under Samagra Shiksha.
Students up to Class VIII are guaranteed one nutritional cooked meal at least 200 days in a year.
• The Scheme comes under the Ministry of HRD.
• It was launched in the year 1995 as the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary
Education (NP – NSPE), a centrally sponsored scheme. In 2004, the scheme was relaunched as the Mid
Day Meal Scheme.

The MDM rules 2015, provide that:

• The place of serving meals to the children shall be school only.
• If the Mid-Day Meal is not provided in school on any school day due to non-availability of food grains or
any other reason, the State Government shall pay food security allowance by 15th of the succeeding
month.
• The meal shall be prepared in accordance with the Mid Day Meal guidelines issued by the Central
Government from time to time.
• Procuring AGMARK quality items for preparation of midday meals, tasting of meals by two or three
adult members of the school management committee, including at least one teacher, before serving to
children.
• The School Management Committee mandated under the Right to Free and Compulsory Education
Act, 2009 shall also monitor implementation of the Mid-day meal Scheme.
• The State Steering-cum Monitoring Committee (SSMC) shall oversee the implementation of the
scheme including establishment of a mechanism for maintenance of nutritional standards and quality
of meals.

www.insightsonindia.com 49 InsightsIAS
Nutritional norms:
1. In terms of calorie intake, as per the MDM guidelines, the
children in primary schools must be provided with at least
450 calories with 12 grams of protein through MDM while
the children in upper primary schools should get 700
calories with 20 grams of protein, as per MHRD.
2. The food intake per meal by the children of primary
classes, as provided by MHRD is 100 grams of food grains,
20 grams of pulses, 50 grams of vegetables and 5 grams of
oils and fats. For the children of upper-primary schools,
the mandated breakup is 150 grams of food grains, 30
grams of pulses, 75 grams of vegetables and 7.5 grams of
oils and fats.

Financing:
The cost of the MDMS is shared between the central and state
governments.
• The central government provides free food grains to the
states.
• The cost of cooking, infrastructure development, transportation of food grains and payment of
honorarium to cooks and helpers is shared by the centre with the state governments.

InstaLinks: 5. Nutritional norms prescribed.

Prelims Link: 6. Coverage under the scheme.
1. Origin of MDMS. 7. Responsibility to pay food security
2. When was it renamed? allowance under the scheme.
3. Difference between centrally sponsored
and Central sector schemes? What kind of Mains Link:
scheme of the MDMS? Discuss the significance of Mid-Day Meal scheme.
4. Financing under the scheme.

Five Star Villages Scheme:

Context:
The Department of Posts has launched a scheme called Five Star Villages, to ensure universal coverage of
flagship postal schemes in rural areas of the country.
• The scheme is being launched on pilot basis in Maharashtra.

The schemes covered under the Five Star scheme include:

1. Savings Bank accounts, Recurrent Deposit Accounts, NSC / KVP certificates.
2. Sukanya Samridhi Accounts/ PPF Accounts.
3. Funded Post Office Savings Account linked India Post Payments Bank Accounts.
4. Postal Life Insurance Policy/Rural Postal Life Insurance Policy.
5. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana Account / Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana Account.

Rating of villages:
If a village attains universal coverage for four schemes from the above list, then that village gets four-star
status; if a village completes three schemes, then that village get three-star status and so on.

www.insightsonindia.com 50 InsightsIAS
Scheme Implementation Team:
• The scheme will be implemented by a team of five
Gramin Dak Sevaks who will be assigned a village
for marketing of all products, savings and insurance
schemes of the Department of Posts.
• This team will be headed by the Branch Post
Master of the concerned Branch Office.
• Mail overseer will keep personal watch on progress
of team on daily basis.
• The teams will be led and monitored by concerned
Divisional Head, Assistant Superintendents Posts
and Inspector Posts.

InstaLinks: 4. Implementation of the scheme.

Prelims Link:
1. The above mentioned scheme has been Mains Link:
launched by? Discuss the significance of Five Star Villages
2. Schemes covered under it. Scheme.
3. How are villages rated under the scheme?

Pesticides Management Bill, 2020:

Why in News?
Experts have warned that few provisions in this bill will hurt farmers’ livelihood. Therefore, they have called for
wider consultations on the bill and asked it to place it before
a select committee.

Key issues/provisions highlighted by experts:

• It would not allow the manufacture and export of
pesticides not registered for use in India even if
these are approved in other countries.
• The bill will increase the import of formulations and
will damage the export of agro-chemicals. This is
against the demands presented by the Ashok
Dalwai Committee, constituted in 2018 to promote
domestic and indigenous industries and agricultural
exports from India. The committee had
recommended reduction in import and dependence
on imported formulations.
• The bill gives powers to Registration Committee
(RC) to subjectively review registration of a
pesticide and then suspend, cancel or even ban its
usage. This would be done without any scientific
evaluation.
• It also provides for re-registration of pesticides
already registered under the erstwhile 1968 Act.
This will bring instability in the pesticides industry.

Background:
The Pesticides Management Bill, 2020 was approved by the
Union Cabinet in February this year. It will replace the
Insecticides Act, 1968.

Key provisions in the Bill:

www.insightsonindia.com 51 InsightsIAS
 1. The Bill will regulate the business of pesticides and compensate farmers in case of losses from the use
of agrochemicals.
2. Pesticide Data: It will empower farmers by providing them with all the information about the strength
and weakness of pesticides, the risk and alternatives. All information will be available openly as data in
digital format and in all languages.
3. Compensation: The Bill has a unique feature in the form of a provision for compensations in case there
is any loss because of the spurious or low quality of pesticides. If required, a central fund will be
formed to take care of the compensations.
4. Organic Pesticides: The Bill also intends to promote organic pesticides.
5. Registration of Pesticide Manufacturers: All pesticide manufacturers have to be registered and bound
by the new Act, once it is passed. The advertisements of pesticides will be regulated so there should be
no confusion or no cheating by the manufacturers.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: Discuss the significance of the Pesticides
1. Top 3 producers of pesticides in the world. Management Bill, 2020.
2. India’s exports and imports in this segment.
3. Crop with maximum share of pesticides Link:
consumption in India. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture
4. About the Central Insecticides Board. /pesticides-management-bill-2020-will-hurt-
farmers-livelihood-say-experts-73338.

Essential Commodities Bill Passed:

The Lok Sabha recently passed this bill by a voice vote.
● The Bill is meant to replace an ordinance promulgated in June, in the wake of the COVID-19 lockdown.

Key provisions:
1. It proposes to deregulate the production, storage, movement and sale of several foodstuffs, including
cereals, pulses, edible oils and onions, except in the case of extraordinary circumstances.
2. What are the extraordinary circumstances mentioned in the Bill? (i) war, (ii) famine, (iii) extraordinary
price rise and (iv) natural calamity of grave nature.
3. Stock limit: The Ordinance requires that imposition of any stock limit on agricultural produce must be
based on price rise.
4. A stock limit may be imposed only if there is: (i) a 100% increase in retail price of horticultural
produce; and (ii) a 50% increase in the retail price of non-perishable agricultural food items.
5. How is it calculated? The increase will be calculated over the price prevailing immediately preceding
twelve months, or the average retail price of the last five years, whichever is lower.

Powers of Central Government under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955:

● The central government can designate certain commodities as essential commodities.
● The central government may regulate or prohibit the production, supply, distribution, trade, and
commerce of such essential commodities.

Benefits:
● This will remove fears of private investors of excessive regulatory interference in their business
operations.
● The freedom to produce, hold, move, distribute and supply will lead to harnessing of economies of
scale and attract private sector/foreign direct investment into agriculture sector.
● It will help drive up investment in cold storages and modernization of food supply chain.

InstaLinks: 2. Powers to include and remove

Prelims Link: commodities from the list.
1. Items included under the original Essential 3. Is it mandatory for the states to follow
Commodities Act of 1955. centre’s guidelines?

www.insightsonindia.com 52 InsightsIAS
 4. Can the govt fix MRP of a product under Discuss the significance of Essential Commodities
this act? Act. Why the recent Economic Survey said that this
5. Latest amendments. act is outdated and must go? Discuss.

Mains: Link:
https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
?OrgId=G1Q7P0VIH.1&imageview=0.

Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY):

Why in News?
Cabinet approves establishment of new All India Institute
of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) at Darbhanga, Bihar under
the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY).

About PMSSY:
PMSSY was announced in 2003 with objectives of
correcting regional imbalances in the availability of
affordable/ reliable tertiary healthcare services and also
to augment facilities for quality medical education in the
country.
The PMSSY is implemented by the Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare.

It has two components:

1. Setting up new AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences)
2. Upgradation of government medical colleges in various states.
The project cost for upgradation of each medical college institution is shared by the Centre and the state.

InstaLinks: 4. Institutions setup so far under the scheme.

Prelims Link:
1. Components under PMSSY. Mains Link:
2. Cost sharing. Discuss the significance of the scheme.
3. Implementation of the scheme.

Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2020:

Context:
Introduced in the Lok Sabha.
It seeks to make significant changes to the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA).

Proposed amendments- the Bill

● It seeks to prohibit ‘public servants’ from receiving any foreign funding.
● It proposes to reduce the use of foreign funds to meet administrative costs by NGOs from the existing
50 per cent to 20 per cent.
● It seeks to “prohibit any transfer of foreign contribution to any association/person”.
● It proposes to make Aadhaar cards a mandatory identification document for all office-bearers,
directors and other key functionaries of NGOs or associations eligible to receive foreign donations.

Controversial Provisions:
● To allow for the central government to hold a summary inquiry to direct bodies with FCRA approval to
“not utilise the unutilised foreign contribution or receive the remaining portion of foreign
contribution”.
● To limit the use of foreign funds for administrative purposes. This would impact research and advocacy
organisations which use the funding to meet their administrative costs.

www.insightsonindia.com 53 InsightsIAS
Main Criticisms:
The Bill will enhance government power and restrict foreign-funded civil society work in India.
It can be used as a means to “target those who speak against the government”.
It will curtail the ease of doing business for civil society organisations.

But, why these amendments are necessary?

● The need to strengthen the Act has arisen due to several organisations “misutilising or
misappropriating” the funds leading to the government cancelling 19,000 such registrations in the past
few years.
● The annual inflow of foreign contribution has almost doubled between the years 2010 and 2019, but
many recipients of foreign contribution have not utilised the same for the purpose for which they were
registered or granted prior permission under the said Act.
● Criminal investigations also had to be initiated against dozens of such non-governmental organisations
which indulged in outright misappropriation or mis-utilisation of foreign contribution.

InstaLinks: 5. What is the eligibility criteria for grant of

Prelims Link: registration?
1. When was FCRA enacted? 6. Key provisions in the amendment bill.
2. Who administers the legislation?
3. Definition of foreign funding as per the act. Mains Link:
4. Who cannot accept foreign contributions as Discuss why FCRA has been controversial in the
per the act. recent past.

New Defence Acquisition Procedure of 2020 (DAP 2020):

Context:
DAP 2020, which will govern the procurement of defence equipment from the capital budget, was recently
unveiled.
● The new policy will supersede the Defence Procurement Procedure of 2016 from October 1.

Highlights of the new policy:

1. Reservations for Indigenous firms:
The policy reserves several procurement categories for indigenous firms.
● DAP 2020 defines an “Indian vendor” as a company that is owned and controlled by resident Indian
citizens, with foreign direct investment (FDI) not more than 49 per cent.

2. New Buy (Global–Manufacture in India) category:

This stipulates indigenisation of at least 50 per cent of the overall contract value of a foreign purchase bought
with the intention of subsequently building it in India with technology transfer.
● Meeting the difficult indigenisation requirement would force the vendor to build the equipment in
India, rather than supply most of it ready-built from abroad.

3. Greater indigenous content:

It promotes greater indigenous content in arms and equipment of the military procures, including equipment
manufactured in India under licence. In most acquisition categories, DAP-2020 stipulates 10 per cent higher
indigenisation than DPP 2016.

4. Measuring indigenous content:

Indigenous content will now be calculated on ‘Base Contract Price’, that is Total Contract Price, less taxes and
duties.

5. Import embargo list:

The “import embargo list” of 101 items that the government promulgated last month has been specifically
incorporated into DAP 2020. (An embargo is a government order that restricts commerce with a specified
country or the exchange of specific goods.)

www.insightsonindia.com 54 InsightsIAS
 6. Offset liability:
The government has decided not to have an offset clause in procurement of defence equipment if the deal is
done through inter-government agreement (IGA), government-to-government or an ab initio single vendor.
● The offset clause requires a foreign vendor to invest a part of the contract value in India.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. What is offset liability? Discuss the significance of the policy.
2. What is Base Control Price?

Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,

Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013:
Why in News?
Chief Justice of India (CJI) Sharad A. Bobde has questioned the infallibility of a land acquisition judgment
delivered by a Constitution Bench, led by his former colleague, Justice Arun Mishra, saying the verdict had left
things “unsaid”.

Important observations made by CJI:

The order gifted the government “laxity”
in several aspects, which even
Parliament did not bother to provide
under the Act of 2013.
● The verdict did not specify for
how long the government could
possess a land acquired without
paying compensation.

Background:
In March this year, the Supreme Court
Constitution Bench had reaffirmed the
February 2018 ruling on Section 24 on
land acquisition compensation awards in
the Indore Development Authority case.

What's the issue?

The judgment of the Constitution Bench was interpreting Section 24 (2) of the 2013 Act, which dealt with
payment of compensation for land acquired by the government.
● It said acquisition would not lapse as long as the government earmarked the compensation money by
paying it into the treasury. In short, the money need not actually reach the farmer or the landowner.
● Acquisition would also not lapse just because the farmer refused the compensation and claimed
higher.
● Similarly, there was no lapse in acquisition if the compensation had been paid but possession not taken
of the land.

When would it lapse then?

The judgment had declared that acquisition would only lapse if the government had neither taken possession
nor paid the compensation due to the landowner for five or more years prior to January 1, 2014.

Link: https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=GOF7Q86ST.1&imageview=0.

www.insightsonindia.com 55 InsightsIAS
Topics: Development processes and the development industry- the role of NGOs, SHGs,
various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
The young child outcomes index and the young child environment index
released:
What is it?
Both these indices are part of the ‘State of the Young Child’ in India report.
• It is a report brought out by non-governmental organisation Mobile Creches.

About the young child outcomes index:

It measures health, nutrition and cognitive growth with the help of indicators such as infant mortality rate,
stunting and net attendance at the primary school level.
Key findings:
• Top 5: Kerala, Goa, Tripura, Tamil Nadu and Mizoram are among the top five States for well-being of
children.
• Eight States have scores below the country’s average: they are Assam, Meghalaya, Rajasthan,
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

About the young child environment index:

Its objective is to understand the policy and
environment enablers that influence a child’s well-
being.
How is it measured?
It uses five policy enablers that influence child well-
being outcomes, including poverty alleviation,
strengthening primary healthcare, improving
education levels, safe water supply and promotion
of gender equity.
Key findings:
• Top 5: Kerala, Goa, Sikkim, Punjab and
Himachal Pradesh secured the top five
positions.
• Eight States that have a below average
score on the outcomes index also fared
poorly on this one.

Suggestions made by the report:

India spent ₹1,723 per child in 2018 on expenses
towards child nutrition, healthcare, education and
other necessary protection services. This is
insufficient and fails to reach the entire eligible
population. Therefore, the need of the hour is to Increase in public spending on children.

InstaLinks: 3. Performance of various states under these

Prelims Link: indices.
1. Who releases the ‘State of the Young Child’
in India report? Mains Link: Discuss the issue of child well- being in
2. Various indices released as part of this India, what are the challenges faced by the children
report. and list down measures to ensure their well- being.
Link: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala-tops-in-care-for-children/article32526471.ece.

What are Gram Panchayat Development Plans (GPDP) and VPRP?

Why in News?

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With the current Covid-19 situation, DAY-NRLM has designed an online training program to train all State
Missions across the country on Village Poverty Reduction Plans (VPRP), in partnership with Kudumbashree
(National Resource Organisation), National Institute of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (NIRDPR),
Hyderabad and Ministry of Panchayati Raj.

What are Gram Panchayat Development Plans (GPDP)?

GPDP is conducted from 2nd October to 31st December, every year across the country, under the People’s
Plan Campaign (PPC).
• Local bodies, across the country are expected to prepare context specific, need based GPDP.
• It brings together both the citizens and their elected representatives in the decentralized planning
processes.

What are Village Poverty Reduction Plans (VPRP)?

PPC guidelines and the joint advisory issued by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj and Ministry of Rural
Development, has mandated Self Help Groups and their federations under Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-
National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) to participate in the annual GPDP planning process and
prepare the Village Poverty Reduction Plan (VPRP).
• VPRP is a comprehensive demand plan which needs to be integrated with the Gram Panchayat
Development Plan (GPDP).
• The VPRP is presented in the Gram Sabha meetings from Oct. to Dec. every year.

Demands under VPRP are categorized into five major components:

1. Social inclusion - plan for inclusion of vulnerable people/household into SHGs under NRLM
2. Entitlement - demand for various schemes such as MGNREGS, SBM, NSAP, PMAY, Ujjwala, Ration card
etc.
3. Livelihoods - specific demand for enhancing livelihood through developing agriculture, animal
husbandry, production and service enterprises and skilled training for placement etc.
4. Public Goods and Services - demand for necessary basic infrastructure, for renovation of the existing
infrastructure and for better service delivery
5. Resource Development - demand for protection and development of natural resources like land,
water, forest and other locally available resources
6. Social Development - plans prepared for addressing specific social development issues of a village
under the low cost no cost component of GPDP.

InstaFact:
The Article 243G of the Constitution intended to empower the Gram Panchayats (GPs) by enabling the State
Governments to devolve powers and authority in respect of all 29 Subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule for
local planning and implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice.

InstaLinks: 5. What are Village Poverty Reduction Plans

Prelims Link: (VPRP)?
1. Article 243G of the Indian Constitution is
related to? Mains Link:
2. 11th schedule of the Indian Constitution. Discuss the significance of Village Poverty
3. What is People’s Plan Campaign (PPC)? Reduction Plans (VPRP).
4. What are Gram Panchayat Development
Plans (GPDP)? Who prepares them?

Questions over FCRA nod for PM CARES:

What’s the issue?
The PM CARES Fund has received an exemption from all provisions of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation)
Act.

www.insightsonindia.com 57 InsightsIAS
 • However, it is alleged that PM CARES does not meet the precondition of being a body established and
owned by the government whose accounts are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor-General
(CAG).

What the rules say?

In July 2011, the Home Ministry issued an order exempting all bodies established by a Central or State Act
which are required to have their accounts audited by the CAG.
• Earlier this year, on January 30, 2020, it issued a fresh order superseding the previous one, “to exempt
organisations (not being a political party), constituted or established by or under a Central Act or a
State Act or by any administrative or executive order of the Central Government or any State
Government and wholly owned by the respective Government and required to have their accounts
compulsorily audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) or any of the agencies of
the CAG”.

Why PM CARES Fund cannot be exempted?

1. It was not set up through a Central or State Act.
2. It has argued that it is not a public authority under RTI.
3. The Fund is audited by an independent auditor, not by the CAG.

FCRA:
• The FCRA is meant to regulate the acceptance and use of foreign contributions and to prevent their use
for activities detrimental to national interest.
• This includes gifts and monetary contributions from foreign sources, whether in Indian or foreign
currency.
• Organisations which wish to receive foreign donations must have a definite cultural, economic,
educational, religious or social programme, and must register under the Act, and receive a clearance
from the government.
Section 50 of the Act allows the Central government to issue orders exempting any organisation (apart from
political parties) from the provisions of FCRA if it feels it necessary or expedient in public interest, subject to
conditions specified in the order.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. What is a public account? Discuss why PM CARES fund should be brought
2. Who administers PM CARES fund? within the ambit of RTI act?
3. Which organisations are exempted from
the ambit of RTI act? Link:
4. What is Consolidated fund of India? https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-
5. What is a charitable trust? cares-fund-gets-fcra-exemption-without-meeting-
6. Section 50 of FCRA is related to? pre-condition-of-cag-audit/article32584371.ece.

Samarth Scheme:
Context:
As per the information provided by Union Minister of Textiles, under Samarth, 18 State Governments have
been allocated a training target of 3.6 lakh beneficiaries for conducting training programme in traditional and
organized sectors.

About Samarth Scheme:

Also known as the ‘Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector (SCBTS)’.
Implemented by the Ministry of Textiles.
It seeks to Provide demand driven, placement oriented National Skills
Qualifications Framework (NSQF) compliant skilling programmes.

Target:

www.insightsonindia.com 58 InsightsIAS
To train 10.00 lakh persons (9 lakhs in organised & 1 lakh in traditional sector) excluding Spinning & Weaving
in the organized Sector.

Key features: ● CCTV recording of training programme.

● Training of Trainers (ToT). ● Dedicated call centre with helpline number.
● Aadhar Enabled Biometric Attendance
System (AEBAS).

Implementing Agencies:
● Textile Industry.
● Institutions/Organization of the Ministry of Textiles/State Governments having training infrastructure
and placement tie-ups with textile industry.
● Reputed training institutions/ NGOs/ Societies/ Trusts/ Organizations/ Companies /Start Ups /
Entrepreneurs active in textile sector having placement tie-ups with textile industry.

InstaLinks: 4. Launch year.

Prelims Link: 5. Other schemes of the textile sector.
1. Implementing Ministry.
2. Objectives and targets of the scheme. Mains Link:
3. Features. Discuss the significance of the scheme.

Swachh Vidyalaya Abhiyan:

Launched in 2014 by the then Ministry of Human Resource Development (now Ministry of Education).
Aim: to meet the Right to Education Act’s mandate that all schools must have separate toilets for boys and
girls.
Central public sector enterprises (CPSEs) were roped in to implement the program.
● The programme norms require the CPSEs to build toilets with running water and hand washing
facilities.
● It also requires CPSEs to maintain the toilets for three to five years while charging the annual expenses
to their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) budgets.

Why in News?
Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) recently submitted a report on the performance of this
program.
Key Highlights:
● Public sector units claimed to have constructed 1.4 lakh toilets in government schools as part of a Right
to Education project, but almost 40% of those surveyed were found to be non-existent, partially
constructed, or unused.
● Over 70% did not have running water facilities in the toilets, while 75% were not being maintained
hygienically.
● The objective of providing separate toilets for boys and girls was not fulfilled in 27% of the schools, said
the CAG.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: Discuss the performance of Swachh Vidyalaya
1. About Swachh Vidyalaya Abhiyan. Abhiyan.
2. Implementation of the program.
3. Key features. Link:
4. Mandatory provisions under the Right to https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/40-of-
Education act. toilets-surveyed-by-cag-in-govt-schools-non-
existent-unused/article32680816.ece/amp/.

www.insightsonindia.com 59 InsightsIAS
 Sweet sellers need to display 'best before date' from 1 October, orders
FSSAI:
Context:
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has released guidelines on sale of loose sweets.

As per the new guidelines:

● In case of non-packaged/ loose
sweets, the container/tray
holding sweets at the outlet for
sale should display the 'Best
Before Date' of the product
mandatorily with effect from
October 1, 2020.
● The food business operators
(FBOs) might also display the date
of manufacturing. It is not
mandatory however.
● The FBOs shall decide and display
the 'Best Before Date' of sweets
depending on the nature of the
products and the local conditions.
● Food safety commissioners
should ensure compliance.

Significance:
The decision was based on various
complaints about the quality and
adulteration of sweets, mostly during
festive season.
● This regulation will help to
ensure that the consumers are purchasing fresh products.

About the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI):

It is an autonomous statutory body established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSS Act).
● Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India is the administrative Ministry of FSSAI.

FSS Act, 2006 consolidates various acts & orders that had earlier handled food related issues in various
Ministries and Departments, such as–
● Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 ● Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation) Order
● Fruit Products Order, 1955 1988
● Meat Food Products Order, 1973 ● Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992
● Vegetable Oil Products (Control) Order,
1947

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link:
1. About FSSAI. 4. Overview of the Food Safety and Standards
2. Administrative Ministry. Act, 2006 (FSS Act).
3. Functions of FSSAI.

Uniform Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP):

Context:

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The Alliance of Doctors for Ethical Health Care has expressed disappointment over the recent reply of Minister
of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Sadanada Gowda, in Parliament that there is no decision yet to make the Uniform
Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) mandatory.

What's the demand now?

The alliance has said that UCPMP should be made mandatory to bring fairness in marketing of the drugs as the
industry has failed to comply with the code on a voluntary basis.

What is UCPMP Code?

It is a voluntary code issued by the Department Of Pharmaceuticals relating to marketing practices for Indian
Pharmaceutical Companies and as well medical devices
industry. Applicability: At present, the UCPMP Code is
applicable on Pharmaceutical Companies, Medical
Representatives, Agents of Pharmaceutical Companies
such as Distributors, Wholesalers, Retailers, and
Pharmaceutical Manufacturer’s Associations.

Key features and provisions:

● No gifts, pecuniary advantages or benefits in kind
may be supplied, offered or promised, to persons
qualified to prescribe or supply drugs, by a
pharmaceutical company or any of its agents.
● As regards travel facilities, the UCPMP Code
prohibits extending travel facility inside the country
or outside, including rail, air, ship, cruise tickets,
paid vacations, etc., to HealthCare Professionals
and their family members for vacation or for
attending conference.
● The Code also provides that free samples of drugs shall not be supplied to any person who is not qualified
to prescribe such product.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: Discuss why the Uniform Code of Pharmaceutical
1. About UCPMP. Marketing Practices (UCPMP) should be made
2. Is it mandatory? mandatory?
3. Issued by? Link:https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareA
4. Overview. rticle?OrgId=GAQ7Q58JQ.1&imageview=0.

Topics: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States
and the performance of these schemes.
Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Priyojana (PMBJP):
Why in News?
8 immunity boosting products launched under Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Priyojana (PMBJP) for
sale through Janaushadhi Kendras across country.

About PMBJP:
It is a campaign launched by the Department of Pharmaceuticals of the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers to
provide quality medicines at affordable prices to the masses through special kendra’s known as Pradhan
Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendra.
• Initially launched in 2008, the scheme was rechristened in 2015.

Implementation:
Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) is the implementing agency of PMBJP.

www.insightsonindia.com 61 InsightsIAS
 • BPPI (Bureau of Pharma Public Sector
Undertakings of India) has been
established under the Department of
Pharmaceuticals, Govt. of India, with the
support of all the CPSUs.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SCHEME:

1. Ensure access to quality medicines.
2. Extend coverage of quality generic medicines
so as to reduce the out of pocket expenditure
on medicines and thereby redefine the unit
cost of treatment per person.
3. Create awareness about generic medicines
through education and publicity so that
quality is not synonymous with only high
price.
4. A public programme involving Government, PSUs, Private Sector, NGO, Societies, Co-operative Bodies and
other Institutions.
5. Create demand for generic medicines by improving access to better healthcare through low treatment cost
and easy availability wherever needed in all therapeutic categories.

InstaLinks: 4. About BPPI- establishment and functions.

Prelims Link: 5. What is a generic medicine?
1. When was the scheme launched?
2. When was it renamed? Mains Link:
3. The scheme was launched by which Discuss the need for and significance of Pradhan
Ministry? Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Priyojana (PMBJP).

Maharashtra modifies Forest Rights Act:

Context:
Maharashtra Governor has issued a notification modifying the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006.
● The notification has been issued by the Governor using his powers under sub paragraph (1) of
paragraph 5 of the Schedule V of the Constitution.

What are the modifications?

The changes will enable tribals and other traditional forest dwelling families to build houses in the
neighbourhood forest areas.

Significance:
● The decision is likely to provide a major relief to Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest-dwelling
families residing in the scheduled areas of the State.
● The move aims to prevent the migration of forest-dwelling families outside their native villages and
provide them housing areas by extending the village site into forest land in their neighbourhood.

What is 5th schedule?

The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas as well as
of Scheduled Tribes residing in any State other than the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.

www.insightsonindia.com 62 InsightsIAS
Special Provisions for Fifth Schedule Areas:
● The Governor of each State having Scheduled Areas (SA) shall
annually, or whenever so required by the President, make a report
to the President regarding the administration of Scheduled Areas in
that State.
● The Union Government shall have executive powers to give
directions to the States as to the administration of the Scheduled
Areas.
● Para 4 of the Fifth Schedule provides for establishment of a Tribes
Advisory Council (TAC) in any State having Scheduled Areas.
● Composition: Consisting of not more than twenty members of
whom, three-fourths shall be the representatives of the Scheduled
Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the State. If the number of
representatives of the STs in the Legislative Assembly of the State is
less than the number of seats in the TAC to be filled by such
representatives, the remaining seats shall be filled by other
members of those Tribes.
● Functions: The TAC shall advise on such matters pertaining to the welfare and the advancement of the STs
in the State as may be referred to them by the Governor.

The Governor may make rules prescribing or regulating:

● The number of members of the Council, the mode of their appointment and the appointment of the
Chairman of the Council and of the officers and servants thereof, the conduct of its meetings and its
procedure in general.
● The Governor may, by public notification, direct that any particular Act of Parliament or of the Legislature
of the State shall or shall not apply to a SA or any part thereof in the State, subject to such exceptions and
modifications, as specified.
● The Governor may make regulations for the peace and good government of any area in the State which is
for the time being a SA. Such regulations may prohibit or restrict the transfer of land by or among members
of the Scheduled tribes in such area; regulate the allotment of land to members of the STs in such area.
● In making such regulations, the Governor may repeal or amend any Act of Parliament or of Legislature of
the State or any existing law after obtaining assent of the President.

InstaLinks: 4. What are scheduled areas?

Prelims Link: 5. Forest Rights Act- key provisions.
1. Difference between 5th and 6th schedule 6. TAC- composition and functions.
of Indian Constitution.
2. Powers of governor under 5th schedule Link:
3. Who can include or exclude areas under 5th https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
schedule? ?OrgId=G7S7QB6AV.1&imageview=0.

Topics: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating

to Health, Education, Human Resources.
NCRB report on accidental deaths, suicides:
Context:
Report was released recently by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).
• Overall, the report shows that the number of suicide cases and accidental deaths registered an
increase across the country last year from the 2018 figures.

Report on Suicides in the country:

1. Suicides in the country went up slightly from 1,34,516 to 1,39,123.
2. Of the 97,613 male suicides, the most were of daily wage earners (29,092), followed by self-employed
persons (14,319) and the unemployed (11,599).
3. Of the 41,493 female, over half were housewives.

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 4. Most suicides by unemployed persons were in Kerala at 14% (1,963), followed by 10.8% in
Maharashtra, 9.8% in Tamil Nadu, 9.2% in Karnataka and 6.1% in Odisha.
5. Most suicides by those in business activities were in Maharashtra (14.2%), Tamil Nadu (11.7%),
Karnataka (9.7%), West Bengal (8.2%) and Madhya Pradesh (7.8%).
6. The suicide rate in cities (13.9%) was higher compared to the all-India average.
7. Most cases of mass/family suicides were reported from Tamil Nadu (16), followed by Andhra Pradesh
(14), Kerala (11) and Punjab (9) and Rajasthan (7).

Report on Accidental deaths:

1. Accidental deaths in the country increased by 2.3%. Compared with 4,11,824 in 2018, the figure stood
at 4,21,104 last year.
2. The most casualties of 30.9% were reported in the 30-45 age group, followed by 26% in the 18-30 age
group.
3. Maharashtra reported the highest deaths (70,329), amounting to nearly one-sixth of the total figure.
4. A total of 8,145 deaths was due to the causes attributable to forces of nature, including 35.3% due to
lightning, 15.6% by heat/sun stroke and 11.6% deaths in floods.
5. Most deaths (400) due to lightning was reported each from Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, followed by
Jharkhand (334) and Uttar Pradesh (321).
6. The major causes were ‘traffic accidents’ (43.9%), ‘sudden deaths’ (11.5%), ‘drowning’ (7.9%),
‘poisoning’ (5.1%), ‘falls’ (5.1%) and ‘accidental fire’ (2.6%). A majority (57.2%) of deaths was in the age
groups of 18-45 years.

About NCRB:
Set -up in 1986 under the Ministry of Home Affairs to function as a repository of information on crime and
criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators.
Set up based on the recommendations of the National Police Commission (1977-1981) and the MHA’s Task
Force (1985).
NCRB brings out the annual comprehensive statistics of crime across the country (‘Crime in India’ report).
• Being published since 1953, the report serves as a crucial tool in understanding the law and order
situation across the country.

InstaLinks: Mains Link: Throw a light on suicide rates in India

Prelims Link: based on the recent report published by the NCRB
1. NCRB- establishment and functions. and suggest ways to minimise these numbers.
2. Crimes in India report is released by?
3. Highlights of the recent report on Link:
accidental deaths and suicides. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ncrb-
releases-annual-report-on-suicides-and-accidental-
deaths/article32496628.ece.

Global Multidimensional Poverty Index:

Why in News?
NITI Aayog is in the last stage for preparation of Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) parameter dashboard
and a State Reform Action Plan (SRAP).
• In this regard, the Niti Aayog will leverage the monitoring mechanism of the Global Multidimensional
Poverty Index.
• NITI Aayog is the Nodal agency for the MPI.

Part of the “Global Indices to Drive Reforms and Growth (GIRG)” exercise:
Global MPI is part of Government of India’s decision to monitor the performance of the country in 29 select
Global Indices.
• The objective of the “Global Indices to Drive Reforms and Growth (GIRG)” exercise is to fulfil the need
to measure and monitor India’s performance on various important social and economic parameters.

www.insightsonindia.com 64 InsightsIAS
 • This will enable the utilisation of these Indices as tools for self-improvement, bring about reforms in
policies, while improving last-mile implementation of government schemes.

What is MPI?
Global MPI is an international measure of
multidimensional poverty.
It covers 107 developing countries.
• It was first developed in 2010 by Oxford
Poverty and Human Development Initiative
(OPHI) and United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) for UNDP’s Human
Development Reports.

When is it released?
The Global MPI is released at the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) on Sustainable Development of the United
Nations in July, every year.

How are the countries ranked?

Global MPI is computed by scoring each surveyed household on 10 parameters based on -nutrition, child
mortality, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing
and household assets.

Performance of India and its neighbours in MPI 2020:

• India is 62nd among 107 countries with an MPI score of 0.123 and 27.91% headcount ratio, based on
the NFHS 4 (2015/16) data.
• Neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka (25th), Bhutan (68th), Nepal (65th), Bangladesh (58th), China
(30th), Myanmar (69th) and Pakistan (73rd) are also ranked in this index.

InstaLinks: 5. What is the “Global Indices to Drive

Prelims Link: Reforms and Growth (GIRG)” exercise?
1. What is MPI? Who is conducting it?
2. Who releases it? 6. Performance of India in MPI 2020.
3. How are the countries ranked?
4. Nodal agency for the MPI in India. Mains Link:
Write a brief note on the MPI (Multidimensional
Poverty Index).

‘Health in India’ report:

Published by?
National Statistical Organisation (NSO).
• The report is based on the 75th round of the National Sample Survey (July 2017-June 2018) on
household social consumption related to health.

Key findings in the latest report:

1. Across the country, only 59.2% of children under five years are fully immunised.
2. Roughly, two out of five children do not complete their immunisation programme.
3. About 97% of children across the country received at least one vaccination — mostly BCG and/or the
first dose of OPV at birth.
4. However, only 67% of children are protected against measles.
5. Only 58% got their polio booster dose, while 54% got their DPT booster dose.
6. Among States, Manipur (75%), Andhra Pradesh (73.6%) and Mizoram (73.4%) recorded the highest
rates of full immunisation.
7. In Nagaland, only 12% of children received all vaccinations, followed by Puducherry (34%) and Tripura
(39.6%).

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What is immunisation?
Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically
by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person
against subsequent infection or disease.

What is full immunisation?

Full immunisation means that a child receives a cocktail of eight vaccine doses in the first year of life.

Need for proposed immunisation:

• Currently, India accounts for 5 lakh deaths due to vaccine-preventable diseases, which is more than
half of the total estimated infants' deaths annually.
• In India, diseases such as measles-rubella, diarrhoea, pneumonia and the like cause most of the infant
deaths every year.
• Latest reports by the World Health Organization reveal that a total of 1.5 million deaths could be
avoided globally if there is an improvement in the global vaccination coverage.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: What is full immunisation? Discuss the findings of
1. About NSSO. latest ‘Health in India’ report in this regard.
2. About CSO.
3. What is full immunisation? Link:
4. Latest findings in ‘Health in India’ report. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/40-of-
5. What is a vaccine? How it works? children-are-not-fully-vaccinated-says-nso-
report/article32554855.ece.

What are Trans Fats?

Why in News?
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan were among countries that need to act urgently against trans-
fat, the World Health Organization (WHO) has warned.

What has the WHO said?

1. Industrially produced trans-fats are found in hardened vegetable fats such as margarine and ghee
(clarified butter) and are often present in snack foods, baked goods and fried foods.
2. The substance is responsible for around 500,000 deaths due to coronary heart disease every year
across the world. 15 countries account for two-thirds of the deaths linked to the substance.
3. It is, however, often used by manufacturers because it has a longer shelf life and is cheaper than
other, healthier choices that do not affect taste or cost.
4. So far, 58 countries introduced laws to protect 3.2 billion people from the substance by the end of
2021. But more than 100 countries still needed to take action to remove trans-fat from their food
supply chains.
5. None of the low-income or lower-middle-income countries have yet implemented best-practice
policies, while seven of their upper-middle-income and 33 of their high-income counterparts did so.

What are Trans fats?

Trans fatty acids (TFAs) or Trans fats are the most harmful type of fats which can have much more adverse
effects on our body than any other dietary constituent.
These fats are largely produced artificially but a small amount also occurs naturally. Thus in our diet, these
may be present as Artificial TFAs and/ or Natural TFAs.
• Artificial TFAs are formed when hydrogen is made to react with the oil to produce fats resembling pure
ghee/butter.
• In our diet the major sources of artificial TFAs are the partially hydrogenated vegetable oils
(PHVO)/vanaspati/ margarine while the natural TFAs are present in meats and dairy products, though
in small amounts.

www.insightsonindia.com 66 InsightsIAS
Harmful effects:
• TFAs pose a higher risk of heart disease than saturated fats. While saturated fats raise total cholesterol
levels, TFAs not only raise total cholesterol levels but also reduce the good cholesterol (HDL), which
helps to protect us against heart disease.
• Trans fats consumption increases the risk of developing heart disease and stroke.
• It is also associated with a higher risk of developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, metabolic
syndrome, insulin resistance, infertility, certain types of cancers and can also lead to compromised fetal
development causing harm to the yet to be born baby.

Why they are increasingly being used?

TFA containing oils can be preserved longer, they give the food the desired shape and texture and can easily
substitute ‘Pure ghee’. These are comparatively far lower in cost and thus add to profit/saving.

Efforts to reduce their intake:

1. FSSAI put in place a
regulation in 2016 halving the
permissible quantum of
trans-fats in edible fats and
oils from 10% to 5%.
2. WHO launched a REPLACE
campaign in 2018 for global-
level elimination of trans-fats
in industrially produced edible
oils by 2023.
3. FSSAI has set 2022 as the
deadline.
4. FSSAI plans to cap TFA at 3%
by 2021 and 2% by 2022 in
edible fats and oils.
5. FSSAI launched a “Trans Fat
Free” logo for voluntary
labelling to promote TFA-free
products. The label can be
used by bakeries, local food
outlets and shops for
preparations containing TFA
not exceeding 0.2 per 100 g/ml.

InstaLinks: 5. Replace Campaign is related to?

Prelims Link: 6. About FSSAI.
1. What are trans fats?
2. Why they are harmful? Mains Link:
3. How and where they are produced? What are Trans fats? Why are they harmful?
4. What is the permissible limit set by WHO Discuss.
and FSSAI?

Link:https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/india-south-asian-neighbours-must-act-against-trans-fat-
now-who-73305.

What is serial interval, and how can it be managed to control Covid-19?

Why in News?
China, which has now gone over a month without any locally transmitted Covid-19 cases, was able to contain
Covid-19 due to its ability to manage the serial interval.

www.insightsonindia.com 67 InsightsIAS
What is it?
The serial interval is the duration between symptom onset of a primary case and symptom onset of
secondary cases (contacts) generated by the primary case.
In simple terms, the serial interval is the gap between the onset of Covid-19 symptoms in Person A and
Person B, who is infected by Person A.

When was it first used?

The term was first used by British physician William Pickles, who had initially referred to it as transmission
interval with reference to a hepatitis epidemic in the United Kingdom during 1942-45.

Mains Factors on which Serial Interval depends:

Incubation period: The time between a person’s exposure to the virus and symptom onset.
Reproduction rate or R naught: The number of people who will be infected by one infected person.

Significance? What does changes in serial interval indicate?

The serial interval helps to gauge the effectiveness of infection control interventions besides indicating rising
population immunity and forecast future incidence.
Thus, the more quickly persons who contracted Covid-19 are identified and isolated, the shorter the serial
interval becomes and cuts down opportunities for transmission of the virus.

What India needs to do?

To manage serial interval, a robust system of
contact tracing, quarantine, and isolation
protocols should be in place.

Case study:
China:
The serial interval in Wuhan came down from
7.8 days to 2.6 days between early January and
early February.
● Quarantining contacts within 1 day from
symptom onset helped reduce Covid-19
transmission by 60 per cent.
● This was made possible due to aggressive contact tracing, quarantine, and isolation, thereby ensuring
that infected patients, because they were isolated, could not infect any more people later in the
infection cycle.

InstaLinks: 5. What is RNA virus? How it survives?

Prelims Link: 6. What are antibodies?
1. What is serial interval?
2. What is R0? Mains Link:
3. Difference between RNA and DNA. What is serial interval, and how can it be managed
4. Differences between RT PCR and antibody to control Covid-19?
tests.

Link: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/serial-interval-how-can-it-be-managed-to-control-
coronavirus-covid-19-6598366/.

Cat que virus:

Context:
Scientists have warned India of another virus -- cat que virus -- largely reported in China and having the
potential to cause disease in India.
● The presence of this virus in culex mosquitoes and pigs has been reported in China and Vietnam.

www.insightsonindia.com 68 InsightsIAS
What is Cat Que virus?
It is one of the arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses).

Spread:
● Its natural host is a mosquito.
● Domestic pigs are the primary mammalian host of CQV.

Why India is more vulnerable?

● Availability of vector, primary mammalian host (swine) and confirmation of CQV from jungle myna.
● Besides, National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune researchers have found antibodies for the virus in
two out of the 883 human serum samples which were taken from various Indian states, indicating that
people at some point contracted the virus.

Effects on Humans:
It can cause febrile illnesses, meningitis and paediatric encephalitis in humans.

InstaLinks: 4. What are arboviruses?

Prelims Link:
1. About Cat Que Virus. Mains Link:
2. Hosts. What is Cat Que Virus? How is it spread? Discuss.
3. Where has it been reported across the
world?

Second national
sero-survey:
Context:
Results of the second national
sero-survey have been released
by the Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR).

What are Sero-surveys?

They are conducted by drawing
blood samples and checking for a
specific class of antibodies called
IgG that appear within two
weeks of an infection. Because it
is yet unclear how long antibodies
detectably persist in the body,
their presence only indicates
past exposure to — and not
presence of — the virus.

Findings of the latest survey:

● Around 7% of India’s adult population may have been exposed to the novel coronavirus till the last
fortnight of August.This is roughly a 10-fold jump in numbers from the first sero-survey conducted by the
Council across 70 districts in 21 States that sought to estimate the likely number of infected until early
May.
● During the first survey, it emerged that there were 82-130 infections for every confirmed COVID-19
positive case. That number has now dropped to 26-32 infections.
● However, the numbers also suggest that the country still has an overwhelming majority of its population
yet to be exposed to the virus and therefore, is far from any peak or herd immunity levels.

www.insightsonindia.com 69 InsightsIAS
● The country wide prevalence of the virus was similar to that seen in the United States, which was around
9.3%. Brazil and Spain had a prevalence of 2.8% and 4.6%.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: Discuss how Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
1. What is RT PCR? (ELISAs) Based test is carried out to detect the
2. What is ELISA based test? presence of SARS- COV2 in individuals.
3. What are antigens and antibodies?
4. Differences between IgG and IgM Link:
antibodies. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
5. What is ICMR? ?OrgId=GC37QB9FV.1&imageview=0.

Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance

applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency &
accountability and institutional and other measures.
SAROD-Ports launched:
‘SAROD-Ports’ stands for Society for Affordable Redressal of Disputes - Ports.
• Launched by the Union Shipping Ministry.
• It is Affordable Dispute Redressal Mechanism for all kind of disputes of maritime sector.
SAROD-Ports is established under Societies Registration Act, 1860 with the following objectives:
1. Affordable and timely resolution of disputes in fair manner.
2. Enrichment of Dispute Resolution Mechanism with the panel of technical experts as arbitrators.

Composition of the society:

SAROD-Ports consists members from Indian Ports Association (IPA) and Indian Private Ports and Terminals
Association (IPTTA).

InstaLinks: 2. Objectives.
Prelims Link: 3. Composition of the said society.
1. The scheme has been launched by?

Jammu and Kashmir Integrated Grievance Redress and Monitoring System

(JK-IGRAMS):
Context:
Launched recently.

Key points:
• Launched on pilot basis for Jammu, Srinagar, and Reasi districts.
• The system will replace the current portal launched by the government in 2018.
• This is the first UT that will be linked to the central government system—CPGRAMS.

The mechanism:
• Deputy Commissioners have been placed at the primary level for receiving, disposing of and
monitoring grievances, the J&K administration.
• All SPs and DCs will be made available at designated times five days a week. They will be available in
their offices and anyone can go and meet them.

Significance:
The move comes at a time when a sense of disconnection and alienation has been growing among the people,
especially in the Kashmir Valley, which has remained on edge ever since J&K’s special status was revoked last
year.

What is the Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS).?

www.insightsonindia.com 70 InsightsIAS
Developed by National Informatics Centre (Ministry of Electronics & IT [MeitY]), in association with Directorate
of Public Grievances (DPG) and Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).
The underlying idea was to receive, redress and monitor the grievances of the public.
Launched by the Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG) under the Ministry of
Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions.

Key features:
• The CPGRAMS provides the facility to lodge a grievance online from any geographical location.
• It enables the citizen to track online the grievance being followed up with Departments concerned
and also enables DARPG to monitor the grievance.
• The procedure includes designating a senior officer as the Director of Grievances/Grievance officer in
every office to ensure that the system remains accessible, simple, quick, fair and responsive, and fixing
the time limit for disposal of work relating to public grievances and staff grievances.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: Discuss the key features of CPGRAMS.
1. What is CPGRAMS?
2. Developed by? Link:
3. Key features. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.co
4. First UT to be linked with CPGRAMS in m/news/national/new-grievance-redress-system-
India. unveiled-in-jk/article32584413.ece/amp/.

iRAD App:
What is it?
iRAD stands for Integrated Road Accident Database Project.
The primary purpose of IRAD is to enhance road safety.

Developed by:
Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT-M) and will be implemented by the National Informatics Centre.

How does it work?

1. The IRAD mobile application will enable police personnel to enter details about a road accident, along with
photos and videos, following which a unique ID will be created for the incident.
2. Subsequently, an engineer from the Public Works Department or the local body will receive an alert on his
mobile device.
3. He or she will then visit the accident site, examine it, and feed the required details, such as the road design.
4. Data thus collected will be analysed by a team at IIT-M, which will then suggest if corrective measures in
road design need to be taken.
5. Road users will also be able to upload data on road accidents on a separate mobile application.

InstaLinks: 2. About National Informatics Centre.

Prelims Link: 3. How it works?
1. The app has been developed and launched Mains Link:
by? Discuss the key features of iRAD App.

Topics: Role of civil services in a democracy.

Mission Karmayogi- National Programme for Civil Services Capacity
Building (NPCSCB):
Context:
Approved by the Union Cabinet recently.

What is it?
It is a New National Architecture for Civil Services Capacity Building.

www.insightsonindia.com 71 InsightsIAS
It is also a Comprehensive reform of the capacity building apparatus at individual, institutional and process
levels for efficient public service delivery.

Institutional framework and implementation of the programme:

1. PM led Public Human Resources (HR) Council to approve and monitor Civil Service Capacity Building
Plans.
2. Capacity Building Commission to harmonize training standards, create shared faculty and resources,
and have supervisory role over all Central Training Institutions.
3. Wholly owned Special Purpose Vehicle to own and operate the online learning platform and facilitate
world-class learning content market-place.
4. Coordination Unit headed by the Cabinet Secretary.

The core guiding principles of the Programme will be:

1. Supporting Transition from 'Rules based' to 'Roles based’ HR Management.
2. To emphasize on 'on-site learning' to complement the ‘off-site’ learning,
3. To create an ecosystem of shared training infrastructure including that of learning materials,
institutions and personnel,
4. To calibrate all Civil Service positions to a Framework of Roles, Activities and Competencies (FRACs)
approach and to create and deliver learning content relevant to the identified FRACs in every
Government entity.
5. To make available to all civil servants, an opportunity to continuously build and strengthen their
Behavioral, Functional and Domain Competencies in their self-driven and mandated learning paths.
6. To enable all the Central Ministries and Departments and their Organizations to directly invest their
resources towards co-creation and sharing the collaborative and common ecosystem of learning
through an annual financial subscription for every employee.
7. To encourage and partner with the best-in-class learning content creators including public training
institutions, universities, start-tips and individual experts,
8. To undertake data analytics in respect of data emit provided by iGOT- Karmayogi pertaining to
various aspects of capacity building, content creation, user feedback and mapping of competencies
and identify areas for policy reforms.

What is iGOT Karmayogi Platform?

The Programme will be delivered by setting up an Integrated Government Online Training-
iGOTKarmayogiPlatform.
• The platform brings the scale and state-of-the-art infrastructure to augment the capacities of
over two crore officials in India.
• The platform will evolve into a vibrant and world-class market place for content where
carefully curated and vetted digital e-learning material will be made available.
• Besides capacity building, service matters like confirmation after probation period,
deployment, work assignment and notification of vacancies etc. would eventually be
integrated with the proposed competency framework.

Functions of various proposed bodies:

Capacity Building Commission:
1. To assist the PM Public Human Resources Council in approving the Annual Capacity Building Plans.
2. To exercise functional supervision over all Central Training Institutions dealing with civil services
capacity building.
3. To create shared learning resources, including internal and external faculty and resource centers.
4. To coordinate and supervise the implementation of the Capacity Building Plans with the stakeholder
Departments.
5. To set norms for common mid-career training programs across all civil services.

A wholly owned Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV):

It will be set up under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013.
It will be a "not-for-profit" company.
www.insightsonindia.com 72 InsightsIAS
It will own and manage iGOT-Karmayogi platform.
• The SPV will create and operationalize the content, market place and manage key business services
ofiGOT-Karmayogi platform, relating to content validation, independent proctored assessments and
telemetry data availability.
• It will own all Intellectual Property Rights on behalf of the Government of India.

Public Human Resources Council:

• It will include select Union Ministers, Chief Ministers, eminent public HR practitioners, thinkers, global
thought leaders and Public Service functionaries under the Chairmanship of Hon'ble Prime Minister.
• It will serve as the apex body for providing strategic direction to the task of Civil Services Reform and
capacity building.

Larger significance of the programme:

It aims to prepare the Indian Civil Servant for the future by making him more creative, constructive,
imaginative, innovative, proactive, professional, progressive, energetic, enabling, transparent and
technology-enabled. Empowered with specific role-competencies, the civil servant will be able to ensure
efficient service delivery of the highest quality standards.

INSTALINKS:
PRELIMS LINK:
COMPOSITION AND THE FUNCTIONS OF:
1. PUBLIC HUMAN RESOURCES (HR) COUNCIL.
2. CAPACITY BUILDING COMMISSION.
3. SPECIAL PURPOSE VEHICLE.
WHO WILL HEAD THE COORDINATION UNIT?
WHO SHALL OWN AND OPERATE THE IGOT KARMAYOGI PLATFORM?
UNDER THE PROGRAMME, WHO SHALL OWN ALL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ON BEHALF OF
THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA?

MAINS LINK:
DISCUSS THE NEED FOR AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MISSION KARMAYOGI.

Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations.

Gilgit-Baltistan:
Context:
Pakistan has decided to elevate Gilgit-Baltistan’s status to that of a full-fledged province.
● However, India has clearly conveyed to Pakistan that the entire union territories of Jammu and
Kashmir and Ladakh, including the areas of Gilgit and Baltistan, are an integral part of the country by
virtue of its fully legal and irrevocable accession.

What’s the issue?

Gilgit-Baltistan has functioned as a “provincial autonomous region” since 2009.
It is controlled by Pakistan.
Besides, in a recent order, the Pakistan Supreme Court also allowed the amendment to the Government of
Gilgit-Baltistan Order of 2018 to conduct the general elections in the region.

Where is Gilgit Baltistan located?

It borders China in the North, Afghanistan in the west, Tajikistan in the north west and Kashmir in the south
east.
It shares a geographical boundary with Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, and India considers it as part of the
undivided Jammu and Kashmir, while Pakistan sees it as a separate from PoK.
It has a regional Assembly and an elected Chief Minister.

www.insightsonindia.com 73 InsightsIAS
Key points:
● China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
passes through this region.
● The region is home to five of the “eight-
thousanders” and to more than fifty
peaks above 7,000 metres (23,000 ft).
● Three of the world’s longest glaciers
outside the polar regions are found in
Gilgit-Baltistan.

How Pakistan took over it?

● The British sold it, along with the rest of
Jammu and Kashmir, to the Dogra ruler
of Jammu, Gulab Singh, after defeating
the Sikh army in 1846, but retained
controlled over the area through a lease
extracted from the Maharaja.
● This lease was last renewed in 1935. In 1947, a British army officer of the rank of Colonel imprisoned
Maharaja Hari Singh’s governor in the region, and handed over the area for accession to Pakistan.

Impediments ahead:
● Gilgit- Baltistan is part of J&K and any such move would seriously damage Pakistan’s Kashmir case. Two
UN resolutions of August 13, 1948 and January 5, 1949 clearly established a link between GB and the
Kashmir issue.
● Making the region its fifth province would thus violate the Karachi Agreement — perhaps the only
instrument that provides doubtful legal authority to Pakistan’s administration of GB — as well as the
UN resolutions that would damage its position on the Kashmir issue.
● Any such move would also be violative of the 1963 Pak-China Boundary Agreement that calls for the
sovereign authority to reopen negotiations with China “after the settlement of the Kashmir dispute
between Pakistan and India” and of the 1972 Simla Agreement that mentions that “neither side shall
unilaterally alter the situation”.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. Gilgit- Baltistan- Location, neighbours and Where is Gilgit- Baltistan? How it came under the
important rivers flowing through. control of Pakistan? Discuss.
2. What is Karachi Agreement related to?
3. The 1963 Pak- China Boundary Agreement. Link:
4. 1972 Simla Agreement. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
5. About PoK and CPEC. ?OrgId=GMN7P7BT1.1&imageview=0.

www.insightsonindia.com 74 InsightsIAS
 Pak. told to allow Queen’s Counsel:
Context:
After being stuck on the issue of who will represent
Kulbhushan Jadhav in the civilian court in Pakistan, India
has invoked the Commonwealth grounds to end the
debate over the appointment of his counsel.
● India has called for the appointment of an
Indian lawyer or a Queen's Counsel for the
death row prisoner, Kulbhushan Jadhav, so that
he receives a fair trial in his death sentence
review.

Background:
India’s suggestion comes against the backdrop of
negotiations between the two sides to ensure a free
and fair trial.
● The International Court of Justice had asked
Pakistan to ensure a fair review of the death
sentence, but India says Pakistan has not
provided “unimpeded” access to him till now.

Who is a Queen's Counsel?

Queen's Counsel is a barrister or advocate, appointed
Counsel to the UK Crown on the recommendation of
the Lord Chancellor.
Queen's counsels are recognised in almost all courts
around the world.
A Queen's Counsel is appointed from within the legal
profession on the basis of merit rather than the level of
experience.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link:
1. About ICJ.
2. Differences between the International 5. What are commonwealth countries?
Criminal Court and the International Court
of Justice. Link:
3. Who is a Queen’s Counsel? https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
4. Key Functions. ?OrgId=GJP7P7RED.1&imageview=0.

Indus Water Treaty:

Context:
September 19 marks the 60th anniversary of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) between India and Pakistan.

About the Indus Water Treaty:

It is a Water-Distribution Treaty, signed in Karachi in 1960, between India (PM Jawaharlal Nehru) and Pakistan
(President Ayub Khan), brokered by the World Bank.

Who has control over what?

● Under the treaty, India has control over water flowing in the eastern rivers– Beas, Ravi and Sutlej.
● Pakistan has control over the western rivers– Indus, Chenab and Jhelum.

Water for other purposes:

www.insightsonindia.com 75 InsightsIAS
 ● India is allowed to use 20% water of the western
rivers for irrigation, power generation and
transport purposes.
● It also granted 3.6 million acre-feet (MAF) of
“permissible storage capacity” to India on the
western rivers.

Key features of the treaty:

● As per the treaty, the water commissioners of
Pakistan and India are required to meet twice a
year and arrange technical visits to projects’ sites
and critical river head works.
● Both the sides share details of the water flow and
the quantum of water being used under the
treaty.
● The treaty sets out a mechanism for cooperation
and information exchange between the two
countries regarding their use of the rivers.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link:
1. Indus and its tributaries.
2. When was Indus Water treaty signed?
3. Who brokered the treaty?
4. Highlights of the treaty?
5. Functions of Permanent Indus Commission.
6. Hydroelectric projects in News in this
regard. Link:
https://www.google.com/amp/s/indianexpress.co
Mains Link: m/article/explained/indus-water-treaty-at-60-why-
Discuss the significance of Indus Water Treaty. there-is-a-need-to-give-it-a-fresh-look-
6601741/lite/.

Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or
affecting India’s interests.
The Quad:
Why in News?
Chief of Defence Staff Gen. Bipin Rawat has backed the ‘Quad’ as a “good mechanism” to ensure freedom of
navigation in the Indian Ocean-Pacific region — a statement that could rile up China.

What is Quad grouping?

The quadrilateral security dialogue includes Japan, India, United States and Australia.
• All four nations find a common ground of being the democratic nations and common interests of
unhindered maritime trade and security.
• The idea was first mooted by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 2007. However, the idea couldn’t
move ahead with Australia pulling out of it.

Significance of the grouping:

• Quad is an opportunity for like-minded countries to share notes and collaborate on projects of
mutual interest.
• Members share a vision of an open and free Indo-Pacific. Each is involved in development and
economic projects as well as in promoting maritime domain awareness and maritime security.

www.insightsonindia.com 76 InsightsIAS
 • It is one of the many avenues for
interaction among India, Australia,
Japan and the US and should not be
seen in an exclusive context.

What are China’s views on the Quad?

• There is a general understanding that
the Quad would not take on a military
dimension against any country. The
strategic community in China,
nevertheless, had branded it an
emerging “Asian NATO”.
• Notably, Japanese PM Shinzo Abe’s “Confluence of Two Seas” address to the Indian Parliament gave a
fresh impetus to the Quad concept. This recognised the economic rise of India.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: A formal revival and re-invigoration of the Quad is
1. Quad- composition. called for to maintain peace and tranquillity and to
2. When was it first proposed? ensure observance of the UN Law of the Seas.
3. Countries and important islands in the Examine.
Indian Ocean region.
4. Geographical overview of Indo-Pacific Link:
region. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/quad-
5. Important seas and straits in the region. should-ensure-freedom-of-navigation-in-indian-
ocean-gen-rawat/article32517321.ece.

BRICS Culture Ministers’ Meeting:

Context:
The 5th BRICS Culture Ministers’ Meeting was held through video conference under the Chairpersonship of
Russian Federation.

Basic facts that you must know about BRICS:

BRICS is an acronym for the grouping of the world’s leading emerging economies, namely Brazil, Russia, India,
China, and South Africa.
• In 2001, the British Economist Jim O’Neill coined the term BRIC to describe the four emerging
economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
• The grouping was formalised during the first meeting of BRIC Foreign Ministers in 2006.
• South Africa was invited to join BRIC in December 2010, after which the group adopted the acronym
BRICS.

Other key points:

• The chairmanship of the forum is rotated annually among the members, in accordance with the
acronym B-R-I-C-S.
• The BRICS Leaders’ Summit is convened annually.
• During the Sixth BRICS Summit in Fortaleza (2014) the leaders signed the Agreement establishing the
New Development Bank (NDB). They also signed the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement.

Here, Cooperation among members is achieved through:

1. Track I: Formal diplomatic engagement between the national governments.
2. Track II: Engagement through government-affiliated institutions, e.g. state-owned enterprises and
business councils.
3. Track III: Civil society and People-to-People engagement.

InstaLinks: Prelims Link:

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 1. BRICS- origin, when South Africa joined? Mains Link:
2. About the New Development Bank (NDB). What is the mandate of New Development Bank
3. Which are the NDB funded projects in and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank? Examine
India? whether the coming of NDB and AIIB changes the
4. Fortaleza declaration is related to? rules of development financing vis-à-vis the
5. What is the BRICS Contingent Reserve western dominated multilateral financing
Arrangement? institutions?

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO):

Why in News?
Meetings of the SCO defence ministers and foreign ministers were recently held in Russia.

About the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO):

It is a permanent intergovernmental international organisation.
• It’s creation was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai (China) by the Republic of Kazakhstan, the
People’s Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, and
the Republic of Uzbekistan.
• It was preceded by the Shanghai Five mechanism.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Charter was signed during the St.Petersburg SCO Heads of State
meeting in June 2002, and entered into force on 19 September 2003.
• The SCO’s official languages are Russian and Chinese.

The SCO’s main goals are as follows:

Strengthening mutual trust and neighbourliness among the member states; promoting their effective
cooperation in politics, trade, the economy, research, technology and culture, as well as in education, energy,
transport, tourism, environmental protection, and other areas; making joint efforts to maintain and ensure
peace, security and stability in the region; and moving towards the establishment of a democratic, fair and
rational new international political and economic order.

Bodies under SCO:

1. Heads of State Council (HSC) is the supreme decision-making body in the SCO. It meets once a year and
adopts decisions and guidelines on all important matters of the organisation.
2. SCO Heads of Government Council (HGC) meets once a year to discuss the organisation’s multilateral
cooperation strategy and priority areas, to resolve current important economic and other cooperation
issues, and also to approve the organisation’s annual budget.
3. Two permanent bodies — the SCO Secretariat
based in Beijing and the Executive Committee of
the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS)
based in Tashkent.
4. The SCO Secretary-General and the Director of
the Executive Committee of the SCO RATS are
appointed by the Council of Heads of State for a
term of three years.

Currently:
• SCO comprises eight member states, namely the
Republic of India, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the
People’s Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic,
the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Russian
Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, and the
Republic of Uzbekistan.
• SCO counts four observer states, namely the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the Republic of Belarus,
the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Mongolia.

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 • SCO has six dialogue partners, namely the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, the
Kingdom of Cambodia, the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, the Republic of Turkey, and the
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.

InstaLinks: 5. Observers and dialogue partners of SCO.

Prelims Link: 6. Permanent bodies under SCO.
1. What is Shanghai Five? 7. Official languages of SCO.
2. When was SCO charter signed and when it
entered into force? Mains Link:
3. SCO founding members. Discuss the objectives and significance of the
4. When did India join the group? Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

G20:
Why in News?
A virtual meeting of G20 Education Ministers was held recently to discuss and share experiences of member
countries in the three identified areas of Education - Continuity in Times of Crises, Early Childhood Education
and Internationalization in Education.
• The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is hosting G-20 Leaders’ Summit in 2020.

What is the G20?

The G20 is an annual meeting of leaders from the countries with the largest and fastest-growing economies. Its
members account for 85% of the world’s GDP, and two-thirds of its population.
• The G20 Summit is formally known as the “Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy”.

Genesis of G20:
After the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997-1998, it was acknowledged that the participation of major emerging
market countries is needed on discussions on the international financial system, and G7 finance ministers
agreed to establish the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting in 1999.

Presidency:
The group has no permanent staff of its own, so every year in December, a G20 country from a rotating region
takes on the presidency.
• That country is then responsible for organising the next summit, as well as smaller meetings for the
coming year.
• They can also choose to invite non-member countries along as guests.
• The first G20 meeting took place in Berlin in 1999, after a financial crisis in East Asia affected many
countries around the world.

Full membership of the G20:

Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia,
Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European
Union.

What is G20+?
The G20 developing nations, also called
G21/G23/G20+ is a bloc of developing nations which
was established on August 20, 2003. It is distinct from
the G20 major economies.
• The G20+ originated in September 2003 at the
5th ministerial conference of the WTO held at
Cancun, Mexico.
• Its origins can be traced to the Brasilia
Declaration signed by the foreign ministers of
India, Brazil and South Africa on 6th June 2003.

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 • The G20+ is responsible for 60% of the world population, 26% of the world’s agricultural exports and
70% of its farmers.

InstaLinks: 5. Who is is hosting G-20 Leaders’ Summit in

Prelims Link: 2020?
1. G20 vs G20+ vs G7 vs G8.
2. Objectives and sub- groups. Mains Link:
3. Overview of Geographical locations of the Do you think the recent G20 summits have turned
member countries. into talking shops rather than getting down to brass
4. Overview of the 2003 Brasilia Declaration. tacks? Critically analyse.

India, China agree on 5-point action plan:

Context:
India and China have agreed on a five-point course of action to disengage and reduce tensions along the Line
of Actual Control (LAC).

The five-point plan is:

1. following the consensus between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Xi Jinping to “not allow
differences to become disputes”.
2. disengaging quickly to ease tensions.
3. abiding by the existing India-China border protocols and avoiding escalatory action.
4. continuing the dialogue between the Special Representatives, National Security Adviser Ajit Doval and
Mr. Wang, as well as the other mechanisms.
5. working towards new confidence-building measures (CBMs).

What are the immediate challenges? What has not been addressed so far?
1. Nothing has been spoken about returning to the “status quo ante” or positions prior to the stand-off
in April.
2. India has also not categorically called on China to retreat from positions it has aggressed on at
Pangong Tso, Depsang and other parts of the LAC.

What needs to be done both by India and China?

• The immediate task is to ensure a comprehensive disengagement of troops in all the friction areas.
That is necessary to prevent any untoward incident in the future.
• The final disposition of the troop deployment to their permanent posts and the phasing of the process
is to be worked out by the military commanders.

Why do face-offs occur?

They mainly occur in areas along the LAC. The LAC has never been demarcated.
• Differing perceptions are particularly acute in around two dozen spots across the Western (Ladakh),
Middle (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand), Sikkim, and Eastern (Arunachal Pradesh) sectors of the
India-China border.
• Face-offs occur when patrols encounter each other in the contested zones between overlapping claim
lines.
• Protocols agreed to in 2005 and 2013 detail rules of engagement to prevent such incidents, but have
not always been adhered to.

Why has not the LAC been clarified?

India has long proposed an exercise to clarify differing perceptions of the LAC to prevent such incidents. Maps
were exchanged in the Middle Sector, but the exercise fell through in the Western Sector where divergence is
the greatest.
• China has since rejected this exercise, viewing it as adding another complication to the on-going
boundary negotiations.

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 • India’s argument is rather than agree on one LAC, the exercise could help both sides understand the
claims of the other, paving the way to regulate activities in contested areas until a final settlement of
the boundary dispute.

InstaLinks: 6. Where is Naku La?

Prelims Link: 7. Who controls what in Pangong Tso lake
1. What is LoC and how is it established, region?
geographical extent and significance?
2. What is LAC? Mains Link:
3. Where is Nathu la? Discuss the significance of Pangong Tso for India
4. Where is Pangong Tso? and China.
5. Who administers Akashi Chin?

United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements

Resulting from Mediation:
Why in News?
The convention came into force on 12th September 2020.

What you need to know?

• The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on 20th December 2018 and it was
opened for signature on 7th August 2019 in Singapore.
• It is also known as the Singapore Convention on Mediation and also the first UN treaty to be named
after Singapore.

Key Features of the Convention:

• Applicability: The Convention will apply to international commercial settlement agreements resulting
from mediation.
• Non- applicability: It will not apply to international settlement agreements that are concluded in the
course of judicial or arbitral proceedings and which are enforceable as a court judgment or arbitral
award. It will also not apply to settlement agreements concluded for personal, family or household
purposes by one of the parties (a consumer), as well as settlement agreements relating to family,
inheritance or employment law.
• The courts of a contracting party will be expected to handle applications either to enforce an
international settlement agreement which falls within the scope of the Convention or to allow a party
to invoke the settlement agreement in order to prove that the matter has already been resolved, in
accordance with its rules of procedure, and under the conditions laid down in the Convention.

Signatories:
The Convention has 53 signatories, including India, China and the U.S.
• India approved the signing of the Convention in July 2019.

Benefits for India:

• Signing of the Convention will boost the confidence of the investors and shall provide a positive signal
to foreign investors about India’s commitment to adhere to international practice on Alternative
Dispute Resolution (ADR).
• Businesses in India and around the world will now have greater certainty in resolving cross-border
disputes through mediation, as the Convention provides a more effective means for mediated
outcomes to be enforced.

Link: https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.com/business/singapore-convention-on-mediation-
comes-into-force/article32589671.ece/amp/.

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 China says India violated border agreements:
Context:
China has blamed India for “violating” border agreements and said India bore responsibility for the recent
tensions.
● This comes a day after Defence Minister Rajnath Singh told Parliament that China had, by amassing
troops along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) this summer, violated the 1993 and 1996 boundary
agreements that have helped keep the peace along the border for years.

What do 1993 and 1996 agreements say?

India and China have signed various agreements on border management— signed in September 1993,
November 1996, April 2005 and October 2013.
Unfortunately, these are deeply flawed agreements and make the quest for settlement of the boundary
question at best a strategic illusion and at worst a cynical diplomatic parlour trick.

1. 1993 Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control in the
Sino-Indian Border:
As per the agreement, both India and China agree to keep “military forces in the areas along the line of actual
control to a minimum level” and “reduce troop levels” compatible with friendly and good relations between
them.

2. 1996 Agreement on Confidence-Building Measures:

This agreement allows for “military disclosure when the parties are undertaking border exercises and for the
reduction of troop levels in the border areas.
● It also allows the parties to observe and inspect troop movements in each other territory upon
invitation.
● In this agreement too, the two sides agreed to reduce or limit their military forces within mutually-
agreed geographical zones along the LAC.
● It also specifies the major categories of armaments to be reduced or limited: “combat tanks, infantry
combat vehicles, guns etc.
● It also stipulates that “[n]either side shall open fire, cause bio-degradation, use hazardous chemicals,
conduct blast operations or hunt with guns or explosives within two kilometers from the line of actual
control.

What's the issue now?

● These agreements are there just on
papers. They have no bearing on the
ground reality.
● The agreements do not reflect any
attempt to have each side recognise
the other’s line of deployment of
troops at the time they were signed.
● Also, the absence of a definition of
LAC allows ever new and
surreptitious advances on the
ground.

Background:
India and China have recently agreed on a
five-point course of action to disengage and
reduce tensions along the Line of Actual
Control (LAC).

InstaLinks: 1. What is LoC and how is it established,

Prelims Link: geographical extent and significance?

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 2. What is LAC? Mains Link:
3. Where is Nathu la? Discuss the significance of Pangong Tso for India
4. Where is Pangong Tso? and China.
5. Who administers Akashi Chin?
6. Where is Naku La? Link:
7. Who controls what in Pangong Tso lake https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
region? ?OrgId=G3G7P4A2D.1&imageview=0.

U.S. keen on finalising BECA at 2+2 dialogue:

Context:
The U.S. is expecting India to sign the last foundational agreement, Basic Exchange and Cooperation
Agreement for Geo-Spatial cooperation (BECA), at the next India-U.S. 2+2 ministerial dialogue likely to held in
October end.

Foundational agreements between India and the US:

So far, India has signed three foundational agreements:
1. The Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA).
2. The Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA).
3. The General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA) was signed a long time ago. An
extension to the GSOMIA, the Industrial Security Annex (ISA), was signed at the last 2+2 dialogue.

What is BECA?
This agreement would facilitate exchange of geospatial information between India and United States for both
military and civilian use.

Significance and benefits for

India from BECA:
BECA will allow India to use US
expertise on geospatial
intelligence and to enhance
military accuracy of automated
hardware systems and weapons
like cruise, ballistic missiles and
drones.

What is 2+2 Dialogue?

The 2+2 dialogue is the highest-
level institutional mechanism
between India and US that brings
together the perspectives of the two countries on foreign policy, defence and strategic issues.

The new dialogue format was agreed to between the India and the US during the visit of Prime Minister
Narendra Modi to Washington D.C. in June, 2017.
● The dialogue mechanism includes defence and foreign ministers of the two countries.
● It replaced India-U.S. Strategic and Commercial Dialogue for trade and commercial issues.

InstaLinks: 5. Countries having 2+2 dialogue mechanism

Prelims Link: with India.
1. What are foundational agreements?
2. About BECA. Link:
3. Agreements signed by India and the US. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
4. What is 2+2 Dialogue? ?OrgId=GMN7P7CET.1&imageview=0.

www.insightsonindia.com 83 InsightsIAS
Topics: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s
interests, Indian diaspora.
Qatari labour laws reforms:
Context:
Qatar has brought about a change in its labour laws. The reforms, which were announced by the Emir of Qatar
in October 2019, were signed into law recently.
• These reforms are now applicable to workers of all nationalities and in all sectors, including domestic
workers who were previously excluded.

What are Qatar’s new labour laws?

Abolition of the unjustified ‘kafala system’ or requirement for a “no objection certificate” that migrant
workers needed to get from their employers before changing jobs.
• Now, workers will have to serve a one-month notice period if they have worked for less than two years
and notice period of two months if they have worked longer.
Increasing the minimum wage by 25 per cent to $274 or 1000 Qatari riyals and an additional 300 QAR for food
and 500 QAR for accommodation in case not provided by the company.

Background:
Qatar has introduced a series of labour reforms since its selection as the 2022 World Cup host, with the event
setting in motion a huge construction programme employing foreign workers.

What is kafala?
The ‘kafala’ system is a system that lays down obligations in the treatment and protection of foreign ‘guests’.
Kafala means ‘to guarantee’ or ‘to take care of’ in Arabic.
• Under the system, a migrant worker’s immigration status is legally bound to an individual employer or
sponsor (‘kafeel’) during the contract period.
• The migrant worker cannot enter the country, transfer employment nor leave the country for any
reason without first obtaining explicit written permission from the kafeel.

When did the kafala system start?

The kafala system began in the 1950s when several Middle East countries started hiring foreign workers to
accelerate development following the discovery of oil.

Where is the kafala system practiced?

It is being practiced in the Gulf Cooperation Council member countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia
and the United Arab Emirates, and also in the Arab states of Jordan and Lebanon.

Concerns associated with this practice, why it should be abolished?

1. Human rights groups say the migration management system enables exploitation and forced labor—
labor extracted by under the threat of penalty, and not offered voluntarily by the worker.
2. The media have likened employment conditions under kafala to “modern-day slavery.”
3. Some migrant workers end up absconding from their employers to seek refuge elsewhere. In the Gulf
states, absconding is considered a crime and that leads to indefinite detention and deportation.
4. Complaining puts them in conflict with their sponsor, who has the power to cancel their residence visa
and have them deported.
5. The kafala directly contradicts the labour law. The employer can dictate the recruitment process and
working conditions.
6. It restricts labour mobility. It prohibits any mobility on part of the worker unless approved by the
kafeel. If the kafeels are unwilling to let them go, workers cannot leave them for better employment.

InstaLinks: 3. What is Kafala system?

Prelims Link: 4. Countries where Kafala system is
1. Geographical location of Qatar. practiced?
2. Recent labour law reforms.

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Mains Link: Link:
What is ‘kafala’ labour system? Recently Qatar https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explai
abolished this system. Discuss its significance. ned-what-are-the-recent-changes-in-qatari-labour-
laws-6579084/.

U.S. Foreign Agents Act:

Context:
The BJP has become the first mainstream political party from India to have named itself as a foreign principal
of an organisation in the United States, after the Overseas Friends of the BJP (OFBJP) registered under the
1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) under the U.S. Department of Justice.

Implications:
• Following the registration, the OFBJP will have to declare any meetings
with U.S. legislators, organisation of events and funding from U.S.
groups.
• It will also not be possible for OFBJP members to use organisational help
during the U.S. elections as it would then be seen as foreign
interference.

About FARA:
• The law came into force in 1938 to combat the spread of fascist
propaganda into the United States.
• It requires foreign agents to register with the Justice Department and disclose their activities to the
public.
• The also requires “agents representing the interests of foreign powers in a political or quasi political
capacity [to]disclose their relationship with the foreign government and information about related
finances.”

Why is it used?
• FARA is an important tool to identify foreign influence in the United States and address threats to
national security.
• The central purpose of FARA is to promote transparency with respect to foreign influence within the
United States by ensuring that the US government and the public know the source of certain
information from foreign agents intended to influence American public opinion, policy and laws,
thereby facilitating informed evaluation of that information.

Violation of the law:

“Willful violation” of the law is punishable with up to five years in jail and or a maximum fine of $250,000, or
both. The punishment for certain lesser violations is a jail term of no more than six months or a fine of $5,000,
or both.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. US FARA law is related to? Discuss the significance of the 1938 Foreign Agents
2. India's first political party to have named Registration Act (FARA) under the U.S. Department
itself a foreign principal of an organisation of Justice.
in the United States.
3. Implications of becoming a foreign Link:
principal of an organization under FARA. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.co
4. Who has to compulsorily register under m/news/national/bjp-unit-registers-under-us-
FARA? foreign-agents-registration-
5. What happens in case of violation? act/article32573176.ece/amp/.

www.insightsonindia.com 85 InsightsIAS
Topics: Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate.
UNSC 1267 committee:
Why in News?
Recently, the UNSC threw out a Pakistani attempt to get two Indians designated as terrorists under Resolution
1267. This was the third such attempt by Pak this year.

What is UNSC 1267 committee?

It was first set up in 1999, and strengthened after the September 11, 2001 attacks.
• It is now known as the Da’esh and Al Qaeda Sanctions Committee.
• It comprises all permanent and non-permanent members of the UNSC.
• The 1267 list of terrorists is a global list, with a UNSC stamp. It is full of Pakistani nationals and
residents.

What is the process by which people are listed under UNSC 1267?
• Any member state can submit a proposal for listing an individual, group, or entity.
• The 1267 Committee meets as required with a notice of four working days.
• Decisions on listing and de-listing are adopted by consensus.
• The proposal is sent to all the members, and if no member objects within five working days, the
proposal is adopted. An “objection” means curtains for the proposal.
• Any member of the Committee may also put a “technical hold” on the proposal, and ask for more
information from the proposing member state. During this time, other members may also place their
own holds.
• The matter remains on the “pending” list of the Committee until such time as the member state that
has placed the hold decides to turn its decision into an “objection”, or until all those who have placed
holds remove them within a timeframe laid down by the Committee.
• Pending issues must be resolved in six months, but the member state that has placed the hold may
ask for an additional three months. At the end of this period, if an objection is not placed, the matter is
considered approved.

Any proposal for listing must meet set criteria:

The proposal must include acts or activities indicating the proposed individual/group/entity had participated
“in the financing, planning, facilitating, preparing, or perpetrating of acts or activities” linked to “ISIL (Da’esh),
Al-Qaida or any cell, affiliate, splinter group or derivative thereof”.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. What is UNSC 1267 committee? Discuss the roles and functions of the UNSC 1267
2. When was it established? Committee.
3. Composition.
4. What is the 1267 list? Link:
5. Process by which people are listed under https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unsc-
UNSC 1267. rejects-pakistan-attempt-to-list-indians-on-terror-
6. Criteria that a proposal must meet for list/article32507766.ece.
listing.

Novichok and the CWC:

Why in News?
Novichok, Germany says was used to poison Alexei Navalny, a critic of Russian President Vladimir Putin who is
in a coma in a Berlin hospital.

What is Novichok?
It was developed in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s.
• The name Novichok means “newcomer”. It is used for a family of highly toxic nerve agents.

www.insightsonindia.com 86 InsightsIAS
 • Novichok agents are believed to be five to 10 times more lethal than other poisonous substances like
VX gas.

What's the issue now?

The weaponisation of any chemical is banned under the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention, of which
Moscow is a signatory.
• However, Moscow is not believed ever to have declared Novichok or its ingredients to the Hague-based
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which oversees a treaty banning their
use.

Background:
Novichok were added to the Chemical Weapons Convention’s list of controlled substances last year. This was
the first time that the list was updated since it was agreed upon in the 1990s.

What is Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)?

It is a multilateral treaty that bans chemical weapons and requires their destruction within a specified period
of time.
The CWC is implemented by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which is
headquartered in The Hague (OPCW won the 2013 Nobel peace prize).
The CWC is open to all nations and currently has 193 states-parties. Israel has signed but has yet to ratify the
convention.
• Three states have neither signed nor ratified the convention- Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan.

The Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits:

1. Developing, producing, acquiring, stockpiling, or retaining chemical weapons.
2. The direct or indirect transfer of chemical weapons.
3. Chemical weapons use or military preparation for use.
4. Assisting, encouraging, or inducing other states to engage in CWC-prohibited activity.
5. The use of riot control agents “as a method of warfare.”

www.insightsonindia.com 87 InsightsIAS
InstaLinks: 4. States which have neither signed nor
Prelims Link: ratified the convention.
1. What is Novichok, which was in news 5. Is India a party to this convention?
recently?
2. Key provisions under the Chemical Mains Link:
Weapons Convention. Discuss the organizational structure, vision and
3. About the Organization for the Prohibition functioning of the Organisation for the Prohibition
of Chemical Weapons. of Chemical Weapons (OPCW).

Link:https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/what-is-novichok-the-poison-germany-says-was-used-on-
alexei-navalny/article32511471.ece.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization:

Why in News?
Greece rejects NATO mediation.
• It says ‘de-escalation’ only after Turkey withdraws vessels from Greek waters.

What’s the issue?

Over recent weeks, tensions have been rising in the waters of the Eastern Mediterranean, prompted by what
seems like a simple rivalry over energy resources.
• Turkey has pursued an aggressive gas exploration effort, its research vessel heavily protected by
warships of the Turkish Navy.
• There have been encounters with rival Greek vessels and a third Nato country, France, has become
involved, siding with the Greeks.
• These tensions also highlight another shift in the region – the decline of US power.

Cause for latest tensions:

Tensions are mounting to breaking point between Turkey and Greece over Turkey’s drilling work near the
Mediterranean island of Cyprus, which like Greece is an EU member country.
• Turkey doesn’t recognize the divided island of Cyprus as a state and claims 44 per cent of Cyprus’
exclusive economic zone as its own.
• Cyprus was split along ethnic lines in 1974 when Turkey invaded in the wake of a coup by supporters
of union with Greece.

About North Atlantic Treaty Organization:

It is an intergovernmental military alliance.
• Established by Washington treaty. • Headquarters of Allied Command
• Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. Operations — Mons, Belgium.
• Headquarters — Brussels, Belgium.

Significance:
It constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence
in response to an attack by any external party.

Composition:
Since its founding, the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12
countries to 30. The most recent member state to be added to NATO was North Macedonia on 27 March 2020.
• NATO membership is open to “any other European state in a position to further the principles of this
Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area.”

Objectives:
Political – NATO promotes democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defence and
security-related issues to solve problems, build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict.

www.insightsonindia.com InsightsIAS
Military – NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military
power to undertake crisis-management operations. These are carried out under the collective defence clause
of NATO’s founding treaty – Article 5 of the Washington Treaty or under a United Nations mandate, alone or
in cooperation with other countries and international organisations.

InstaLinks: 6. Latest NATO member.

Prelims Link:
1. NATO- genesis and headquarters. Mains Link:
2. What is NATO Allied Command Discuss the objectives and significance of NATO.
Operations?
3. Who can become members of NATO? Link:
4. Overview of the Washington Treaty. https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/tur
5. Countries surrounding the North Atlantic key-greece-start-talks-to-reduce-risk-of-conflict-
Ocean. says-nato-chief/article32524657.ece.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):

Why in News?
Iran has granted IAEA inspectors access to one of two sites where undeclared nuclear activity may have taken
place in the early 2000s.

What’s the issue?

Iran signed the nuclear deal in 2015 with the United States, Germany, France, Britain, China and Russia. Known
as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA, it allows Iran only to keep a stockpile of 202.8 kilograms
(447 pounds).
• However, as per IAEA reports, Iran continues to increase its stockpile of enriched uranium in violation
of limitations set in the deal.

Why this oversight is necessary?

1. The suspected work on a uranium metal disk, which could be used as a nuclear weapon component,
and on neutrons—which are used to trigger a nuclear implosion—point to Iranian work on a neutron
initiator for a nuclear weapons test or nuclear weapons device.
2. Iran’s stockpile of enriched uranium has grown by around 50% since February to 1,572 kilograms. That
puts Iran’s stockpile of the nuclear fuel far above the limit of 202.8 kilograms stipulated in the 2015
nuclear accord.
3. With 1,000 kilograms of low-enriched uranium, Iran would likely have enough material to fuel a single
bomb once the material is further enriched, a process some experts believe could take as little as three
months.

About IAEA:
Set up as the world’s “Atoms for Peace” organization in 1957 within the United Nations family.
Reports to both the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council.
Headquarters in Vienna, Austria.

Functions:
• Works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote the safe, secure and
peaceful use of nuclear technologies.
• Seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose,
including nuclear weapons.

Board of Governors:
22 member states (must represent a stipulated geographic diversity) — elected by the General Conference (11
members every year) – 2 year term.
• At least 10 member states — nominated by the outgoing Board.
• Board members each receive one vote.

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Functions:
• Recommendations to the General • Responsible for making most of the policy
Conference on IAEA activities and budget. of the IAEA.
• Responsible for publishing IAEA standards. • Appoints the Director General subject to
General Conference approval.

Programs:
1. Program of Action for Cancer Therapy 3. Water Availability Enhancement Project.
(PACT). 4. International Project on Innovative Nuclear
2. Human Health Program. Reactors and Fuel Cycles, 2000.

InstaLinks: 6. Board of Governors- composition, voting

Prelims Link: and functions.
1. What is JCPOA? Signatories. 7. What is Uranium Enrichment?
2. Iran and its neighbours.
3. What is IAEA? Relation with the UN. Mains Link:
4. Members of IAEA. Write a note on JCPOA.
5. Programs of IAEA.

What is “universal eligibility”

condition?
Context:
The $1 billion World Bank loan to curb covid pandemic for
India comes with a condition of “universal eligibility” in
procurements.

What is "universality eligibility" condition?

This would mean that all preferential market access
policies, including Public Procurement Order, Micro Small
& Medium Enterprises (MSME) Policy, certain benefits to
start-ups, shall not be applicable on purchases made while
implementing the national project.

Other conditions set by the World Bank:

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The World Bank would have the right to review the procurement documents, inspect/audit all accounts,
records and other files relating to the project. Compliance to these conditions has been made mandatory for
the funding.

Background:
World Bank has approved 1 billion USD aid to India to accelerate “India’s COVID-19 Special Protection
Response Programme”.
• Of the 1 billion USD aid, around 550 million USD is to be credited by the IDA (International
Development Association) and 220 million USD by the IBRD (International Bank of Reconstruction
and Development). The final maturity amount of the loan is 18.5 years. It also includes a grace period
of five years.

InstaLinks: Mains Link: Discuss how funds from international

Prelims Link: institutions are helping India tackle COVID 19
1. Institutions under World Bank group. pandemic.
2. Difference between IDA and IBRD.
3. Types of loans by IDA. Link:https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehin
4. Headquarters of these institutions. du.com/news/national/no-preference-for-make-in-
5. What is universal eligibility condition? india-in-world-bank-project-to-curb-
covid/article32655167.ece/amp/.

Association of World Election Bodies (A-WEB):

Context:
Election Commission of India has completed one year of Chairmanship of the Association of World Election
Bodies (A-WEB).

About The Association of World Election Bodies (A-WEB):

● It is the largest association of Election Management Bodies (EMBs) worldwide.
● Established on October 14, 2013 in Song-do, South Korea.
● Permanent secretariat is located at Seoul.
● Aims to foster efficiency and effectiveness in conducting free, fair, transparent and participative
elections worldwide.

Composition:
115 EMBs as Members & 16 Regional Associations/Organisations as Associate Members.

Sources: PIB.

What is Arab League?

It is a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa and Arabia.

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Formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Kingdom of Egypt, Kingdom of Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon,
Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Currently, the League has 22 members, but Syria’s participation has been suspended
since November 2011, as a consequence of government repression during the Syrian Civil War.
● Main goal is to “draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration
between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the
affairs and interests of the Arab countries “.

Why in News?
In a response to the United Arab Emirates and
Bahrain normalising their ties with Israel, the
Palestinian Authority has formally stepped down from
a key role in the Arab League.

What's the issue?

The United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Bahrain
signed deals in Washington on September 15, which
despite being hailed as “the dawn of the new Middle
East” by the Trump Administration, drew criticism from the Palestinians - seen as a serious blow to their efforts
to end illegal Israeli occupation and achieve an independent state.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: What does US recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s
1. Arab league- formation. capital means to various stakeholders? Discuss.
2. Composition.
3. Functions. Link:
4. Israel- Palestine issue. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
5. Two- Nation theory. ?OrgId=GTA7PLU5C.1&imageview=0.

G4 seeks time-bound reform of Security Council:

Who are G4 Nations?
The G4 nations comprising Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan are four countries which support each other's
bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council.

Basis for these demands:

● Each of these four countries have figured among the elected non-permanent members of the council
since the UN's establishment.
● Their economic and political influence has grown significantly in the last decades, reaching a scope
comparable to the permanent members (P5).

Support:
● The United Kingdom and France have backed the G4's bid for permanent seats on the United Nations
Security Council.
● Japan has received support from the United States and the United Kingdom.
● All the permanent members of P5 have supported India's bids for permanent seat on the United
Nations Security Council (UNSC) but China had previously implied that it is only ready to support India's
bid for a permanent seat on United Nations Security Council if India did not associate its bid with Japan.
● Brazil has received backing from three of the current permanent members, namely France, Russia, and
the United Kingdom.

Opposition:
● There has been discontent among the present permanent members regarding the inclusion of
controversial nations or countries not supported by them.
● For instance, Japan's bid is heavily opposed by China, Russia and South Korea who think that Japan still
needs to make additional atonement for war crimes committed during World War II.

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 ● Under the leadership of Italy, countries that strongly oppose the G4 countries' bids have formed the
Uniting for Consensus movement, or the Coffee Club, composed mainly of regional powers that
oppose the rise of some nearby country to permanent member status.

Why in News now?

The foreign ministers of the G4 countries held a
virtual meeting coinciding with the 75th
session of the UN General Assembly during
which they held extensive discussion on the
need for urgent reform of the UNSC.
● They expressed their concern over lack
of any "meaningful" forward
movement on long-pending reform of
Council and demanded "urgency" on
the issue.

What are their demands?

1. Permanent seats should be given in the
council for these countries.
2. There is a clear need for an enhanced
role of developing countries and of
major contributors to the United
Nations to make the Council more
legitimate, effective and
representative.
3. Africa needs to be represented in both the permanent and non-permanent categories to correct the
historical injustice against this continent with regard to its under-representation.
4. Need for text-based negotiations within a fixed time frame for the UNSC reform.

Present structure of the UNSC:

At present, the UNSC comprises five permanent members and 10 non-permanent member countries which
are elected for a two-year term by the General Assembly of the UN.
● The five permanent members are Russia, the UK, China, France and the United States.
● These countries can veto any substantive resolution.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. Name the permanent members of UNSC? Discuss why India should be given a permanent
2. How are non permanent members elected? seat at the UNSC.
3. Voting powers at UNSC.
4. How are non permanent seats distributed? Link:
5. UNGA vs UNSC. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
6. What is G4 group? ?OrgId=GPH7POMC4.1&imageview=0.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC):

Context:
Foreign Ministers' meeting of SAARC Nations was held recently.

India's call:
During the meet, India called on all SAARC members to “collectively resolve to defeat the scourge of terrorism,
including the forces that nurture, support and encourage an environment of terror and conflict, which impede
the objective of SAARC to realise its full potential for collective collaboration and prosperity across South Asia”.

Now, let us understand about SAARC:

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What is SAARC? When was it established?
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was
established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka on 8
December 1985.
● Afghanistan became the newest member of SAARC at
the 13th annual summit in 2005.
● The Headquarters and Secretariat of the Association are
at Kathmandu, Nepal.

Importance of SAARC:
● SAARC comprises 3% of the world’s area, 21% of the
world’s population and 3.8% (US$2.9 trillion) of the
global economy.
● It is the world’s most densely populated region and one
of the most fertile areas.
● SAARC countries have common tradition, dress, food
and culture and political aspects thereby synergizing
their actions.
● All the SAARC countries have common problems and
issues like poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, natural
disasters, internal conflicts, industrial and technological
backwardness, low GDP and poor socio-economic
condition.

Why SAARC is relevant for India now?

India has to re-think about SAARC, which has been in the
doldrums since 2014. This is especially necessary to counter
China's growing aggression and economic dominance in the
region.
India started investing in other regional instruments, such as BIMSTEC, as an alternative to SAARC.
● However, BIMSTEC cannot replace SAARC for reasons such as lack of a common identity and history
among all BIMSTEC members.
● Moreover, BIMSTEC’s focus is on the Bay of Bengal region, thus making it an inappropriate forum to
engage all South Asian nations.

InstaLinks: 5. Belt and Road initiative.

Prelims Link:
1. SAARC vs BIMSTEC. Mains Link:
2. BBIN Discuss how SAARC revival helps India deal with
3. Motor Vehicle Agreement. China.
4. What is CPEC?

Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia

(CICA):
Context:
Special Ministerial conference of CICA was held recently. India also participated in the event.

What is CICA?
It is an inter-governmental forum for enhancing cooperation towards promoting peace, security and stability in
Asia.
● The key idea of the Conference is based on the priority of the indivisibility of security, joint initiative
and mutually beneficial interaction of small and large states.
Secretariat: Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.

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Meeting and summits:
● The CICA Summit is convened every four years in order to conduct consultations, review the progress
of, and set priorities for CICA activities.
● Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs is required to be held every two years.

Genesis:
The idea of convening the CICA was first proposed by Kazakhstan in October 1992, at the 47th Session of the
United Nations General Assembly.
● However, the first meeting of the CICA Ministers of Foreign Affairs was held on 14 September 1999
with participation of 15 Member States.
● The first CICA summit was held on 4 June 2002 with participation of 16 Member States and Almaty
Act, the charter of the CICA, was adopted.

Membership:
27 member states; 8 observer states; 5 observer organizations.
For becoming a member of CICA, a state must have at least a part of its territory in Asia.
● All decisions within CICA framework are taken by consensus.

InstaLinks: 6. Who can be a member?

1. CICA.
2. When was it formed? Link:
3. Why was it formed? https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
4. Objectives. ?OrgId=G227PSQ1Q.1&imageview=0.
5. Functions.

Retrospective taxation: the Vodafone case, and the Hague court ruling:
Context:
In a unanimous decision, the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague has ruled that:
1. India’s retrospective demand of Rs 22,100 crore as capital gains and withholding tax imposed on
Vodafone for a 2007 deal was “in breach of the guarantee of fair and equitable treatment”.
2. India should not to pursue the tax demand any more against Vodafone Group.

What is the case?

1. In May 2007, Vodafone bought a 67% stake in Hutchison Whampoa for $11 billion.
2. In September that year, Indian government raised a demand of Rs 7,990 crore in capital gains and
withholding tax from Vodafone, saying the company should have deducted the tax at source before
making a payment to Hutchison.
3. Vodafone challenged the demand notice in the Bombay High Court, which ruled in favour of the
Income Tax Department.
4. Then, Vodafone challenged the judgment in the Supreme Court, which in 2012 ruled that Vodafone
Group’s interpretation of the Income Tax Act of 1961 was correct and that it did not have to pay any
taxes for the stake purchase.
5. But, the same year, the then Finance Minister, the late Pranab Mukherjee, circumvented the Supreme
Court’s ruling by proposing an amendment to the Finance Act, thereby giving the Income Tax
Department the power to retrospectively tax such deals.
The case had by then become infamous as the ‘retrospective taxation case’.

What happened after India passed the retrospective taxation law?

The Act was passed by Parliament in 2012 and the onus to pay the taxes fell back on Vodafone.
● Later, Vodafone Group invoked Clause 9 of the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) signed between India
and the Netherlands in 1995.
Article 9 of the BIT says that any dispute between “an investor of one contracting party and the other
contracting party in connection with an investment in the territory of the other contracting party” shall as far
as possible be settled amicably through negotiations.

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What is the Bilateral Investment Treaty?
The BIT was signed for promotion and protection of investment by companies of each country in the other’s
jurisdiction.
● The two countries would, under the BIT, ensure that companies present in each other’s jurisdictions
would be “at all times be accorded fair and equitable treatment and shall enjoy full protection and
security in the territory of the other”.

What did the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague say?

● It ruled in favour of Vodafone. Because, the taxation
was in violation of the BIT and the United Nations
Commission on International Trade Law
(UNCITRAL).
● The tribunal also said that now since it had been
established that India had breached the terms of the
agreement, it must now stop efforts to recover the
said taxes from Vodafone.
● It also directed India to pay £4.3 million ($5.47
million) to the company as compensation for its
legal costs.

What is retrospective taxation?

As the name suggests, retrospective taxation allows a
country to pass a rule on taxing certain products, items or services and deals and charge companies from a
time behind the date on which the law is passed.
● Countries use this route to correct any anomalies in their taxation policies that have, in the past,
allowed companies to take advantage of such loopholes.
● While governments often use a retrospective amendment to taxation laws to “clarify” existing laws, it
ends up hurting companies that had knowingly or unknowingly interpreted the tax rules differently.

InstaLinks: 5. Overview of UNCITRAL.

Prelims Link:
1. PCA- composition, functions and members. Mains Link:
2. Are PCA rulings binding on parties. Discuss the functions and significance of PCA.
3. Clause 9 of the Bilateral Investment Treaty
(BIT) signed between India and the Link:
Netherlands in 1995. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
4. What is retrospective taxation? ?OrgId=G1H7Q016D.1&imageview=0.

G7 backs extension of debt freeze:

Context:
G7 finance ministers has backed an extension of a G20 bilateral debt relief initiative for the world’s poorest
countries, but said it must be revised to address shortcomings hindering implementation.

About the G20 bilateral debt relief initiative:

G20 nations, in April this year, agreed to freeze bilateral government loan repayments for low-income
countries until the end of the year as part of a plan to tackle the health and economic crises triggered by the
coronavirus pandemic and prevent an emerging markets debt crunch.
● The group also called on private creditors “to participate in the initiative on comparable terms” and
asked multilateral development banks, such as the IMF and World Bank, “to further explore the
options for the suspension of debt service payments over the suspension period”.

What is G7?

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The G7, originally G8, was set up in 1975 as an informal forum bringing together the leaders of the world’s
leading industrial nations.
• The summit gathers leaders from the European Union (EU) and the following countries: Canada,
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

How did G7 become G8?

• Russia was formally inducted
as a member in the group in
1998, which led G7 to
become G8.
• However, Russian President
Vladimir Putin’s
condemnable act of moving
Russian troops into eastern
Ukraine and conquering
Crimea in 2014 drew heavy
criticism from the other G8
nations.
• The other nations of the
group decided to suspend
Russia from the G8 as a
consequence of its actions
and the group became G7 again in 2014.

InstaLinks: Mains Link: Discuss the relevance of G7 countries

Prelims Link: today. What are the reforms necessary to make the
1. G7 vs G8 vs G20. grouping more effective?
2. Geographical location of member
countries. Link:https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareA
rticle?OrgId=G1H7PVATO.1&imageview=0.

Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH):

Context:
Indian Health Minister recently participated in PMNCH ‘Accountability Breakfast’ through Video Conference.
The event was co-hosted by the White Ribbon Alliance (WRA) and Every Woman Every Child (EWEC).
● Theme this year was the effort to protect hard earned gains in the field of Reproductive, Maternal and
Child Health from the COVID pandemic.

About the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health (The Partnership, PMNCH):
Launched in 2005, PMNCH is an alliance of more than 1000 organizations in 77 countries from the sexual,
reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health communities, as well as health influencing
sectors.
● The vision and goals of the new Partnership were outlined in "The Delhi Declaration" – a landmark
statement developed by participants of "Lives in the Balance: The Partnership Meeting for Maternal,
Newborn and Child Health", held in New Delhi, India, 7-9 April 2005.

Governance:
The Partnership is governed by a Board, and administered by a Secretariat hosted at the World Health
Organization in Geneva, Switzerland.

Roles and functions:

● The Partnership provides a platform for organizations to align objectives, strategies and resources, and
agree on interventions to improve maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health.

www.insightsonindia.com 97 InsightsIAS
GENERAL STUDIES – 3
Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth,
development and employment.
What are Open Market Operations?
Context:
RBI has announced the following measures to cool the rising bond yields and assuage liquidity pressures that
could arise due to advance tax outflows:
1. Two more tranches of ‘Operation Twist’ aggregating Rs 20,000 crore.
2. Term repo operations aggregating Rs 1 lakh crore in September.
3. Created more room under the so-called ‘held to maturity’ (HTM) category, which Banks’ can utilise
from September 1, 2020 to park their fresh G-Sec acquisitions.

What is ‘Operation Twist’?

‘Operation Twist’ is RBI’s simultaneous selling of short-term securities and buying of long term securities
through open market operations (OMO). Under this mechanism, the short-term securities are transitioned
into long-term securities.

How does RBI manage ‘Operation Twist’?

• This operation involves buying and selling government securities simultaneously in order to bring down
long-term interest rates and bolster short-term rates.
• There is an inverse relationship between the bond prices and their yields. As the central bank buys
long-term securities (bonds), their demand rise which in turn pushes up their prices.
• However, the bond yield comes down with an increase in prices. Yield is the return an investor gets on
his (bond) holding/investment.
• The interest rate in an economy is determined by yield. Thus, lower long-term interest rates mean
people can avail long-term loans (such as buying houses, cars or financing projects) at lower rates.
• This also results in a dip in the expected returns from long-term savings which tilts the balance from
saving towards spending. Hence, cheaper retail loans can help encourage consumption spending
which is the largest GDP component in the economy.

Benefits:
• Fixed income investors with higher exposure to long term debt will benefit from easing yield of long-
term bonds.
• Consumers/borrowers will also profit from ‘Operation Twist’ as the retail loans will now get cheaper.
• Cheaper retail loans mean a boost in consumption and spending in the economy which in turn will
revive growth.

What are Open Market Operations?

OMOs are the market operations conducted by the RBI by way of sale and purchase of G-Secs to and from the
market with an objective to adjust the rupee liquidity conditions in the market on a durable basis.
• When the RBI feels that there is excess liquidity in the market, it resorts to sale of securities thereby
sucking out the rupee liquidity.
• Similarly, when the liquidity conditions are tight, the RBI may buy securities from the market, thereby
releasing liquidity into the market.

InstaLinks: 4. Which securities are sold at discounted

Prelims Link: price?
1. Types of Government securities? 5. Difference between monetary vs fiscal
2. What are T- Bills? policies.
3. Which government securities carry 6. What is Operation Twist?
interest?
Mains Link: Discuss the significance of Operation Twist being conducted by RBI.

www.insightsonindia.com 98 InsightsIAS
 Start-Up Village Entrepreneurship Programme (SVEP):
Why in News?
SVEP has made an impressive progress and has extended business support services and capital infusion to 153
blocks of 23 states as of August 2020.
• Around, 2,000 trained cadre of Community Resource Person-Enterprise Promotion (CRP-EP) are
providing services to rural entrepreneurs and as on August 2020, around 100,000 enterprises are
supported by them.

What is Start-Up Village Entrepreneurship Programme (SVEP)?

Implemented by Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana –National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM), Ministry of
Rural Development, as a sub-scheme since 2016.
Focus of the scheme: Providing self-employment opportunities with financial assistance and training in
business management and soft skills while creating local community cadres for promotion of enterprises.
• Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII), Ahmedabad is the technical support partner
of SVEP.
• SVEP promotes both individual and group enterprises, set-up and promote enterprises majorly on
manufacturing, trading and service sectors.

Who are community resource persons – enterprise promotion?

The programme seeks to develop pool of community resource persons – enterprise promotion (CRP-EP) who
are local and support entrepreneurs setting-up rural enterprises.
• The CRP-EPs are certified and provides business support services to the entrepreneurs.

InstaLinks: 7. Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana –National

Prelims Link: Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)-
1. About SVEP. targets.
2. It is a sub scheme under?
3. Implementing Ministry? Mains Link:
4. Focus of the Programme. Discuss the key features and significance of
5. Does it cover group enterprises? Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana –National Rural
6. Who are CRP-EPs? Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM).

EASE 2.0 Banking Reforms Index:

Context:
Recently, the EASE (Enhanced Access and Service Excellence) 2.0 Banking Reforms Index on performance of
Public Sector Banks (PSB) from March 2018-2020 was released and best performing banks on EASE were
felicitated.

What is EASE Reforms Agenda?

• It was launched in January 2018 jointly by the government and PSBs.
• It was commissioned through Indian Banks’ Association and authored by Boston Consulting Group.
• EASE Agenda is aimed at institutionalizing CLEAN and SMART banking.
• The Index measures performance of each PSB on 120+ objective metrics.

What is EASE 2.0?

EASE 2.0 builds on the foundation of EASE 1.0 and introduces new reform Action Points across six themes to
make reforms journey irreversible, strengthen processes and systems, and drive outcomes.

The six themes of EASE are:

1. Responsible Banking.
2. Customer Responsiveness.
3. Credit Off-take.
4. PSBs as UdyamiMitra (SIDBI portal for credit management of MSMEs).
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 5. Financial Inclusion & Digitalisation.
6. Governance and HR.

Performance of PSB on EASE 2.0 Index:

1. The Public Sector Banks (PSBs) have shown a healthy trajectory as their overall score increased by 37%
between March-2019 and March-2020.
2. The PSBs have adopted tech-enabled, smart banking in all areas, setting up retail and MSME Loan
Management Systems for reduced loan turn-around time and PSBloansin59minutes.com and TReDS for
digital lending.
3. The Bank of Baroda, State Bank of India, and erstwhile Oriental Bank of Commerce were felicitated for
being the top three in the ‘Top Performing Banks’ category.
4. The Bank of Maharashtra, Central Bank of India & erstwhile Corporation Bank were awarded in the
‘Top Improvers’ category.

InstaLinks: 4. Top three in the ‘Top Performing Banks’

Prelims Link: category.
1. Ease Reforms Agenda has been 5. Banks in ‘Top Improvers’ category.
commissioned by?
2. Differences between EASE 1.0 vs 2.0 vs 3.0. Mains Link:
3. Themes of EASE 2.0. What is EASE 2.0 Banking Reforms Index? How are
PSBs ranked?

RBI issues draft on rupee IR derivatives:

Context:
RBI has released the draft version of Rupee Interest Rate Derivatives (Reserve Bank) Directions, 2020.
• They are aimed at encouraging higher non-resident participation, enhance the role of domestic market
makers in the offshore market, improve transparency, and achieve better regulatory oversight.

Key directions:
• It seeks to allow foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) to undertake exchange-traded rupee interest rate
derivatives transactions subject to an overall ceiling of Rs 5,000 crore.
• Net short position of an FPI on exchange-traded IRDs should not exceed its long position in
government securities and other rupee debt securities.
• The purpose of offering Rupee IRD contracts to a user, the market-maker (entities which provide bid
and offer prices to users in order to provide liquidity to the market) should classify the user either as a
retail user or as a non-retail user.
• Non-retail users, as per the draft, are entities regulated by RBI, SEBI, IRDAI or PFRDA; resident
companies with a minimum net worth of Rs 500 crore; and non-residents, other than individuals.

What are IRDs?

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Interest Rate Derivatives (IRD) are contracts whose value is derived from one or more interest rates, prices of
interest rate instruments, or interest rate indices.
• These may include interest rate futures, options, swaps, swaptions, and FRA's.

Link: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/rbi-issues-draft-on-rupee-ir-
derivatives/article32615206.ece.

Basel III compliant bonds:

Context:
State Bank of India has raised ₹7,000 crore by issuing Basel III compliant bonds.

Key points:
● Bonds issued qualify as tier II capital of the bank, and has face value of Rs 10 lakh each.
● They bear coupon rate of 6.24 per cent per annum payable annually for a tenor of 10 years.
● There is call option after 5 years and on anniversary thereafter. Call option means the issuer of the
bonds can call back the bonds before the maturity date by paying back the principal amount to
investors.

What are Basel guidelines?

Basel guidelines refer to broad supervisory standards formulated by group of central banks- called the Basel
Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). The set of agreement by the BCBS, which mainly focuses on risks to
banks and the financial system are called Basel accord.
● Basel is a city in Switzerland which is also the headquarters of Bureau of International Settlement
(BIS).
● The purpose of the accords is to ensure that financial institutions have enough capital on account to
meet obligations and absorb unexpected losses.

BASEL-I:
● Introduced in 1988.
● Focused almost entirely on credit risk, it defined capital and structure of risk weights for banks.
● The minimum capital requirement was fixed at 8% of risk-weighted assets (RWA).
● India adopted Basel 1 guidelines in 1999.

BASEL-II:
Published in 2004.
The guidelines were based on three parameters:
● Banks should maintain a minimum capital adequacy requirement of 8% of risk assets.
● Banks were needed to develop and use better risk management techniques in monitoring and
managing all the three types of risks that is credit and increased disclosure requirements. The three
types of risk are- operational risk, market risk, capital risk.
● Banks need to mandatory disclose their risk exposure to the central bank.

Basel III:
In 2010, Basel III guidelines were released. These guidelines were introduced in response to the financial crisis
of 2008.
● Basel III norms aim at making most banking activities such as their trading book activities more capital-
intensive.
● The guidelines aim to promote a more resilient banking system by focusing on four vital banking
parameters viz. capital, leverage, funding and liquidity.

InstaLinks: 3. Composition and functions of the Basel

Prelims Link: Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS).
1. What are Basel norms? 4. About the Bureau of International
2. Where is Basel? Settlement (BIS).

www.insightsonindia.com 101 InsightsIAS

 5. Overview of Basel norms 1,2 and 3. Mains Link:Discuss the significance of Basel Norms.

What are International Financial Services Centres (IFSC)?

An IFSC caters to customers outside the jurisdiction of the domestic economy.
● Such centres deal with flows of finance, financial products and services across borders.
● London, New York and Singapore can be counted as global financial centres.

Services an IFSC can provide:

● Fund-raising services for individuals, corporations and governments.
● Asset management and global portfolio diversification undertaken by pension funds, insurance
companies and mutual funds.
● Wealth management.
● Global tax management and cross-border tax liability optimization, which provides a business
opportunity for financial intermediaries, accountants and law firms.
● Global and regional corporate treasury management operations that involve fund-raising, liquidity
investment and management and asset-liability matching.
● Risk management operations such as
insurance and reinsurance.
● Merger and acquisition activities
among trans-national corporations.

Can an IFSC be set up in a special economic

zone (SEZ)?
The SEZ Act 2005 allows setting up an IFSC in
an SEZ or as an SEZ after approval from the
central government.

IFSCs in India:
The first IFSC in India has been set up at the
Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT
City) in Gandhinagar.

Why in News?
The National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Singapore Exchange (SGX) have entered into a formal
agreement to cement the key terms for operationalising the NSE IFSC-SGX Connect.
● This will bring together international and Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT)
participants to create a bigger liquidity pool for Nifty products in GIFT City.

InstaLinks: 5. Limitations.
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. What are IFSCs? Discuss the significance of international financial
2. Can they be set up in SEZs? services centres.
3. India's first IFSC. Link:https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareA
4. Services they provide? rticle?OrgId=GJR7PMBET.1&imageview=0.

What are govt securities?

Why in News?
From April 7 to September 22 in this financial year, 27 States and 2 Union Territories have cumulatively raised
₹3.26 lakh crore via State government securities or State development loans (SDLs).
• This is a 45% increase from the borrowings in the corresponding period of 2019-20.
• Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan have been the top 5 borrowing
States, accounting for 54% of total borrowings by States so far.

Government security (G-Sec):

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A government security (G-Sec) is a tradeable instrument issued by the central government or state
governments.

Key features:
• It acknowledges the government’s debt obligations.
• Such securities can be both short term (treasury bills — with original maturities of less than one year) or
long term (government bonds or dated securities — with original maturity of one year or more).
• The central government issues both: treasury bills and bonds or dated securities.
• State governments issue only bonds or dated securities, which are called the state development loans.
• Since they are issued by the government, they carry no risk of default, and hence, are called risk-free gilt-
edged instruments.
• FPIs are allowed to participate in the G-Secs market within the quantitative limits prescribed from time to
time.

Why are G-secs volatile?

G- Sec prices fluctuate sharply in the secondary markets. Factors affecting their prices:
• Demand and supply of the securities.
• Changes in interest rates in the economy and other macro-economic factors, such as, liquidity and
inflation.
• Developments in other markets like money, foreign exchange, credit and capital markets.
• Developments in international bond markets, specifically the US Treasuries.
• Policy actions by RBI like change in repo rates, cash-reserve ratio and open-market operations.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. What are G-Secs? What are G-Secs? Why are they significant?
2. Short and long term securities. Discuss.
3. Powers of the Centre and states to issue these Link:
instruments. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
4. Role of RBI. ?OrgId=GJR7PMBEF.1&imageview=0.
5. Factors which affect the prices of these
securities.

What is a cess?
It is a form of tax levied or collected by the government for the development or welfare of a particular
service or sector.
● It is charged over and above direct and indirect taxes.
● Cess collected for a particular purpose cannot be used for or diverted to other purposes.
● It is not a permanent source of revenue for the government, and it is discontinued when the purpose
levying it is fulfilled.
Examples:
Education Cess, Swachh Bharat Cess, Krishi Kalyan Cess etc.

What is the difference between tax and cess? What is cess tax?
● Cess is different from taxes such as income tax, GST, and excise duty etc as it is charged over and
above the existing taxes.
● While all taxes go to the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI), cess may initially go to the CFI but has to be
used for the purpose for which it was collected.
● If the cess collected in a particular year goes unspent, it cannot be allocated for other purposes. The
amount gets carried over to the next year and can only be used for the cause it was meant for.

Why in News?
The Centre retained in the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) more than ₹1.1 lakh crore out of the almost ₹2.75
lakh crore collected in 2018-19 through various cesses, instead of transferring the receipts to the specified
www.insightsonindia.com 103 InsightsIAS
Reserve Funds that Parliament had approved for such levies, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of
India observed in a report.

Key Points:
● ₹1,24,399 crore collected as cess on crude oil over the last decade had not been transferred to the
designated Reserve Fund — the Oil Industry Development Board.
● The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Compensation Cess, which has become a bone of contention
between the States and the Centre, was also ‘short-credited’ to the relevant reserve fund to the extent
of ₹40,806 crore in 2018-19.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: What are Cess and Surcharge? Why they are
1. What is a cess? imposed? Discuss their significance.
2. Cess vs Surcharge?
3. What is Consolidated Fund of India? Link:
4. What is Contingency Fund of India? https://www.thehindu.com/business/centre-
5. What is a public account? retained-11-lakh-cr-of-cess-
receipts/article32680256.ece.

Domestic Systemically Important Insurers (D-SIIs):

What?
Three insurers- Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) and New
India Assurance Co.- have been recognised as Domestic Systemically Important Insurers (D-SIIs) for 2020-21.

By?
Insurance Regulator and Development Authority of India (IRDAI).

What are D- SIIs?

D-SIIs refer to insurers of such size, market importance and domestic and global inter-connectedness whose
distress or failure would cause a significant dislocation in the domestic financial system.
● D-SIIs are perceived as insurers that are ‘too big or too important to fail’ (TBTF).
● Therefore, the continued functioning of D-SIIs is critical for the uninterrupted availability of insurance
services to the national economy.

How are they classified?

To identify such insurers and put them to enhanced monitoring mechanism, IRDAI has developed a
methodology for identification and supervision of D-SIIs.
The parameters, as per the methodology, include:
1. Size of operations in terms of total revenue, including premium underwritten and the value of assets
under management.
2. Global activities across more than one jurisdiction.

Implications:
● The three insurers will now be subjected to enhanced regulatory supervision.
● They have also been asked to raise the level of corporate governance, identify all relevant risks and
promote a sound risk management culture.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: What are Domestic Systemically Important Insurers
1. About D-SIIs. (D-SIIs)? Why are they considered too big or too
2. Who can declare them? important to fail’ (TBTF).
3. Implications.
4. Recent additions. Link:
5. Functions of IRDAI. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
?OrgId=G1H7PVAUA.1&imageview=0.
www.insightsonindia.com 104 InsightsIAS
Topics: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
Index Linked Products in the life insurance segment:
Context:
The IRDAI has set up a working group on Index Linked Products to examine the various aspects of Index Linked
Products in the life insurance segment.
• Current IRDAI product regulations do not specifically permit insurers to sell index-linked products.

Background:
Life insurers had approached Irdai with a request to allow them to offer index-linked products. Life insurance
companies currently offer two product categories — unit-linked insurance plans and traditional plans.

What are Index Linked Insurance Products?

They are insurance products whose returns are linked to benchmark indices. These products are linked to the
10-year government bonds or equity indices such as Sensex or Nifty.
• Such products allow the policyholder to get a guaranteed value.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: Discuss the significance of Index Linked Insurance
1. About ILIP. Products.
2. How are they different from unit-linked
insurance plans and traditional plans? Link:
3. Benefits of ILIP. https://www.thehindu.com/business/irdai-sets-up-
4. IRDAI- composition and functions. panel-on-index-linked-life-
products/article32499475.ece.

Banking Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2020:

Context:
Passed in Lok Sabha. The Bill replaces an ordinance to the same effect promulgated on June 26.
● The Bill proposes amendments to the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
● With this new Bill, the central government aims to bring cooperative banks under the supervision of the
Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

Key changes:
● Now, Provisions applicable to banking companies will also applicable to cooperative banks. This ensures
that cooperative banks are equally subject to better governance and sound banking regulations through
the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
● With the amendments, RBI will be able to undertake a scheme of amalgamation of a bank without
placing it under moratorium.
● It will help the central bank to develop a scheme to ensure the interest of the public, banking system,
account holders in the bank and banking company’s proper management, without disrupting any banking
functionalities.
● The amendments also allow cooperative banks to raise money via public issues and private placements of
equity or preference shares as well as unsecured debentures, with the central’s bank’s nod.

However, the changes will not:

1. Affect the existing powers of the state registrars of co-operative societies under state laws.
2. Apply to Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) or co-operative societies whose primary object
and principal business is long-term finance for agricultural development, and which do not use the
words "bank", "banker" or "banking".

Why this was necessary?

● This was felt necessary in the wake of the recent Punjab & Maharashtra Cooperative (PMC) Bank crisis.
● Cooperative banks have 8.6 lakh account holders, with a total deposit of about ₹5 lakh crore.
www.insightsonindia.com InsightsIAS
 ● Besides, Urban cooperative banks reported nearly 1,000 cases of fraud worth more than ₹220 crore in
past five fiscal years.

How cooperative banks are regulated?

Cooperative banks are currently under the dual control of the Registrar of Cooperative Societies and RBI. While
the role of registrar of cooperative societies includes incorporation, registration, management, audit,
supersession of board and liquidation, RBI is responsible for regulatory functions such as maintaining cash
reserve and capital adequacy, among others.

InstaLinks: 3. Overview of the Banking Regulation

Prelims Link: (Amendments) Bill, 2020.
1. What are cooperative banks?
2. How they are regulated? What is dual Mains Link:
regulation? Discuss the issues associated with Dual regulation
of cooperative banks.

For further details about the Bill, please go through:

https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/banking-regulation-amendment-bill-2020-
0#:~:text=The%20Banking%20Regulation%20(Amendment)%20Bill%2C%202020%20was%20introduced%20in,S
abha%20on%20September%2014%2C%202020.&text=The%20Act%20regulates%20the%20functioning,manage
ment%2C%20and%20operations%20of%20banks.

What are non-banking financial companies- microfinance institutions

(NBFC-MFIs)?
Why in News?
Loan disbursements by non-banking financial companies-microfinance institutions (NBFC-MFIs) declined 96%
to ₹570 crore in the first quarter of the current financial year, according to a report by Microfinance
Institutions Network (MFIN).
• It had stood at ₹15,865 crore in the corresponding quarter of the previous year.
Non-banking financial companies- microfinance institutions (NBFC-MFIs):
NBFC MFI is a non-deposit taking
NBFC (other than a company
licensed u/s 25 of the Indian
Companies Act, 1956) that meets
the following conditions:
1. Minimum Net Owned
Funds (NOF) of Rs.5 crore.
(For those registered in the
North Eastern Region of the
country, Rs. 2 crore is
required as minimum NOF).
2. At least 85% of its Total
Net Assets are in the nature
of “Qualifying Assets.”

What are Qualifying Assets?

“Net assets” are total assets excluding cash, bank balances, and money market instruments.
“Qualifying assets” are those assets which have a substantial period of time to be ready for its intended use or
sale.

InstaLinks: 3. NBFCs under RBI.

Prelims Link: 4. NBFC-MFI- eligibility, functions.
1. NBFCs- meaning. 5. What is Net Owned Funds?
2. Types. 6. What are Qualifying Assets?
www.insightsonindia.com 106 InsightsIAS
Link: https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=GJR7PMBEN.1&imageview=0.

RBI extends enhanced borrowing limit for banks:

Context:
Because of economic woes created by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Reserve Bank has decided to extend by six
months the enhanced borrowing facility provided to banks to meet the shortage of liquidity till March 31,
2021.

These measures include:

Borrowing limit for scheduled banks under the marginal standing facility (MSF) scheme was increased from 2%
to 3% of their net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) with effect from March 27, 2020.

Implications:
This dispensation provides increased access to funds to the extent of ₹1.49 lakh crore, and also qualifies as
high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) for the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR).

What is MSF?
Under the MSF, banks can borrow overnight at their discretion by dipping into the statutory liquidity ratio
(SLR).
● It is a window for scheduled banks to borrow overnight from the RBI in an emergency situation when
interbank liquidity dries up completely.
● This scheme was launched by RBI while reforming the monetary policy in 2011-12.
● It is a penal rate at which banks can borrow money from RBI when they are completely exhausted of all
borrowing assistance.

Key terms:
Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL):
NDTL refers to the total demand and time liabilities (deposits) of the public that are held by the banks with
other banks.
The high-quality liquid assets include only those with a high potential to be converted easily and quickly into
cash.

InstaLinks: 5. What is HQLA?

Prelims Link: 6. Difference between Repo Rate and MSF.
1. What is MSF?
2. What is LAF? Who decides it? Link:
3. What is SLR? https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
4. What is NDTL? ?OrgId=G067Q7UQC.1&imageview=0.

Topics: Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices;
Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer
stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana launched:
Key features of the scheme:
1. It is a scheme for focused and sustainable development of fisheries sector in the country.
2. Rs. 20,050 crores has been sanctioned for its implementation during a period of 5 years from FY 2020-
21 to FY 2024-25 in all States/Union Territories, as a part of AatmaNirbhar Bharat Package.
3. The scheme focuses on beneficiary-oriented activities in Marine, Inland fisheries and Aquaculture.
4. It seeks to adopt ‘Cluster or Area based approaches’.

Aims and targets of the scheme:

1. Enhance fish production by an additional 70 lakh tonne by 2024-25.
2. Increase fisheries export earnings to Rs.1,00,000 crore by 2024-25.
www.insightsonindia.com InsightsIAS
 3. Double incomes of fishers
and fish farmers.
4. Reduce post-harvest
losses from 20-25% to
about 10%.
5. Generate additional 55
lakhs direct and indirect
gainful employment
opportunities in fisheries
sector and allied
activities.

Uniqueness of the scheme:

While aiming to consolidate the
achievements of Blue Revolution
Scheme, PMMSY envisages many
new interventions such as fishing
vessel insurance, support for
new/up-gradation of fishing
vessels/boats, Bio-toilets, Aquaculture in saline/alkaline areas, Sagar Mitras, FFPOs/Cs, Nucleus Breeding
Centres, Fisheries and Aquaculture start-ups, Incubators, etc.

Other initiatives announced at the launch of PMMSY scheme:

1. Establishment of Fish Brood Bank at Sitamarhi.
2. Aquatic Disease Referral Laboratory at Kishanganj.
3. One-unit fish feed mill at Madhepura and two units of ‘Fish on Wheels’ assisted at Patna under Blue
Revolution.
4. Comprehensive Fish Production Technology Centre at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural
University, Pusa, Bihar.

InstaLinks: 4. Aquatic Disease Referral Laboratory has

Prelims Link: been established at?
1. Duration of the scheme.
2. Targets under the scheme. Mains Link:
3. What is Blue Revolution scheme? Discuss the significance of the Pradhan Mantri
Matsya Sampada Yojana.

Rashtriya Gokul Mission:

Why in News?
PM recently inaugurated the following under Rashtriya Gokul Mission:
1. Semen Station with state of the art facilities in Purnea, Bihar.
2. IVF lab established at Animal Sciences University, Patna.
3. Sex sorted semen in artificial insemination by Baroni Milk Union in Begusarai district of Bihar.

What is Rashtriya Gokul Mission:

To conserve and develop indigenous bovine breeds, government launched ‘Rashtriya Gokul Mission’ in 2014
under the National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development (NPBBD).

What are the main objectives of the mission?

1. developmentt and conservation of indigenous breeds.
2. undertake breed improvement programme for indigenous cattle breeds so as to improve the genetic
makeup and increase the stock.
3. enhance milk production and productivity.

www.insightsonindia.com 108 InsightsIAS

 4. upgrade nondescript cattle using elite indigenous breeds like Gir, Sahiwal, Rathi, Deoni, Tharparkar,
Red Sindhi.
5. distribute disease free high genetic merit bulls for natural service.

How is the scheme implemented?

1. Implemented through the “State Implementing Agency (SIA viz Livestock Development Boards).
2. State Gauseva Ayogs will be given the mandate to sponsor proposals to the SIA’s (LDB’s) and monitor
implementation of the sponsored proposal.
3. All Agencies having a role in indigenous cattle development will be the “Participating Agencies” like
CFSPTI, CCBFs, ICAR, Universities, Colleges, NGO’s, Cooperative Societies and Gaushalas with best
germplasm.

What are Gokul Grams?

Funds under the scheme will be allocated
for the establishment of Integrated
Indigenous Cattle Centres viz “Gokul
Gram”.
Where they can be established? Gokul
Grams will be established in: i) the native
breeding tracts and ii) near metropolitan
cities for housing the urban cattle.

Roles and responsibilities of Gokul Grams:

1. Act as Centres for development of
Indigenous Breeds and a
dependable source for supply of
high genetic breeding stock to the farmers in the breeding tract.
2. They will be self sustaining and will generate economic resources from sale of A2 milk (A2 milkis cow’s
milk that mostly lacks a form of β-casein proteins called A1 and instead has mostly the A2 form),
organic manure, vermi-composting, urine distillates, and production of electricity from bio gas for in
house consumption and sale of animal products.
3. They will also function as state of the art in situ training centre for Farmers, Breeders and MAITRI’s.
4. The Gokul Gram will maintain milch and unproductive animals in the ratio of 60:40 and will have the
capacity to maintain about 1000 animals. Nutritional requirements of the animals will be provided in
the Gokul Gram through in house fodder production.
5. Metropolitan Gokul Gram will focus on genetic upgradation of urban cattle.

InstaLinks: 4. About the National Programme for Bovine

Prelims Link: Breeding and Dairy Development (NPBBD).
1. What are Gokul Grams? 5. When was the Rashtriya Gokul Mission
2. Can they be established in Metropolitan launched?
cities?
3. Milch and unproductive animals ratio to be Mains Link:
maintained by Gokul Grams. Write a note on Rashtriya Gokul Mission.

The 3 Farmers Bills And The Controversies Surrounding them:

Context:
Farmers in many states are protesting against three recent bills passed by the Parliament.

The controversy pertains to:

1. 'Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill, 2020'
2. Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill, 2020'
and
3. Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020.

www.insightsonindia.com 109 InsightsIAS

General concerns and criticisms:
● These bills are anti-farmer and will only result in reduced crop prices for farmers and undermine seed
security even further.
● Food security will be eroded as government intervention is eliminated.
● These bills promote corporate control of the Indian food and farming systems.
● They will also encourage hoarding and black marketing, in addition to exploitation of farmers.
● The bills also lack any assurance about Minimum Support Price(MSP).

Let us now take up one by one;

1. The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill, 2020:
Key provision: It allows for regulating the supply and stock limit of certain specified agricultural produce
under extraordinary circumstances such as an extraordinary price rise and natural calamity of grave nature, etc.
Issues:
● Any action on imposing stock limits will be based on the price trigger.
● In case of horticultural produce, a 100 per cent increase in the retail price of the commodity over the
immediately preceding 12 months or the average retail price of the last five years, whichever is lower,
will be the trigger for invoking the stock limit for such commodities.
● For non-perishable agricultural foodstuffs, the price trigger will be a 50 per cent increase in the retail
price of the commodity over the immediately preceding 12 months or the average retail price of the
last five years, whichever is lower.
● This stock limit regulation will not be applicable for value chain participants of any agricultural produce
if their stock limit remains within their installed capacity.
● It will also not apply to exporters if they can show demand for export.

2. The Farmers’ Produce Trade And Commerce (Promotion And Facilitation) Bill, 2020:
Key provisions:
● The Bill, through Clauses 3 & 4, gives freedom to the farmer to indulge in intra-state or inter-state
trade in areas outside the APMC mandis.
● It also prohibits the collection of any market fee or cess under the state APMC Acts with respect to
such trade outside the APMC market yards (Clause 6).
● A key provision of the Bill is Clause 14, which gives it an overriding effect over the inconsistent
provisions of the State APMC Acts.
● Also, the Central Government has been given powers to frame rules and regulations under the Act.
Issues:
● This leads to a situation where local farmers do not find adequate demand for their produce at MSP
in the local market.
● Since most farmers are small or marginal landowners, they do not have wherewithal to transport their
produce to large distances.
● Hence, they are forced to sell them at a lower price than the MSP in the local market itself.

3. The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill,
2020:
Key provision: It seeks to create a legal framework for contract farming in India.
There are two broader concerns here:
● First, one principle concern with contract farming has been regarding the negotiating power of the
two parties involved. It seems likely that individual farmers might not find themselves equipped or
powerful enough to negotiate with corporates or big-pocket sponsors to ensure a fair price for their
produce.
● Second, the Bill says that the quality parameters can be mutually decided by the two parties in the
agreement. But the quality aspect will become crucial when a few corporates will try to usher in
uniformity which might end up adversely impacting the already skewed agro-ecological diversity in
the country.

InstaLinks: Prelims Link:

www.insightsonindia.com 110 InsightsIAS
 1. What are APMCs? How they are regulated? 5. Other key Provisions of the bills.
2. Overview of Model Contract farming act.
3. The price range fluctuation allowed in the Mains Link:
Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill, Do you think the reforms proposed for agricultural
2020. sector under the realm of Aatmanirbhar Bharat
4. Stock limit regulation under the Essential Abhiyaan ensure better price realization for
Commodities (Amendment) Bill, 2020 will farmers? Elucidate.
not be applicable for?

Topics: Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects
on industrial growth.
Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS):
Why in News?
A limit has been imposed on total rewards under the Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS).
Limits imposed (Not so important for the exam. However, have a brief overview of the changes):
• The total reward which may be granted to an Import Export Code (IEC) holder under the scheme shall
not exceed Rs.2 Crore per IEC of exports made in the period 1.9.2020 to 31.12.2020.
• Any IEC holder who has not made any exports for a period of one year preceding 1.9.2020 or any new
IECs obtained on or after 1st September would not be eligible for submitting any claim under MEIS.

About MEIS- What is it?

Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS) under Foreign Trade Policy of India (FTP 2015-20) is one of the
two schemes introduced in Foreign Trade Policy of India 2015-20, as a part of Exports from India Scheme (The
other scheme is Service Exports from India Scheme (SEIS)).
• The rewards are given by way of duty credit scrips to exporters.
• The MEIS is notified by the DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade) and implemented by the
Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Objective of the scheme:

To offset infrastructural inefficiencies and associated costs involved in export of goods/products, which are
produced/manufactured in India, especially those having high export intensity, employment potential and
thereby enhancing India’s export competitiveness.

MEIS replaced the following five other similar incentive schemes present in the earlier Foreign
Trade Policy 2009-14:
1. Focus Product Scheme (FPS).
2. Focus Market Scheme (FMS).
3. Market Linked Focus Product Scheme (MLFPS).
4. Infrastructure incentive scheme.
5. Vishesh Krishi Gramin Upaj Yojna (VKGUY).

INSTALINKS:
PRELIMS LINK:
1. OBJECTIVES OF FOREIGN TRADE POLICY OF INDIA (FTP 2015-20).
2. SCHEMES LAUNCHED UNDER FOREIGN TRADE POLICY OF INDIA (FTP 2015-20).
3. MEIS IS NOTIFIED BY?
4. MEIS IS IMPLEMENTED BY?
5. SCHEMES REPLACED BY MEIS.
6. WHAT ARE DUTY CREDIT SCRIPS?
7. ABOUT DGFT.

MAINS LINK:
DISCUSS THE KEY FEATURES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MERCHANDISE EXPORTS FROM INDIA
SCHEME (MEIS).

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 CAROTAR 2020 Rules:
Context:
The Customs (Administration of Rules of Origin under Trade Agreements) Rules, 2020 (CAROTAR, 2020) came
into force on September 21.

What are these rules?

They set guidelines for enforcement of the ‘rules of origin’ for allowing preferential rate on imports under free
trade agreements.
● They supplement the existing operational certification procedures prescribed under different trade
agreements (FTA/ PTA/ CECA/ CEPA).

Background:
They were notified on 21st August, 2020 by the Department of Revenue. 30 day period was given to importers
and other stakeholders to familiarize themselves with new provisions.

CAROTAR rules:
● An importer is now required to do due diligence before importing the goods to ensure that they meet
the prescribed originating criteria.
● A list of minimum information which the importer is required to possess has also been provided in the
rules along with general guidance.
● An importer would now have to enter certain origin related information in the Bill of Entry, as available
in the Certificate of Origin.

Implications:
The new norms have been framed with a view to check inbound shipments of low quality products and
dumping of goods by a third country routed through an FTA partner country.
● Under these rules, a country that has inked an FTA with India cannot dump goods from some third
country in the Indian market by just putting a label on it.

Significance of these rules:

The new Rules will support the importer to correctly ascertain the country of origin, properly claim the
concessional duty and assist Customs authorities in smooth clearance of legitimate imports under FTAs.
● The new Rules would also strengthen the hands of the Customs in checking any attempted misuse of
the duty concessions under FTAs.

What is the production linked incentive scheme for electronics

manufacturers?
Context:

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Three Apple Inc.’s top contract manufacturers are planning to invest a total of almost $900 million in India in
the next five years to tap into a new production-linked incentive plan.

About the PLI scheme:

Notified on April 1 as a part of the National Policy on Electronics.
It proposes a financial incentive to boost domestic manufacturing and attract large investments in the
electronics value chain.

Key features of the scheme:

● The scheme shall extend an incentive of 4% to 6% on incremental sales (over base year) of goods
manufactured in India and covered under target segments, to eligible companies, for a period of five
(5) years with financial year (FY) 2019-20 considered as the base year for calculation of incentives.
● The Scheme will be implemented through a Nodal Agency which shall act as a Project Management
Agency (PMA) and be responsible for
providing secretarial, managerial and
implementation support and carrying out
other responsibilities as assigned by MeitY
from time to time.

Eligibility:
● According to the scheme, companies that
make mobile phones which sell for Rs
15,000 or more will get an incentive of up
to 6 per cent on incremental sales of all
such mobile phones made in India.
● In the same category, companies which
are owned by Indian nationals and make
such mobile phones, the incentive has
been kept at Rs 200 crore for the next four
years.

What kind of investments will be considered?

All electronic manufacturing companies which are
either Indian or have a registered unit in India will
be eligible to apply for the scheme.
These companies can either create a new unit or seek incentives for their existing units from one or more
locations in India.
● However, all investment done by companies on land and buildings for the project will not be
considered for any incentives or determine eligibility of the scheme.

InstaLinks: 5. Duration of the scheme.

Prelims Link: 6. Who will implement it?
1. Key proposals under the National Policy on
Electronics. Mains Link:
2. Production linked incentive scheme- when What is the production linked incentive scheme for
was it announced? electronics manufacturers? Discuss.
3. Incentives under the scheme is available
to? Link:https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareA
4. What kind of investments will be rticle?OrgId=G067Q7UPQ.1&imageview=0.
considered?

Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

Coal Gasification and Liquefaction:
Context:
Union Minister of Coal and Mines recently addressed a webinar on Coal Gasification and Liquefaction. He said;
www.insightsonindia.com 113 InsightsIAS
 1. India aims for 100 million tonnes (MT) coal gasification by 2030 with investments worth over Rs. 4 lakh
crores.
2. For encouraging use of clean sources of fuel, government has provided for a concession of 20% on
revenue share of coal used for gasification. This will boost production of synthetic natural gas, energy
fuel, urea for fertilisers and production of other chemicals.

What is coal gasification?

It is the process of producing syngas, a mixture consisting carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon
dioxide (CO2), natural gas (CH4), and water vapour (H2O).
• During gasification, coal is blown with oxygen and steam while also being heated under high pressure.
During the reaction, oxygen and water molecules oxidize the coal and produce syngas.

Benefits of gasification:
1. Transporting gas is a lot cheaper than transporting coal.
2. Help address local pollution problems.
3. Has greater efficiency than conventional coal-burning because it can effectively use the gases twice:
the coal gases are first cleansed of impurities and fired in a turbine to generate electricity. The exhaust
heat from the gas turbine can be captured and used to generate steam for a steam turbine-generator.

Concerns and challenges:

Coal gasification is one of the more water-intensive forms of energy production.
There are also concerns about water contamination, land subsidence and disposing of waste water safely.

What is coal liquefaction?

Also called Coal to Liquid (CTL) technology, it is an alternative route to produce diesel and gasoline and makes
economic sense only in a world of high crude oil prices.
• The process involves gasification of coal, which in turn will produce synthetic gas (a mix of CO+H2). The
synthetic gas can be liquefied to its fuel equivalent in presence of cobalt/iron-based catalysts at higher
pressure and temperature.
• However, liquefied coal emits twice as much CO2 as burning oil. It also emits a large volume of SO2.

Benefits of liquefaction:
The CO2 emissions are more readily and cheaply captured from CTL plants than from conventional coal-fired
power stations. The captured CO2 can be transported and injected into underground storage reservoirs (a
procedure known as “carbon capture and storage”—CCS—or “geosequestration”).

InstaLinks: 6. What is coal liquefaction?

Prelims Link: 7. Benefits of Liquefaction.
1. What is Coal Gasification?
2. How is it done? Mains Link:
3. What are the byproducts? Write a note on goal gasification and liquefaction.
4. Benefits of Gasification? Discuss their significance.
5. What is Underground Coal Gasification?

Streets for People Challenge launched:

What is it?
• It is the response to the need for making our cities more walkable and pedestrian friendly.
• The Challenge builds on the advisory issued by MoHUA for the holistic planning for pedestrian-friendly
market spaces, earlier this year.

Implementation:
Fit India Mission, under Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, along with the India program of the Institute for
Transport Development and Policy (ITDP) have partnered with the Smart Cities Mission to support the
challenge.

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What is the challenge all about? What it seeks to achieve?
• It supports cities across the country to develop a unified
vision of streets for people in consultation with
stakeholders and citizens.
• Adopting a participatory approach, cities will be guided
to launch their own design competitions to gather
innovative ideas from professionals for quick,
innovative, and low-cost tactical solutions.
• It aims to inspire cities to create walking-friendly and
vibrant streets through quick, innovative, and low-cost
measures.
• All cities participating in the challenge shall be
encouraged to use the ‘test-learn-scale’ approach to
initiate both, flagship and neighbourhood walking
interventions.

Interventions under the challenge may include:

Creating pedestrian-friendly streets in high footfall areas, re-imagining under-flyover spaces, re-vitalizing dead
neighbourhood spaces, and creating walking links through parks and institutional areas.

Electricity Act amendment:

Why in News?
The Telangana government has resolved to present a strong case against the proposed amendment to the
Electricity Act, 2003 by the Central government, terming it as a “unilateral decision and a blatant attempt
against the federal spirit aimed at usurping the States’ powers”.

Key points:
● The State Legislative Assembly adopted a resolution voicing its strong opposition to the proposed
amendment, claiming it was aimed at centralisation of powers, and would impose a huge burden on
States.
● The resolution demanded that the Centre immediately rescind its moves that were harmful to the
interests of the people, farmers and underprivileged sections in particular.

Contentious clauses in the Electricity Amendment Bill, 2020:

The Bill seeks to end subsidies.All consumers, including
farmers, will have to pay the tariff, and the subsidy will be
sent to them through direct benefit transfer.
States are worried about this clause because:
● This would mean people would have to pay a
huge sum towards electricity charges, while
receiving support through direct benefit transfer
later.
● This would result in defaults leading to penalties
and disconnection.
The Bill “divests” the States of their power to fix tariff
and hands over the task to a Central government-
appointed authority.
● This is discriminatory, since the tariff can be
tweaked according to the whims and fancies of
the Central government.
The Bill also makes it compulsory for the State power
companies to buy a minimum percentage of renewable
energy fixed by the Centre.

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 ● This would be detrimental to the cash- strapped power firms.

Other key provisions in the Bill:

Renewable Energy Policy: It delegates the Central Government with the power to prepare and notify a
National Renewable Energy Policy “for promotion of generation of electricity from renewable sources”, in
consultation with State Governments.
Cross Border Trade: The Central Government has been delegated with the power to prescribe rules and
guidelines to allow and facilitate cross border trade of electricity.
Creation of Electricity Contract Enforcement Authority: It has been proposed to be given sole jurisdiction to
adjudicate upon matters on performance of obligations under a contract regarding sale, purchase and
transmission of electricity, which exclusion of this specialized authority’s jurisdiction on determination of tariff
or any other dispute regarding tariff.

InstaLinks: 8. Composition and functions of the Appellate

Prelims Link: Tribunal (APTEL).
1. What is an ordinance?
2. Composition of the proposed Electricity Mains Link:
Contract Enforcement Authority. Discuss the key features and significance of Draft
3. How DISCOMS in the country function? Electricity Act (Amendment) Bill, 2020.
4. What is the National Load Despatch
Centre? Link:
5. Key functions of ECEA. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
6. How DISCOMS in the country function? ?OrgId=G1Q7P1EE7.1&imageview=0.
7. What is the National Load Despatch
Centre?

Aircraft (Amendment) Bill, 2020 passed in Parliament:

The Act regulates the manufacture, possession, use, operation, sale, import and export of civil aircrafts and
licensing of aerodromes.

Key Features of the Bill:

1. Provides statutory status to regulatory institutions like the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA),
the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) and the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB).
2. DGCA powers: It will carry out oversight and regulatory functions with respect to matters under the Bill.
3. Powers of BCAS: It carries out regulatory oversight functions related to civil aviation security.
4. AAIB carries out investigations related to aircraft accidents and incidents.
5. Penalty: The Bill proposes to increase the fine amount for violations of rules from ₹10 lakh to ₹1 crore for
aviation industry players.
6. Powers of central government: It may cancel the licences, certificates or approvals granted to a person
under the Act if the person contravenes any provision of the Act.
7. Exemptions: The Act exempted aircrafts belonging to the naval, military, or air forces of the Union.
8. The Bill expands this exemption to include aircrafts belonging to any other armed forces other than these
three.

Link:https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=G1Q7P0VIB.1&imageview=0.

Draft Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020:

Context:
Union Power Ministry has drafted Rules providing for Rights of Electricity Consumers for the First Time.

The main features are:

1. Reliability of service: State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to fix average number and duration of
outages per consumer per year for DISCOMs. (A power outage is the loss of the electrical power
network supply to an end user.)
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 2. Timely and simplified procedure for connection: Only two documents for connection up to load of 10
kw and no estimation of demand charges for loads up to 150 kw to expedite giving connection.
3. Time period to provide new connection: Not more than 7 days in metro cities, 15 days in other
municipal areas and 30 days in rural areas, to provide new connection and modify existing connection.
4. 2 to 5% rebate on serving bills with delay of sixty days or more.
5. Push to online payment: Option to pay bills in cash, cheque, debit cards, net banking etc but bills of Rs.
1000 or more to be paid online.
6. Prosumers: Recognition to the emerging category of consumers known as “Prosumers”.They will have
right to produce electricity for self-use and inject excess in the grid using same point of connection up
to limits prescribed by the SERC.
7. Consumer Grievance Redressal Forum with 2-3 representatives of consumers at various levels starting
from Sub-division for ease of consumer grievance redressal.

Who are Prosumers?

Persons who are consumers and have also set up a rooftop units or solarised their irrigation pumps.

Topics: Investment models.

Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT) model:
Why in News?
Cabinet approves asset monetization of subsidiaries of Power Grid Corporation of India limited through
infrastructure investment trust.
• This is the first time any PSU in Power Sector will undertake asset recycling by monetising its assets
through the InvIT model and using the proceeds to fund the new and under-construction capital
projects.

What is InvIT model?

It is a Collective Investment Scheme similar to a mutual fund, which enables direct investment of money
from individual and institutional investors in infrastructure projects to earn a small portion of the income as
return.
• The InvITs are regulated by the SEBI (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014.

About Powergrid:
• It is a public limited company under the administrative control of the Ministry of Power, Government
of India.
• It started its commercial operation in the year 1992-93 and is today, a Maharatna company, engaged
in the business of power transmission.

InstaLinks: 3. About Powergrid.

Prelims Link: 4. What is InvIT model?
1. What is a Maharatna Company? What are
the benefits available for such companies? Mains Link:
2. Criteria for grant of Miniratna status and Write a note on Infrastructure Investment Trusts
Navaratna Statuses? (Inv-IT).

NHAI plans to monetise its highways through InvITs:

Context:
National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is preparing to come up with its InvIT issue.
● It had received approval from the Union Cabinet in this regard in December 2019.

What are Infrastructure investment trusts (InvITs)?

They are institutions similar to mutual funds, which pool investment from various categories of investors and
invest them into completed and revenue-generating infrastructure projects, thereby creating returns for the
investor.

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They are regulated under the Sebi (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014 and the Indian Trust
Act, 1882.

Structure of InvITs:
They have a trustee, sponsor(s), investment manager and project manager.
● Trustee (certified by Sebi) has the responsibility of inspecting the performance of an InvIT.
● Sponsor(s) are promoters of the company that set up the InvIT.
● Investment manager is entrusted with the task of supervising the assets and investments of the InvIT.
● Project manager is responsible for the execution of the project.

How does it benefit the investor?

● InvITs enable investors to buy a small portion of the units being sold by the fund depending upon their
risk appetite.
● Given that such trusts comprise largely of completed and operational projects with positive cash flow,
the risks are somewhat contained.
● Unitholders also benefit from favourable tax norms, including exemption on dividend income and no
capital gains tax if units are held for more than three years.

How will it help NHAI?

The issue will enable NHAI to monetise its completed National Highways that have a toll collection track
record of at least one year.
This will help the company raise funds for more road development across the country.

Link:https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-nhai-plans-to-monetise-its-highways-through-
invits-6605500/.

Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology
and developing new technology.
World’s Largest Solar Tree:
Context:
CSIR-CMERI has developed the World’s Largest Solar Tree, which is installed at CSIR-CMERI Residential Colony,
Durgapur.

Key points:
• The installed capacity of the Solar Tree is above 11.5
kWp.
• It has the annual capacity to generate 12,000-14,000
units of Clean and Green Power.
• The Tree has been designed in a manner to ensure
maximum exposure of each Solar PV Panel to
Sunlight and also creation of the least amount of
shadow area beneath.

Significance and potential of solar trees:

These Solar Trees can be aligned with Agriculture for substituting price-volatile fossil fuels.
• Each Solar Tree has the potential to save 10-12 tons of CO2 emissions being released into the
atmosphere as Greenhouse Gases when compared with fossil fuel fired energy generation.
• Besides, the surplus generated power can be fed into an Energy Grid.
• This Agricultural Model can provide a consistent economic return and help the farmers counter the
effects of the uncertain variations in Agriculture related activities, thus, making farming an Economic
and Energy Sustainable practice.

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 • The solar tree also has the capability to incorporate IOT based features, i.e. round-the-clock CCTV
surveillance in agricultural fields, real-time humidity, wind speed, rainfall prediction and soil analytics
sensors.
• The CSIR-CMERI developed solar powered e-Suvidha Kiosks may also be connected to the Solar Trees
for real-time access to the vast majority of agricultural database as well as to the eNAM i.e. National
Agricultural MarketPlace for instant and real-time access to an unified online market.

Global Innovation Index 2020 released:

What?
13th edition of Global Innovation Index released.
• The index is a leading reference for measuring an economy’s innovation performance.
Released By?
The GII is co-published by Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO), a specialized agency of the United Nations.

Theme: Who Will Finance Innovation? is timely given the human and global economic damage wreaked by the
COVID-19 global pandemic.

How are countries ranked?

GII rankings are based on 80 indicators, from traditional measurements like research and development
investments and international patent and trademark applications.

India’s performance:
• This year, India climbed four spots and is now at 48th position
in the list.
• India is at the top position among the nations in central and
southern Asia.
• India has now become the third most innovative lower middle-
income economy in the world.
• India ranks in the top 15 in indicators such as ICT (Information
and Communication Technology) services exports, government
online services, graduates in science and engineering, and R&D-
intensive global companies.

Global scenario:
• The rankings show stability at the top but a gradual "eastward
shift in the locus of innovation" as Asian economies like China,
India, the Philippines and Vietnam have advanced considerably
in the innovation ranking over the years.
• Top 5: Switzerland, Sweden, the US, the UK and the Netherlands lead the innovation ranking.

INSTALINKS:
PRELIMS LINK:
1. GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX IS RELEASED BY?
2. WHEN WAS THE FIRST EDITION RELEASED?
3. THEME FOR 2020.
4. PERFORMANCE OF INDIA THIS YEAR.
5. GLOBAL PERFORMANCE.
6. TOP 10 COUNTRIES IN THE INDEX.

MAINS LINK:
DISCUSS THE FEATURES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX.

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 Entrepreneurs in Residence (EIR) programme:
Context:
A brochure featuring Entrepreneurs in Residence (EIR) under the National Initiative for Developing and
Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI) programme was recently launched.

What is Entrepreneurs-in-Residence (EIR) Programme?

It is under the National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing innovations (NIDHI) of Department of Science
and Technology.
• It supports aspiring or budding entrepreneur of considerable potential for pursuing a promising
technology business idea over a period up to 18 months with a subsistence grant up to Rs 30000 per
month with a maximum cap for total support of Rs 3.6 lakh to each EIR over a maximum of 18 months.

What is NIDHI program?

Department of Science & Technology has launched a NIDHI program (National Initiative for
Developing and Harnessing Innovations) under which programmes for setting up of incubators, seed
fund, accelerators and ‘Proof of concept’ grant for innovators and entrepreneurs have been launched.
• Under NIDHI, PRAYAS (Promoting and Accelerating Young and Aspiring innovators &
Startups) programme has been initiated in which established Technology Business Incubators
(TBI) are supported with PRAYAS grant to support innovators and entrepreneurs with grants
for ‘Proof of Concept’ and developing prototypes.

INSTALINKS:
PRELIMS LINK:
1. ABOUT ENTREPRENEURS-IN-RESIDENCE (EIR) PROGRAMME.
2. WHAT IS NIDHI PROGRAM?
3. ABOUT PRAYAS PROGRAMME.
4. THE ABOVE SAID PROGRAMMES HAVE BEEN LAUNCHED BY?

National Biopharma Mission (NBM):

Why in News?
The National Immunogenicity & Biologics Evaluation Center (NIBEC) for assessing clinical immunogenicity of
viral vaccines was inaugurated virtually recently.
• It has been established jointly by Bharati Vidyapeeth University through its constituent unit
Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA) and BIRAC-DBT, Government of India through
National Biopharma Mission.

What is Biotechnology Industry

Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)?
It is a not-for-profit Public Sector
Enterprise, set up by Department of
Biotechnology (DBT) as an Interface
Agency to strengthen and empower the
emerging Biotech enterprise to
undertake strategic research and
innovation, addressing nationally
relevant product development needs.

About National Biopharma Mission

(NBM):
It is an industry-academia collaborative
mission for accelerating biopharmaceutical development in the country.
It was launched in 2017 at a total cost of Rs 1500 crore and is 50% co-funded by World Bank loan.

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It is being implemented by the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC).
• Under this Mission, the Government has launched Innovate in India (i3) programme to create an
enabling ecosystem to promote entrepreneurship and indigenous manufacturing in the biopharma
sector.

InstaLinks: 4. Difference between DNA and RNA vaccines.

Prelims Link: 5. About National Immunogenicity & Biologics
1. National Biopharma Mission- objectives Evaluation Center (NIBEC).
and components.
2. What is Innovate in India (i3) programme? Mains Link:
3. About BIRAC. Discuss the features and significance of NBM.

India joins US, Russia, China hypersonic Missile club:

What?
India has become the fourth country after the United States, Russia and China to develop and successfully
test hypersonic technology.
Why?
India recently tested the Hypersonic Test Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV).
Developed by?
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

Significance and implications of this test flight:

This indigenous technology will pave the way towards development of missiles travelling at six times the
speed of sound (Mach 6).

What is Hypersonic Test Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV)?

The HSTDV is an unmanned scramjet demonstration aircraft for hypersonic speed flight.

How it works?
The HSTDV cruise vehicle is mounted on a solid rocket motor, which will take it to a required altitude, and once
it attains certain mach numbers for speed, the cruise vehicle will be ejected out of the launch vehicle.
Subsequently, the scramjet engine will be ignited automatically.

Where can it be used?

• It has utility for long-range cruise missiles of the future.

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 • It can be used for launching satellites at low cost too.

What are cruise missiles? How are they different from ballistic missiles?
A cruise missile either locates its target or has a preset target. It navigates using a guidance system — such as
inertial or beyond visual range satellite GPS guidance — and comprises a payload and aircraft propulsion
system.
• Cruise missiles can be launched from land, sea or air for land attacks and anti-shipping purposes, and
can travel at subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic speeds.
• Since they stay relatively close to the surface of the earth, they cannot be detected easily by anti-
missile systems, and are designed to carry large payloads with high precision.
Ballistic missiles, meanwhile, are launched directly into the upper layers of the earth’s atmosphere.
• They travel outside the atmosphere, where the warhead detaches from the missile and falls towards a
predetermined target.
• They are rocket-propelled self-guided weapons systems which can carry conventional or nuclear
munitions. They can be launched from aircraft, ships and submarines, and land.

What are ICBMs?

Intercontinental ballistic missiles or ICBMs are guided missiles which can deliver nuclear and other payloads.
ICBMs have a minimum range of 5,500 km, with maximum ranges varying from 7,000 to 16,000 km.
• Only a handful of countries, including Russia, United States, China, France, India and North Korea,
have ICBM capabilities.

InstaLinks: 5. What are cruise missiles?

Prelims Link: 6. What are ballistic missiles?
1. Who developed HSTDV?
2. Which countries have successfully tested Mains Link:
hypersonic technology so far? What successful testing of the Hypersonic Test
3. What is a scramjet? Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) mean for India?
4. What are ICBMs? How many countries Discuss.
possess ICBMs?

First World Solar Technology Summit:

What?
First World Solar Technology Summit (WSTS) was organized on 8th September, 2020.
By?
The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), as the convenor of ISA Global
Leadership Task Force on Innovation, worked with the International Solar Alliance (ISA) in organizing the
summit.

The conference saw ISA signing four agreements, signalling its intent to focus on key areas of the solar
energy sector.
1. A partnership agreement between the Union Ministry of Renewable Energy, the World Bank and ISA on
One World, One Sun, One Grid.
2. A partnership between the Global Green Growth Institute and ISA on the promotion of a million solar
pumps.
3. A Memorandum of Understanding with the International Institute for Refrigeration, Paris and ISA.
4. Partnership agreements on the implementation of 47 projects between ISA and NTPC.
ISA also launched its technology journal, Solar Compass 360.

About the International Solar Alliance (ISA)

It is an Indian initiative, which was launched jointly by Prime Minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi and H.E.
François Hollande, President of France on 30 November 2015 in Paris, France on the side-lines of the 21st
Conference of Parties (CoP 21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

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 • The ISA Assembly is the main decision-making body of the alliance and it decides on various
administrative, financial and
program-related issues.

What it does?
As an action-oriented organisation,
the ISA brings together countries with
rich solar potential to aggregate
global demand, thereby reducing
prices through bulk purchase,
facilitating the deployment of existing
solar technologies at scale, and
promoting collaborative solar R&D
and capacity building.

When it entered into force?

When the ISA Framework Agreement
entered into force on December 6th, 2017, ISA formally became a de-jure treaty based International
Intergovernmental Organization, headquartered at Gurugram, India.

Membership:
• All members of the United Nations can join the International Solar Alliance (ISA) under the recently
amended ISA Framework Agreement.
• As on 30 July 2020, 87 Countries have signed the Framework Agreement of the ISA and of these 67
have deposited their instruments of ratification.

Goal: InstaFact:
It has set a target of 1TW of solar energy by 2030. India has a target of installing 100 GW and 300 GW
of solar by 2022 and 2030 respectively.

InstaLinks: 5. Membership of ISA.

Prelims Link: 6. India's renewable energy targets.
1. Outcomes First World Solar Technology 7. What is One World, One Sun, One Grid
Summit. initiative?
2. When was ISA launched?
3. What is Solar Compass 360, which was Mains Link:
launched recently? Write a note on One World, One Sun, One Grid
4. Targets of ISA. initiative.

Aatmanirbhar Bharat ARISE-Atal New India Challenges launched:

Launched by?
Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), NITI Aayog.
Aim:
To spur applied research and innovation in Indian MSMEs and startups.

Who will implement?

The programme will be driven by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), four ministries—Ministry of
Defence; Ministry of Food Processing Industries; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; and Ministry of
Housing and Urban Affairs—and associated industries to facilitate innovative solutions to sectoral problems.

Key features of the program:

• It will support deserving applied research–based innovations by providing funding support of up to Rs
50 lakh for speedy development of the proposed technology solution and/or product.

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InstaLinks: 3. Implementation by?
1. Objective of the programme. 4. Funding support.
2. Launched by?

Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems:

Context:
The Results of the second edition of Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems have been released.

About the Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems:

Conducted by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
• The objective is to foster competitiveness and propel States and Union Territories to work proactively
towards uplifting the startup ecosystem.

The 2019 framework:

It has 7 broad reform area, consisting of 30 action points ranging from Institutional Support, Easing
Compliances, Relaxation in Public Procurement norms, Incubation support, Seed Funding Support, Venture
Funding Support, and Awareness & Outreach.

How were the states ranked?

To establish uniformity and ensure standardization in the ranking process, States and UTs have been divided
into two groups.
1. While UTs except Delhi and all States in North East India except Assam are placed in Category ‘Y’.
2. All other States and UT of Delhi are in Category ‘X’.

For the purposes of Ranking, States are classified into 5 Categories:

1. Best Performers.
2. Top Performers.
3. Leaders.
4. Aspiring Leaders.
5. Emerging Startup Ecosystems.
Within each category, entities are placed alphabetically.

States Startup Ranking Results 2019:

Category X: 5. Emerging Startup Sikkim
1. Best Performer: Ecosystems:
Gujarat Andhra Pradesh Leaders across 7 Reform Areas
Assam (Just have a brief overview):
2. Top Performers: Chhattisgarh The top scoring States across
Karnataka Delhi each reform area have been
Kerala Himachal Pradesh recognised as a leader.
Institutional Leaders:
3. Leaders: Category Y: 1. Karnataka
Bihar 1. Best Performer: 2. Kerala
Maharashtra Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3. Odisha
Odisha
Rajasthan 2. Leader: Regulatory Change Champions:
Chandigarh 1. Karnataka
4. Aspiring Leaders: 2. Kerala
Haryana 3. Aspiring Leader: 3. Odisha
Jharkhand Nagaland
Punjab Procurement Leaders:
Telangana 4. Emerging Startup 1. Karnataka
Uttarakhand Ecosystems: 2. Kerala
Mizoram 3. Telangana

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 1. Bihar 3. Maharashtra
Incubation Hubs: 2. Kerala
1. Gujarat 3. Maharashtra Awareness and Outreach
2. Karnataka Champions:
3. Kerala Scaling Innovations Leaders: 1. Gujarat
1. Gujarat 2. Maharashtra
Seeding Innovation Leaders: 2. Kerala 3. Rajasthan

InstaLinks: 4. About the Framework.

Prelims Link: 5. Key performers in various categories.
1. About the Ranking of States on Support to
Startup Ecosystems. Mains Link:
2. Who developed it? Write a note on the Ranking of States on Support to
3. Categorisation of states. Startup Ecosystems.

NIMHANS develops new Indian Brain Templates, brain atlas:

What is it?
The neuroscientists from NIMHANS studied over 500 brain scans of Indian patients to develop five sets of
Indian brain templates and a brain atlas for five age groups covering late childhood to late adulthood (six to 60
years).

Why this is significant?

Currently, we are using Montreal
Neurological Index (MNI)
template. It is based on Caucasian
brains and was made by averaging
152 healthy brain scans from just
a small slice of the city’s
population in North America. But
Caucasian brains are different
from Asian brains.
● But, India will now have a
scale that will measure an
Indian brain.

Benefits of Indian Brain

Templates and atlas:
● They will provide more precise
reference maps for areas of
interest in individual patients
with neurological disorders like strokes, brain tumours, and dementia.
● They will also help pool information more usefully in group studies of the human brain and psychological
functions, aiding our understanding of psychiatric illnesses like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD), autism, substance dependence, schizophrenia, and mood disorders.
● These new population- and age-specific Indian brain templates will allow more reliable tracking of brain
development and ageing, similar to how paediatricians monitor a child’s height or weight, for example,
using a growth chart.

InstaLinks: 4. What is Montreal Neurological Index (MNI)

Prelims Link: template? How was it formed?
1. About NIMHANS.
2. What are brain templates? Mains Link:
3. Who recently developed and released a What is Montreal Neurological Index (MNI)
brain atlas for India? template? Where is it used?

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Link: brain-templates-brain-
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.co atlas/article32589974.ece/amp/.
m/sci-tech/health/nimhans-develops-new-indian-

Postage Stamp released on A-SAT:

A Customized My Stamp on India’s First Anti Satellite
Missile (A-SAT) launch was released by the
Department of Posts on the occasion of Engineers
Day.

Background:
Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) successfully conducted an Anti-Satellite (A-
SAT) missile test ‘Mission Shakti’ from Dr APJ Abdul
Kalam Island in Odisha on 27th March 2019.
● A DRDO developed A-SAT Missile successfully
engaged an Indian orbiting target satellite in
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) in a ‘Hit to Kill’ mode.
● The interceptor missile was a three-stage
missile with two solid rocket boosters.

Significance:
India is only the 4th country to acquire such a
specialised and modern capability, and Entire effort is
indigenous.
● Till now, only the US, Russia and China had the
capability to hit a live target in space.

Does the test create space debris?

The test was done in the lower atmosphere to ensure
that there is no space debris. Whatever debris that is
generated will decay and fall back onto the earth
within weeks.

What is the international law on weapons in outer space?

The principal international Treaty on space is the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. The Outer Space Treaty prohibits
only weapons of mass destruction in outer space, not ordinary weapons.
● India is a signatory to this treaty, and ratified it in 1982.

InstaLinks: 3. What is A-SAT missile?

Prelims Link: 4. What is Mission Shakti?
1. Key features of the 1967 Outer Space
Treaty. Mains Link:
2. About DRDO. What is Mission Shakti? Discuss its significance.

What is the ‘Feluda’ test for Covid-19 approved by India?

Feluda is the acronym for FNCAS9 Editor Linked Uniform Detection Assay.
● It is an accurate and low-cost paper-based test strip to detect Covid-19 in less than 30 minutes.
● It was approved recently for commercial launch by the Drugs Controller General of India.
● Developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Tata Group.

How it works?
It uses indigenously developed CRISPR gene-editing technology to identify and target the genetic material of
SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes Covid-19.

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Significance:
● According to CSIR, the test matches accuracy levels of RT-PCR tests.
● It has a quicker turnaround time and requires less expensive equipment.
● ‘Feluda’ is also the world’s first diagnostic test to deploy a specially adapted Cas9 protein to
successfully detect the virus.

What is CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) technology?

It is a gene editing technology and finds its use in correcting genetic defects and treating and preventing the
spread of diseases.
● The technology can detect specific sequences of DNA within a gene and uses an enzyme functioning as
molecular scissors to snip it.
● It also allows researchers to easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function.
● The technology can also be configured for detection of multiple other pathogens in the future.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: What is Feluda Test for COVID-19? How is it carried
1. What is Feluda test? out? Discuss.
2. What is CRISPR technology?
3. What is RT-PCR test? Link:https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/f
4. Other tests related to Covid-19. eluda-coronavirus-covid-19-test-tata-sons-crispr-
technology-6603573/.

Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG):

Why in News?
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has allowed use of H-CNG (18% mix of hydrogen) in CNG engines.
● A notification for amendments to the Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989, for inclusion of H-CNG as an
automotive fuel has already been published.

Background:
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has also developed specifications (IS 17314:2019) of Hydrogen enriched
Compressed Natural Gas (H-CNG) for automotive purposes, as a fuel.

What is HCNG?
The blending of hydrogen with CNG provides a
blended gas termed as HCNG.
● It can be used in place of gasoline, diesel
fuel and propane (C3H8) / LPG and its
combustion produces fewer undesirable
gases.

Advantages of HCNG:
● HCNG reduces emissions of CO up to 70%.
● Enables up to 5 % savings in fuel.
● First step towards future Hydrogen
economy.
● Engines can be calibrated to release lower
amounts of NO.
● Engines need minimum modification to run
on HCNG.
● Ideal fuel for high load applications and
heavy-duty vehicles.
● Better performance due to higher Octane
rating of H2.

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Disadvantages of using HCNG:
● Determining the most optimized H2/ NG (Natural Gas) ratio.
● It requires new infrastructures for preparing HCNG.
● Many steps need to be taken for commercializing it at a large scale.
● Current cost of H2 is more than the cost of Natural Gas. So, HCNG’s cost is more than CNG.

Topics: Awareness in space.

Merger of two black holes:
Context:
Gravitational waves from a collision between two black holes were detected in 2019 at the gravitational wave
observatory LIGO (United States) and the detector Virgo (Italy).
• It was calculated to have come from roughly 17 billion light years away, and from a time when the
universe was about half its age.

What's unique about this meger?

One of the two parent black holes was of an unusual “intermediate mass”, which challenges traditional
scientific knowledge. It is the first “intermediate mass” black hole ever observed.

What are Gravitational Waves?

They are invisible ripples that form when a star explodes in a supernova; when two big stars orbit each
other; and when two black holes merge.
• Travelling at the speed of light, gravitational waves squeeze and stretch anything in their path.
• Proposed by Albert Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity over a century ago.
• It was only in 2015, however, that the first gravitational wave was actually detected — by LIGO.

What is a black hole?

A black hole is an object in space that is so dense and has such strong gravity that no matter or light can escape
its pull. Because no light can escape, it is black and invisible.
• There’s a boundary at the edge of a black hole called the event horizon, which is the point of no return
— any light or matter that crosses that boundary is sucked into the black hole. It would need to travel
faster than the speed of light to escape, which is impossible.
• Anything that crosses the event horizon is destined to fall to the very centre of the black hole and be
squished into a single point with infinite density, called the singularity.

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What is LIGO?
It is a massive observatory for detecting cosmic gravitational waves and for carrying out experiments.
• The objective is to use gravitational-wave observations in astronomical studies.
• The project operates three gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. Two are at Hanford, Washington,
north-western US, and one is at Livingston in Louisiana, south-eastern US.
• The proposed LIGO India project aims to move one advanced LIGO detector from Hanford to India.

InstaLinks: 5. LIGO India- proposed site, partners and

Prelims Link: objectives.
1. About the General Theory of Relativity. 6. Where is Virgo locator located?
2. When was the first gravitational wave
detected? Mains Link:
3. LIGO- mission objectives, observatories and Discuss the applications and significance of findings
funding. of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
4. What are event horizon and singularity in Observatory (LIGO) detector.
the context of a black hole?

Asteroid 465824:
Why in News?
NASA says asteroid 465824 2010 FR, which is twice as big as the Pyramid of Giza, may cross the Earth’s orbit on
September 6.
• It is classified as a Near-Earth Object (NEO) and a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA).

What are NEOs?

NASA defines NEOs as comets and asteroids nudged by the gravitational attraction of nearby planets into orbits
that allow them to enter the Earth’s neighbourhood.
• These objects are composed mostly of water ice with embedded dust particles.

What is an asteroid?
Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the Sun, much smaller than planets. They are also called minor planets.
As per NASA, 994,383 is the count for known asteroids, the remnants from the formation of the solar system
over 4.6 billion years ago.

Why most asteroids are found in only one region?

Most such objects can be found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, which is estimated to contain
somewhere between 1.1-1.9 million asteroids. The explanation for the concentration of asteroids in this belt
comes from the formation of Jupiter, whose gravity brought an end to the formation of any planetary bodies
in this region, as a result of which the smaller bodies kept colliding with each other, fragmenting into asteroids.

Other types of asteroids:

1. Trojans, which are asteroids that share an orbit with a larger planet.
2. Near-Earth Asteroids (NEA), which have orbits that pass close by the Earth. Those that cross the
Earth’s orbit are called Earth-crossers.

Why do scientists track asteroids?

• To look for information about the formation and history of planets and the sun, since asteroids were
formed at the same time as other objects in the solar system.
• To look for asteroids that might be potentially hazardous.

What are PHAs?

In the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter Over 1,400 asteroids are classified as potentially hazardous
asteroids (PHAs).

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 • According to NASA, “Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are currently defined based on
parameters that measure the asteroid’s potential to make threatening close approaches to the
Earth”.
• Specifically, all asteroids with a minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of 0.05 au or less are
considered PHAs.

How can asteroids be deflected?

The most drastic measure undertaken so far is
the Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment
(AIDA), which includes NASA’s Double Asteroid
Redirection Test (DART) mission and the
European Space Agency’s (ESA) Hera.
• The mission’s target is Didymos, a
binary near-Earth asteroid, one of
whose bodies is of the size that could
pose a significant threat to Earth.
• In 2018, NASA announced that it had
started the construction of DART, which
is scheduled to launch in 2021 with an
aim to slam into the smaller asteroid of
the Didymos system at around 6 km per
second in 2022.
• Hera, which is scheduled to launch in 2024, will arrive at the Didymos system in 2027 to measure the
impact crater produced by the DART collision and study the change in the asteroid’s orbital trajectory.

InstaLinks: 4. What are potentially hazardous asteroids?

Prelims Link: How are they classified?
1. What are near earth objects? 5. Overview of NASA’s DART Mission.
2. Classification of asteroids.
3. Why most asteroids are found in the Mains Link:
asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter? Differentiate between meteorite and asteroid.

Moon may be rusting, shows ISRO's Chandrayaan 1 images:

Context:
We know rusting exists on Earth and Mars, but now scientists have found that there is on the moon as well.
The images sent by ISRO’s Chandrayaan 1 orbiter - India's first mission to the moon, show that the moon may
be rusting along the poles.

Why is this so surprising?

Rust, also known as iron oxide, is a reddish compound. It forms when the iron is exposed to water and
oxygen. However, moon's surface is not known for the presence of water and oxygen. Hence, this is surprising.

Possible reason behind this? What is the role of earth’s atmosphere in this phenomenon?
For iron to turn rusty red, it needs what's called an oxidizer — a molecule such as oxygen that removes
electrons from a material such as iron.
• But, the moon doesn't have an atmosphere of its own to provide sufficient amounts of oxygen, but it
has trace amounts donated by Earth's atmosphere. This terrestrial oxygen travels to the moon along
an elongated extension of the planet's magnetic field called a "magnetotail."
• At every full moon, the magnetotail blocks 99% of solar wind from blasting the moon, drawing a
temporary curtain over the lunar surface, allowing periods of time for rust to form.

But, from where does the moon get water to form rust?
The moon is mostly devoid of water, save for frozen water found in lunar craters on the moon's far side — far
from where most of the hematite was found. But the researchers propose that fast-moving dust particles that

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bombard the moon might free water molecules locked into the moon's surface layer, allowing the water to
mix with the iron. These dust particles might even be carrying water molecules themselves, and their impact
might create heat that could increase the oxidation rate.

Background:
• Launched in 2008, Chandrayaan-1 is India’s Key Findings of Chandrayaan-1:
first lunar probe. 1. Confirmed presence of lunar water.
• Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) 2. Evidence of lunar caves formed by an
lost communication with Chandrayaan-1 in ancient lunar lava flow.
August 2009. 3. Past tectonic activity were found on the
• Later, NASA scientists found Chandrayaan- lunar surface.
1 spacecraft, which was considered lost, by
using a new ground-based radar technique.

InstaLinks: 4. Missions aimed at landing on Moon’s South

Prelims Link: Pole.
1. How Chandrayaan 2 was different from 5. About Chandrayaan 3.
Chandrayaan 1? 6. Minerals found in the surface of moon.
2. Lunar missions by various countries?
3. Missions involving Soft landing on moon. Mains Link:
Write a note on Chandrayaan 2 mission.

What is Solar Cycle 25?

Context:
Scientists from NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have announced
their predictions about the new solar cycle, called Solar Cycle 25, which they believe has begun.

Key findings:
● The solar minimum for Solar Cycle 25 occurred in December 2019.
● Scientists predict a solar maximum (middle of the solar cycle) will be reached by July 2025.
● This solar cycle will be as strong as the last solar cycle, which was a “below-average cycle” but not
without risks.

But first, What is a solar cycle?

The Sun is a huge ball of electrically-charged hot gas. This charged gas moves, generating a powerful magnetic
field. This magnetic field goes through a cycle, called the solar cycle.
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Every 11 years or so, the Sun's magnetic field completely flips. This means that the Sun's north and south
poles switch places. Then it takes about another 11 years for the Sun’s north and south poles to flip back again.
So far, astronomers have documented 24 such cycles, the last one ended in 2019.

How do scientists track solar activity?

Scientists track a solar cycle by using sunspots.
The beginning of a solar cycle is typically characterised by only a few sunspots and is therefore referred to as a
solar minimum.

What is solar minimum and maximum?

One way to track the solar cycle is by counting
the number of sunspots.
● The beginning of a solar cycle is a solar
minimum, or when the Sun has the least
sunspots. Over time, solar activity—and
the number of sunspots—increases.
● The middle of the solar cycle is the solar
maximum, or when the Sun has the most
sunspots. As the cycle ends, it fades back
to the solar minimum and then a new
cycle begins.

Impacts of Solar Cycle on Earth:

● Solar eruptions can cause lights in the sky, called aurora, or impact radio communications. Extreme
eruptions can even affect electricity grids on Earth.
● Solar activity can affect satellite electronics and limit their lifetime.
● Radiation can be dangerous for astronauts who do work on the outside of the International Space
Station.

InstaLinks:: 4. What is sun’s 11 year cycle?

Prelims Link: 5. What is solar minimum?
1. What are solar flares?
2. What are sunspots? Link:
3. How solar flares affect earth’s magnetic https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explai
field? ned-solar-cycle-25-nasa-noaa-scientists-6598367/.

NASA’s sonification
project:
Context:
The sonification project is led by the
Chandra X-ray Center in
collaboration with NASA’s Universe
of Learning Program (UoL).
The objective of the project is to
transform data from astronomical
images into audio.
● This project allows audiences
— including visually-impaired
communities — to
experience space through
data.

What is data sonification?

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It refers to the use of sound values to represent real data. Simply put, it is the auditory version of data
visualisation.

How did NASA translate astronomical images into sound?

● NASA’s distant telescopes in space collect inherently digital data, in the form of ones and zeroes,
before converting them into images.
● The images are essentially visual representations of light and radiation of different wavelengths in
space, that can’t be seen by the human eye.
● The Chandra project has created a celestial concert of sorts by translating the same data into sound.
Pitch and volume are used to denote the brightness and position of a celestial object or phenomenon.

Ready projects:
So far, the astronomers behind Project Chandra have released three examples made using data collected from
some of the most distinct features in the sky — the Galactic Centre, Cassiopeia A, and Pillars of Creation
Nebula.

Significance of the project:

● With this data sonification project, users can now experience different phenomena captured in
astronomical images as an aural experience.
● The birth of a star, a cloud of dust or even a black hole can now be ‘heard’ as a high or low pitched
sound.

InstaLinks: 4. About the Chandra X Ray observatory.

Prelims Link:
1. What is Data Sonification? Link:
2. About NASA’s data sonification project. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explai
3. How did NASA translate astronomical ned-nasas-sonification-project-that-turns-
images into sound? astronomical-images-into-music-6609057/.

Topics: Awareness in the fields of IT, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology

and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
Red Bull’s plea on trademark rejected:
Context:
The Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) has rejected a plea from Red Bull, manufacturer of an energy
drink, for the removal of a trademark registered in the name of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Limited.

What's the issue?

• Red Bull has adopted a trademark with tagline “Gives You Wings” and said due to the extensive
publicity, the concept of an animal/human acquiring wings after consumption of the Red Bull Energy
Drink has become exclusively associated with it.
• However, another trademark was registered in November 2001 with the tagline “Your Wings to Life”,
in the name of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Limited. Now, Red Bull had sought its cancellation.

What has the IPAB said while dismissing the petition?

The rival trademarks are neither deceptively similar nor identical with. The applicant mark “Your Wings to life”
is not the main mark. It is the sub-brand.
• Therefore, the goodwill and reputation alleged by the applicant is not pertaining to the main mark Red
Bull. Hence, both trademarks are not similar.

What is a trademark?
In layman’s language, it is a visual symbol which may be a word signature, name, device, label,
numerals or combination of colours used by one undertaking on goods or services or other articles
of commerce to distinguish it from other similar goods or services originating from a different
undertaking.

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The legal requirements to register a trademark under the Act are:
1. The selected mark should be capable of being represented graphically (that is in the paper form).
2. It should be capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of others.
3. It should be used or proposed to be used mark in relation to goods or services for the purpose of
indicating or so as to indicate a connection in the course of trade between the goods or services and
some person have the right to use the mark with or without identity of that person.

Different types of trademarks that may be registered in India:

1. Any name (including personal or surname of the applicant or predecessor in business or the signature
of the person), which is not unusual for trade to adopt as a mark.
2. An invented word or any arbitrary dictionary word or words, not being directly descriptive of the
character or quality of the goods/service.
3. Letters or numerals or any combination thereof.
4. The right to proprietorship of a trademark may be acquired by either registration under the Act or by
use in relation to particular goods or service.
5. Devices, including fancy devices or symbols
6. Monograms
7. Combination of colors or even a single color in combination with a word or device
8. Shape of goods or their packaging
9. Marks constituting a 3- dimensional sign.
10. Sound marks when represented in conventional notation or described in words by being graphically
represented.

Registrar:
The Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks heads the TRADE MARKS Registry offices and
functions as the Registrar of TRADE MARKS.

What is Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB)?

It was constituted on September 15, 2003 by the Indian Government to hear and resolve the appeals against
the decisions of the registrar under the Indian Trademarks Act, 1999 and the Geographical Indications of
Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.
• Since April 2, 2007, IPAB has been authorized to hear and adjudicate upon the appeals from most of
the decisions, orders or directions made by the Patent Controller under the Patents Act. Therefore,
all pending appeals of Indian High Courts under the Patents Act were transferred to IPAB.

Organization of an IPAB Bench:

Each Bench of the IPAB includes a Judicial Member and a Technical Member. The qualifications for
appointment as a technical member of the IPAB are mentioned
in The Trade Marks Act and the Patents Act.

Jurisdiction:
Appeals from the decision of the Controller to the IPAB must
be made within three months from the date of the decision/
order or direction, according to the, or within such further
time as the IPAB permits, with the appropriate fees. An
extension is available for filing the appeal by way of a
Condonation of Delay (COD) petition.
INSTALINKS:
PRELIMS LINK:
1. IPAB- COMPOSITION AND JURISDICTION.
2. WHAT IS AN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT?
3. WHAT IS A TRADEMARK?
4. WHO FUNCTIONS AS THE REGISTRAR OF TRADE MARKS?
www.insightsonindia.com 134 InsightsIAS
 5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRADEMARKS THAT MAY BE REGISTERED IN INDIA.
6. THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS TO REGISTER A TRADEMARK IN INDIA ARE?

MAINS LINK:
EVALUATE THE PROVISIONS OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) POLICY IN INDIA. WHAT
ARE THE CHALLENGES BEING FACED BY IT? SUGGEST MEASURES NEEDED TO ENSURE
TRANSPARENCY AND ENHANCE PROTECTION OF THE SAME.

What is net neutrality?

Why in News?
TRAI recently suggested the setting up of a multi-stakeholder body (MSB) to ensure that internet
service providers in the country adhere to the principles of net neutrality.

The proposal:
Composition:
The MSB should be a forum which would contain representatives and stakeholders from all telecom and
internet service providers, content providers, researchers from the academic and technical community, as well
as the government.
Functions:
• Assist the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) in monitoring, and proposing technical standards
and methodologies for the best practices to be adopted for traffic management practices.
• Assist the DoT in enforcement of the best practices and handling of complaints on net neutrality.

Net neutrality:
Net neutrality means that governments and internet service
providers treat all data on the internet equally and does not
differentially charge consumers for higher-quality delivery or
giving preferential treatment to certain websites.
• Network neutrality requires all Internet service
providers (ISPs) to provide the same level of data
access and speed to all traffic, and that traffic to one
service or website cannot be blocked or degraded.

How net neutrality is treated/regulated in India?

Telecom and Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has
released the Prohibition of Discriminatory Tariffs for Data
Services Regulations, 2016.
• These regulations prohibit Telecom Service Providers from charging different tariffs from consumers
for accessing different services online.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: What do you understand by net neutrality? Why is
1. What is Net neutrality? it significant? Discuss.
2. Examples. Link:
3. TRAI guidelines on this. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
?OrgId=GJR7PMBEH.1&imageview=0.

What is Non- Personal Data?

Any set of data which does not contain personally identifiable information. This means that no individual or
living person can be identified by looking at such data.
● For example, while order details collected by a food delivery service will have the name, age, gender,
and other contact information of an individual, it will become non-personal data if the identifiers such
as name and contact information are taken out.

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Why in News?
According to the results of a survey, majority of MSMEs and start-ups are not comfortable with the draft non-
personal data policy in the current form. They believe permitting large businesses and platforms to sell
aggregate data for a price will not help them.
● The survey was conducted by LocalCircles.

About the draft Policy on Non- Personal Data:

Committee of Experts on Non-Personal Data Governance Framework had released a draft in July this year.
● This committee (formed in 2019) headed by Infosys co-founder Kris Gopalakrishnan has suggested that
non-personal data generated in the country be allowed to be harnessed by various domestic
companies and entities.

The committee has classified non-personal data into three main categories, namely:
1. Public non-personal data.
2. Community non-personal data.
3. Private non-personal data.

Key Suggestions made:

● Formulate a separate legislation to govern non-personal data.
● Setup a new regulatory body- Non-Personal Data Authority (NPDA).
● It has also set circumstances under which a private organisation, that collects non-personal data, needs
to be remunerated.

Need for regulation:

● Digital transformations all over the world have meant that data is treated as an asset, which is
monetised, either directly by trading it, or indirectly by developing a service on top of that data.
● In a data economy, companies with “largest data pools have outsized and seized unbeatable techno-
economic advantages.” These companies, having leveraged their “first-mover advantage” to create
large pools of data, mean that smaller startups are often squeezed out of the competition, or there
are significant barriers to their entry.
● India, being the second-most populous country in the world, also with the second-largest smartphone
userbase, is by extension, one of the largest data markets in the world.

Link:https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=GPH7POMAR.1&imageview=0.

GPay can share UPI data under law, says Google:

Context:
Google India Digital Services Limited has told the Delhi High Court that its GPay app, being a TPAPs (Third Party
Application Providers), is allowed under the law to share customer’s UPI (Unified Payments Interface)
transaction data with third parties.

But, what's the issue?

A petition was filed against Google India’s payments app, Google Pay, at the Delhi High Court as it flouted the
rules of Unified Payments Interface (UPI) interoperability.
● According to the petition, Google Pay does not allow new users to use their existing Virtual Payment
Address (VPAs) or UPI ID on its platform, which the consumer might have created through other UPI
platforms or apps.
● And this is against the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) Guidelines.
● As per NPCI guidelines on interoperability, UPI payment platforms need to give a choice to users to
transact using their existing IDs.
Also, the petitioner had claimed that GPay was acting as a payments system provider in violation of the
Payments and Settlements Act as it has no valid authorisation from the central bank of the country to carry
out such functions.

What does interoperability mean?

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Interoperability enables payment systems to
be used in conjunction with other payment
systems. It allows prepaid payment
instruments (PPIs) issuers, system providers
and system participants from different systems
to undertake, clear and settle transactions
across systems without participating in
multiple systems.

What has the RBI said?

Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has told the Delhi
High Court that Google Pay is a third party app
provider (TPAP) and does not operate any
payment systems.
● Therefore, its operations are not in
violation of the Payment and
Settlement System Act of 2007.

The Payment and Settlement Systems (PSS)

Act, 2007:
It provides for the regulation and supervision
of payment systems in India and designates the Reserve Bank of India (Reserve Bank) as the authority for that
purpose and all related matters.
The Reserve Bank is authorized under the Act to constitute a Committee of its Central Board known as the
Board for Regulation and Supervision of Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS), to exercise its powers and
perform its functions and discharge its duties under this statute.

InstaLinks: 4. Who has the power to set up BPSS?

1. What is UPI?
2. About NPCI. Link:https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareA
3. Key provisions in the Payment and rticle?OrgId=G227PSPR8.1&imageview=0.
Settlement Systems (PSS) Act, 2007.

Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollution and degradation,

environmental impact assessment.
Green Term Ahead Market (GTAM):
Context:
Green Term Ahead Market (GTAM) in electricity launched as a first step towards greening the Indian short
term power market.

What is GTAM?
It is an alternative new model introduced for selling off the power by the renewable developers in the open
market without getting into long term PPAs.

Key features of GTAM:

• Transactions through GTAM will be bilateral in nature with clear identification of corresponding buyers
and sellers, there will not be any difficulty in accounting for Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO).
• GTAM contracts will be segregated into Solar RPO & Non-Solar RPO as RPO targets are also
segregated.
• Daily & Weekly Contracts – Bidding will take place on MWh basis.
• Price discovery will take place on a continuous basis i.e. price time priority basis. Subsequently,
looking at the market conditions open auction can be introduced for daily & weekly contracts.
• Energy scheduled through GTAM contract shall be considered as deemed RPO compliance of the
buyer.

www.insightsonindia.com 137 InsightsIAS

Significance and benefits of the move:
• The introduction of GTAM platform would lessen the burden on RE-rich States and incentivize them to
develop RE capacity beyond their own RPO.
• This would promote RE merchant capacity addition and help in achieving RE capacity addition targets
of the country.
• GTAM platform will also lead to increase in number of participants in renewable energy sector.
• It will benefit buyers of RE through competitive prices and transparent and flexible procurement.
• It will also benefit RE sellers by providing access to pan- India market.

InstaFacts::
• The Government has a target of 175 GW RE Capacity by 2022.
• As a signatory to the Paris Climate Agreement 2016, India has committed to install 40 per cent i.e.
450 GW of renewable capacity by the year 2030.

InstaLinks: 4. What is GTAM? How it works?

Prelims Link:
1. India’s renewable energy targets, Mains Link:
2. About Paris Climate Agreement. Discuss the significance of introduction of Green
3. India’s commitments under the Paris Term Ahead Market (GTAM) in electricity.
Agreement.

State to declare 600 acres of Aarey as reserve forest:

Context:
Maharashtra Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray has announced the reservation of 600 acres of Aarey land near
Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP) as forest, claiming it as the first instance of an extensive forest
blossoming within the limits of metropolis anywhere in the world.

What is a reserve forest? How is it different from protected forests?

A reserve forest denotes forests accorded a certain degree of protection. The term was first introduced in the
Indian Forest Act, 1927 in British India, to refer to certain forests granted protection under the British crown in
British India, but not associated suzerainty.
Unlike national parks or wildlife sanctuaries of India, reserved forests are declared by the respective state
governments.
• At present, reserved forests and protected forests differ in one important way: Rights to all activities
like hunting, grazing, etc. in reserved forests are banned unless specific orders are issued otherwise.
• In protected areas, rights to activities like hunting and grazing are sometimes given to communities
living on the fringes of the forest, who sustain their livelihood partially or wholly from forest resources
or products.
The Indian Forests Act 1927 defines the procedure to be followed for declaring an area to be a reserved forest,
a protected forest or a village forest.

INSTALINKS:
PRELIMS LINK:
1. WHAT IS A RESERVE FOREST?
2. WHO CAN DECLARE IT?
3. HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM PROTECTED FOREST?
4. OVERVIEW OF THE INDIAN FORESTS ACT, 1927.
5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES.

Sources: the Hindu.

Draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) notification 2020:

Why in News?
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The United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteurs have raised several concerns about the draft Environment
Impact Assessment (EIA) notification, 2020 and have asked the government how its provisions correspond
with India’s obligations under international law.

Who are UN Special Rapporteurs?

They are independent experts working on behalf of the United Nations. They work on a country or a
thematic mandate specified by the United Nations Human Rights Council.

The three important issues raised by UN Special Rapporteurs are:

1. The draft notification includes under Clauses 14 (2) and 26 an exemption of several large industries
and projects from public consultation — as part of the environment impact assessment process —
such as chemical manufacturing and petroleum products; building, construction and area
development; inland waterways and expansion or widening of national highways.
• These exemptions are unwarranted given the substantial environmental and human rights
negative impacts that can arise from projects in these areas.
2. The draft notification does not require publication of information or holding of public consultation for
projects labelled by the Central government as ‘involving strategic considerations’.
• The draft does not provide clarification regarding the criteria for categorizing projects
‘strategic’ by the Central Government and hence could be open to excessively broad
interpretations.
3. There is a clause on “post-facto clearance”. These are for projects that have started without obtaining
the required environmental clearances or permissions.
• This practice contradicts basic principles related to the environmental rule of law.

Background:
Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, India notified its first EIA norms in 1994, setting in place a legal
framework for regulating activities that access, utilise, and affect (pollute) natural resources.
• Every development project has been required to go through the EIA process for obtaining prior
environmental clearance ever since.
• The 1994 EIA notification was replaced with a modified draft in 2006.
• Earlier this year, the government redrafted it again to incorporate the amendments and relevant
court orders issued since 2006, and to make the EIA “process more transparent and expedient.”

Other contentious provisions in the draft:

1. It shortens the period of public consultation hearings to a maximum of 40 days.
2. It reduces from 30 to 20 days the time provided for the public to submit their responses during a
public hearing for any application seeking environmental clearance.
3. It also allows the declaration of some areas as “economically sensitive areas” without a public
hearing or environmental clearance, and several “red” and “orange”-classified toxic industries could
now operate as close as 0-5 km from a Protected Area in “callous disregard” for forests.
4. The increased validity of the environment clearances for mining projects (50 years versus 30 years
currently) and river valley projects (15 years versus 10 years currently) raises the risk of irreversible
environmental, social and health consequences on account of the project remaining unnoticed for
long.

InstaLinks: 6. Key provisions in the Draft EIA notification

Prelims Link: 2020.
1. EIA process.
2. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986- Key Mains Link:
provisions, Explain the significance of the Environment Impact
3. About the United Nations Conference on Assessment (EIA) process in the Indian context.
the Human Environment. Also highlight the concerns associated with it.
4. Article 253 of the Constitution.
5. Who are UN Special Rapporteurs?
Link:https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/experts-flag-concerns-on-eia-notification/article32517469.ece.
www.insightsonindia.com 139 InsightsIAS
 What are National Parks?
Why in News?
The Assam government has approved the addition of 30.53 sq. km (3,053 hectares) to the 884 sq. km
Kaziranga National Park.

Implications and significance of the move:

• The latest additions would help provide connectivity to Orang and Nameri National Parks across river
Brahmaputra, besides the hills of Karbi Anglong to the south of the park, where the rhino, tiger, deer
and other animals take refuge during the floods.

What are National Parks?

They are the areas that are set by the government to conserve the natural environment.”
• A national park has more restrictions as compared to a wildlife sanctuary.
• Their boundaries are fixed and defined.
• The main objective of a national park is to protect the natural environment of the area and biodiversity
conservation.

What is allowed and what is not allowed inside National Parks:

• Here, no human activity is allowed.
• Grazing of livestock and private tenurial rights are not permitted here.
• Species mentioned in the Schedules of the Wildlife Act are not allowed to be hunted or captured.
• No person shall destroy, remove, or exploit any wildlife from a National Park or destroy or damage the
habitat of any wild animal or deprive any wild animal of its habitat within a national park.
• They cannot be downgraded to the status of a ‘sanctuary’.

Declaration of National Parks:

• National parks can be declared both by the Central Government and State governments. No
alteration of the boundaries of a national park shall be made except on a resolution passed by the State
Legislature.

InstaLinks: 4. What is not allowed inside National Parks?

Prelims Link: 5. About Orang and Nameri National Parks.
1. Kaziranaga National Park- Important Flora
and Fauna. Link:
2. What is a National Park? Who can declare https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-
it? environment/assam-approves-addition-of-3053-sq-
3. Difference between a National Park and a km-areas-to-kaziranga-national-
Wildlife Sanctuary. park/article32523409.ece.

Low ozone over Brahmaputra River Valley:

Context:
Researchers have found that the concentration of near surface ozone in this region is low compared to the
other urban locations in India.

What is Tropospheric or ground-level ozone?

It is created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC).
It usually increases when pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical
plants, and other sources chemically react in the presence of sunlight, impacting human health.

Why low ozone in Brahmaputra Valley?

This site is well influenced by local sources such as adjacent major national highway. During the daylight
hours, the site is in or nearly in a photo-stationary state, indicating a low impact of organic species on the
ozone concentrations.
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Why we should be concerned about
ground-level ozone?
• Ozone at ground level is a harmful
air pollutant, because of its effects
on people and the environment, and
it is the main ingredient in “smog.”
• Elevated ground-level ozone
exposures affect agricultural crops
and trees, especially slow growing
crops and long-lived trees.
• The main health concern of
exposure to ambient ground-level
ozone is its effect on the respiratory
system, especially on lung function.

InstaFact:
Ozone is produced naturally in the stratosphere when highly energetic solar radiation strikes molecules of
oxygen, and cause the two oxygen atoms to split apart in a process called photolysis. If a freed atom collides
with another O2, it joins up, forming ozone.

InstaLinks: 5. What are VOCs?

Prelims Link:
1. What is Ozone? Mains Link:
2. Tropospheric GS Stratospheric ozone. Discuss the health concerns associated with the
3. How ground level ozone is formed? formation of ozone at the ground level.
4. Role of Ozone in the formation of smog.

Climate Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF) 2.0:

Context:
Launched recently by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).

What is CSCAF?
• CSCAF initiative intends to inculcate a climate-sensitive approach to urban planning and development
in India.
• The objective of CSCAF is to provide a clear roadmap for cities towards combating Climate Change
while planning and implementing their actions, including investments.
• The Climate Centre for Cities under National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) is supporting MoHUA in
implementation of CSCAF.

The framework has 28 indicators across five categories namely:

1. Energy and Green Buildings. 3. Mobility and Air Quality.
2. Urban Planning, Green Cover & 4. Water Management.
Biodiversity. 5. Waste Management.

InstaLinks: 2. Implementation.
Prelims Link: 3. Overview of the Framework.
1. CSCAF has been launched by?

Net Present Value (NPV):

Context:
The Union Ministry of Mines had requested the Environment Ministry to exempt it from paying NPV.
• However, the Environment Ministry has refused saying that it would be ‘inappropriate’ to grant such
an exemption as this was mandated by the Supreme Court.
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Why exempt?
• All areas of exploration are not converted into mining. Only about 1% cases are converted to mining.
Considering these, payment of NPV is regarded as an avoidable expenditure.
• Even payment of NPV at a rate of 2% or 5% is one of the major challenges which leads to delay in the
exploration/ prospecting activities.

What is NPV?
The Net Present Value (NPV) is a monetary approximation of the value that is lost when a piece of forest land
has been razed.
• This is on the basis of the services and ecological value and there are prescribed formulae for
calculating this amount which depends on the location and nature of the forest and the type of
industrial enterprise that will replace a particular parcel of forest.
• It was developed by a committee led by Professor Kanchan Gupta, of the Institute of Economic Growth.

When was it introduced?

To regulate forest diversions, Supreme Court introduced a high ‘net present value’ (NPV) charge on the lands
diverted.

InstaLinks: Link:https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-
Prelims and Mains Link: and-environment/environment-ministry-rejects-
What is NPV? How is it calculated? When was it plea-for-exemption-from-forest-
introduced? penalty/article32584230.ece.

Methane in Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin:

Context:
Researchers from Agharkar Research Institute (ARI) have found that the methane hydrate deposits are located
in the Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin are of biogenic origin.

Significance of KG basin:
• Even the lowest estimate of
methane present in the
methane hydrates in KG Basin
is twice that of all fossil fuel
reserves available worldwide.
• Researchers have also
predicted the rate of biogenic
methane generation in KG
Basin hydrates to be 0.031
millimoles
methane/gTOC/Day, resulting
in total deposits of methane
around 0.56 to 7.68trillion cubic
feet (TCF).

What is Methane? How is it formed or

produced?
It is a clean and economical fuel.
On Earth, methane (CH4) is a naturally
occurring gas. Most of the methane on
Earth is produced in biological
processes — some of it by microbes, and some occurring as underground natural gas that had been formed by
earlier generations of microbial life.

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Many of these methane-producing microbes live in the digestive systems of animals, especially cows. However,
methane can also be produced by abiotic processes (those that do not involve living organisms).
• It has been found to occur in formations such as rocks, springs and aquifers, and studies have
concluded that it was formed there by chemical reactions between carbon and hydrogen atoms at low
temperature.
• Once it is released into the atmospheres of either Earth or Mars, methane is relatively short-lived.
• Methane concentrations on Earth is over 1,800 parts per million.

What is methane hydrate?

• Methane hydrate is formed when hydrogen-bonded water and methane gas come into contact at
high pressures and low temperatures in oceans.
• It is estimated that one cubic meter of methane hydrate contains 160-180 cubic meters of methane.

InstaLinks: 5. Greenhouse gases emitted during CBM

Prelims Link: extraction?
1. What is methane? How is it produced?
2. What is methane hydrate? Mains Link:
3. Coalbed methane vs Shale gas. What is coalbed methane? How is it extracted and
4. What is coalification? what is its significance? Discuss.

Living Planet Report 2020:

Context:
Released by international non-profit World Wide Fund for Nature.
• This year’s Living Planet Report, a collaboration between WWF International and the Zoological
Society of London, is the 13th edition of the biennial publication tracking wildlife populations around
the world.

Key findings:
1. The population of vertebrate species declined by around 68 per cent between 1970 and 2016. Living
Planet Index was used by the report to calculate this decline.
2. Wildlife populations in freshwater habitats suffered a decline of 84 per cent, equivalent to four per
cent per year, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean.
3. The average two-thirds decline in global populations of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish
in less than 50 years in large parts is due to the same environmental destruction, which is contributing
to emergence of zoonotic diseases such as Covid-19.
4. 75 per cent of earth’s ice-free land has been significantly altered, most of the oceans polluted and
over 85 per cent area of wetlands lost ~ all due to human activity.
5. One in five plants is threatened with extinction.

Factors responsible for this decline:

1. Land-use change. 4. Degradation and deforestation driven by
2. Use and trade of wildlife. food production processes.
3. Natural habitat loss.

India's scenario:
• India has 2.4 per cent global land share, about eight per cent global biodiversity and around 16 per cent
global population
• However, it has lost 12 per cent of its wild mammals, 19 per cent amphibians and 3 per cent birds over
last five decades.
• India’s ecological footprint per person is less than 1.6 global hectares (gha) / person (smaller than that
of many large countries). But, its high population size have made the gross footprint significantly high.

Reforms suggested:
• Making food production and trade more efficient and ecologically sustainable.
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 • Reducing waste and favouring healthier and more environmentally friendly diets.

Conclusion:
The report underlines humanity’s increasing destruction of nature had catastrophic impacts not just on wildlife
populations, but also on human health. Therefore, in the midst of a global pandemic, it is now more important
than ever to take unprecedented and coordinated global action to halt and start to reverse the loss of
biodiversity and wildlife populations across the globe by the end of the decade.

What is Living Planet Report?

• It is published every 2 years by WWF.
• It is a comprehensive study of trends in global biodiversity and the health of the planet.
• The report presents a comprehensive overview of the state of the natural world through the Living
Planet Index (LPI).

What is Living Planet Index (LPI)?

It is a measure of the state of the world’s biological diversity based on population trends of vertebrate species
in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats.

What is ecological footprint?

Ecological footprint is the biologically
productive area needed to provide for
everything used by people: fruits and
vegetables, fish, wood, fibres,
absorption of CO2 from fossil fuels use,
and space for buildings and roads.
• It is currently developed by
Global Footprint Network (an
independent think-tank). The
GHG footprint and carbon
footprint are a component of
Ecological Footprint.
• Humanity’s Ecological
Footprint for 2014 was 1.7
planet Earth’s. This meant that
humanity’s demands were 1.7
times faster than what the
Earth’s ecosystems renewed.

InstaFact:
According to the National Footprints Accounts (2014), India has a bio-capacity of approximately 0.45 gha per
person, which means it is a ‘bio-capacity debtor’ or an ‘ecologically deficit country’ with a 148 per cent more
demand than supply on its natural resources.

InstaLinks: 5. About Global Footprint Network.

Prelims Link: 6. Humanity’s Ecological Footprint for 2014.
1. Living planet report is released by?
2. About WWF International. Mains Link:
3. Highlights of the 2020 report. Write a note the key findings of Living Planet
4. What is ecological footprint? Report 2020.

Assam Oil Well Fire, Gas Leakage Largely Tamed:

Context:
The raging oil well fire in Assam which continued for more than three months has been primarily controlled,
and it would take a few more weeks to control the gas leakage and fire fully.

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What happened?
Natural gas and oil condensate started leaking from an oil well of the state-owned OIL field at Baghjan in
eastern Assam's Tinsukia district 110 days back. The leakage caught fire 97 days ago on June 9.

How it was tamed?

• The natural gas of the well number five at Baghjan was diverted partly into production and partly flared
in two flare pits.
• The main aim of this operation was to reduce wellhead pressure of the blowout well, which will help in
the next action for killing the well.

Why do blowouts happen?

The pressure balance in a well may be disturbed leading to ‘kicks’ or changes in pressure. If these are not
controlled in time, the ‘kicks’ can turn into a sudden blowout.
There are many possible reasons behind blowouts,“from simple lack of attention, poor workmanship, bad
maintenance, old age, sabotage to morpho-tectonic factors”.

Why is it so difficult to control?

The control of a blowout depends on two things: the size of the reservoir and the pressure at which the
gas/oil is flowing out.
This reservoir was particularly difficult to control since it was a gas well and ran the risk of catching fire at any
point.

Impact on the Dibru-Saikhowa

National Park:
Environmentalists and local
people said the fire had left a
trail of devastation in the
adjoining areas, including the
Dibru-Saikhowa National Park.
The well is at an aerial distance
of 900 metres from the Dibru-
Saikhowa National Park.
• The national park houses
some of the rare and
endangered species of
flora and fauna – around
36 species of mammals
and nearly 400 species of
birds.

About the Policy on Promotion of City Compost:

Key points:
● To process and use city waste as compost, the Policy on Promotion of City Compost was approved in
2016.
● Under the policy, assistance of Rs 1,500 per tonne of city compost will be provided to fertilizer
companies for marketing and promotion of city compost.
● Announced by the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.

What's the issue now?

The lack of an appropriate market and ineffective implementation hasn't given this much-needed practice the
desired popularity.

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 ● Besides, the high manufacturing and selling cost of the compost, questionable product quality, no
direct incentive/subsidy to farmers and lack of knowledge among other concerns, ensured city
compost didn’t become a popular option for farmers.

Potential for city compost:

India currently produces close to 1.5 lakh tonnes of solid waste
every day and its biodegradable fraction ranges between 30 per
cent and 70 per cent for various Indian cities. This means there is a
huge potential for compositing, the most natural form of
processing wet waste.

Why this is a serious issue?

Uncontrolled decomposition of organic waste in dumpsites also
leads to emission of potent greenhouse gases. So, it is imperative
that necessary actions be taken to promote appropriate disposal mechanisms for solid waste management.

InstaLinks: 3. What is compost?

Prelims Link:
1. When and who launched this scheme? Mains Link:
2. Financial assistance under the scheme. Discuss the significance of this scheme.

Global Initiative to reduce Land Degradation and Coral Reef program:

Context:
Launched at the recently held Environment Ministerial Meeting (EMM) of the G20 countries which took place
under the Presidency of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

About the Initiative:

It aims to strengthen the implementation of existing frameworks to prevent, halt, and reverse land
degradation within G20 member states and globally, taking into account possible implications on the
achievement of other SDGs and adhering to the principle of doing no harm.

What is Land Degradation?

It is the reduction or loss of biological or economic productivity of the land resulting from land uses or from a
process or combination of processes, including human activities and climatic variations.

What is Desertification?
It is the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. Desertification does not refer to the
expansion of existing deserts. It occurs because dryland ecosystems, which cover over one-third of the world‘s
land area, are extremely vulnerable to overexploitation and inappropriate land use.

The major causes for land degradation include:

1. Land clearance, such as clearcutting and 4. Inappropriate irrigation and over drafting
deforestation 5. Urban sprawl and commercial
2. Agricultural depletion of soil nutrients development
through poor farming practices 6. Vehicle off-roading
3. Livestock including overgrazing and over 7. Quarrying of stone, sand, ore and minerals
drafting

Steps taken by India:

● Desert Development Programme. ● National Mission on Green India which is a
● Integrated Watershed Management part of National Action Plan on Climate
Programme which is now subsumed under Change.
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana. ● National Afforestation Programme.
● National agriculture policy 2000.

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 ● Soil Conservation in the Catchment of River ● Command Area Development and
Valley Projects and Flood Prone Rivers. Management Programme.
● National Watershed Development Project ● National water policy 2012
for Rain fed Areas. ● National forest Policy 1988
● Fodder and Feed Development Scheme – a
component of Grassland Development
including Grass Reserves

InstaLinks: 5. What is National Afforestation

Prelims Link: Programme?
1. Outcomes of G20 Environment Ministers’
meet 2020. Mains Link:
2. About UNCCD. Write a note on the Global Initiative to reduce Land
3. What is REDD? Degradation and Coral Reef program
4. What is REDD+?
.

Blue flag programme:

Context:
On the occasion of International Coastal Clean-Up Day (Celebrated since 1986), for the first time eight
beaches of India are recommended for the coveted International eco-label, the Blue flag certification.
● International Coastal Clean-Up Day is marked each year on the third Saturday of September as an
initiative of the Washington-based Ocean Conservancy, a volunteer effort for ocean health.

The eight beaches recommended are:

Shivrajpur in Gujarat, Ghoghla in Daman and Diu, Kasarkod and Padubidri in Karnataka, Kappad in Kerala,
Rushikonda in Andhra Pradesh, Golden in Odisha and Radhanagar in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

About Blue flag programme:

The Blue Flag Programme for beaches and marinas is run by the international, non-governmental, non-profit
organisation FEE (the Foundation for Environmental Education).
● It started in France in 1985 and has been implemented in Europe since 1987, and in areas outside
Europe since 2001, when South Africa joined.

Definition:
The ‘Blue Flag’ beach is an ‘eco-tourism model’ and marks
out beaches as providing tourists and beachgoers clean
and hygienic bathing water, facilities/amenities, a safe
and healthy environment, and sustainable development
of the area.

Key facts:
● Japan and South Korea are the only countries in
South and southeastern Asia to have Blue Flag
beaches.
● Spain tops the list with 566 such beaches; Greece
and France follow with 515 and 395, respectively.

Criteria:
There are nearly 33 criteria that must be met to qualify for
a Blue Flag certification, such as the water meeting certain
quality standards, having waste disposal facilities, being
disabled- friendly, have first aid equipment, and no access
to pets in the main areas of the beach. Some criteria are voluntary and some compulsory.

www.insightsonindia.com 147 InsightsIAS

Beaches identified in India:
● 13 pilot beaches have been identified for the certification.
● Chandrabhaga beach of Odisha’s Konark coast is the first to complete the tag certification process.

InstaLinks: 5. Country having highest number of blue flag

Prelims Link: beaches.
1. About Blue Flag certification.
2. Programme implemented by? Mains Link:
3. Announced by? Write a note on the Blue flag programme.
4. India's and Asia's first beach to get this
certificate.

'Beach Environment and Aesthetics Management Services' (BEAMS)

program:
Context:
India has launched its own eco-label BEAMS (Beach Environment & Aesthetics Management Services) under
ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management) project.
● BEAMS has been prepared over two years by the Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM)
under MoEFCC.

Its objective is to:

● Abate pollution in coastal waters. ● Maintain high standards of cleanliness,
● Promote sustainable development of beach hygiene and safety for beachgoers in
facilities. accordance with coastal environment and
● Protect and conserve coastal ecosystems regulations.
and natural resources.

What is ICZM Project?

ICZM aims to improve livelihood of coastal communities and conserve the coastal ecosystem.
● It is a World Bank assisted project.
● The National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM), Chennai, will provide scientific
and technical inputs.
The concept of ICZM was born in 1992 during the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro.

Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority:

Why in News?
EPCA recently wrote to the chief secretaries of Punjab and Haryana stating that early burning of crop
residue was taking place and urged them to address the issue “urgently”.

EPCA is a Supreme Court mandated body tasked with taking various

measures to tackle air pollution in the
National Capital Region.
It was notified in 1998 by Environment Ministry under the Environment
Protection Act, 1986.

Composition:
Besides the chairman, the EPCA has 14 members, some of whom are the
environment secretary of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), chairperson of the New Delhi Municipal
Council, transport commissioner of the NCT, the commissioners of various municipal corporations of Delhi and
professors at IIT Delhi and Jawaharlal Nehru University.

Powers:

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It has the power suo-moto, or on the basis of complaints made by any individual, representative body or
organization functioning in the field of environment.

Functions:
• To protect and improve quality of environment and prevent and control environmental pollution in
National Capital Region.
• To enforce Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) in NCR as per the pollution levels.

InstaLinks: Mains Link:

Prelims Link: What is stubble burning? Why is it a cause for
1. Is EPCA a statutory body? concern? Discuss.
2. When and why was it established? Link:
3. Powers and functions. https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareAr
4. Composition. ticle?OrgId=GJR7PMBIH.1&imageview=0.
5. What is Graded Response Action Plan?

Namami Gange Programme:

Context:
PM Modi inaugurated 6 mega projects in Uttarakhand under Namami Gange.
● The six sewage treatment plants or STPs were inaugurated at Haridwar, Rishikesh, Muni-ki-Reti and
Badrinath via video conference.

About Namami Gange Programme:

It an Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as a ‘Flagship Programme’ in June 2014.
● It seeks to accomplish the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution and conservation and
rejuvenation of National River Ganga.
● It is being operated under Ministry of Jal Shakti.

Implementation:
The program is being implemented by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), and its state counterpart
organizations i.e., State Program ManagementGroups (SPMGs).
● NMCG is the implementation wing of National Ganga Council (set in 2016; which replaced the
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NRGBA).
National Ganga Council
(NGC) was Created in
October 2016 under the
River Ganga (Rejuvenation,
Protection and
Management) Authorities
Order, 2016. It is Headed by
Prime Minister.

Funding:
It has a Rs. 20,000-crore,
centrally-funded, non-
lapsable corpus and consists
of nearly 288 projects.

Main Pillars of the Namami

Gange Programme are:
1. Sewerage Treatment Infrastructure 5. River-Front Development
2. River-Surface Cleaning 6. Bio-Diversity
3. Afforestation 7. Public Awareness
4. Industrial Effluent Monitoring 8. Ganga Gram

www.insightsonindia.com 149 InsightsIAS

InstaLinks: 3. What is NMCG?
Prelims Link: 4. Components of Namami Gange
1. Composition of NGC. Programme.
2. About NGRBA. 5. World Bank group.

Topics: Disaster and management.

What counts as ‘Act of God’?
Why in News?
This week, attributing the shortfall in GST collections to disruptions due to Covid-19, Finance Minister Nirmala
Sitharaman said the economy is facing an Act-of-God-like situation.
• In February this year too, the Finance Ministry had said that this pandemic “should be considered a
case of natural calamity and Force majeure clause (FMC) may be invoked, wherever considered
appropriate”.

What is a force majeure clause?

The force majeure or “Act of God” clause has its origins in the Napoleonic Code.
• FMC is a clause that is present in most commercial contracts and is a carefully drafted legal
arrangement in the event of a crisis.
• When the clause is triggered, parties can decide to break from their obligations temporarily or
permanently without necessarily breaching the contract.
Force majeure clause (FMC) is mentioned in the 2017 Manual for Procurement of Goods issued by the
Department of Expenditure.
• Besides, some reference can also be found in Section 32 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (the “Contract
Act”).

Difference between an "Act of God" and "force majeure":

Generally, an “Act of God” is understood to include only natural unforeseen circumstances, whereas force
majeure is wider in its ambit and includes both naturally occurring events and events that occur due to
human intervention.

What situations legally qualify for use of force majeure?

War, riots, natural disasters or acts of God, strikes, introduction of new government policy imposing an
embargo, boycotts, outbreak of epidemics and such situations are generally listed.

How do courts view this clause?

Court rulings have established that force majeure cannot be
invoked when performance of the contract has become difficult,
but only when it has become impossible.
• In April this year, the Bombay High Court did not accept
the force majeure argument in a case where the
petitioner argued that Covid-19-related lockdowns had
frustrated a contract for supply of steel.

Global examples:
• China’s Supreme People’s Court had recognised the 2002 SARS outbreak as a force majeure event.
• Singapore enacted the Covid-19 (Temporary Measures) Act in April to provide relief to businesses that
could not perform their contractual obligations due to the pandemic.
• The Paris Commercial Court in July ruled that the pandemic could be equated to a force majeure event.

Model Code on the force majeure clause:

The International Chamber of Commerce has developed a Model Code on the force majeure clause reflecting
current international practice.

www.insightsonindia.com InsightsIAS
 • The Code states that the impediment triggering the operation of the force majeure clause must be
beyond the party’s reasonable control; and that it could not reasonably have been foreseen at the time
of the conclusion of the contract; and that the effects of the impediment could not reasonably have
been avoided or overcome by the affected party.

InstaLinks: 3. Difference between an "Act of God" and

Prelims Link: "force majeure".
1. What is force majeure? When can it be 4. What is the Napoleon Code?
invoked?
2. Overview of the Model Code on the force Mains Link:
majeure clause developed by ICC. What is the doctrine of Force Majeure? When can
it be invoked? Discuss.

Kerala to have certified snake handlers:

Context:
Becoming the first to institutionalise snake handling in the country, the Kerala Forest Department has framed
guidelines for rescuing snakes from human dominated places and releasing them in uninhabited areas.

Guidelines:
1. Mandatory certification: It is mandatory for snake handlers, aged between 21 and 65 years, to seek
certification.
2. Selection process: The applications will be screened by the Assistant Conservators of Forest (ACF,
Social Forestry) to prepare lists of snake handlers in each district. Various parameters, including
experience, age, health as well as track record will be considered during the selection process.
3. Those short-listed will be required to undergo mandatory training on safe and scientific handling of
snakes.
4. Validity of certificates: While the certification will be valid for five years, the respective ACFs can
withdraw or cancel the same if the snake handler is found to be involved in any illegal or unethical
practices.
5. Precautions: Certified snake handlers will be required to wear protective gear and equip themselves
with safety equipment while on the task.
6. Rescued snakes will also have to be released in the presence of forest officials at the earliest. If found
injured, the snake can be released only after ascertaining its fitness. Non-native species, however,
cannot be released and have to be handed over to the Forest Department.

Need for:
There have been allegations of unscientific approaches by snake catchers that tend to create stress to the
animal and pose risk to their and others’ lives.
• Kerala has reported 334 deaths and 1,860 other cases of snake-bites during the last three years.
• There have also been allegations of snakes being supplied for criminal purposes.

Link:
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-to-have-certified-snake-
handlers/article32613349.ece.
Sources: the Hindu.

Topics: Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal
security.
Enemy properties:
Why in News?
Members of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister have asked the government to consider
selling enemy properties valued at over₹1 lakh crore to take care of the current expenditure which will drive
growth.

www.insightsonindia.com 151 InsightsIAS

What are enemy properties?
Properties that were left behind by the people who took citizenship of Pakistan and China.
● There are more than 9000 such properties left behind by Pakistani nationals and 126 by Chinese
nationals.
● Of the total properties left behind by those who took Pakistani citizenship, 4,991 are located in Uttar
Pradesh, the highest in the country. West Bengal has 2,735 such estates and Delhi 487.
● The highest number of properties left by Chinese nationals is in Meghalaya (57).West Bengal has 29
such properties and Assam seven.

Who oversees these properties?

Under the Defence of India Rules framed under The Defence of India Act, 1962, the Government of India took
over the properties and companies of those who took Pakistani nationality.
● These “enemy properties” were vested by the central government in the Custodian of Enemy Property
for India. The same was done for property left behind by those who went to China after the 1962 Sino-
Indian war.
● The Tashkent Declaration of January 10, 1966 included a clause that said India and Pakistan would
discuss the return of the property and assets taken over by either side in connection with the conflict.
However, the Government of Pakistan disposed of all such properties in their country in the year 1971 itself.

How did India deal with enemy property?

The Enemy Property Act, enacted in 1968, provided for the continuous vesting of enemy property in the
Custodian of Enemy Property for India. Some movable properties too, are categorised as enemy properties.

The Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2017:

The act amended The Enemy Property Act, 1968, and The Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants)
Act, 1971.

Salient features of the new act:

Expanded the definition of the term enemy subject and enemy firm: To include
1. The legal heir and successor of an enemy, whether a citizen of India or a citizen of a country which is
not an enemy and
2. The succeeding firm of an enemy firm, irrespective of the nationality of its members or partners.
The enemy property continues to vest in the
Custodian:
Even if the enemy or enemy subject or enemy
firm ceases to be an enemy due to death,
extinction, winding up of business or change of
nationality, or that the legal heir or successor is
a citizen of India or a citizen of a country which
is not an enemy.

Power to dispose these properties:

The Custodian may dispose of enemy properties:
With prior approval of the central government, the Custodian may dispose of enemy properties vested in him
in accordance with the provisions of the Act, and the government may issue directions to the Custodian for this
purpose.

InstaLinks: 5. Changes introduced by Enemy Property

Prelims Link: (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2017.
1. What are enemy properties?
2. Which state has highest number of these Mains Link:
properties in India? What are enemy properties? How are they
3. Who oversees them? classified? Discuss.
4. Who has powers to sell them?
Link:https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=GI77OU6RH.1&imageview=0.
www.insightsonindia.com 152 InsightsIAS
 Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act:
Context:
The Assam government has informed a UAPA tribunal that major extremist outfits of the northeast had
contacted Chinese authorities for assistance in their “fight against India”, but the Chinese had refused to
provide assistance directly or indirectly.

What's the issue?

The United National Liberation Front of West of South East Asia (UNLFWSEA), a Myanmar-based conglomerate
of banned outfits such as the NSCN-K, ULFA-I, NDFB-S and KLO, had taken a resolution “to take assistance from
a third nation” to achieve their goal.
● The conglomerate was formed in 2015. The affidavit is not clear on when it approached the Chinese
authorities.

Background:
The tribunal was constituted under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) after the Union Home
Ministry extended the ban on the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) in November 2019 for five
years.
● On September 22, the tribunal upheld the ban and declared NDFB an “unlawful association for a period
of five years”.

About Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act:

Passed in 1967, the law aims at effective prevention of unlawful activities associations in India.
The Act assigns absolute power to the central government, by way of which if the Centre deems an activity as
unlawful then it may, by way of an Official Gazette, declare it so.
It has death penalty and life imprisonment as highest punishments.

Key points:
● Under UAPA, both Indian and foreign nationals can be charged. It will be applicable to the offenders in
the same manner, even if crime is committed on a foreign land, outside India.
● Under the UAPA, the investigating agency can file a charge sheet in maximum 180 days after the
arrests and the duration can be extended further after intimating the court.

Amendments and changes:

The 2004 amendment, added “terrorist act” to the list of offences to ban organisations for terrorist activities,
under which 34 outfits were banned. Till 2004, “unlawful” activities referred to actions related to secession and
cession of territory.
As per amendments of 2019:
● The Act empowers the Director General of National Investigation Agency (NIA) to grant approval of
seizure or attachment of property when the case is investigated by the said agency.
● The Act empowers the officers of the NIA, of the rank of Inspector or above, to investigate cases of
terrorism in addition to those conducted by the DSP or ACP or above rank officer in the state.

Criticisms of UAPA:
● The law is often misused and abused.
● Could be used against political opponents and civil society activists who speak against the government
and brand them as “terrorists.”
● The 2019 amendment gives unfettered powers to investigating agencies.
● The law is against the federal structure, given that ‘Police’ is a state subject under 7th schedule of
Indian Constitution.

InstaLinks: 2. Powers of Centre under the act.

Prelims Link: 3. Is judicial review applicable in such cases?
1. Definition of unlawful activity.

www.insightsonindia.com InsightsIAS
 4. Changes brought about by amendments in catastrophic for fundamental rights? Is sacrificing
2004 and 2019. liberty for national security justified? Discuss and
5. Can foreign nationals be charged under the provide for your opinion.
act?
Link:
Mains Link: https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
Do you agree that the Unlawful Activities ?OrgId=G227PSPSM.1&imageview=0.
(Prevention) Amendment Act could prove

Topics: Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and
social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-
laundering and its prevention
National Security Act, 1980:
Why in News?
The Allahabad High Court has set aside the National Security Act order passed against Gorakhpur doctor Kafeel
Khan, terming it illegal, and directed the Uttar Pradesh government to forthwith release him from jail.
• The court also declared the extension of the period of his detention under the NSA as “illegal”.

Background:
government had in February slapped the NSA on Dr. Khan for allegedly making inflammatory and provocative
comments during a speech by him against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) at Aligarh Muslim University
in December 2019.

About National Security Act:

It is a stringent law that allows preventive detention for months, if authorities are satisfied that a person is a
threat to national security or law and order.
• The person does not need to be charged during this period of detention. The goal is to prevent the
individual from committing a crime.
• It was promulgated on September 23, 1980, during the Indira Gandhi government.

As per the National Security Act, the grounds for preventive detention of a person include:
1. acting in any manner prejudicial to the defence of India, the relations of India with foreign powers, or
the security of India.
2. regulating the continued presence of any foreigner in India or with a view to making arrangements for
his expulsion from India.
3. preventing them from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the State or from acting in any
manner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order or from acting in any manner prejudicial to the
maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community it is necessary so to do.

Duration:
Under the National Security Act, an individual can be detained without a charge for up to 12 months; the
state government needs to be intimated that a person has been detained under the NSA. No such order shall
remain in force for more than 12 days unless approved by the State Government.
• A person detained under the National Security Act can be held for 10 days without being told the
charges against them.
Appeal: The detained person can appeal before a high court advisory board but they are not allowed a lawyer
during the trial.

History of preventive detention in India:

• Preventive detention laws in India date back to early days of the colonial era when the Bengal
Regulation III of 1818 was enacted to empower the government to arrest anyone for defence or
maintenance of public order without giving the person recourse to judicial proceedings.
• A century later, the British government enacted the Rowlatt Acts of 1919 that allowed confinement of
a suspect without trial.
www.insightsonindia.com 154 InsightsIAS
Constitution of Advisory Boards:
1. The Central Government and each State Government shall, whenever necessary, constitute one or
more Advisory Boards for the purposes of this Act.
2. Every such Board shall consist of three persons who are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed
as, Judges of a High Court, and such persons shall be appointed by the appropriate Government.
• The appropriate Government shall appoint one of the members of the Advisory Board who
is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court to be its Chairman, and in the case of a Union
territory, the appointment to the Advisory Board of any person who is a Judge of the High
Court of a State shall be with the previous approval of the State Government concerned.

Reference to Advisory Boards:

As provided in this Act, in every case where a detention order has been made under this Act, the appropriate
Government shall, within 3 weeks from the date of detention of a person under the order, place before the
Advisory Board constituted by it, the grounds on which the order has been made and the representation if any
made by the person affected by the order and in case where the order has been made by an officer.

Concerns associated with NSA and how is it different from normal arrests?
In the normal course, if a person is arrested, he or she is guaranteed certain basic rights.
• These include the right to be informed of the reason for the arrest.
• Section 50 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr.PC) mandates that the person arrested has to be
informed of the grounds of arrest, and the right to bail.
• Sections 56 and 76 of the Cr. PC also provides that a person has to be produced before a court within
24 hours of arrest.
• Additionally, Article 22(1) of the Constitution says an arrested person cannot be denied the right to
consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.
But none of these rights are available to a person detained under the NSA.
• A person could be kept in the dark about the reasons for his arrest for up to five days, and in
exceptional circumstances not later than 10 days.
• Even when providing the grounds for arrest, the government can withhold information which it
considers to be against public interest to disclose.
• The arrested person is also not entitled to the aid of any legal practitioner in any matter connected
with the proceedings before an advisory board, which is constituted by the government for dealing
with NSA cases.

Instalinks: 4. Applicability of Constitutional rights in this

Prelims Link: regard.
1. Who can invoke NSA? 5. The writs under the constitution.
2. Appeals against preventive detention?
3. Right to be informed the reason for arrest Mains Link:
under this? What is the National security act? Why is it termed
as a draconian law? Discuss.

Ban on Chinese Mobile apps:

What? 118 mobile apps blocked.
By? The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
How?
By invoking it’s power under section 69A of the Information Technology Act read with the relevant
provisions of the Information Technology (Procedure and Safeguards for Blocking of Access of Information
by Public) Rules 2009.
Why?
In view of the emergent nature of threats. It has been said that these apps are engaged in activities which is
prejudicial to sovereignty and integrity of India, defence of India, security of state and public order.

www.insightsonindia.com 155 InsightsIAS

Why this was necessary? (Arguments by the government):
• Government had received many complaints from various sources including several reports about
misuse of some mobile apps available on Android and iOS platforms for stealing and surreptitiously
transmitting users’ data in an unauthorized manner to servers which have locations outside India.
• The compilation of these data, its mining and profiling by elements hostile to national security and
defence of India, which ultimately impinges upon the sovereignty and integrity of India, is a matter of
very deep and immediate concern which requires emergency measures.
• The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre, Ministry of Home Affairs has also sent an exhaustive
recommendation for blocking these malicious apps.

Background:
This was the goverment’s third round of bans. Besides, the Centre’s latest move comes in the backdrop of the
tension between India and China on the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
• China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has, for over four months now, been trying to shift its boundary
with India in Ladakh.

Section 69A of IT act:

Section 69A of the IT Act, empowers the Central Government to order that access to certain websites and
computer resources be blocked in the interest of the defense of the country, its sovereignty and integrity,
the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order or for preventing incitement to
the commission of an offence.

INSTALINKS:
PRELIMS LINK:
1. SECTION 69A OF THE IT ACT IS RELATED TO?
2. INDIAN CYBER CRIME COORDINATION CENTRE- ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP AND FUNCTIONS.
3. WHAT IS LINE OF ACTUAL CONTROL.
4. LAC VS LOC.
5. WHERE CHUSHUL VALLEY?

MAINS LINK:
THE CENTRE’S RECENT MOVE TO BLOCK 59 CHINESE APPS HAS BROUGHT TO THE FORE THE
INHERENTLY TRICKY ‘NATIONAL SECURITY VERSUS DIGITAL RIGHTS’ QUESTION. HOW DO YOU VIEW
THIS? GIVE YOUR OPINION.

Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA):

Why in News?
Govt. suspends FCRA clearance of four Christian groups for various reasons.
What is FCRA clearance? Why is it needed?
It is mandatory to have FCRA clearance from the Home Ministry for any organisation to receive foreign
funds.
• Foreign funding of voluntary organizations in India is regulated under FCRA act and is implemented by
the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Key provisions of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010:

1. Under the Act, organisations require to register themselves every five years.
2. As per the amended FCRA rules, all NGOs registered or granted prior permission under FCRA are now
required to upload details of foreign contributions received and utilized by them every three months
on their website or the FCRA website.
3. NGOs now need to file their annual returns online, with the hard copy version dispensed with.

Who cannot accept Foreign Contribution?

1. Election candidate
2. Member of any legislature (MP and MLAs)
www.insightsonindia.com 156 InsightsIAS
 3. Political party or office bearer thereof
4. Organization of a political nature
5. Correspondent, columnist, cartoonist, editor, owner, printer or publishers of a registered Newspaper.
6. Judge, government servant or employee of any corporation or any other body controlled on owned by
the Government.
7. Association or company engaged in the production or broadcast of audio news, audio visual news or
current affairs programmes through any electronic mode
8. Any other individuals or associations who have been specifically prohibited by the Central Government

In the 2018 budget, the government of India made certain amendments to a number of legislations, enabling
foreign funding to Indian political parties.
This was done by amending the provisions under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010.
• The legalisation of foreign funding has been bought into retrospective effect since 1976, which means
that all foreign funding since 1976 would now not be under the purview of scrutiny.

What is the eligibility criteria for grant of registration?

The Association:
• must be registered (under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 or Indian Trusts Act 1882 or section 8 of
Companies Act, 2013 etc.)
• normally be in existence for at least 3 years.
• has undertaken reasonable activity in its field for the benefit of the society.
• Has spent at least Rs.10,00,000/- (Rs. ten lakh) over the last three years on its activities.

InstaLinks: 5. What is the eligibility criteria for grant of

Prelims Link: registration?
1. When was FCRA enacted?
2. Who administers the legislation? Mains Link:
3. Definition of foreign funding as per the act. Discuss why FCRA has been controversial in the
4. Who cannot accept foreign contributions as recent past.
per the act.

Cable TV Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995:

Context:
The government has allowed Sudarshan News, a Hindi channel, to air a controversial programme that seeks to
“expose” a “conspiracy to infiltrate Muslims” into the Indian civil services.

What has the government said?

Information & Broadcasting (I&B) Ministry has said it cannot pre-censor a programme, or stop it from being
telecast.
• It is because Indian broadcast rules do not permit pre-censorship of TV programmes and
advertisements — that is banning them before they are aired — and only films and film trailers are
pre-certified by the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC).

What's the issue?

The Sudarshan News episode came to light after the channel released a promotional trailer, terming the
alleged conspiracy “bureaucracy jihad” and “UPSC jihad”. The trailer at once elicited widespread criticism,
with many alleging the content amounted to hate speech.
• The episode was also challenged in the Delhi High Court, which stayed its telecast. When Sudarshan
News approached the court to vacate the stay, the latter asked the I&B Ministry to take a call.

What the rules say?

Section 20 of the Cable TV Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995, states that the government can regulate or
prohibit the transmission or retransmission of any programme that it feels is not in conformity with the
Programme and Advertising Code, which oversees television content in India.

www.insightsonindia.com 157 InsightsIAS

 • However, since there is no body to pre-certify content for TV, potentially problematic programmes only
come to notice once they have been aired.
• The Electronic Media Monitoring Centre (EMMC), under the I&B Ministry, monitors the content
telecast on private TV channels to check if they adhere to the Programme and Advertising Code.
• Specific complaints on code violations are looked into by an inter-ministerial committee (IMC).

Rule 6 of the Cable TV Network Rules:

It is also the responsibility of the channel to ensure its programmes are not violative of the programme code,
laid down in Rule 6 of the Cable TV Network Rules.
• Sub-section ‘c’ of Rule 6 specifically mentions that programmes that contain attacks on religions or
communities or visuals or words contemptuous of religious groups or which promote communal
attitudes should not be carried in the cable service.

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act:

Context:
According to the latest data released by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), a total of 3,005 cases
were registered in the country under anti-terror law Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) in 2016, 2017
and 2018, and 3,974 people were arrested under the Act

About Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act:

Passed in 1967, the law aims at effective prevention of unlawful activities associations in India.
The Act assigns absolute power to the central government, by way of which if the Centre deems an activity as
unlawful then it may, by way of an Official Gazette, declare it so.
It has death penalty and life imprisonment as highest punishments.

Key points:
● Under UAPA, both Indian and foreign nationals can be charged. It will be applicable to the offenders in
the same manner, even if crime is committed on a foreign land, outside India.
● Under the UAPA, the investigating agency can file a charge sheet in maximum 180 days after the
arrests and the duration can be extended further after intimating the court.

Amendments and changes:

The 2004 amendment, added “terrorist act” to the list of offences to ban organisations for terrorist activities,
under which 34 outfits were banned. Till 2004, “unlawful” activities referred to actions related to secession and
cession of territory.
As per amendments of 2019:
● The Act empowers the Director General of National Investigation Agency (NIA) to grant approval of
seizure or attachment of property when the case is investigated by the said agency.
● The Act empowers the officers of the NIA, of the rank of Inspector or above, to investigate cases of
terrorism in addition to those conducted by the DSP or ACP or above rank officer in the state.

Criticisms of UAPA:
● The law is often misused and abused.
● Could be used against political opponents and civil society activists who speak against the government
and brand them as “terrorists.”
● The 2019 amendment gives unfettered powers to investigating agencies.
● The law is against the federal structure, given that ‘Police’ is a state subject under 7th schedule of
Indian Constitution.

InstaLinks: 4. Changes brought about by amendments in

Prelims Link: 2004 and 2019.
1. Definition of unlawful activity. 5. Can foreign nationals be charged under the
2. Powers of Centre under the act. act?
3. Is judicial review applicable in such cases?

www.insightsonindia.com 158 InsightsIAS

Mains Link:
Do you agree that the Unlawful Activities Link:
(Prevention) Amendment Act could prove https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
catastrophic for fundamental rights? Is sacrificing ?OrgId=G3G7P49FG.1&imageview=0.
liberty for national security justified? Discuss and
provide for your opinion.

Official Secrets Act:

Context:
Delhi journalist arrested under Official Secrets Act for passing on information such as the deployment of Indian
troops on the border to Chinese intelligence officers.

About the Official Secrets Act:

Originally enacted during the time of Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905.
● One of the main purposes of the Act was to muzzle the voice of nationalist publications.
● The Indian Official Secrets Act (Act No XIX of 1923) replaced the earlier Act, and was extended to all
matters of secrecy and confidentiality in governance in the country.

Ambit of the Act:

It broadly deals with two aspects:
1. Spying or espionage, covered under Section 3.
2. Disclosure of other secret information of the government, under Section 5.

Is "secret information" defined?

The Act does not say what a “secret” document is. It is the government’s discretion to decide what falls under
the ambit of a “secret” document.
● It has often been argued that the law is in direct conflict with the Right to Information Act, 2005.
● However, please note that if there is any inconsistency in the Official Secret Act with regard to
furnishing of information, it will be superseded by the RTI Act.
○ But, under Sections 8 and 9 of the RTI Act, the government can still refuse information.

InstaLinks: 4. Official Secrets Act vs RTI.

Prelims Link:
1. Overview of Official Secrets Act. Link:
2. Key provisions. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-
3. Ambit of the Act. is-official-secrets-act-6603218/.

RBI releases document on UCBs’ cybersecurity:

Context:
The ‘Technology Vision for Cyber Security for Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs)
2020-2023’ was recently released by RBI.
● It has been formalised based on inputs from various stakeholders.
● It seeks to enhance cybersecurity of urban co-operative banks (UCBs).

RBI plans to achieve its objective through a five-pillared strategic approach

GUARD, viz.
1. Governance Oversight.
2. Utile Technology Investment.
3. Appropriate Regulation and Supervision.
4. Robust Collaboration.
5. Developing necessary IT, cybersecurity skill sets.

The document seeks to:

● Involve more board oversight over cybersecurity.

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 ● Enable UCBs to better manage and secure IT assets.
● Implement an offsite supervisory mechanism framework for UCBs on cybersecurity-related controls.
● Develop a forum for UCBs so that they can share best practices and discuss practical issues and
challenges.
● Implement a framework for providing awareness/training for all UCBs.

Link:https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=G227PSPP7.1&imageview=0.

Fugitive economic offenders (FEO):

Why in News?
A special court has declared three people fugitive economic offenders (FEO) in the Sterling Biotech case on the
Enforcement Directorate’s (ED) request.

What's the issue?

The ED is conducting the money laundering probe based on two FIRs registered by the CBI against Sterling
Biotech and others in October 2017. In one case, the agencies have alleged routing of undisclosed funds
belonging to unknown Income-Tax Department officials, while the second case pertains to bank loan defaults
of ₹8,100 crore.

Who is a Fugitive Economic Offender?

A person can be named an offender under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018, if there is an arrest
warrant against him or her for involvement in economic offences involving at least Rs. 100 crore or more and
has fled from India to escape legal action.

The procedure:
1. The investigating agencies have to file an application in a Special Court under the Prevention of Money-
Laundering Act, 2002 containing details of the properties to be confiscated, and any information about
the person’s whereabouts.
2. The Special Court will issue a notice for the person to appear at a specified place and date at least six
weeks from the issue of notice.
3. Proceedings will be terminated if the person appears. If not the person would be declared as a Fugitive
Economic Offender based on the evidence filed by the investigating agencies.
4. The person who is declared as a Fugitive Economic Offender can challenge the proclamation in the High
Court within 30 days of such declaration according to the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018.

InstaLinks:
Prelims Link: Mains Link:
1. Who is a fugitive economic offender? Discuss the significance and key provisions of the
2. Composition and powers of ED. Fugitive Economic Offenders Act.
3. Establishment and powers of CBI.
4. What is PMLA? Link:
5. Overview of Fugitive Economic Offenders https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle
Act. ?OrgId=GOF7Q84CL.1&imageview=0.

Topics: Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized
crime with terrorism.
What is the importance of Ladakh’s Pangong Tso’s south bank?
Context:
India and China have unsettled borders, and the perception of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) differs in
multiple sectors, including on Pangong Tso.
• Recently, Indian soldiers thwarted an attempt by Chinese troops to occupy some heights near the
southern bank of Pangong Tso.

www.insightsonindia.com 160 InsightsIAS

Why there is a dispute here?
The Line of Actual Control (LAC) – the line
that separates Indian and Chinese troops since
1962 – generally runs along the land except
for the width of Pangong Tso. Here, it runs
through water.
• Both sides have marked their areas
announcing which side belongs to
which country.
• India controls about 45 km stretch of
the Pangong Tso and China the rest.

The lake is divided into sections called fingers.

There are eight of them in contention
here. India and China have different
understanding of where the LAC passes
through.
• India has maintained that the LAC
passes through Finger 8, which has
been the site of the final military post
of China.
• India has been patrolling the area –
mostly on foot because of the nature
of the terrain – up to Finger 8. But
Indian forces have not had active
control beyond Finger 4.
• China, on the other hand, says the LAC
passes through Finger 2. It has been
patrolling up to Finger 4- mostly in light vehicles, and at times up to Finger 2.

Why China wants to encroach areas alongside Pangong Tso?

• Pangong Tso is strategically crucial as it is very close to Chusul Valley, which was one of the battlefronts
between India and China during the 1962 war.
• China appears to keep India constricted in the region by taking strategic advantage of looking over the
Chusul Valley, which it can do if it advances along Pangong Tso.
• China also does not want India to boost its infrastructure anywhere near the LAC. China fears it
threatens its occupation of Aksai Chin and Lhasa-Kashgar highway.
• Any threat to this highway also puts Chinese rather imperialist plans in Pakistan-occupied territories in
Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir, and beyond in Pakistan.

About Pangong Tso:

Pangong Tso literally translates into a “conclave lake”. Pangong means conclave in Ladakhi and Tso means a
lake in Tibetan language.
• Situated at over 14,000 feet, the Lake is about 135 km long.
• It is formed from Tethys geosyncline.
• The Karakoram Mountain range, which crosses Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China and India, with
heights of over 6,000 metres including K2, the world’s second highest peak, ends at the north bank of
Pangong Tso. Its southern bank too has high broken mountains sloping towards Spangur Lake in the
south.
• The lake’s water, while crystal clear, is brackish, making it undrinkable.

InstaLinks: 1. What is LoC and how is it established,

Prelims Link: geographical extent and significance?
2. What is LAC?

www.insightsonindia.com 161 InsightsIAS

 3. Where is Nathu la?
4. Where is Pangong Tso? Mains Link:
5. Who administers Akashi Chin? Discuss the significance of Pangong Tso for India
6. Where is Naku La? and China.
7. Who controls what in Pangong Tso lake
region?

Topics: Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.

Special Frontier Force:

Why in News?
There have been reports that a Special Frontier Force (SFF) unit, referred to as Vikas Battalion, has been
instrumental in occupying some key heights on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China in Ladakh to thwart
any occupation by the Chinese troops.

What is the Special Frontier Force (SFF)?

SFF was raised in the immediate aftermath of the 1962 Sino-India war.
It was a covert outfit which recruited Tibetans (now it has a mixture of Tibetans and Gorkhas) and initially went
by the name of Establishment 22.
• It falls under the purview of the Cabinet Secretariat where it is headed by an Inspector General who is
an Army officer of the rank of Major General.
• The units that comprise the SFF are known as Vikas battalions.
• Strictly speaking, the SFF units are not part of the Army but they function under operational control
of the Army.
• Women soldiers too form a part of SFF units and perform specialised tasks.

Sources: Indian Express.

Assam Rifles:
Why in News?
Mizoram Chief Minister Zoramthanga has asked the Assam Rifles to shift its base from the heart of State
capital Aizawl to Zokhawsang about 15 km away at the earliest.

What's the issue?

The stand-off between the Mizoram government and the Assam Rifles began on August 18, when 15 personnel
of the force’s 46th Battalion allegedly forced their way into the State ignoring COVID-19 safety protocols.
• Previously, The Mizo National Front government had in 1988 asked the Assam Rifles to shift from
Aizawl after the killing of 12 civilians in an “encounter”.

About Assam Rifles:

Assam Rifles which is also referred to as the Sentinels of North
East is the oldest paramilitary force of India.
• It was formed as a single unit called Cachar Levy in
1835 to assist the British rulers in maintaining peace in
the Northeast.
• Incremental gains were accompanied by name
changes for the primary law enforcement agency –
Assam Frontier Police to Assam Military Police to
Eastern Bengal to Assam Military Police – before Assam Rifles became the official name in 1917.
• It served in both the World Wars.

Who controls the force?

It was after the Chinese aggression in 1962 that the Assam Rifles battalions were placed under the
operational control of the Army.
www.insightsonindia.com 162 InsightsIAS
 • Today, the administrative control of Assam Rifles lies with the Home Ministry, while the operational
control is with the Defence Ministry.

InstaLinks: Mains Link: Discuss the key mandate carried out by

Prelims Link: Assam rifles. What are the issues and concerns
1. Assam Rifles- formation. surrounding the dual control of the same?
2. Administrative control of the force is
under? Link:
3. Who has the operational control? https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-
4. Functions. states/assam-rifles-asked-to-shift-base-from-
aizawl/article32518218.ece.

HC asks Centre to decide on control over Assam Rifles:

Why in News?
Delhi High Court has asked the Centre to take a call on the issue of bringing Assam Rifles out of the dual
control of the Home Ministry (MHA) and the Defence Ministry (MoD).

Background:
The direction came on a petition filed by Assam Rifles Ex-Servicemen Welfare Association seeking direction to
the government for placing to bring Assam Rifles under one control, preferably under Indian Army (MoD).

About Assam Rifles:

• Assam Rifles which is also referred to as the Sentinels of North East is the oldest paramilitary force of
India.
• Assam Rifles is one of the six central armed police forces (CAPFs) under the administrative control of
Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
• The unit can trace its lineage back to a paramilitary police force that was formed under the British in
1835 called Cachar Levy.
• The noted anthropologist Verrier Elwin once described Assam Rifles as “friends of the hill people”.

Key mandate of Assam Rifles:

1. Internal security under the control of the army through the conduct of counter insurgency and border
security operations.
2. Provision of aid to the civilians in times of emergency
3. Provision of communications, medical assistance and education in remote areas.
4. In times of war they can also be used as a combat force to secure rear areas if needed.
5. Since 2002, they are also guarding the 1,643 km long Indo-Myanmar border.

How is it unique?
It is the only paramilitary force with a dual control structure.
• While the administrative control of the force is with the MHA, its operational control is with the
Indian Army, which is under the MoD.
• This means that salaries and infrastructure for the force is provided by the MHA, but the deployment,
posting, transfer and deputation of the personnel is decided by the Army.

What's the issue?

The dual control structure has created two sets of demands from both within the Assam rifles and by MoD
and MHA for singular control over the force by one ministry.
• A large section within the force wants to be under the administrative control of the MoD, as that would
mean better perks and retirement benefits which are far higher compared to CAPFs under MHA.

Why do both MHA and MoD want full control?

MHA’s arguments:

www.insightsonindia.com 163 InsightsIAS

MHA has argued that all the border guarding forces are under the operational control of the ministry and so
Assam Rifles coming under MHA will give border guarding a comprehensive and integrated approach.

Army’s arguments:
• The Assam Rifles has worked well in coordination with the Army and frees up the armed forces from
many of its responsibilities to focus on its core strengths.
• Besides, Assam Rifles was always a military force and not a police force and has been built like that.
Therefore, giving the control of the force to MHA or merging it with any other CAPF will confuse the
force and jeopardise national security.

InstaLinks: 4. Key mandate of Assam Rifles.

Prelims Link:
1. What are CAPFs? Mains Link:
2. What is dual control related to Assam What is the dual control issue related to Assam
Rifles? Rifles? How can it be resolved? Discuss.
3. Genesis of Assam Rifles.

What is UP’s new Special Security Force?

Context:
UP Government has issued a notification for the formation of the Uttar Pradesh Special Security Force
(UPSSF).
• Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath had on 26 June announced the formation of the force.

What is the UPSSF?

It envisaged as having “high-level professional skills”, which would reduce the burden on the Provincial
Armed Constabulary (PAC), which could then focus on law and order.
It will be tasked to protect courts, airports, administrative buildings, metros, banks, among other government
offices.

Composition:
It will be led by an Additional Director General-level officer, followed by an Inspector General, Deputy Inspector
General, Commandant, and Deputy Commandant.

Powers:
1. Any member of the force may, without any order from a Magistrate and without a warrant, arrest
any person, who voluntarily causes hurt or a person against whom there is a “reasonable suspicion”, or
any person, who attempts to “commit a cognizable offence.
2. The force will also have the right to remove trespassers on the premises under its protection.
3. No suit or prosecution shall lie against any officer or member of the force or against any person on
acting under the order or the direction of any officer or member of the force for anything, which is
done or intended to be done in good faith.

Link:https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uttar-pradesh-special-security-force-explained-6597742/.

National Investigation Agency (NIA):

Why in News?
The government has empowered the National Investigation Agency (NIA) to investigate offences under the
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act so that the agency need not rely on local police to
unravel drug trade ties that emerge during counter-terrorism operations.
• NIA officers of inspector rank and above have been vested with the same powers as an officer in charge
of a police station under the 1985 NDPS law.

National Investigation Agency (NIA):

It is a central agency to investigate and prosecute offences:
www.insightsonindia.com 164 InsightsIAS
 1. affecting the sovereignty, security and integrity of India, security of State, friendly relations with
foreign States.
2. against atomic and nuclear facilities.
3. smuggling in High-Quality Counterfeit Indian Currency.
It is also the Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency.
• It is empowered to deal with terror related crimes across states without special permission from the
states.
• Established under the National Investigation Agency Act 2008.
• Works under the Ministry of Hime Affairs.

Jurisdiction:
• A State Government may request the Central Government to hand over the investigation of a case to
the NIA, provided the case has been registered for the offences as contained in the schedule to the NIA
Act.
• Central Government can also order NIA to take over investigation of any scheduled offense anywhere
in the India.

Composition:
Officers of the NIA are drawn from the Indian Police Service and Indian Revenue Service.
Special NIA Courts:
Various Special Courts have been notified by the Central Government of India.
• Any question as to the jurisdiction of these courts is decided by the Central Government.
• These are presided over by a judge appointed by the Central Government on the recommendation of
the Chief Justice of the High Court with jurisdiction in that region.
• Supreme Court of India has also been empowered to transfer the cases from one special court to any
other special court within or outside the state.

Powers:
The NIA Special Courts are empowered with all powers of the court of sessions under Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973 for trial of any offense.

Appeals:
An appeal from any judgement, sentence or order, not being an interlocutory order, of a Special Court lies to
the High Court both on facts and on law. State Governments have also been empowered to appoint one or
more such special courts in their states.

Link: https://epaper.thehindu.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=GTA7PLU6E.1&imageview=0.

www.insightsonindia.com 165 InsightsIAS

Articles covered previously:
House Committees:
Why in News?
The Rajya Sabha Secretariat is mulling over changing the rules governing the standing committees’ tenure to
make it two years from the present one so that the panels have enough time to work on the subjects
selected by them.
• Many chairpersons of the current panels have felt that a significant amount of the tenure of their
committees was lost due to the pandemic.

For details on parliamentary committees, please refer:

https://www.insightsonindia.com/2020/08/21/parliamentary-standing-committees-5/.

Special Marriage Act:

Why in News now?
The Supreme Court has asked for the government’s response to a plea that wide publication of the personal
details of a couple who want to wed under the Special Marriage Act is a violation of their privacy.

What's the issue?

The petitioner had argued that the publication of confidential details through a public notice has a chilling
effect on the right to marry, particularly in the backdrop of honour killings and violence committed against
those who enter into inter-caste and inter-religious marriages.
● In other words, couples are asked to waive the right to privacy to exercise the right to marry.

Details of the issue: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2020/09/04/special-marriage-act-1954/.

Special Benches to hear cases against legislators:

The Supreme Court has asked the Chief Justices of High Courts to head Special Benches and immediately hear
long-pending criminal cases against sitting and former legislators.
What's the issue?
● Over 4,400 criminal trials have been held up, some for decades, because the powerful MPs and MLAs had
approached the High Courts and got an interim stay.
● Some date back nearly 40 years. Most are stuck at the stage of framing of criminal charges.
● There are over 2,500 criminal cases against sitting legislators alone.

For details on this issue, please go through: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2020/09/10/criminalisation-of-

politics/.
Parliament passes Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code Bill:
Link: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2020/06/08/insolvency-and-bankruptcy-code/.

Government declares Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for Rabi Crops:

Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has
approved the increase in the Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for all mandated Rabi crops for marketing season
2021-22.
● This increase in MSP is in line with the recommendations of Swaminathan Commission.
● Swaminathan Committee had recommended that MSP should be at least 50% more that the average
production cost.

Ban on NSCN-K:
The Ministry of Home Affairs has extended the ban on the National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Khaplang
(NSCN-K) by notifying it as an “unlawful association” under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.
● The Naga insurgent group, since it was first banned in 2015, has been involved in 104 violent incidents.
Details on UAPA: https://www.insightsonindia.com/2020/09/25/unlawful-activities-prevention-act-7/.
www.insightsonindia.com 166 InsightsIAS
FACTS FOR PRELIMS
Baltic Nations:
• It is a geopolitical term, typically
used to group the three
sovereign states in Northern
Europe on the eastern coast of
the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania.
• The most important areas of
cooperation between the three
countries are foreign and
security policy, defence, energy
and transportation.
• All three countries are members
of the European Union, NATO,
the eurozone and the OECD.
• All three are classified as high-
income economies by the
World Bank and maintain a very
high Human Development
Index.

Hamas:
Hamas is a Palestinian Islamist political organization and militant group that has waged war on Israel since the
group’s 1987 founding, most notably through suicide bombings and rocket attacks. It seeks to replace Israel
with a Palestinian state. It also governs Gaza independently of the Palestinian Authority.

Places in News- Crete Island:

It is the largest and most populous of the Greek
islands.
• Crete became part of Greece in December 1913.
• It is located in the southern part of the Aegean
Sea separating the Aegean from the Libyan Sea.

Question Hour:
• The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is
termed as Question hour.
• It is mentioned in the Rules of Procedure of the House.
• During this time, the members ask questions and the ministers usually give answers.
Question Hour in both Houses is held on all days of the session. But there are two days when an exception is
made:
1. There is no Question Hour on the day the President addresses MPs from both Houses in the Central
Hall.
2. Question Hour is not scheduled on the day the Finance Minister presents the Budget.
Why in News?
The Lok Sabha Secretariat has officially released the schedule for the monsoon Parliament session that starts
on September 14, with Question Hour being dropped.

www.insightsonindia.com 167 InsightsIAS

 Places in News- Chushul:
• It is a village in Leh, Ladakh, India.
• It is located in the Durbuk tehsil, in the area
known as “Chushul valley”.
• It is close to Rezang Laand Panggong Lake at a
height of 4,360 metres.
• Chushul is one of the five officially agreed
Border Personnel Meeting points between the
Indian Army and the People’s Liberation Army
of China for regular consultations and
interactions between the two armies to
improve relations.
• This place is famous for the Indian Army who
fought to the ‘last man, last round’ at Rezang
La (Chushul) on November 18, 1962. Without
this crucial victory, the territory might have
been captured by China.

3 more official languages for J&K:

The Union Cabinet has approved a Bill to include Kashmiri, Dogri and Hindi as official languages in the newly-
created Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Only English and Urdu were official languages in the erstwhile
State.

Mundra Port:
It is the largest private port of India located on the north
shores of the Gulf of Kutch.
Why in News?
Mundra Port terminal deal under scrutiny over link with
Chinese company. In this regard, the government is
evaluating an agreement between the Adani Ports' French
joint venture partner CMA CGM and the China Merchants
Group.

AIMA Chanakya National Management Games:

• It is an online Business Simulation Game conducted every year.
• It is aimed at ensuring that participating executives from various industries get an introduction to the
complexities of running an organisation and gain expertise and skills from this event.
National Management Games (NMG) is one of its kind platform for Corporate Managers to face the thrill of
Managing Business in a competitive mode. It is one of the most anticipated and reputable annual events based
on Business Management Simulation, conducted by AIMA (All India Management Association).
• The participants experience the complexities of running a company by focusing on resource
management, market trends, cost analysis, product positioning, production planning, and inventory
control.
Why in News?
NTPC emerged as winner in this edition.

INDRA NAVY:
Context: The 11th edition of exercise INDRA NAVY has begun.
• It is a biennial bilateral maritime exercise between Indian Navy and Russian Navy.
• Initiated in 2003, Ex INDRA NAVY epitomises the long-term strategic relationship between the two Navies.

www.insightsonindia.com 168 InsightsIAS

 Yanomami people and blood gold:
• Yanomami live in the rainforests and mountains of northern
Brazil and southern Venezuela, and are, according to Survival
International, the largest relatively isolated tribe in South
America.
• They live in large, circular houses called yanos or shabonos,
some of which can hold up to 400 people.
• It is a Yanomami custom that a hunter does not eat the meat
he has killed.
• The Yanomami consider all people to be equal, and do not
have a chief. Instead, all decisions are based on consensus after
long discussions and debates.
Why in News?
Since the 1980s, the Yanomami have been facing an onslaught from illegal gold miners.
• It is believed that gold mined illegally in Yanomami land has most likely been coming to India since at least
2018.
• Calling the gold mined there as blood gold, they have recently asked the Indian government to stop buying
this gold.

Section 144(2) of the Railway Act, 1989:

It says that if any person begs in any railway carriage or at a railway station, he shall be liable for punishment,
which prescribes imprisonment for a term that may extend to one year, or with fine that may extend to ₹2,000,
or with both.
Why in News?
The Ministry of Railways has proposed to decriminalise begging on trains or railway premises. In this regard, it
has called for comments/suggestions on the proposed amendments to the Act.

Rashtriya Poshan Maah:

The 3rd Rashtriya Poshan Maah is being celebrated during the month of September 2020.
• Every year the Poshan Maah is celebrated under POSHAN Abhiyaan, which was launched in 2018.
• Ministry of Women and Child Development, being the nodal Ministry for POSHAN Abhiyaan, is
celebrating the Poshan Maah in convergence with partner Ministries and departments, at National,
States/UTs, Districts, and grass root level.
• The objective of the Poshan Maah is to encourage Jan Bhagidaari, in order to create a Jan Andolan, for
addressing malnutrition amongst young children, and women and to ensure health and nutrition for
everyone.

First ever International Day of Clean Air For Blue Skies:

• The General Assembly of United Nations on 19 December 2019 adopted a resolution to observe the
International Day of Clean Air for Blue Skies on 07th September every year starting from 2020.
• The Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) worked with UNEP and the Republic of Korea to advocate for
the day in the lead up to the decision.
• The Day aims to Raise public awareness at all levels—individual, community, corporate and government—
that clean air is important for health, productivity, the economy and the environment.

Who takes a call on central security cover to private individuals in

India?
• A call on central security to private individuals is taken by the Home Ministry based on inputs from
intelligence agencies.
• There are six kinds of central security covers: X, Y, Y plus, Z, Z plus and SPG.
• While the Special Protection Group protects only the Prime Minister, the other categories can be
provided to anyone based on the Centre’s assessment.
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Why in News?
Kangana Ranaut has been given Y-plus category security.

Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace:

The Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development was instituted in the memory of the
former prime minister by a trust in her name in 1986. It consists of a monetary award of Rs 25 lakh along
with a citation
Eligibility: The award is given to individuals or organisations who work towards ensuring international peace
and development, ensuring that scientific discoveries are used to further the scope of freedom and better
humanity, and creating new international economic order.
Why in News?
Noted broadcaster Sir David Attenborough to be presented with Indira Gandhi peace prize 2019.

August rain second highest in a century:

August rainfall this year has been the highest since 1926 with 32.7 cm — or about 27% more than what is
normal for the month — according to data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD). In August 1926,
the rainfall recorded was 34.8 cm.

Gurupriya Bridge:
• Inaugurated in 2018, it is constructed across Gurupriya river in Odisha.
• It connecta 151 villages (Balimela reservoir) under the Chitrakonda block to the mainland in Malkangiri
district. The region that was once identified as the cut-off area is now known as swabhiman anchal.
Why in News?
Odisha's maoist hotbed 'Swabhiman Anchal' gets mobile connectivity.

Patrika Gate in Jaipur:

• The iconic gate has been built by the Patrika Group of
Newspapers.
• It is built as a monument under Mission Anupam of the Jaipur
Development Authority at Jawaharlal Nehru Marg.
• It depicts the cultural and artistic heritage of different regions
of Rajasthan.

International Literacy Day:

• International Literacy Day (ILD) is celebrated on 8th September every year all over the world.
• The celebration of ILD started following a recommendation of the World Conference of Ministers of
Education on the Eradication of Illiteracy which met in Tehran in September 1965.
• UNESCO in 14th Session of its General Conference held in Paris in November 1966, formally proclaimed
8th September as International Literacy Day.
Theme for 2020: "Literacy teaching and learning in the COVID-19 crisis and beyond."
National Statistical Office (NSO) has released the data for 2017-18 on state-wise literacy rate in the country for
all aged 7 or above.
As per NSO:
1. India's average literacy rate is 77.7%.
2. Andhra Pradesh’s literacy rate of 66.4% is the worst among all states in India and significantly lower than
Bihar’s 70.9%.
3. Kerala has the best literacy rate with 96.2%. Delhi stood second with 88.7%.
4. More impressively, the gap between male and female literacy is the smallest in Kerala at just 2.2
percentage points. This gap is 14.4 percentage points at all-India level with male literacy at 84.7% and
female literacy at 70.3%.
5. The gap between urban and rural literacy rates is of the same order of magnitude as that between males
and females. Once again, Kerala has the lowest gap of 1.9 percentage points.

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 What is Real Mango, which was in news recently?
It is an illegal software used for cornering confirmed Railway reservation. This commonly banned software
makes the complete process of Indian Rail ticket booking at a fly speed.
Why in News?
In a nation wide investigation, the Railway Protection Force has disrupted the operation of this illegal software.

Narcotics Control Bureau:

• It was constituted by the Government of India in 1986 under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances Act, 1985.
• It is the apex coordinating agency under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is based on Article 47 of the Indian
Constitution which directs the State to endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption, except for
medicinal purposes, of intoxicating drugs injurious to health.
Drug abuse control is the responsibility of the central government.

Honorary Consul:
S. Mahalingam has been appointed Honorary Consul of the Grand Duchy
of Luxembourg in Chennai, with consular jurisdiction over Tamil Nadu and
Kerala.
Who are Honorary Consuls?
1. Honorary consuls are private individuals who take care of their tasks
on a part-time basis without remuneration.
2. Honorary consuls do not accept passport applications nor do they
handle matters pertaining to visas or residence permits. Honorary
consuls cannot serve as attorneys in judicial proceedings or as legal
advisers.
3. Together with diplomatic missions, an honorary consul promotes
economic and cultural relations.

South India’s 1st and country’s 2nd Kisan Train:

Context: Inaugural run of the train flagged off.
Key facts:
• Location: It runs between Anantapur (Andhra
Pradesh) and New Delhi.
• Kisan Rail will help in strengthening the agricultural
economy and help in the speedy transportation of
farm produce to distant places.
• On 7th August, the first Kisan Rail was flagged off
between Devlali in Maharashtra and Danapur in
Bihar.

Shikshak Parv Initiative:

• Ministry of Education organizes a webinar on Inclusive and Equitable Education under Shikshak Parv
Initiative.
• It is being celebrated from 8th September- 25th September, 2020 to felicitate the Teachers and to
take New Education Policy 2020 forward.

Jigyasa:
• It is a student - scientist connect programme launched in 2017.
• The programme would be implemented by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in
collaboration with Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS).
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 • The focus of this scheme is on connecting school students and scientists so as to extend student's
classroom learning with well planned research laboratory based learning.

Rafale aircraft:
The Indian Air Force will formally induct the Rafale aircraft
on 10th September 2020. The aircraft will be part of 17
Squadron, the “Golden Arrows”.
The first five Indian Air Force Rafale aircraft arrived at Air
Force Station, Ambala from France on 27th July 2020.
Key facts:
• Rafale is a French twin-engine and multirole fighter
aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation being
produced for both the French Air Force and for
carrier-based operations in the French Navy.
• India has inked a Rs 59,000-crore deal in 2016 to
procure 36 Rafale jets from French aerospace major
Dassault Aviation.
• India is the fourth country to have the strategic
platform with Rafale after France, Egypt and Qatar.

WHO South East Asia Region:

The 73rd session is being hosted by the
Government of Thailand (from Bangkok) while
the previous session was held in New Delhi.
• South East Asia is One of the six WHO
Regions.
• The Region has 11 Member States -
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Democratic People's
Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia,
Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Timor-Leste.

National Statistical Organisation’s (NSO) latest report on education:

The findings are based on 75th round of the National Sample Survey, conducted between June 2017 and July
2018. The households were surveyed on consumption related to education.
Key findings:
• One in five students in India supplements school education with private coaching, including almost one in
three at the secondary school level or Classes 9 and 10.
• More than 52% of urban upper caste boys take coaching, in comparison to just 13.7% of rural boys and girls
from scheduled tribe communities.
• Private coaching fees make up almost 20% of the total cost of education for those in secondary and higher
secondary school.
• Some States in eastern India seem to spend more on private coaching than the rest of the country.

What is "letter of credence" that is sometimes heard in news?

It is a letter of introduction or recommendation, especially of an ambassador.
Why in News?
President Ram Nath Kovind accepts letter of credence from Singapore's High Commissioner to India.

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 With which country India recently signed an agreement on Reciprocal
Provision of Supplies and Services?
• India and Japan sign agreement on Reciprocal Provision of Supplies and Services between Forces of both
countries.
• This agreement establishes the enabling framework for closer cooperation between the two Forces in
reciprocal provision of supplies and services while engaged in bilateral training activities, United Nations
Peacekeeping Operations, Humanitarian International Relief and other mutually agreed activities.

Doorstep Banking Services by PSBs launched:

• As part of the EASE Reforms, Doorstep Banking Services is envisaged to provide convenience of banking
services to the customers at their door step through the universal touch points of Call Centre, Web Portal
or Mobile App. Customers canalso track their service request through these channels.
• The services shall be rendered by the Doorstep Banking Agents deployed by the selected Service Providers
at 100 centres across the country.

What is The 1619 Project?

The Project is a special initiative of The New York Times Magazine, launched in 2019 to mark the completion
of 400 years since the first enslaved Africans arrived in colonial Virginia’s Jamestown in August 1619.
• The edition examines how social structures that developed in the US as a consequence of slavery affect
present-day laws, policies, systems and culture, and the contributions of Black people in America’s nation-
building.

National School of Drama:

Why in News?
Paresh Rawal, actor and former BJP MP, has been appointed Chairperson of the National School of Drama
Society by President Ram Nath Kovind.
Key facts:
• Set up by the Sangeet Natak Akademi as one of its constituent units in 1959.
• In 1975, it became an independent entity and was registered as an autonomous organization under the
Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860, fully financed by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
• Bharat Rang Mahotsav, or the ‘National Theatre Festival’, established in 1999, is the annual theatre
festival of National School of Drama (NSD), held in New Delhi, today it is acknowledged as the largest
theatre festival of Asia, dedicated solely to theatre.

Typhoon Haishen:
Recently, Japan was hot by this typhoon.
• It is categorised as a Category 4 storm which means well-built framed houses can suffer severe
damage with loss of most of the roof structure and exterior walls.
• Haishen was a name recommended by China and means “sea god” in Chinese.

Hindi Diwas:
National Hindi Divas or Hindi Day is observed every year on September 14.
Objective: The day is a celebration of the Hindi language and its cultural heritage and values among the people
of the country and abroad.
Rajbhasha award: As a part of the Hindi Diwas celebration every year, the President of India presents the
Rajbhasha award to people who have contributed towards the language.
Why do we celebrate National Hindi Diwas?
The Constituent assembly of India adopted Hindi as the official language of the country on September 14, 1949
under Article 343.

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 Zero Hour:
Zero Hour is an Indian parliamentary innovation. It is not mentioned in the parliamentary rules book.
● Under this, MPs can raise matters without any prior notice.
● It starts immediately after the question hour and lasts until the agenda for the day (i.e. regular business
of the House) is taken up.

Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden glacier:
● It is located in Northeast Greenland.
● It is Arctic's largest ice shelf.
Why in News?
● A massive chunk of ice has broken off from this ice
shelf because of warmer temperatures in
Greenland.

Phosphine:
• It is a flammable gas that on Earth occurs
from the breakdown of organic matter.
• On Earth, this gas is associated with living
organisms.
• It can only be made by life—whether
human or microbe.
• Used as a chemical weapon during World
War I, phosphine is still manufactured as an
agricultural fumigant, is used in the
semiconductor industry, and is a nasty
byproduct of meth labs.
Why in News?
Presence of this gas was observed on Venus.
This indicates possible sign of life on Venus.

Haryana Orbital Rail

Corridor Project:
Cabinet approves Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor
Project from Palwal to Sonipat via Sohna-Manesar- Kharkhauda.
Total length of the project is ~ 121.7 km.
The project will be implemented by Haryana Rail Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (HRIDC), a
Joint Venture company set up by Ministry of Railways with Government of Haryana.
Significance: This will facilitate diversion of traffic not meant for Delhi and will help in developing multimodal
logistics hubs in Haryana State sub-region of NCR.

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 Kharai Camel:
● Also known as Swimming Camels.
● Found only in Gujarat’s Bhuj area.
● It has been recognized as a separate breed (one
among nine such breeds found in India) of camel
for better conservation.
● This camel is adapted to the extreme climate of
Ran of Kachh where shallow seas and high salinity
is prevalent.
● It can live in both coastal and dry ecosystems. It
grazes on saline / mangrove trees and is tolerant to high saline water.
● It can swim up to three kilometers into the sea in search of mangroves, their primary food.

Engineer's Day:
India celebrates Engineer's Day every year on September 15 as a tribute to the greatest Indian Engineer Bharat
Ratna Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya on his birthday.
● He was the chief engineer responsible for the construction of the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam in Mysore.
He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the British Indian Empire by King George V for his contributions to
the public good in

Kosi Rail Mahasetu:

● Inaugurated recently in Bihar. ● Provides a shorter route to the Northeast.
● Sanctioned by the Centre during 2003-04. ● The bridge is of strategic importance along the
● Connects Nirmali and Saraigarh districts of India-Nepal border.
Bihar.

Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda Bill 2020:

The bill has been passed by both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
● This paves the way to establish a state-of-the-art Ayurvedic institution called the Institute of Teaching
and Research in Ayurveda (ITRA) at Jamnagar, Gujarat, and to confer the status of Institution of National
Importance (INI) to it.
● ITRA will be the first institution with INI status in the AYUSH Sector.
● It will be established by conglomerating the presently existing Ayurveda institutes at Gujarat Ayurved
University campus Jamnagar.

Nuclear Power Generation in India:

Presently, two public sector companies of the Department of Atomic Energy, Nuclear Power Corporation of
India Limited (NPCIL) and Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI) are involved in nuclear power
generation.
● There is no proposal under consideration at present to permit non-Government sector in the area of
nuclear power generation.
● There are presently twenty-two (22) reactors with a capacity of 6780 MW in operation in the country.

FDI in atomic energy:

The present policy (Consolidated FDI Policy of Government) puts atomic energy in the list of prohibited
sectors. However, there is no restriction on FDI in the nuclear industry for manufacturing of equipment and
providing other supplies for nuclear power plants and related other facilities.
● Besides, the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 was amended in 2015 to enable the licensing of NPCIL’s Joint
Ventures for setting up nuclear power projects.0

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 Kalinga frog in Western Ghats:
Why in News?
Scientists have reported a first-of-its-kind discovery of
morphological phenotypic plasticity (MPP) in the Kalinga cricket
frog.
What is MPP?
MPP is the ability of an organism to show drastic morphological
(physical features) variations in response to natural environmental
variations or stimuli.
About Kalinga Frog:
Its documentation was done in 2018 and reported from the Eastern Ghats.
It was thought to be endemic to the hill ranges of the Eastern Ghats. But now, researchers have reported the
Kalinga cricket frog from the central Western Ghats, with the evidence of considerable ‘morphological
phenotypic plasticity (MPP)’.

What are Tidal disruption events (TDE)?

Astronomers study Blackholes by watching for their effects on
nearby stars and gas. Stars are disrupted when the black
hole's tidal gravity exceeds the star's self-gravity, and this
phenomenon is called tidal disruption events (TDE).
● The tidal disruption events are crucial and useful
phenomena to detect and predict the mass of
supermassive black holes in quiescent galaxies.

World Patient Safety Day- September 17:

● Initiated by the World Health Organisation. ● 2020 theme: Health Worker Safety: A Priority
● First observed in 2019. for Patient Safety.
● It calls for global solidarity and concerted
action by all countries and international
partners to improve patient safety.

Sloth Bear and Nandankanan Zoological Park:

Why in News?
Concerns over the back-to-back deaths of two sloth bears at the park.
IUCN status of Sloth Bear- Vulnerable.
About the Park:
● Located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. ● Adjacent to Chandaka-Dampara Wildlife
Sanctuary.

Uniqueness of the Zoo:

● It is the only zoological park in India to ● Largest pools for housing Gharials and
become an institutional member of World Hippopotamus.
Association of Zoos and Aquarium (WAZA). ● First record of breeding of Indian Ratels in
● Host zoo for white tigers. White tigers born to captivity (in 2012).
normal coloured parents in the year 1980. ● Only zoo in India after which an express train
● First captive breeding centre for endangered (Nandankanan Express) has been named by
Gharials in the year 1980. Indian Railways.
● Kanjia Lake – A wetland of National importance ● One among the three zoos in India for breeding
(2006). Long billed vulture.
● Conservation Breeding Centres for Indian ● First birth of Melanistic tiger in captivity in the
Pangolin and Long billed vultures. year 2014.

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 What is an air
bubble?
● An air bubble is essentially a
temporary arrangement
between two countries to
restart commercial flight
services at a time when regular
international flights are
suspended due to COVID-19.
● Under the arrangement,
airlines from both countries are
allowed to operate, unlike
Mission Vande Bharat where
only Indian air carriers were
allowed to operate flights.
Why in News?
India has entered into Air Bubble
agreements with 10 countries viz.
USA, Canada, France, Germany, UK,
Maldives, UAE, Qatar, Afghanistan
and Bahrain, till 13.09.2020.

VAIBHAV Summit:
Vaishwik Bharatiya Vaigyanik
(VAIBHAV) Summit will be
inaugurated on 2nd October 2020
– the birth anniversary of Mahatma
Gandhi.
● It is a global summit of
Overseas and Resident Indian scientists and academicians.
The Summit is a joint effort of various Science & Technology (S&T) and Academic organisations, including
Department of S&T, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
Objectives:
● To bring out the
comprehensive
roadmap to leverage
the expertise and
knowledge of global
Indian researchers for
solving emerging
challenges.
● To reflect in-depth on the collaboration and cooperation instruments with academia and scientists in India.
● To create an ecosystem of Knowledge and Innovation in the country through global outreach.

Chendamangalam saree:
Why in News?
Care 4 Chendamangalam, which works with weavers in Kerala, brings the eponymous GI-tagged sari for a fund-
raiser exhibition to Bengaluru.
Key facts:
● Chendamangalam is a small town near Ernakulam that stands at the crossroads of three rivers.
● The town was part of the ancient port complex of Muziris and known for its fine cotton spun here by the
Devanga Chettiars, a community of weavers originally from Karnataka.

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● The GI-tagged Chendamangalam saree is recognisable by its puliyilakara border, a thin black line that runs
abreast with the sari’s selvedge.

World Bamboo Day:

Observed annually on September 18th.
● Officially established by the World Bamboo organization at the
8th World Bamboo Congress held in Bangkok in 2009.
● Theme for 2020: ‘BAMBOO NOW.’
● World Bamboo Organization was set up at the 1992
International Bamboo Congress in Japan.
The Indian Forest Act 1927 was amended in 2017 to remove
bamboo for the category of trees.

International Day of Peace:

Observed around the world on 21st September.
The UN General Assembly has declared this as a day devoted to
strengthening the ideals of peace, through observing 24 hours of
non-violence and cease-fire.
2020 Theme: Shaping Peace Together.
Background:
The International Day of Peace was established in 1981 by the United Nations General Assembly. Two decades
later, in 2001, the General Assembly unanimously voted to designate the Day as a period of non-violence and
cease-fire.

Bonda tribe and Didayi tribe:

● These tribes are from Odisha. These groups are classified as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.
● Of the 62 tribal groups in Odisha, 13 are recognised as PVTGs – the highest in the country.
Why in News?
Members of these tribes have tested positive for the novel coronavirus.

Brucellosis:
● Brucellosis is a bacterial disease that mainly infects cattle, swine, goats, sheep and dogs.
● Humans can get infected if they come in direct contact with infected animals or by eating or drinking
contaminated animal products or by inhaling airborne agents.
● According to the WHO, most cases of the disease are caused by ingesting unpasteurised milk or cheese
from infected goats or sheep.
Why in News?
The health commission of Lanzhou City in China announced this week that a leak in a biopharmaceutical
company last year caused an outbreak of brucellosis disease. More than 3,000 people have been infected with
the disease since and no fatalities have been reported so far.

Mass Pilot Whale Strandings in Tasmania:

Whale strandings are not
uncommon in Tasmania, and
whale strandings of this scale are
not uncommon either. However,
exact reasons for stranding are
unknown yet. (The
term stranding refers to an
aquatic animal observed in an
inappropriate location, for
example, an offshore species
found inshore. Most often, stranded animals are found on a beach or in shallow water)
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Key points:
● Pilot whales are so named because it was once believed
that each observed group was navigated by a pilot or
leader.
● Their Latin name, Globicephala, means ‘round head’, which
is one of the main identifying features of the species.
● There are two species of pilot whales: Short finned pilot
whales, which are mainly found in tropical and warm-
temperate regions, and long-finned pilot whales, which
inhabit colder waters.
● Both species are designated as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Bacteria behind deaths of 330 Botswana elephants:

Investigations have shown that toxins in water produced by cyanobacteria killed more than 300 elephants in
Botswana this year.
● Botswana is home to a third of Africa's declining elephant population.
Key points:
● Cyanobacteria are microscopic organisms common in water and sometimes found in soil.
● Also known as blue-green algae, they are found worldwide especially in calm, nutrient-rich waters
● Some species of cyanobacteria produce toxins that affect animals and humans
● People may be exposed to cyanobacterial toxins by drinking or bathing in contaminated water
● Symptoms include skin irritation, stomach cramps, vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, fever, sore throat,
headache
● Animals, birds, and fish can also be poisoned by high levels of toxin-producing cyanobacteria.

Visiting Advanced Joint Research (VAJRA) Faculty Scheme:

Launched by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), a Statutory body of the Department of
Science and Technology (DST).
• This Scheme is to bring overseas scientists and academicians including Non-resident Indians (NRI) and
Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) to India to work in public funded Institutions and Universities for a specific
period of time.
• The scheme offers adjunct / visiting faculty assignments to overseas scientists including Indian researchers
to undertake high quality collaborative research in cutting edge areas of science and technology with one
or more Indian collaborators.

Successful flight test of ABHYAS:

DRDO recently conducted the successful flight test of ABHYAS--High-speed Expendable Aerial Target (HEAT).
Key features:
● Abhyas is designed and developed by Aeronautical
Development Establishment (ADE), DRDO.
● The vehicle is programmed for fully autonomous flight.
Usage:
Abhyas's radar cross-section (RCS) and its visual and infrared
signatures can be used to simulate a variety of aircraft for air-
defense weapon practices. It can also function as a jammer platform
and decoy.

J&K Official Languages Bill:

The Lok Sabha has passed the J&K Official Languages Bill, 2020 that seeks to include Kashmiri, Dogri and Hindi
as the official languages in the newly-created Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
● Earlier, only English and Urdu were the official languages in the former State.

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 Indian Institutes of Information Technology Laws (Amendment) Bill,
2020:
Passed by both the houses of Parliament.
Key Points:
● The Bill will declare 5 IIITs in Public-Private Partnership mode at Surat, Bhopal, Bhagalpur, Agartala &
Raichur as Institutions of National Importance by granting them statutory status along with the already
existing 15 IIITs under the IIIT (PPP) Act, 2017.
● It will entitle the institutions to use the nomenclature of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) or Master of
Technology (M.Tech) or PhD degree as issued by a University or Institution of National Importance.

Passage Exercise
(PASSEX):
Indian Navy (IN) is scheduled to
undertake a Passage Exercise
(PASSEX) with Royal Australian
Navy (RAN) in the East Indian
Ocean Region from 23 to 24 Sep 20.
● PASSEXs are regularly
conducted by IN with units
of friendly foreign navies,
whilst visiting each other’s
ports or during a
rendezvous at sea.

‘Kritagya’
Hackathon:
It is being organised in order to promote potential technology solutions for enhancing farm mechanization
with special emphasis on women friendly equipments.
● The hackathon has been planned by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) under National
Agricultural Higher Education Project (NAHEP).
● Who can participate? Students, faculties and innovators/entrepreneurs from any university / technical
institution across the country can apply and participate in the event in the form of a group.

International Sign Languages Day:

Observed on 23 September.
● Theme: ‘Sign Languages are for everyone’.
The day was celebrated in India by ISLRTC.
● Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre (ISLRTC), an autonomous body under Ministry of Social
Justice and Empowerment.
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 recognizes Sign Language as a means of communication.

World’s Longest High-Altitude Shinkun La Tunnel:

● National Highways & Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) has speeded up the
detailed project report (DPR) work on this Tunnel.
● The tunnel is 13.5 Km long.
● The tunnel connects the Union Territory of Ladakh and tribal Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal
Pradesh.
● On completion of this tunnel, the Manali - Kargil highway will remain open throughout the year.

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 Kumhar Sashaktikaran Yojana:
It is an initiative of the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) for
empowerment of potters community in the remotest of locations in the
country.
● It was launched in 2018.
This program provides the following support to potters.
1. Training for advanced pottery products.
2. Latest, new technology pottery equipments like the electric Chaak.
3. Market linkages and visibility through KVIC exhibitions.
World Rhino Day:
Celebrated on September 22.
It celebrates all five species of rhino: Black, white,
greater one-horned, Sumatran and Javan rhinos.
In 2010 the first World Rhinoceros Day was celebrated
by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).
IUCN Status:
● 'Critically endangered' species are- Javan
Rhinos, Sumatran rhinos and black rhinos.
● The White Rhinos have been declared 'near
threatened' while one-horned rhinos are said
to be vulnerable to extinction.

What is International
Commission of Jurists (ICJ)?
It is an international human rights non-governmental
organization.
Composition: It is a standing group of 60 eminent
jurists—including senior judges, attorneys and
academics.
Functions: To develop national and international
human rights standards through the law.
Why in News?
ICJ had observed that the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2020 passed by Parliament was
incompatible with international law.
● The legislation fails to comply with India’s international legal obligations and constitutional provisions
to respect and protect the rights to freedom of association, expression, and freedom of assembly.

What is a Robber Fly?

● Robber flies belong to the family Asilidae.
● They’re named for their feeding behaviour: they ‘rob’ other insects of their
lives.
● Like all true flies, robber flies have only 2 wings.
● Robber flies also have a distinctive hollow space between their 2 large
compound eyes. This characteristic distinguishes robber flies from most other
kinds of flies.
● Asilidae occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica.

Komodo Dragon:
● They are the largest lizards on Earth.
● They have venom glands loaded with toxins which have been shown to secrete anticoagulants.

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● Komodo National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is situated in the
Island of Komodo (eastern Indonesia) and is the habitat for this lizard
species.
● IUCN Status of the animal is Vulnerable.
Why in News?
According to a recent study, these lizards could become extinct in the next few
decades due to climate change unless measures are taken to change the status quo.

Jnanpith presented to Malayalam ‘Mahakavi’ Akkitham:

Jnanpith award announced in November last year was handed over to poet Akkitham
Achuthan Namboothiri at a special function held recently.

About the Award:

Instituted in 1961.
Eligibility: Any Indian citizen who writes in any of the official languages of India is eligible for
the honour.
● English language was added to the list of languages for consideration after the 49th Jnanpith Award.

RAISE Summit 2020:

It will be held in October.
RAISE 2020- ‘Responsible AI for Social Empowerment 2020.’
● It is being conducted by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and NITI Aayog.
● It will be a global meeting of minds to exchange ideas and chart a course for using AI for social
transformation, inclusion and empowerment in areas like healthcare, agriculture, education and smart
mobility, among other sectors.

‘Faceless I-T’ comes into operation:

The government has issued a notification operationalising ‘Faceless Income
Tax Appeals’ system. It was announced last month.
It seeks to honour honest taxpayers of the country and promote transparency
in tax collection.
● Under faceless appeals, all Income Tax appeals will be finalised in a
faceless manner under the faceless ecosystem.
● The system is not applicable in case of appeals relating to serious frauds,
major tax evasion, sensitive and search matters, international tax and
Black Money Act.

What are high-security number plates?

● HSRPs are chrome-based hologram plates manufactured through a
process of hot-stamping and laser-branding a unique identification
number, which cannot be duplicated, linked to the central vehicular
database of the Union government.
● The plates are also supposed to help
authorities in tracking authenticity of
vehicle ownerships, which will help in
criminal probes, curb illegal sale in
the grey market, and prevent thefts
and forging of number plates.
● Through an amendment in Rule 50 of
the Central Motor Vehicle Rules,
1989, Govt. of India has made HSRP
mandatory.
Why in News?
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The process of booking high security registration plates (HSRPs) has been made easier following the Delhi
government’s public appeal to citizens to get these installed.

Fridays For Future:

The FFF is a global climate strike movement that started in August 2018,
when 15-year-old Greta Thunberg began a strike in Sweden.
● It is an international movement of school students who take time off
from class to participate in demonstrations to demand action to
prevent further global warming.

JIMEX 20:
● It is a bilateral Maritime Exercise Between Japan and India.
● The 4th edition of the exercise will be held in the North Arabian Sea from 26 to 28 September 2020.
● JIMEX is conducted biennially between the Indian Navy and the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force
(JMSDF).
● JIMEX series of exercises commenced in January 2012 with a special focus on maritime security
cooperation.

Pinaka rocket system:

Why in News?
In an important milestone in the induction of the Pinaka rocket system in the
Armed forces, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
recently handed over the Authority Holding Sealed Particulars (AHSP) of the system
to the Directorate General of Quality Assurance (DGQA) of the Ministry of Defence.
Key points:
● Pinaka is a free flight artillery rocket system having a range of 37.5 km.
● Pinaka rockets are launched from a multi-barrel rocket launcher which has a
capability to launch 12 rockets in 44 seconds.
● The weapon system is designed and developed by Pune-based DRDO lab,
Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE).

World Tourism Day:

Observed on 27th September every year.
This Day has been celebrated since 1980 by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).
● 27th September was chosen as the date since it was the day in 1970 on which the statutes of the
UNWTO were adopted.
● Theme this year is "Tourism and Rural Development".

SAATHI Application:
SAATHI is an initiative of the Ministry of Tourism with Quality Council of India to assist the hospitality industry
to continue to operate safely and thereby instill confidence among the Staff, employees and the guests about
the safety of the hotel/unit.

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize:

What is it? The award is named after the founder Director of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
(CSIR), the late Dr (Sir) Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and is known as the ‘Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize for
Science and Technology’. The Prize is given each year for outstanding contributions to science and technology.
Eligibility:
● Any citizen of India engaged in research in any field of science and technology up to the age of 45 years.
Overseas citizen of India (OCI) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) working in India are also eligible.

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● The Prize is awarded on the basis of contributions made through work done primarily in India during the
five years preceding the year of the Prize.
Context:
Dr Abhijit Mukherjee, Associate Professor, Deptt. of Geology & Geophysics, IIT Kharagpur Selected for ‘Shanti
Swarup Bhatnagar’ Prize.

Places in News- Nagorno-Karabakh region:

Why in News?
Azerbaijan has carried out an air and artillery attack on
Nagorno-Karabakh.
Key points:
● Nagorno-Karabakh is a breakaway region that is inside
Azerbaijan but is run by ethnic Armenians.
● It broke away from Azerbaijan in a conflict that broke out
as the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.
● Though a ceasefire was agreed in 1994, Azerbaijan and
Armenia frequently accuse each other of attacks around Nagorno-Karabakh and along the separate Azeri-
Armenian frontier.

Sandalwood Spike Disease (SSD):

● The disease is caused by phytoplasma — bacterial parasites of plant tissues — which are transmitted by
insect vectors.
● The disease was first reported in Kodagu in 1899.
● The disease is characterized by extreme reduction in leaf size accompanied by stiffening and reduction of
internode length.
● In advanced stage, the entire shoot gives the appearance of a spike inflorescence.
Context:
India’s sandalwood trees are facing a serious threat with the return of the destructive Sandalwood Spike
Disease (SSD).
● The infection has resurfaced in Karnataka and Kerala.
● The present rapid spread of the infection is largely due to restrictions on green felling in forests, which has
allowed vectors to spread the disease to healthy trees.

Radio Patshala:
● Started by Odisha Government.
● The classes will be for students between class 1 to 8 in the state.
● Students can also get this audio programme in the central government's DIKSHA online platform.

Punjab government appoints nodal officers to curb stubble burning:

8,000 nodal officers have been appointed for the purpose in villages.
● The officers will work in coordination with staff of the Cooperation, Revenue, Rural Development and
Panchayats, Agriculture, Horticulture and Soil Conservation Departments, as well as the Punjab Pollution
Control Board.
● Armed with a super SMS system, these officers will also prepare lists of owners who have given their land
on rent and then call each land owner on phone with the warning that a red entry shall be made in their
land record if they fail to ensure that no paddy straw is burning.

Haiyang-2C:
● It is a new ocean-monitoring satellite launched recently by China.
● It is the country's third ocean dynamic environment satellite.
● It can provide all-weather and round-the-clock observation of wave height, sea surface height, wind speed
and direction, and temperature.

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● HY-2C will form a network with the previous HY-2B and subsequent HY-2D, which is scheduled for launch
next year, to carry out high-precision maritime environment monitoring.
● The planned satellite network will be capable of carrying out 80 percent of the world's sea surface wind
monitoring within six hours.

‘Health in India’ survey:

Released recently by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
Key findings:
● As per the report, Zoroastrian community remains the most susceptible to ailments.
● The survey defines ailment as any deviation from a person’s state of physical and mental well-being.
(National Sample Survey (NSS)’s 75th Round released in July show that 31.1 per cent of Zoroastrians reported
that they were suffering from an ailment at the time the survey was conducted).

FSSAI Bans Mixing Of Edible Oils In Mustard Oil:

● FSSAI has prohibited the amalgamation of other vegetable oils with mustard oil
from 1st October 2020.
● This new decision was rolled out to ensure the purity of mustard oil.
● This step is believed to eliminate the adulteration in mustard oil, especially for
domestic consumption.

National School of Drama:

● It is one of the foremost theatre training institutions in the world and the only
one of its kind in India.
● It was set up by the Sangeet Natak Akademi as one of its constituent units in 1959.
● In 1975, it became an independent entity and was registered as an autonomous organization under the
Societies Registration Act of 1860, financed by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
● Bharat Rang Mahotsav, or the 'National Theatre Festival', established in 1999, is the annual theatre festival
of National School of Drama (NSD). It is acknowledged as the largest theatre festival of Asia, dedicated
solely to theatre.

Defence Acquisition Council (DAC):

It is headed by the Defence Minister.
Functions: The DAC is responsible to give policy guidelines to acquisitions, based on long-term procurement
plans. It also clears all acquisitions, which includes both imported and those produced indigenously or under a
foreign license.
● It was formed, after the Group of Ministers recommendations on 'Reforming the National Security
System', in 2001, post Kargil War (1999).

About UMANG:
UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) is developed by Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology (MeitY) and National e-Governance Division (NeGD) to drive Mobile Governance in
India.
● UMANG provides a single platform for all Indian Citizens to access pan India e-Gov services ranging
from Central to Local Government bodies and other citizen centric services.

Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope:

● UVIT is a remarkable 3-in-1 imaging telescope simultaneously observing in the visible, the near-ultraviolet
(NUV), and the far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectrum.
● It is one of the five payloads onboard India’s first multi-wavelength astronomical observatory AstroSat.
● Its superior spatial resolution capability has enabled astronomers to probe star formation in galaxies as
well as resolve the cores of star clusters (3 times better than the last NASA mission, GALEX).

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● Observations from UVIT has recently led to the discovery of a galaxy located at a distance of about 10
billion light-years from Earth and emitting extreme ultraviolet radiation that can ionize the intergalactic
medium.
Why in News?
It completed five years of operation in the sky by imaging astronomical objects on 28 September 2020.

Himalayan Chandra Telescope:

● The Telescope is housed within the Indian Astronomical Observatory at Ladakh.
● It is a 2-m diameter optical-infrared telescope.
● The telescope is used to make observations of extrasolar planets and it also looks for comets and asteroids
whizzing around in our solar system.
● It is operated remotely by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bangalore.
● It is operated using a dedicated satellite communication link from the Centre for Research & Education in
Science & Technology (CREST).
Why in News?
The telescope is celebrating its 20th Birthday.

Global Counter Terrorism Council:

It is a registered non-profit International Think Tank initiated by public spirited individuals to awaken further
issues of national interest and global conscience about terrorism as a threat to humanity, human security etc.
● Members belong to different faculties & background like senior bureaucrats, academicians, officers from
the armed forces & paramilitary services, distinguished diplomats, leading researchers, media analysts,
parliamentarians, professionals, corporate heads, human rights groups.
● They provide support and regularly contribute with the aim to deliberate on the root causes of Global
Terrorism and to present effective solutions to the problems faced by society and the government.
Why in News?
International Energy Security Conference 2020 was recently organised by Global Counter-Terrorism Council
(GCTC).

Ganga Avalokan:
● It is the first museum on the river located at Chandi ghat in Haridwar.
● It was inaugurated recently.
● It is aimed at showcasing the culture, biodiversity and rejuvenation activities done in the river,

Sri Lanka bans cattle slaughter:

Sri Lankan government has approved the proposal to ban cattle slaughter in the island nation. However, it
decided to import beef for the benefit of those who consume it.
Background:
● According to 2012 census, the over 20 million population in Sri Lanka comprised of 70.10% Buddhists,
12.58% Hindus, 9.66% Muslims, 7.62% Christians and 0.03% others.

India-Denmark agree to elevate relations to a Green Strategic

Partnership:
● India and Denmark recently elevated their relations to a “green strategic partnership”.
The Green Strategic Partnership is a mutually beneficial arrangement to advance political cooperation, expand
economic relations and green growth, create jobs and strengthen cooperation on addressing global challenges
and opportunities; with focus on an ambitious implementation of the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable
Development Goals.

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 Mumbai maps its biodiversity:
In a first-of-its-kind attempt to visually empower Mumbai’s citizens with
the resources they share the city with, a biodiversity map of the city to
showcase the wildlife hotspots, mangrove forests, urban green spaces
and over 90 species that can be spotted in the city has been illustrated.
● Rohan Chakravarty, popularly known for his work under the title of
Green Humour, is the man behind the map.
● The map will serve as a reminder to Mumbaikars that they must act
to protect Mumbai’s biodiversity, which has been under threat due
to unsustainable development.
● This is part of a campaign Biodiversity by the Bay, initiated by the
Ministry of Mumbai’s Magic, a citizen’s collective comprising
Mumbaikars who wish to bring the issue of protecting biodiversity to
the forefront.

About Amnesty international:

Why in News?
Amnesty International halts India operations following the freezing of its bank accounts by the Enforcement
Directorate.
● The government case against Amnesty India broadly rests on two investigations, one alleging discrepancies
under the Foreign Exchange Management Act, and another case that was registered by the CBI alleging
violations under the FCRA.

Amnesty International is a non-governmental organisation focused on human rights.

● The stated objective of the organisation is “to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end
grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated.”
● The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its “campaign against torture,” and the
United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978.
● In the field of international human rights organisations, Amnesty has the second longest history, after the
International Federation for Human Rights and broadest name recognition.

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