hahamamahshshsNOTES ON CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

CDI-2: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

TRANSPORTATIONnnnnn

- is an act or process of conveying from one place to another

- from the Latin word “Terans” meaning across or and move and “Portare” means to carry

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORATATION

MANPOmmmmWER

ANIMAL POWER

WIND POWER

ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY

jjjj

WHEEL

- was invented probably in Western Asia

- one of man’s great inventions

THE ROMANS

- were the major road builders in the ancient world

- Roman road networks reached a total of about 50,000 miles (80, 000 km)

CANALS

a body of water used to be channel of sea transportation

the first canal was constructed by Engr. James Brindley

RAILWAYS

- channel of transportation wherein a parallel line of irons were used as roads

- the first railroad is the Stockton and Darlington line (1925)

TRAFFIC

- it refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion system or
animal drawn vehicle, from one place to another for the purpose of safe travel

- originated from Greco-Roman word Trafico and Greek word Traffiga, origin of which is not known

THE 5’Es OF TRAFFIC

ENFORCEMENT

- the action taken by the police, such as arresting, issuing traffic citation ticket and providing warning to
the erring driver for the purpose of deterring and discouraging and or preventing such violation

2. EDUCATION

- the process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge

3. ENGINEERING

- the science of measuring traffic and travel, the study of basic laws relative to the traffic law and
generation; the application of these knowledge to the professional practice of planning, deciding, and
operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods

4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ ENVIRONMENT

- the study of potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to the
scale and density of new urban concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water
pollution and crowding, transport congestion which result therein

5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY

- deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy

MANAGEMENT

- it is an executive function such as planning, organizing, Directing and supervising, coordinating

operating recording and budgeting traffic affairs
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC

Land Transportation Office

- tasked to enforce laws, rules and regulation governing the registration of motor vehicles, operation of
motor vehicle and traffic rules and regulation as provided by RA 4136 as amended.

Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board

- tasked to regulate transport route

- regulate franchising

- prescribe fare rates

- investigate traffic cases

- perform judicial function

- promulgate rules

- impose and collect fees

- formulate and enforce rules and regulation for transport operation for promotion of safety and
convenience of public

- coordinate with concerned agencies and enforce E.O. NO 125,124-A and

E.O. 202 dated June 19,1987

Department of Transportation and Communications

- in charge of planning programs coordinating implementing and perform administrative function and
promotion development and regulation of dependable and coordinated network of transportation and
communication in order to have fast, safe, efficient and reliable postal transportation and
communication services (EO No. 125.)

Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)

- created under RA. 7924 and sets policies concerning traffic in Metro Manila, coordinates and regulates
implementation of program related to traffic

Congress and Local Council

- the branch of government primarily tasked to create laws for the welfare of the public
Judiciary

- the branch of government that interprets the law through adjudication of cases

Traffic Management Group (TMG)

- the basis service of the PNP tasked to direct and control traffic, perform accident investigation, enforce
the laws and issue citations.

AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Department of Public Works and Highways

- has responsibility of determining traffic flow planning approval of program and budget finding of
construction and maintenance of road and instrument

Local Public Works and Engineering Offices

- local government units and instrumentalities that have the same function as the DPWH

- perform such powers within their territorial boundary

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC EDUCATION

Schools

Elementary

- tasked to educate children to obey traffic rules through their programmed curricula

Secondary

- tasked to educate students in obeying tha traffic rules by imposing school policies intended for the
welfare of the students

Higher Education

- they offer subjects on driving and traffic safety course or any allied subjects
TRAFFIC EDUCATION

- is priceless gem in the entire scale of social order of the road

- is the process of inculcating to an individual the knowledge, skill, responsibilities and values to become
a fully developed person

- the key to smooth traffic flow is discipline and to acquire discipline people must be educated

PURPOSE OF DRIVER EDUCATION

To Instill awareness of one's legal and moral responsibilities in traffic; and

To teach abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s license.

SAFETY CAMPAIGN

- the aim of this campaign is to make road users behave properly

- focuses on public information attitudes; this is characterized as road propaganda

BIORHYTHM

- the theory asserting that man exhibit constant variation of energy and mood states

The Environmental Factors in Man’s Theorized Cycles and Interpretation of Biorhythm

The exchange of Light and darkness

The four seasons

Wet and dry seasons

The waxing and waning of the moon

The Biorhythm Cycle

23 days of physical cycle

28 days of emotional cycle

33 days of intellectual cycle

The High State

Physically high

- people are energetic, strong and agile

Emotionally high

- people are creative, artistic and happy

Intellectually high

- people think quickly and logically

The Low State

Physically low

- people tend to be tired and succumb to sickness

Emotionally low

- people are moody, irritable and depressed

Intellectually low

- people find it difficult to think logically and lacks coordination

LEGAL SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY

LICENSING SYSTEM

- it is the system of issuing license to any person who is qualified to fulfill the responsibilities required by
the licens

- administered by the LTO

DRIVER’S LICENSE

- issued to the drivers as privilege granted by the government providing statutory qualification

LICENSING PROCEDURE

REQUISITES FOR ISSUANCE OF LICENSE

- At least 16 years old for student’s permit

- 17 years old for sub-professional

- 18 years old for professional

KINDS OF DRIVER’S LICENSE

Student permit

Non-professional

Professional

Military

International

RESTRICTION CODE

Restriction Code No 1 - limited to drive motor motorcycles

Restriction Code No 2 - limited to drive vehicle weighing not more than 4500 kg

Restriction Code No 3 - limited to drive vehicles weighing more than 4500 kg

Restriction Code No 4 - limited to drive weighing 4500 kg and with automatic transmission only

Restriction Code No 5 - limited to drive vehicle with automatic clutch and weighing more than 4500 kg

DRIVER

- Licensed operator of a vehicle

DUITES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENTS

Stop immediately.

Show the license to the victim and give the true name, address and contact number.

Driver is not allowed to leave the scene without aiding the victim.

EXCEPTIONS TO THE PRECEEDING TOPIC

If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by reason of accident;

If he reports the accident to the nearest police station; and

If he has summoned the physician or nurse to aid the victim.

CONDUCTOR

- Licensed person allowing limited number of passengers, freight or cargo in public utility truck or buses

TEN COMMANDEMENTS OF TRAFFIC

KEEP RIGHT - (two lanes, two ways) in case of one way the left lane shall be the fast lane and the slow
lane is the right.

OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY- yield to emergency vehicle, pedestrians, trains, vehicle with right of way,
vehicles ahead, large vehicles, uphill traffic, vehicles with momentum, straight traffic, and traffic signs.

Emergency Vehicles:

Vehicle with physician

Ambulance on emergency call

Vehicle with wounded or sick person

AFP/ PNP vehicle on official call

Vehicle in pursuit of criminals

A police or fire on call

RIGHT OF WAY RULE

the right to proceed ahead of another vehicle or pedestrian

Intersection- when two or more vehicle is entering an intersection the one on the left will give way to
the right vehicle.

Pedestrian- drivers should yield to pedestrian crossing except at intersection whereas the movement of
vehicles is regulated by a police officer.

Through highway/ railroad crossing- the driver shall bring to a full stop before traversing to an
intersection. If there is no hazard the driver may slowdown to 5mph.

Police /emergency vehicle- all drivers should yield to emergency to emergency vehicle except as
directed by traffic enforcer. Fire trucks are accepted to speed limit but they are prohibited to have
unnecessary speed.

From private road to highway- vehicle from private road must yield to that on a highway.
PROHIBITED PARKING

Places where parking is prohibited:

Near an intersection

Crosswalk/ pedestrian lane

Within 6 meters from drive way of any response installation, fire hydrant and private roads

Double parking

Sidewalks, alleys, foot of the bridge

Places wherein official signs are posted

4. WHEN IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE.

- overtaking lane is the lane to the left of overtaken vehicle going in the same direction, overtaken
vehicle is the privileged vehicle

CONSIDER THESE IF YOU OVERTAKE:

Signal the intention.

Make sure that the overtaking lane is clear and free of oncoming vehicle for sufficient distance to
facilitate proper overtake.

Maneuver at own risk, the vehicle being overtaken is the privileged vehicle. Drivers keep his lane,
maintain speed and yield to overtaking vehicle.

He shall increase his speed until the overtaken vehicle has cleared the way

In a two lanes, on a divided roadway, they may use either of the lanes.

In an expressway with fast and slow lanes, on a divided roadway, they may use either of the lanes.

Overtaking is prohibited at crest of a grade curve, railway crossing, at the intersection and between
construction and caution.

5. THE BUS STOP RULE

The buses queue up in a single file in their order arrival.

Lead bus moving toward the center of column of busses lining on the bus stop zone, and remain until
zone is filled with busses, but longer than three minutes.
6. RULE TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC JAMS

- Keep lanes and intersection open in heavy and slow traffic to avoid overtaking. In a construction,
vehicles should merge alternately.

7. OBSERVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES

- Observe and obey traffic notices sign like notices and pavement markings.

8. THE PHILOSOPHY OF PINOY DRIVER

- Motorist should observe equity of the lead vehicle, doctrine of the last clear chance on rotunda drive.

9. ON PEDESTRIAN

- Keep off the roadway except when crossing on crosswalk. Wait embark and alight at bus or jeepney
stop.

10. REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY REMINDER- “SAFETY FIRST”

TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

- the action taken by the police to compel obedience to traffic laws and ordinance regulating the use and
movement of motor vehicle for the purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all potential
violators

TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER

- a person duly deputized by an agency of government authorized by law to enforce traffic laws, rules
and regulations

POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

- the part performed by the police and other agencies with police power including deterrent to law
violations created by the presence of uniformed police officer and their special equipment, special
assistance to court and prosecutor and incidental service to highway users

COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

- the performed by the court through adjudication and penalization

POLICE COURT ENFORCEMENT PROCESS

FIVE ESSENTIAL STEPS

DETECTION - wholly police activities and entails looking for defects in the behavior motorist, pedestrian,
vehicle, equipment and roadway condition.

APPREHENSION - a police responsibility wherein the police are required action to prevent continued and
future violation.

PROSECUTION - it is a court function, the police also provides corresponding influence through
preparation and introduction of evidence or close contact with the prosecution office.

ADJUDICATION - it is court function, the police provides influence on this step by as a witness to the
prosecution by supplying additional evidence. It determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.

PENALIZATION - the imposition of penalty upon the accused. Penalty can be influenced by previous
records of conviction as provided by the police.

GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES

Increase safety level

Increase traffic efficiency

Ensure harmony and comfortable environment

Maximize safety

ACTIVITIES OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

Preventive activities

Persuasive activities

Punitive activities

MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

Enforcement system

Road user system

Traffic system

TRAFFIC LAWS AND THE ROLE OF ENFORCEMENT

CHARACTERISTIC OF TRAFFIC LAWS

Laws are developed from experiences of the public over the years.

Laws reflect beliefs, behavior and standards agreed upon by society.

VIOLATIONS

- those act and omissions against traffic laws

CLASSIFICATION OF VIOLATION

Hazardous traffic violations that cause danger to road users. Unsafe behavior and unsafe conditions are
the causes of these violations.

Non-hazardous violations that do not affect safety of the public but affect the use of roads.

REASONS WHY PEOPLE ARE VIOLATING TRAFFIC LAWS

Physical infirmities

Ignorance

Mental disorder

Lack of training

Wrong attitude

Habitual violators

PUV drivers are aiming for more compensation

POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS

these include arrest and citation of any person

PURPOSES:
Prevent such violation from endangering the public and inconvenience

Prevent continued violation

Discourage future violation

KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS

Traffic arrest - the taking of a person into custody of the law. It is made when:

a) the offense is serious;

b) detection is needed to avoid continued violation; and

c) there is reasonable doubt that violators may not appear in court.

Traffic citation - made to compel violators to appear in court in absence of arrest.

Traffic warning - an act reminding the driver of his violation in order for him to not do it again. No arrest
or citation is made.

TYPES OF WARNING

Visual warning - using gestures and signals.

Verbal warning - oral warning made when there is newly enacted law

Written warning - combination of two preceding types with written note of citation.

TRAFFIC PATROL

- part of traffic supervision by patrolling to ensure public obedience

OBJECTIVES:

Deterrence of violators

Detection and apprehension

Observation and reporting of traffic condition and road condition

Providing certain services to public

TYPES OF PATROL
Line patrol- it is assigned to a particular place

Area patrol- type of patrol assigned to an area of vicinity

TRAFFIC OBSERVATION

Stationary traffic observation - officer is assigned at specific place

Conspicuous traffic observation - officer attracts attention

Visible traffic observation - stationary observation that the observer is in full view

concealed traffic observation - observer is not visible to the public

THINGS TO CONSIDER IN PURSUIT AS TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

Decision - nature of violation

Pursuit technique

Safety driving technique

STOPPING AND APPROACHING TRAFFIC VIOLATORS

It must be done with consideration to safety of both parties engaging

Upon approaching officer must be from the left side from the rear, be alert

TRAFFIC ROAD CHECK

- It is done to inspect the following:

Faulty vehicle equipment

Registration and licensing procedure

Intoxication or cargo check

TYPES OF TRAFFIC CHECK

Faulty vehicle

Officer directing road check

CONSIDERATION IN ROAD CHECK

Minimum delay to motorist

Thorough checking procedure

Protection and safety of parties involved

Timing and location and frequency

OBJECTIVE IN DEALING WITH VIOLATORS

Immediate objective- to act against the person

Ultimate objective- to change the future of a person

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Violators are diversified

Conflicts arises in violators

You are professional officer, there is no professional violator

Be alert for an unexpected

TRAFFIC SUPERVISION, DIRECTION AND CONTROL

- an act of overseeing the traffic to keep order on street and highways within existing laws

POLICE WORKS

Accident investigation

Less serious offense

Serious traffic offense

OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO BE SKILLED IN THE FOLLOWING INSTANCES:

Accident scene

Emergencies

Planned and special events

Regular points and integration control

Directing pedestrian movement

OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO KNOW HOW TO DIRECT IN THE FOLLOWING PLACES:

Not signalized intersection

Signalized intersection

Between intersection

SUPERVISED ROUTE

- A street or highway on which traffic is supervised to some considerable degree

POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION

- It involves telling the public how and when they should not stand and move

POINT/ AREA CONTROL

- It is the part of the traffic direction concerning the control of vehicular/ pedestrian movement

POLICE TRAFFIC ESCORT

- It involves mobile supervision of traffic movement, directing orally and visually are done to allow free
and safe movement of escorted vehicles.

TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL

- It is the control direction of traffic units according to proportionate time to prevent traffic accident to
maintain smooth flow of traffic.

MEANS OF DIRECTING

Signaling

Whistling

Gestures

HAND SIGNAL
Use hand signals

Use uniform signals

It must be clear

Don’t make verbal

Be alert, stand erect

Look to the person when signaling

Arm signal should be shoulder high

Supplement it with whistle

Hang your hand when not in use

10. Constant waving of hands causes confusion

11. Maintain 90 degrees turn of the body

12. When stopping point to a man you want to stop

13. Hand signal should be with arm and palm facing the person

WHISTLE SIGNAL

One long blast for STOP

Two short snappy blast for GO

Three blast to be used TO ASK FOR ASSISTANCE

A. COMMAND OF TRAFFIC

- Stand where you can be seen with firm and posture

B. GESTURE IN STOPPING

- Point the arm and index finger toward the vehicle to be stopped then show your palm

- Repeat the process at the opposite side

- Not lower your arm until traffic is ceased

C. GESTURE TO START TRAFFIC

- Stand sideways
- point your index finger toward the vehicle to start, hold it till he verified, swing your hand up to your
chin

- drop and repeat the process at the opposite side

- Use it when they are slow or hesitant to move

D. RIGHT TURN GESTURES

- Not required at intersection

- Point to the vehicle you want to turn and point to the direction of turning

- Vehicles to your left for right turn bend your left arm and allow a thumb sign

E. LEFT TURN GESTURES

- Vehicles turn left from right, stop vehicle from right and direct vehicle to the left

- Left turn vehicle from your right, turn around and repeat the procedure above

- Street with one lane only

a. allow space for ongoing straight and turning left vehicles

b. direct finger left turning car with proper finger left

c. semaphore signals may be used

F. TWO-OFFICER TRAFFIC

- The team leader shall initiate command followed by the members.

TECNIQUES IN TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL

Keep intersection open

Don’t allow motorist to cross without exit

Stop motorist at their lane

Prefer to stop the last moving vehicle

TRAFFIC JAM
- It is caused by such factors as vehicular accident, stalled vehicle, absence of traffic enforcer and road
construction.

PROCEDURES IN TRAFFIC JAM

Determine the cause

In case of accident conduct fast investigation

In case of engine trouble assist the motorist in pushing car to place

Establish oneself and conduct systematic flow of traffic

Observe the traffic flow if it smooth, if not repeat procedure no. 1

Implement traffic regulation to prevent jam

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRAFFIC ENFORCER

Enforce the law without fear or favor and assist public when needed

In an intersection, remember the following:

a. personal safety of enforcer

b. policeman’s visibility

c. visibility of officers to traffic

d. non obstruction to traffic

e. ability to effect necessary control

3. Officer shall not leave his post during tour of duty without permission from higher authority. In case
personal necessity he should notify the station.

4. Respond immediately to emergency calls and notify the station

5. Be calm and control the temper even under provoking situation

6. He should be in proper uniform

7. In apprehending issue citation, and do it in one minute

PEDESTRIAN CONTROL

PROGRAM OF PEDESTRIAN ENFORCEMENT BASICALLY DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING:

Campaign
Guiding on the post

Warning ticket

DRUNKEN DRIVERS

- it is a driver who drives under the influence of alcohol with 10% of intoxicating level

FIELD SOBRIETY TEST

Walk on straight line

One foot balance

Reading

Spelling

Counting from 1 to 10

Video tape the movement

Photograph the unguarded movement

CHEMICAL TEST

Blood test

Urine test

Perspiration test

Breath test

Skin test

EVIDENCE AGAINST DRUNKEN DRIVERS

Drivers admission

Co-occupants testimony

Material witnesses testimony

Photograph of drunken driver

Video/ voice tape of driver

Officers testimony
LEGAL ACTION AGAINST DRIVER

Submit him to the nearest laboratory for testing

Impound the vehicle

Confiscate the license

Recommend the suspension of privilege

Sue him for violation

If acquitted recommend suspension of license

TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

- defined as calculating manipulation or direction. It includes forecasting of future traffic demands.

FUNCTIONS

Fact finding survey and recommendation of traffic laws

Supervision and maintenance of the application of traffic devices

Planning of traffic regulation

OBJECTIVES

Achieve free and efficient and rapid flow of traffic

Prevent traffic accident

Promotion of traffic engineering

Show that good police action and performance makes engineering plans effective

APPLICATION OF THE OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Habitually congested commercial areas

Heavily traveled thoroughfares

Congested local areas and intersection

Special occasion of event

Disaster or emergency
School crossing

METHODS IN ACHIEVING OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

PLANNING AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN

- composition of traffic stream

- traffic volume and capacity

- origin and destination

II. FACTORS INFLUENCING DESIGN

- traffic composition

- traffic volume

- vehicle speed

- movement of traffic

- performance value

III. REGULATION AND CONTROL

Limited to public safety and convenience

Limitation imposed on road users

General rule of road use and conduct

- speed

- overtaking

- right of way

- lateral placement

- pedestrian right and duty

- general rules on parking

d. Prohibited and restriction

- one way regulation

- speed control
- curb parking control

- turning regulation

- stop rule

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE

1. ELEMENTARY REQUISITES

- Compel attention

- convey simple meaning at a glance

- allowing time for response

- command respect

2. FUNDAMENTAL TRAITS

- design and outward aspect

- position and placement

- maintenance and condition, appearance and visibility

3. TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE

- traffic or road sign

- pavement markings

- traffic light

- traffic island

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

Regulatory devices

Warning devices

Guiding devices

AIMS OF SIGNAL CONTROL

Reduce traffic conflict and delay

Reduce accident

Economize police time

ADVANTAGES OF SIGNAL INSTALLATION

Made for well ordered movement

Reduce accident frequency

Provide means of interpreting heavy traffic

Economical over manual control at intersection

Coordinating in providing continuous flow of traffic

Increase traffic capacity

CLASSES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS

DANGER WARNING SIGNS

REGULATING SIGNS

- priority signs

- prohibitory signs

- mandatory signs

c. INFORMATIVE SIGNS

- advance sign

- place identification sign

- confirmatory sign

PRINCIPLES OF SIGNS

Red triangle connotes hazard

Red ring with diagonal line connotes prohibition

Blue/ green provides information

Signs on blue disc give positive instruction

INTERNATIONAL SIGN

Round and red; regulatory movement

Round black yellow sign, warning sign

Equilateral triangle red sign, directing to yield the right of way

Octagon red and white, STOP

Red triangle and black sign, approaching danger zone

TRAFFIC LIGHTS

Red- stop

Amber- slowdown

Green- go

PAVEMENT MARKINGS

Arrows point to direction

Straight lines means no overtaking

Broken lines means overtaking is allowed

ROAD CLASSIFICATION

ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION

National road- right of way 20 to 120 meters

Provincial road- link between to municipalities, 15 to 60 meters

City road- interlink in the city, 15 meters

Municipal road- within town proper 10 meters

Barangay road- from market to town 2 meters

ACCORDING TO TOPOGRAPHICAL TERRAIN

Flat road
Zigzag

Steep hill

Down hill

Winding road

Mountainous road

Roller coaster road

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROADWAY

VEHICLES PASSES SAFELY ON

- climb lane

- overtaking lane

- acceleration lane

- turning lane

2. PART OF THE ROAD USED FOR:

a. standing lane

b. stopping lane

c. Bus stop

SIDEWALK

- it is the portion of the road that answers the safety of pedestrians

ACCIDENT

- that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury, death or property
damage

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

- an accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way

MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT

- event resulting in unintended injury or property damage attributable directly or indirectly to the action
of a motor vehicle or its load

KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

In the investigation of traffic accidents, it is imperative for the traffic investigator to know the kinds of
accidents occurred in order to map out the necessary activities to be done when responding and
investigating.

NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

- refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way involving persons using the traffic way or travel or
transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in motion (ex. Pedestrian and a cyclist in a traffic way)

2. MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

- any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic way (ex. Accident on
a private driveway)

3. MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

- any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way (ex. Collision between automobiles on a highway)

CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – it is seeing, feeling or hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected
movement or condition that could be taken as a sign of an accident about to happen

START OF EVASIVE ACTION – it is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course
or otherwise avoid a hazard

INITIAL CONTACT – the first accidental touching of an object collision course or otherwise avoids a
hazard

MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – it is the greatest collapse or overlap in a collision; the force between the
traffic unit and the object collided with are greatest at maximum engagement

DISENGAGEMENT – it is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has
collided; the force between the object ceases at this time

STOPPING – this is when the traffic units involved come to rest; it usually stabilizes the accident situation

INJURY – it is receiving bodily harm; this event does not necessarily occur after the accident but within
any of the chain of events; it may also happen right after the evasive action taken by the drivers involved
or during the initial contact
STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

STEP 1. UPON LEARNING THE INCIDENT CHECK THE FOLLOWING

What happened

Who are involved

Where and when it happened

How it happened

Why it happened

STEP 2. WHEN EMERGENCY UNDER CONTROL

1. Preliminary question to driver

- who is driving

- ascertain sign of nervousness

2. Gather clues for identification

3. Ask other witnesses

4. Examine driver’s condition

- check the license and other record

- check registration

- verify ownership

- account step by step events

5. Position and location of vehicles

- lights

- gear position

- mark the position of vehicle

- look for the unusual things inside the car

6. Form preliminary opinion

7. Photograph skid mark and location for later measuring

8. Record place in which person/ damaged vehicle is placed

STEP 3. AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED EVIDENCE

Make a test skid

Ascertain if the violation is tantamount to arrest

Complete examination of vehicle

Locate key event or point of impact

Additional photographs

- vehicle damages

- view obstruction

- present condition

- control devices

6. Measure scale or diagram

7. Get additional facts at the scene

8. Report to station by radio

STEP 4. AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE

Get the medical report

Notify the relatives

Develop the photographs

Analyze the specimen

Complete accident report, made copies and file.

Complete data on the investigators’ report

Reconstruct the accident

Complete the investigation and file it

STEP 5. IF THE CASE GOES TO COURT

1. Seek the desire of the prosecutor to strengthen the case.

2. Return to the scene of the incident to gather additional data

3. Make a pre-trial conference

4. Testify in court

5. Arrange the file for future purposes

IN CASE OF INJURIES:

Stop arterial bleeding

Ask for help

Protect the wound for exposure

Cordon the place

CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY

Fatal

non fatal

Property damage

CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO KEY EVENT

Running off road

Non-collision on road

- overturning

3. Collision on road of vehicles with the ff:

- pedestrian

- moving vehicle

- parked vehicle

- bicycle

- railroad train

- fixed objects

CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

A. SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS

Road condition
Driver’s attitude

Weather condition

B. SEQUENTIAL FACTORS

Unsafe greater speed

Defective vehicle

C. OPERATIONAL FACTOR

- Road hazard

- driver’s non compliance

D. PERCEPTION FACTOR

- driver’s inability to react

- driver’s faulty action to escape

HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION

- This applies to drivers who failed to stop at a road accident

LEGAL CASES TO BE FILED:

Abandonment of one’s victim

Failure to lend assistance

Reckless imprudence resulting to homicide

Reckless imprudence resulting to damage to property

Failure to render assistance to victim

Violation of section 55 of RA 4136

Civil liability

COMMON NATURE OF HIT-AND-RUN

Ran over pedestrian

Sideswiped pedestrian

Collided with moving vehicle while overtaking

Collided with moving vehicle while overtaking on opposite direction

Damaged parked vehicle

Crushed police road block

Bumped by stray animal

INVESTIGATING FOR UNKNOWN FACTS

Victims identity

Kind of vehicle

The make of vehicle

The driver

The eyewitnesses

FAST TRACKED INVESTIGATION

Send the corpse to laboratory after investigating

Obtain fingerprint and other specimen and send it to laboratory

Splintered glass can be a lead

Broken headlamp manifest a run over

Paints might stick at victim belonging

Don’t forget to bring paper and pencil for initial note taking

EXAMINATION OF RECOVERED VEHICLE

Recover physical evidence immediately

Measure the vehicle

Photograph the vehicle, debris and chipped off part

Check the interior of the car for driver’s identity

INVESTIGATION AID FOR TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Motor vehicle certified registration

Repair shop

Department records
DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE OF DEATH

Referral slip

Arrest report

Traffic accident report (TAIC)

Affidavit of parties involved

Witness’ statement

Photograph

DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE OF INJURY

Memorandum of preliminary investigation

TAIC

Estimated amount of damage, it is made by authorized repair shop

Affidavit of parties involve

Witness statement

photograph

COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES USED IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

MOTOR VEHICLE – any device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is propelled by electric
power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon rails

KEY EVENT – an event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle
traffic accident

DEBRIS – the scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust and other materials left at the scene of
the accident caused by a collision

SKID MARKS – these are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate, usually because
brakes are applied strongly and the wheels locked

TRAFFIC UNIT – any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes as a pedestrian or
driver, including any vehicle, or animal.

HAZARD - a hazard is generated when a critical space-motion relationships between a traffic unit and
another object develops due to the movement of either or both (ex. A curve in the path is a hazard;
another traffic unit in the path is a hazard.)
SAFE SPEED – the speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the road and traffic situation
ahead; safe speed on the road is determined by the road rather than the particular driver of a vehicle
(ex. A curve ahead is a hazard and a safe speed for it is a speed at which it can be taken comfortably

STRATEGY – the adjusting of speed, position on the road, and direction of motion, giving signals of intent
to turn or slow down, or any other action in situations involving potential hazards

TACTIC – any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous situations like steering, braking or
accelerating to avoid collision or other accident.

IMPACT – the striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor vehicle with another motor
vehicle.

CONTACT DAMAGE – damage to a vehicle resulting from direct pressure of some foreign object in a
collision or roll over; it is usually indicated by striations, rub-off of material or puncture.

FACTOR – any circumstance contributing to a result without which the result could not have occurred or
it is an element necessary to produce the result, but not by itself sufficient.

PRIMARY CAUSE – a misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily explained factor in the
cause of an accident or the most easily modified condition factor.

CAUSE – the combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without any one of which result could
not have occurred.

ATTRIBUTE – any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle, or a person that affects the probability of a
traffic accident.

MODIFIER – a circumstance that alters an attribute permanently or temporarily.