Notes for N4 level

Lesson 26

1) V/い adj plain form + ん です/か。

な adj/N plain form + なん です/か。
- to explain causes and reasons.
- No direct translation in English.
- Marker to show you are giving reason.
- Used in spoken language only.

2) ~ん　ですが。。。
- Speaker introduces a topic followed by a request or permission.

3) V て　いただけませんか.
- would u please do me the favour of ~ing
- more polite than V て　ください.

4) V た　＋　らいいですか。
- speaker asks listener for advice or instruction about what to do.

5) Objects indicated by を & が can become topics and be indicated by は。

 Lesson 27
1) Potential verbs called as かのうけい.
All potential verbs are group II verbs which conjugate to dic form,
ない forms and てー forms except わかる, it does not change to
わかれる（which means divided and not ,able to understand(わ
かることができます)。

Potential verbs express states and not actions.

The particle used is always が as they are intransitive
verbs.
Potential verbs express person’s ability to do something and express
the possibility of an action.
2) みるーみられますー can see 　　みえます-can be seen
きくーきけますー　can hear　　 きこえます- can be heard
Dependent on ones will. independent of ones will.
Ones Intension of seeing. Comes into one’s sight.
Ones intension of hearing sound reaches one’s ear.
Action situation

3) できますー come up, be completed, be made, be finished)

4) は-が-は---to join opposites actions ,like but in English.

ひらがなは　かけます　が　かたかなは　かけません。

5) しか - it is attached to nouns and always used with negative predicates.

It highlights the word, makes limitations and negates everything except
the word. It has negative nuance and だけ has positive one.
 Lesson 28
1) V1 ます form +ながら+ V2.
Two different actions V1, V2 done by the same person at the same
time.
Action denoted by V2 is more emphasized.

2) V て form+います
An individual’s customary action is expressed by this sentence pattern.
A customary action in the past is expressed by using:
V て form+いました。

3) V/ADJ/N Plain form し, し、＋も

Sentences describing the merits of a particular subject are joined
together in one sentence using this pattern.
This structure is also used to state causes or reasons when there is
more than one cause or reason.
When speaker states reasons using this pattern, the conclusion is not
necessarily stated. It is implied from the context.
There are cases when only one ~し is used in a sentence. Though the
reason explicitly stated is only one, existence of other reasons is
implied by the use of ~し.

4) それに- used when you add another similar fact or reason.

5) それで- conjunction used to show that what was said before is the reason or
cause for the sentence following it. Like ‘ Therefore’ in English.

6) Particle に can be used instead of particle へ, to indicate one’s destination.

Place に+ いきます、きます、かえります、しゅっちょうします。

Lesson 29
1) N が　V(intransitiveform)て　います
Expresses state which is a result of the action expressed by the verb.
Verbs are intransitive which indicate a situation and particle used is が.
When the speaker describes the state he sees in front of him as it is, the
subject of the action is marked with が.

N が　V(intransitiveform)て　いました。Describes states in the past

N は　V(intransitiveform)て　います。When subject is taken as topic.

この　いすは　こわれて　います。
In the above sentence the demonstrative この clearly identifies chair as
the as the topic and describes its condition.

2) V て　しまいました.
Emphasizes actual completion of the action or event.
Although V ました can also indicate the completion of an action, this
form emphasizes the actual completion of action. Therefore the latter is
often accompanied by もう and ぜんぶ。
V て　しまいます.
The above expresses that the speaker will complete the action in future.

3) V て　しまいました
This expression conveys the speakers embarrassment or regret in a
difficult situation.

4) ありました – used to indicate object is found and not that it existed.

5) どこかで/どこかに- somewhere

Lesson 30
1) V(transitive form)て　あります
This indicates a situation due to intentional action done by someone.
The verbs used are transitive and particle is が。
N １に　N ２が V(transitive form)て　あります。
カレンダーに　今日の　予定が　書いて　あります。

2) N2 は　N1 に V(transitive form)て　あります。

This sentence pattern is used when N2 is taken up as a topic.

しゃしんは　つくえの　うえに　おいて　あります。

3) V(transitive form)て　あります
This form also express that someone has done some preparation about
something. Often used with もう。

ホテルは　もう　買って　ありますか。

4) V(て form) おきます。

This sentence pattern indicates
-completion of necessary action by given time
りょうこうの　まえに　きっぷを　かって　おきます
-completion of necessary action in readiness for next step
はさみを　つかったら　もとの　ところに　もどして　おいて　
ください
-keeping resultant state as it is.
あした　会議が　ありますから　いすは　この　ままに　して　
おいて　ください。

5) まだ V(て form )て います

まだ　means ‘still’ ‘or as yet’ and indicates that the action or state is
continuing
まだ　あめが　ふって　います。

Lesson 31
1) Volitional form(いこうけい)
The volitional form of verbs is made as follows:
 Group I: Replace the last sound of ます form with the sound in the お
line of the same row and add う。
Group II: Attach よう to the ます form
Group III: しますーしよう　and きますーこよう
This form is used in plain sentence used instead of ～ましょう。
Eg. やすもう、たべよう
Note that the か at end of sentence is not dropped though they are plain
style sentences

2) V(volitional form) と　おもって　います

This form is used to express what the speaker is thinking of doing .
V(volitional form) と　おもいます can also express a similar
meaning. However the above form indicates that the speakers
decision was made some time ago.
This form can be used to express the will of a third person too( he is
thinking of…).

3) V (dictionary form) つもり　です。

V (ない form)　ない　つもりです
The above form is used to express speakers intention of doing
something or not doing something.
わたしは　ずっと　にほんに　すむ　つもりです
わたしは　くにへ　かえらない　つもりです
This form sounds more determined than と　おもって　います。

4) V (dictionary form) /N の 　よていです(scheduled can be informed)

The above form is used to express that something is scheduled.
いしゅうは　しゅっちょうの　よてい　です
5) まだ　V(て form)　いません
This indicates that something has not taken place or has not been done
yet.
ぎんこうは　まだ　あいて　いません(Verb intransitive)
レポートは　まだ　かいて　いません(verb transitive)

Lesson 32
1) V (た form)　ほうが　いい　です
V (ない form)　ない　ほうが　いい　です
 This pattern is used to make suggestions or to give advice. Implies a
comparison and choice between things. While V たら　いいです　is
a simple suggestion)
まいにち　うんどうした　ほうが　いい　です
たばこを　すわない　ほうが　いい　です

2) 　 V/い adj/な adj/N (Plain forms) でしょう

(だろう-plain form of でしょう)

This pattern expresses the speaker’s inference from some information

he has.
あした　あめが　ふるでしょう。

3) V/い adj/な adj/N (Plain forms) かも　しれません

This also expresses speakers inference and means that there is a

possibility that some event or state occurred /will occur. The degree of
certainity however is much lower than with ~でしょう.
Used for speakers or others volitional action.
かれわ　かいしゃを　やめる　かも　しれません
4) きっと：
This adverb indicates that the speaker is quite certain of what he is
saying. The probability ranges from quite high to the same level as that
of ~でしょう.

たぶん：less certainty than きっと. Often used with とおもいます。

もしかしたら：Often used with ~かも　しれません. Expresses the

idea that there is less of a possibility of event or situation occurring.

5) Quantifier で indicates limit of price, time and quantity etc, necessary for
a state, action or event to be realized.
まんえんで　たりますか。
Lesson 33/8
1) Imperative(めいけい):
The Imperative form of verbs is made as follows:
Group I: Change the last sound of ます form with the sound in the え
line of the same row 。
 Group II: Attach ろ to the ます form
Group III: しますーしろ　and きますーこい。

The Imperative form is used to force a person to do something. よ is

added in the end to soften to tone.
　 Eg. いそげ、たべろ.
2) Prohibitive(きんしけい)
The Prohibitive form of verbs is made as follows:
Add な to the Dictionary form of the verb for all the 3 groups.
The Prohibitive form is used to command a person not to do something.
Eg. でんしゃの　なかで　さわぐな。
Both Imperative & Prohibitive forms are used alone or at the end of the
sentence.

3) V (ます form) なさい- used by parents to children or teachers to

students and is little gentler in voice than imperative forms.
Eg. べんきょうしなさい.

4) X は Y と　いう　いみ　です。
This pattern is used to define the meaning of the word represented by
‘X’. という comes from といいます。The interrogative どういう is
used to ask meaning.

5) “S” (plain form) と　いって　いました。

といいました is used while quoting a third persons words。
といっていました is used while conveying a third persons message.

6) “S” (plain form) と　つたえて　いただけませんか。

Used when politely asking someone to convey a message.

Lesson 34/9

1) V1 (dictionary form) とおりに、V2

V1 (た form) とおりに、V2
N のとおりに、V2
 　　This means V2 is done in accordance or same as stated in V1 or N.
In dictionary form V1 is to be done from now and in た-form action V1
is already done)

2) V1 (た form) あとで 、V2

N のあとで、V2
This means that actions V2 takes place after V1 has taken place.

3) V1 (て form) V2　
V1 (ない form)　ないで　V2
V1 is action accompanied by V2、both actions are done by same
person

Lesson 35/10
1) Conditional じょうけんけい(if………….then,…….).

For Positive forms

The Conditional form of verbs is made as follows:
Change the last sound of ます form with the sound in the え line of the same
row and add ば 。
For Positive forms
If Verb ます-form (～ます)　 え line＋ば、then sentence 2
If い-Adj (～い) けれ　＋ば、then sentence 2
If な-Adj 　　　　　なら、then sentence 2
If Noun　　　　　　　 なら、then sentence 2
For Negative forms:

If Verb ない-form (～ない) なければ、then sentence 2

If い-Adj (～い) くなければ、then sentence 2
If な-Adj でなければ、then sentence 2
If Noun でなければ、then sentence 2
Rule to use ば and なら：
When the subject of Sentence 1 is the same as that of Sentence 2...

Sentence 1 Sentence 2
Cannot have expressions of speaker's will, hope,
-Action Verb order, judgement, request, invitation, permission,
prohibition, etc
-State Verb/Adj/Noun No regulation

Action Verb is verb that requires some action of the speaker. For example: 食
べる (taberu), 飲む (nomu), 走る (hashiru), 行く (iku), 見る (miru), 遊ぶ
(asobu), 出る (deru), 出掛ける (dekakeru), etc. 2345
State Verb is verb that requires no action. It's a state. For example: ある (aru)
and いる (iru) are existence, no action required. A potential verb is also
considered as a state verb.

2)Conditional + plain form ほどー degree described in the latter part

increases /decreases with change of the degree described in the former.
おんがくは　おけば　おくほど　すきに　なります。

Use of と,ば/なら and たら。

Note: と sentences expresses Sentence 2 inevitably as a result of Sentence 1.
It means whenever the condition in Sentence 1 is set, result in Sentence 2 will
always happen. Therefore expressions used in Sentence 2 are natural and
predictable events/states or unavoidable facts.
Based on the above 'rules', と (to) sentence is mainly used in the following 3
types of sentences...
1. Nature-related Fact
2. Use of Machine
3. Give Direction
4. Somebody's Habitual Actions (Exception)

Note: Expressions of one's will, hope, judgement, permission, order,

invitation or request, etc cannot be used in Sentence 2.
From the conversational point of view, if the sentence is not the 4 types of と
sentence and not the 2 types of ば / なら sentence as explained in the
above sections, you can use たら sentence.

The 2 special cases when たら sentence has to be used are:

1. When the Condition is Different from the Reality

私は　鳥だったら、日本へ　飛んで　行きたい　です。 The above

example means you have the possibility to become a bird, which is impossible
in reality. Therefore you can only use たら sentence.

2. When the Condition is Definitely Going to Happen in the Future

夏休みが　来たら、大阪へ　行きます。
All students have summer vacation, so it's definitely coming. In this case it
becomes "When summer vacation comes", not "If summer vacation comes".

3. Discovery--sentence 2 is always in past tense and we can use

intentional action in the sentence 2.

Sentence 1 たら、 Sentence 2 (Past tense) - Express fact in the past

カーテンを 開けたら、雨が 降って いました。

I opened the curtain and discovered that it was raining
4. Sentence 2 occurred as a result of some action in Sentence 1
(unexpectedly).

アイスクリームを 食べたら、お腹が 痛く なりました。

For All と,ば/なら and たら,condition in Sentence 1 is set, then the result in
Sentence 2 happens. Time flow is always from Sentence 1 to Sentence 2.
Sometimes you may want to let the result in Sentence 2 to happen first
before the condition in Sentence 1 is set. For example, if you are telling your
 friend "If you come to my house tomorrow, please call me before coming."
Here have to use the following new form...

Verb Dict-form なら、 Sentence 2

This なら is different from the なら that you have learned in ば / なら

sentence. The one you have learned can only be used for な-adj or Noun
sentence. This new form "Dict-form なら" is used when you want to show
that the result in Sentence 2 happens before Sentence 1.
Eg ：あした　うちへ　きなら、でんわを　して　ください。

Practices on Japanese Conditional Form たら and Dict-form なら Sentences

Let's check if you can tell where the speaker will like to study Japanese in the
following examples using たら and Dict-form なら sentences...

1. 日本へ行ったら、日本語を勉強しようと思います。
nihon e ittara, nihongo wo benkyou shiyou to omoimasu
2. 日本へ行くなら、日本語を勉強しようと思います。
nihon e iku nara, nihongo wo benkyou shiyou to omoimas

1. In Example 1 above, the speaker is going to study Japanese when he is in

Japan because たら (tara) sentence is used. Sentence 1 in たら (tara)
sentence always happen before Sentence 2.
2. In Example 2, the speaker is going to study Japanese before he is in
Japan because Dict-form なら sentence is used. That means the speaker is
going to study Japanese in his own country before he goes to Japan.
6) N なら- speaker takes up the topic introduced by another person gives more
information on it.
おんせんなら、はくばが　いいですよ。
7) Interrogative + V conditional + いいですか- used to ask direction or
suggestion as to the best course of action.

ほんを　かりたいん　ですが、どう　すれば　いいですか

Lesson 36/11
1) V1 (dictionary form of non-volitional verb) ように
V2(volitional)
 V1 (ない form) ないように、V2(volitional)
V1 is purpose or aim and V2 is the volitional or deliberate action to get
closer to that aim.
The dictionary form of non-volitional verbs such as potential verbs that
express states or verb in negative form is used before ように.

2) V1 (dictionary form) ように　なります。Change in habitual action.

たばこを　すうように　なりました。
V1 (potential form) ように　なります。Change in ability.
たばこが　すえるように　なりました。
V1 (ない form) なく　なります。Which could be done, can no longer
be done.
あした　あそびに　いけなく　なりました。
3) Negative answer to ~ように　なりませんか　is given as
…… …..いいえ、まだ　～ません。
4) V1 (dictionary form) ように　します/して　います。
V1 (ない form)　ない ように　します/して　います。
This pattern is used to express that one habitually or continuously tries
to do something or not to do something.

5) V1 (dictionary form) ように　して　ください。

V1 (ない form)　ない ように して　ください。
This pattern is an Indirect request expression which is more polite
than the direct request as in ~て　ください。Used when:
When requesting someone to try to do something habitually
もっと　やさいを　たべるように　して　ください。
When requesting someone to try to do something as one time action.
あした　じかんに　おくれないように　して　くだ さい。
Note: This pattern can’t be used to request someone to do something
on the spot.

6) とか - used to give examples. More colloquial. It can come after the

last noun where it means …and so on.

Lesson 37/12
1) うけみ　passive- was done,was scolded.
 How to make passive verbs:
Passive verbs
Polite form Plain form
Group I かきます かかれます かかれる
Group II たべます たべられます たべられる
Group III きます こられます こられる
します されます される
All the Passive verbs are group II verbs and they conjugate to form dictionary
form, ない form and て form.

2) N1(person 1) は　N2(person2) に V passive

When 2’s action is directed to 1 ,1 can state it from his side by using this
pattern. Person 1 becomes topic of the sentence and person 2 is maked with
に and a passive verb is used.
わたしは　せんせいに　ほめられました。
3) N1(person 1) は　N2 (person 2)に N3 を V passive
When 2’s action is directed to object belonging to 1 ,1 feels annoyed or
troubled, person 1 who is the topic of the sentence uses this sentence pattern
to express his feelings.
わたしは　おとうとに　パソコンを　こわされました。

4) N(thing) が/は V passive

When we need not mention the person, who does the action denoted by the
verb, the object is made the subject of the sentence and passive verb is used
おおさかで　てんらんかい　が　ひらかれます。
(when lots of ppl are involved or not specific or no physical existence, use が)
この　たてものは　２００ねんまえに　たてられました。
(when specific or with physical existence we use は)

5) N1 は　N2(person) に よって V passive

When something is created or discovered and is stated using passive verb the
person who created or discovered is indicted by によって.
てんわは　ベル　によって　はつめいされました。
6) ～から　つくります- used when raw material form changes in the final
product
ビールは　むぎから　つくられます。

7) ～で　つくります-used when raw material form remains same in the final

product
　にほんの　家は　きで　つくられました。

Lesson 38/13

1) V (dictionary form) のは　adjective です

テニスを　するのは　おもしろい　です
 In this pattern のは is added to plain form of verb accompanying a sentence
to make the sentence a subject.
Adjectives likes　むずかしい、やさしい、おもしろい、たのしい、きけ
んな、たいへんな etc are used here.

2) V (dictionary form) のが　adjective です

The adjectives used here are usually ones that describe likes and dislikes skills
and capabilities.
わたしは　はなを　見るのが　すき　です
Adjectives like すきな、きれいな、じょうずな、へたな、はやい、
おそい　etc are used here.

3) V (dictionary form)のを　わすれました　
This pattern is used when a person forgets to do a certain action which
he was supposed to do.
くるまの　まどを　しめるのを　わすれました

4) V (plain form)のを　しって　いますか- do u know that…..

This is an expression asking the listener whether he know what is described in
the clause preceding の.

きむりさんに　あかちゃんが　うまれたのを　しって　いますか。
Answer is しりませんでした　when information is in the question.(I didnt)
Answer is しりません　when the information is not in the question.(I don’t)

5) Vplain form
い adj- い のは　noun です
な adj- な
N　－な
　　　いちねんで　いちばん　いそがしいのは、１２がつ　です
The information that is required to know is placed after のは and all
other information is place before のは and marked as topic。
Lesson 39/14
Cause and consequence

1) In this lesson, you are going to learn using て-form of Verbs or Adjectives
as the cause or reason that produces a consequence.
Sentence 1 (Cause/Reason) Sentence 2 (Result)
---------------------- ----------------
Verb (て-form) Result
Verb (ない-form ) なくて Result
い-adj (～い) くて Result
な-adj (～な)で Result

This pattern has many constraints.

1] The Result coming in the later part of the sentence can be:
1. Verbs or Adjectives to express personal feeling (contain volition)
てがみを　よんで　びっくりしました
2. Potential Verbs or Verbs to express state
　 めがねが　なくて　ちいさい　じが　よめません
3.situations in the past
　 じこが　あって　でんしゃが　おくれて　しまったん　です。

2] Expressions containing volition/intention (will, order, invitation,

request, permission, prohibition, etc) are not used in Sentence 2. When it
contains volition/intention, the phrase with te-form (て-form) cannot be used
and instead the phrase with から (kara) is used.
あぶないですから、きかいに　さわらないで　ください。
（あぶなくて、。。。。。）is wrong
3] In this sentence pattern, Sentence 1 and Sentence 2 are
sequential events. In other words, Sentence 1 takes place first and Sentence 2
takes place after that.
あした　かいぎが　ありますから、きょう　じゅんび　しなけれ
ば　なりません。（あした　かいぎが　あって、。。。。）is wrong

2) Noun で – result
The particle で that we use here indicate a cause. The nouns used
here are mostly natural phenomena, disasters, happenings, events, etc.
じこで　てんしゃが　とまりました。

Therefore, for Noun で Result, the Result has to be:

a) an uncontrollable event or result.
b) an action which you are obliged to do. Volitional actions like つもりです
intention or desire cannot be used here.
3) ので
Like から (kara), ので (node) indicates cause or reason. While から (kara)
subjectively presents a cause or a reason, ので (node) highlights a cause-and-
effect relationship as a natural course of events. As the use of ので (node)
softens the view of the speaker and sounds more polite, it's often used when
you are gently expressing a reason, when asking for permission or when
making an excuse.
As it is a soft expressions it is not used in imperative and prohibitive form.
Verb plain-form ので
い-adj plain-form ので
な-adj plain-form(～だ → ～な) ので
ので
Noun plain-form(～だ → ～な)

4) とちゅうで　means during the way or on the way to

V dictionary form　とちゅうで、。。。
N の　とちゅうで、。。。。

Lesson 40/15
か~ and かどうか～

1) A question with an interrogative is used as a component of the sentence(we

use か)
Interrogative +Vplainform +　か、~
Interrogative +い adj （い） + か　、～
Interrogative +な adj（ だ）　+ か　、～
Interrogative +Noun （ だ）　+ か　、～
 かいぎが　いつ　おわる　か　わかりません
ひじょうぐちは　どこ　か　しらべます
2) A question without an interrogative is used as a component of the sentence
(か　どうか)
Verb plain-form かどうか、 ～
い-adj plain-form かどうか、 ～
な-adj plain-form (～だ) かどうか、 ～
Noun plain-form (～だ) かどうか、 ～
きずが　ない　かどうか　しらべて　ください
にもつが　ついた　かどうか　たしかめて　ください.

3) V (て form)　みます・みたい・みても
This sentence pattern is used to show that the action denoted by verb
is a trial. (Will do and see, wear and see,　eat and see etc.)
もう　いちど　かんがえて　みます
4) In い adj change the い to さ- the adjective becomes noun
たかいーたかさ、ながいーながさ

5) ～でしょうか　is used to ask a question whose answer the listener might be

uncertain of and also is certain to give .

Lesson 41/16
Expressions of giving and taking
1) when speaker gives thing/service to someone of lower social status あげます
is used, an animal or plant　やります　is used and higher social status さし
あげます is used.

さしあげます ぶちょう　に
(Higher social status)
わたしは 　 (gives) あげます ともだち　に
 (speaker)
あげます こども　　に
(Lower social status)
やります いぬ/はな　に
(Animal / plant)

2) when speaker receives thing/service from someone of higher social status　

いただきます　is used instead of もらいます。

いただきます ぶちょう　に
(Higher social status)
わたしは 　 (receives) もらいます ともだち　に
(speaker)
もらいます こども　　に
(Lower social status)

3) when someone of higher status gives thing/service to speaker くださいます is

used instead of くれます。
ぶしょうは (gives ) くださいます
(higher social status)
ともだちは (gives) くれます わたしに
(speaker)
こどもは (gives) くれます
(lower social status)

4) noun に verb
Means as a token of… or in memory of.

5) V て　くださいませんか—polite expression request

6) V て　やります、くださいます、いただきます　are humble forms .

Note : like て　あげます、て　さしあげます　leaves an expression of
arrogance. So its advisable not to use it.
 Lesson 42/17
1) V (dictionary form) ために、～。Do ～ for the purpose of V
Noun の　ために ,　Verb. Do～ for Noun
ために means for the purpose of ,for the benefit of..
Used with verbs which contain volition. ように　which we studied earlier
also means for the purpose of, but it contains nonvolitional actions
(situations) . Here objective is an action and not a state as in ように.

NounA の　ための 　NounB

これは　こどもの　ための　ほん　です
 V1(dict-form) ために ,　V 2 ます。
だいがくに　はいる　ために、　いっしょうかんめい　べんきょうし
ます
Noun の　ために 　V ます
かぞくの　ために　おいしい　りょうりを　つくります

2) V1(dict-form)のに- for the purpose of

Noun に 　,~
Both the above are followed by expressions like つかう、 いい、べん
り、やくにたつ、じかんが　かかる etc. and indicate a purpose.
この　はさみは　はなを　きるのに　つかいます。
この　かばんは　おおきくて　りょこうに　べんり　です。

Summary of – for the purpose of:

1. V ます form に　いきます、きます、かえります。
2. V1(dict-form) non volitional ように、（volitional expression）
V ない expression

3. V1(dict-form) volitional ために、（volitional expression）

Nの expression
　４．V1(dict-form)の　に つかいます、やくにたちます、じかん　が　　
　　　　　　　　　　かかります。

　Nの いいです、べんりです、ひつようです

3) Quantifier は- indicates amount is minimum

4) Quantifier も- indicates amount is a lot
 Lesson 43/18
1) V ます form
い adj-い　　 そうです-　it look like ,it seems
な anj-な

Here the look of a thing leads you to make a guess, although it is not
confirmed. Supposition is based in the appearance of a thing.
ゆきが　ふり　そうです
おんなの　ひとは　しんせつ　そうです
おんなの　ひとは　やさし　そうです

2) Vてきます- to go somewhere do something and come back

ちょっと　たばこを　かって　きます。

3) Noun(place)へ　いって　きます- just go somewhere and come back.

Used when we don’t specify the action done at that place
ゆうびんきょくへ　いって　きます

４) でかけて　きます- to go out and come back. Used when we do not

specify the place as well as the action done at that place.
ちょっと　でかけて　きます
 Lesson 44/19
１) すぎる- too much , degree of an action or state is excessive.　Used with
reference to undesirable or negative states.

V ます form
い adj-い　　すぎます
　 な anj-な

　　Exception: いい -> よすぎます、　ない -> なさすぎます

ゆうべ　おさけを　よみすぎました。
この　ズボンは　ながすぎます。
この　ゲームは　かんたんすぎるから、おもしろくない
です。
すぎる is a Group 2 verb and therefore conjugates in the same way. For
example, 食べ過ぎる (tabesugiru)、食べ過ぎない (tabesuginai)、食べ過ぎ
た (tabesugita), etc.

2) V ます form
+すぎ- becomes noun
たばこの すいすぎは　からだに　よくありません。

3) V ます form + やしいです- easiness in doing something, characteristic of

an object or person
この　パソコンは　つかいやすいです.
They conjugate like い adjectives
4) V ます form + のくいです- difficulty in doing something, characteristic of
an object or person
この　パソコンは　つかいにくいです
They conjugate like い adjectives

５) い adj-いく　します　　
　 な anj-なに　します　
　　Noun に　　します
While ～く/～に　なります　indicates that something changes into a
certain state , ～く/～に　 します indicates that somebody changes
something into a certain state
おとを　おおきく　します
へやを　きれいに　します
Mostly used for わたし
6) Noun に　します- expresses selection or desire
かいぎは　あしたに　します
７) い adj-いく　verb　
　 な anj-なに　verb
When adjectives are used like shown above before the verb, they act like
adverbs

じを　もっと　おおきく　かいて　ください
でんきや　みずは　たいせつに　つかいましょう
 Lesson 45/20
　ばあいは is an expression used to talk about an hypothetical situation. The
sentence after it indicates how to cope cope with such a situation or its
consequences.
1) Sentence 1 　　 sentence 2
V た form ばあいは、 sentence 2
V ない form ばあいは、 sentence 2
い adj-　い ばあいは、 sentence 2
な adj-　な ばあいは、 sentence 2　
Noun　 の ばあいは、 sentence 2

Note: Sentence 2 is always in present/future tense.

かいぎに　まに　あわない　ばあいは、れんらくして　 く
ださい

２) のに Is used when what is stated in the sentence 2 is contrary to what is

expected from the sentence 1.
Sentence 1 sentence 2
V plain forms のに 、 sentence 2
い adj- い のに 、 sentence 2
な and- だ のに 、 sentence 2
Noun (だ) な のに 、 sentence 2

おかねが　いれた　のに、きっぷが　でません
 Lesson 46/21

１) ところ　です- about to start some action ,certain action is now being

done and action just finished.
a)Vdic form ところ　です
Person is about to start doing something
いまから　しあいが　はじめる　ところ　です
b)V て　いる　ところ　です
Certain action is now being done
いま　へやを　かたづけて　いる　ところ　です
c)V た　ところ　です
Certain Action has just been completed.
たったいま　おきた　ところ　です

2) V た　ばかり　です
　　Not much time has passed since a certain action or event has occurred.
わたしは　さっき　ひるごはんを　たべた　ばかり　です。

３) はずです- speaker is convinced and is sure of what is said before はず

です。

V dic form はずです

V ない はずです
 い adj-い はずです
な anj-な はずです
Noun の はずです

にもつは　あした　とどく　はずです
おがわさんは　おさけを　のまない　はずです
あなたの　へやは　せまい　はずです
かちょうは　いえごが　じょうずな　はずです
あの　みせは　あしたは　やすみの　はずです

Lesson 47/22
そうです- hear say..I heard that…
Convey information obtained from others without adding your own point of
view.
Vplain form そうです
い adj- い そうです
な adj-だ そうです
Noun　だ そうです
 あめが　ふる　そうです
この　りょうりは　おいしい　そうです
にほんは　とても　きれいだ　そうです
あしたの　てんきは　くもるだ　ぞうです

　　

ようです- it seems that..

Convey information based on information obtained from self sensory organs.
Only intuition..not sure.

Vplain form ようです

い adj- い ようです
な adj-な ようです
Noun　の ようです
やまださんは　じむしょに　いない　ようです
そとは　さむい　ようです
にほんは　とても　きれいな　ようです
あしたの　てんきは　くもるの　ようです

A phenomenon that is perceivable by the senses is described using ～が　し

ます.they are sensed without the speakers intemtions.
おえが　します
おとが　します
においが　します
あじが　します

　　
Lesson 48/23
Causative verbs
Two types of causative sentences-
4. When verb is intransitive the subject of the action is indicated by を.(no
direct object is present here)
N(person)を V(in)Causative- make /let a person V(in).
ぶちょうは　たなかさんを　おおさかへ　ししょっちょうさせます。
 むすこさんを　りょこうに　いかせました。
5. When verb is transitive the subject of the action is indicated by に. .
(direct object is present here)
N(person)に　N を　 V(T)Causative- make /let 　　
A person V(T).
わたしは　こどもに　ぎゅうにゅうを　のませます。
むすこに　ほしい　ものを　かわせます。

Uses of causative:
- Indicate compulsion or permission
- Used when relation between senior and junior is clear and senior forces a
junior to do something.
- Used when person tells someone outside his group (family, office,etc) that he
will make someone from within the group do something .
V causative て　いただけませんか- would you please let me do……
Used to seek permission(action is done by speaker)
すみませんが　あした　やむませて　いただけませんか。
 Lesson 49/24
1] けいご(honorofic expressions)
けいご　are expressions used to show the speakers respect to the listener or
the person being referred to.
The following factors are to be considered in deciding the use of けいご: -
1. when speaker is junior or lower in social status
2. when speaker has no close acquaintance with the listener
3.when the speaker talks about an insider (member of group) to an outsider
(not member of group) the insider is treated as the speaker himself. even if
the insider is a senior けいご cannot be used.

2] Types of けいご
ぞんけいご (respectful expressions)
けんじょうご(humble expressions)
ていねいご(polite expressions)

3]そんけいご
These are expressions used to describe the listener or the person referred to,
as well as things connected with him/her and his/her actions.
1. Verbs
All the passive verbs are used as respectable verbs
2. お Vstem に　なります
This is politer than passive verbs mentioned above. One mora verbs like みま
す、ねます etc. cannot be used in this pattern.
3. Special respectful words.
いきます、きます、いますーいらっしゃいます
たべます、飲みます　　　－めしあがります
いいます　　　　　　　　－おっしゃいます
しって　います　　　　　－ごぞんじです
みます　　　　　　　　　－ごらんに　なります
します 　　－なさいます
くれます　　　　　　　　－くださいます
Note：いらっしゃいます、なさいます、くださいます and おっしゃい
ます are group I verbs, but when they conjugate they change their forms in
the ら row . like なさいます changes to なさらない.
4. お Vstem ください
 This is respectful way of instructing or inviting someone to do
something.
あちばから　おはいり　ください
Special words learned above(point 3) cannot be used in this form
except:
a) おめいしあがり　ください- please help yourself with eating
b) ごらん　ください- please have a look at it.

5. In addition to verbs, some nouns ,adjectives and adverds can be turned

into ぞんけいご　by attaching お or ご to the front of the word.
お- attached to words of Japanese origin
ご- attached to words of Chinese origin

4] けいご and style of sentence

A sentence can end with a plain form of けいご which makes the
sentence a plain form sentence.
This kind of sentence appears on occasions when speaker is talking to a
close friend about a person to whom the speaker wishes to show
respect. E.g. ぶちょうは　なんじに　いらっしゃる？

5] Uniform level of けいご in sentence

In honorific expressions , replacing some of the words in a sentence
with けいご does not suffice . it is necessary to keep an uniform level
of けいご throughout the entire sentence.
e.g. ぶちょうの　おくさまも　ごいっしょうに　ゴルフに　いか
れます。
In the above sentence おくさま and ごいっしょに　are used
instead of おくさん and いっしょに in order to be consistent with
respectful verb いかれます。

6] ～まして
You can change V て form to V ます form まして when you want to be
very polite. In a sentence with けいご、～まして is often used.
E.g だして changes to だしまして。

　　　　　　Lesson 50/25
 These are expressions in which speaker humbles oneself and lowers own acts
to show respect to the listener or the person being referred to.
Respect is directed to a person of higher social status or an outsider.　　　
けんじゅうご　is also used when speaker refers to an insider in front of an
outsider.

1] けんじゅうご Humble Expressions

1. お Vstem(1,II group) します
おもいそうですね。おもちしましょうか
This form is not applicable to verbs of single mora like みます、ねます。
2. ご Vstem (III group)
This pattern is applicable to Verbs of group III which imply some
association with the listener. For example しょうかいします、　　　
そうだんします etc,
Exceptions are でんわします and やくそくします where we use
‘お’instead of ‘ご’。
Note：for both 1 and 2 above, we need two ppl ,one is the person and
other is the agent doing the action. Hence we can’t used this where
only one person is there.
3. Special Humble verbs:
いきます、きます ―　まいります
います ― おります
たべます、のみます、もらいます ―　いただきます
みます ― はいけんします
いいます ― もうします
します ― いたします
ききます ― うかがいます
しって　います ― ぞんじて　おります
しりません ― ぞんじません
あいます ― おめに　かかります
These are used when
- Speakers act involves the listener or the person to whom respect is directed
きのう　せんせいの　おたくへ　うかがいました。
- Speakers act does not involve the listener or the person to whom respect is
directed
アメリカから　まいりました。
2] ていねいご
Polite expressions used to show speakers respect to listener.
1. ございますー polite equivalent of あります
てんわは　かいだんの　よこに　ございます
 2. ～で　ございますー polite equivalent of です
IMC で　ございます。

3. よろしいでしょうかー polite equivalent of いいですか

おのみものが　なにが　よろしいでしょうか

Extra notes on けいご

- 丁寧語（ていねいご）Reflect the speaker’s polite attitude toward the

listener .
- 尊敬語（そんけいご）Talking about something that someone superior
did/does/will do.
- 謙譲語（けんじょうご）Talking about something that YOU did/do/will
do to someone superior
When: Subject of the sentence = out-group →そんけいご(honorific)
- 　　Subject of the sentence =in-group (when the action is directed to out-
- 　　group) → 　けんじょう語(humble)

丁寧語（ていねいご）
かぞく ごかぞく
うち おたく
あに おにいさん
あね おねえさん
つま おくさん
こども おこさん
むすこ ごしそく
むすめ おじょうさま
だれ どなた
この・その・あの こちら・そちら・あちら
どう いかが
ひと かた

Polite Japanese 敬語
There are three basic types of honorifics for verbs. It depends on your social
rank as to which form to use.

A) Humble (謙譲語 kenjougo) - This is when referring to oneself or one's

family members and (usually) speaking to someone higher up in social
rank, position or some other criteria for determining status. However even
some people with high positions may choose to use the humble form with
those under him/her.

B) ~masu - As mentioned above ~masu / desu is actually 丁寧語 teineigo

or polite language, but I'm using the familiar ~masu form for an easy
comparison to the the kenjougo and sonkeigo forms.
C) Respectful (尊敬語 sonkeigo) - This is what you say to your boss or
those higher up when speaking to them. If you are speaking about
yourself, you will use the humble form.
 Humble Normal Respectful
(speaking to your boss (speaking to your (speaking to your boss
about yourself) friends) about your boss)

拝見します 見ます ご覧になります

haiken shimasu mimasu goran ni narimasu　
to see
申します
moushimasu 言います
おっしゃいます
You know this from iimasu
osshaimasu
"name to moushimasu" to say

頂きます 食べます 召し上がります

itadakimasu tabemasu meshi agarimasu
to eat
来ます いらっしゃいます
参ります kimasu irasshaimasu
mairimasu
to come
This is the respectful
This is the humble form 行きます form for both to come
for both to come and go! ikimasu and go!
to go
致します します
なさいます
itashimasu shimasu
nasaimasu
to do

Teineigo (丁寧語)

Teineigo, or the normal polite form, is used by adults who don’t know each
other well or who are strangers to each other. It is used in corporate life in
order to communicate with an immediate superior, while more honorific
language might be expected when addressing higher-ranking superior. Polite
language is also used with foreigners, who are strangers per se. It is taught to
children at school, so they are not expected to use it in their pre-teen days.
Sonkeigo (尊敬語)

Sonkeigo, respectful or exalted language, is never used to talk about

themselves, but always when referring to others in power, in particular
superiors or customers and their group, indicating that the speaker is acting
in a professional context. The polite suffixes “-san” and “-sama” (“Mr”, “Mrs”,
“Ms”) are examples of such honorifics, and as such always applied to others,
never to oneself. 人 (hito, “person”) turns into the polite 方 (kata). Please see
the “Honorifics” table below. It should be noted that honorifics should not be
applied to someone from the own group (e.g. company) when talking to
someone from another group (e.g. another company).

Kenjōgo (謙譲語)

Kenjōgo, on the other hand, is used when referring to oneself or someone

from the own group towards people from another group, in order to humble
the own actions vis-à-vis the actions of another person, in particular a
customer. In humble language, common verbs are substituted with other
verb forms, too, but are often altered with prefixes. As mentioned above,
name suffixes are omitted when talking about oneself or someone from the
own group. As in respectful language, sometimes nouns are substituted. 人
(see above) becomes 者 (mono).

respectful
humble polite
Meaning plain
(sonkeigo)
(kenjōgo) (teineigo)
ごらんになる はいけんす
see / look /
見る; 見ます　
watch る
meet 会う おあいになる おめにかか あいます　
る

ござる
ある aru   gozaru
be1 いらっしゃる おる
いる おる
おいでになる

来る いらっしゃい うかがう
come / go1 る まいる
行く まいる

ぞんじあげ そんじてい
know しる ごぞんじ る る
 しってい ごぞんじです ぞんじてお
ます ります
食べる
taberu (eat)
飲む nomu めしあがる
eat / drink いただく いただく
(drink)
いただく
receive もらう ちょうだい もらいます
する
give
やる
(who receives is さしあげる あげます　
あげる
respected)
give
(who gives is くれる くださる くれます　
respected)
do する なさる いたす します　
もうしあげ
say いう おっしゃる る いいます
もうす
put on きる おめしになる きます　
おやすみにな
sleep 寝る 休みます
る
おなくなりに
die しぬ なくなる
なる

Miscellanous forms
1) Vstem　＋　はじめました
2) Vplain form　 + らしい（means some person seems to (verb) used when
talking about third person）
い adj-い　　+らしい
な adj-だ　　+らしい
　　　noun-だ　　+らしい

3) V た　＋　まま

4) In たい form and ほしいー い changes to がる　when we speak of third

person
 みたがるー she wants to see
ほしがるー she wants
５) たべないで is same as たべずに
6) Vvolitional+ と—try to do something
7) Doer of action + に – passive
8) Doer of action + は—causative
9) Compound verb- V1stem + verb2