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How To Use Histograms Modified

A histogram is a graphical representation used to show the distribution of data values. It divides a range of values into bins and plots the frequency of observations in each bin as bars. Histograms were first introduced by Karl Pearson and are useful for visualizing the probability distribution of continuous variables. They are commonly used in statistics and quality control to understand the variation in data.

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Munawar Zaheer
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38 views

How To Use Histograms Modified

A histogram is a graphical representation used to show the distribution of data values. It divides a range of values into bins and plots the frequency of observations in each bin as bars. Histograms were first introduced by Karl Pearson and are useful for visualizing the probability distribution of continuous variables. They are commonly used in statistics and quality control to understand the variation in data.

Uploaded by

Munawar Zaheer
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How to Use Histograms

HISTOGRAM HISTORY

In statistics, a histogram is a graphical representation, showing a visual


impression of the distribution of experimental data. It is an estimate of the
probability distribution of a continuous variable and was first introduced by Karl
Pearson. A histogram consists of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles,
erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the
observations in the interval. The height of a rectangle is also equal to the frequency
density of the interval, i.e., the frequency divided by the width of the interval. The
total area of the histogram is equal to the number of data. A histogram may also be
normalized displaying relative frequencies. It then shows the proportion of cases
that fall into each of several categories, with the total area equaling 1. The
categories are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a
variable. The categories (intervals) must be adjacent, and often are chosen to be of
the same size.

Histograms are used to plot density of data, and often for density estimation:
estimating the probability density function of the underlying variable. The total
area of a histogram used for probability density is always normalized to 1. If the
length of the intervals on the x-axis are all 1, then a histogram is identical to a
relative frequency plot.

An alternative to the histogram is kernel density estimation, which uses a kernel to


smooth samples. This will construct a smooth probability density function, which
will in general more accurately reflect the underlying variable.

The histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control.

INTRODUCTION

The best way to evaluate exposure is to look at the picture, not a histogram.

Histograms are a way to measure exposure more objectively for those who can't
see very well. Histograms don't replace your eyes and experience. Histograms are
helpful in sunlight where it's hard to see an LCD, or in the shop if setting
something exactly. Your eyes are always the final judge.
A histogram is just a guide. Worry about your image more than the histogram.

Definition
Step-column chart that displays a summary of the variations in (frequency
distribution of) quantities (called Classes) that fall within certain lower and upper
limits in a set of data. Classes are measured on the horizontal ('X') axis, and the
number of times they occur (or the percentages of their occurrences) are measured
on the vertical ('Y') axis. To construct a histogram, rectangles or blocks are drawn
on the x-axis (without any spaces between them) whose areas are proportional to
the classes they represent. Histograms (and histographs) are used commonly where
the subject item is discrete (such as the number of students in a school) instead of
being continuous (such as the variations in their heights). Also called frequency
diagram, a histogram is usually preferred over a histograph where the number of
classes is less than eight.

HISTOGRAM BASICS

A histogram is a graph counting how many pixels are at each level between black
and white.

Black is on the left. White is on the right.

The height of the graph at each point depends on how many pixels are that bright.

Lighter images move the graph to the right. Darker ones move it to the left. Easy!

More Pixels

Fewer Pixels

Black  -  Dark  -  Medium  -  Light  -  Whi
  te

A Histogram
A good image often, but not always, has a histogram spread all over.

Histographs

A histogram graphs continuous data by frequencies. The data is divided into bins
to make bars.

Bar Graphs

A bar graph displays discrete data with bars. The height represents the quantity of
the data.

Similarities and Differences

Both histograms and bar charts have bars a varying heights. Histograms differ in
look--the bars are next to each other with no gaps and the height of the bars follow
a curve like a hill. The bars on bar graphs are separated and the heights of the bars
can vary like jagged glass.

When to Use

Use a histogram for continuous data like how many males for each age group. Use
a bar graph for discrete data like how many types of vehicles were made in a year.

History of Histogram

Karl Pearson first proposed the name histogram in his lectures published in 1895.
He gave the name histogram to refer to a common form of graphical
representation.

History of Bar Graphs

According to "History of Histograms" by Yannis Ionnidis (2003), the oldest


known bar chart appeared in a book by Scottish political economist William
Playfair titled "The Commercial and Political Atlas" (1786).
Histogram. This histogram represents data on the cross-sectional area of 30 erratics (boulders left
behind by retreating glaciers). Note the use of wider intervals for the classes corresponding to the
scarcer larger boulders. In a histogram, area is proportional to frequency.

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