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Physics 213 Formula Sheet: (DF DN)

The document provides a formula sheet for Physics 213 that includes: 1) The first and second laws of thermodynamics, definitions of thermodynamic potentials such as free energy and Gibbs free energy, and equations for entropy, temperature, pressure, and chemical potential. 2) Common thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes. 3) Equations for the Boltzmann factor, partition function, and equipartition theorem. 4) Definitions and equations for heat capacity, ideal gas law, Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and constants like Planck's constant, Avogadro's number, and Boltzmann constant

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Stuti Agrawal
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724 views

Physics 213 Formula Sheet: (DF DN)

The document provides a formula sheet for Physics 213 that includes: 1) The first and second laws of thermodynamics, definitions of thermodynamic potentials such as free energy and Gibbs free energy, and equations for entropy, temperature, pressure, and chemical potential. 2) Common thermodynamic processes like isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes. 3) Equations for the Boltzmann factor, partition function, and equipartition theorem. 4) Definitions and equations for heat capacity, ideal gas law, Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and constants like Planck's constant, Avogadro's number, and Boltzmann constant

Uploaded by

Stuti Agrawal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics 213 Formula Sheet

First law: 𝒅𝑼 = 𝒅𝑸 + 𝒅𝑾𝒐𝒏 Thermodynamic Processes:


Second law: 𝒅𝑺 ≥ 𝟎 Thermodynamic potentials:
• F ≡ U − TS • Isothermal: T = const.
Entropy: • G ≡ U − TS + pV • Isobaric: p = const.
• S ≡ k ln Ω • Isochoric: V = const.
• Stotal = S1 + S2 • Adiabatic: Q = 0
Work:
Temperature, pressure, and dWon = −dWby = −pdV Boltzmann Factor:
chemical potential: Ei
−1 −kB T
dS
First Law: • P(Ei ) = Z e ,
• T −1 ≡ (dU) −E /k T
V,N dU = dQ − pdV • Z = ∑i e i B
dS
• p ≡ T (dV)
U,N
Equipartition: Thermal Radiation
dS
• −μ ≡ T (dN) 1 • J = σB T 4
U,V U = (2) kB T per quadratic degree
dF
= −( ) of freedom Counting particles
dN T,V
• Distinguishable: Ω = M N
Heat Capacity: MN
Fundamental relation: dQ • Indistinguishable: Ω =
1 p μ • C ≡ dT N!
dS = dU + dV − dN dU
• q quanta in N oscillators:
T T T • Constant volume: CV = 𝑁−1+𝑞 (𝑁 − 1 + 𝑞)!
dT
( )=
• Constant pressure: 𝑞 𝑞! (𝑁 − 1)!
Ideal Gas Law: dU dV
pV = NkT Cp = +p
dT dT
Constants, Data, Definitions
• Temperature: 0 K = −273.15°C = −459.67°F
• Avogadro’s number: NA = 6.022 × 1023 / mole particle g/mol
• Boltzmann constant:
J eV
k = 1.38 × 10−23 K = 8.617 × 10−5 K [note: also written as kB] N2 28
J l∙atm O2 32
• Universal gas constant: R = k NA = 8.314 mol∙K = 8.206 × 10−2 mol∙K (Universal gas const.) He 4
h
• Planck’s constant: h = 6.626 × 10−34 J ∙ s = 4.136 × 10−15 eV ∙ s, ℏ = 2π = 1.055 × 10−34 J ∙ s , Ar 40
J J CO2 44
• Magnetic moments: electron: μe = 9.2848 × 10−24 T , proton: μp = 1.4106 × 10−26 T H2 2
• Mass: electron: me = 9.109 × 10−31 kg , proton: mp = 1836 me = 1.673 × 10−27kg Si 28
• STP: T = 0°C , p = 100 kPa Ge 73
10−8 W Cu 64
• Stefan-Boltzmann constant: σB = 5.670 × m 2 K4 Al 27
m m
• c = 2.998 × 108 , 1 eV = 1.602 × 10 −19
J , g = 9.8 ,1 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa , 1 liter = 10−3 m3
s s2

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