CHAPTER 2 QUANTITY DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS

2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2-1

2.2 RAINFALL ESTIMATION ............................................................................................... 2-1
2.2.1 Average Recurrence Interval ............................................................................. 2-1
2.2.2 Time of Concentration ........................................................................................ 2-1
2.2.3 Design Rainfall Estimate..................................................................................... 2-2
2.2.3.1 Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves Development ...................... 2-2
2.2.3.2 Empirical IDF Curves ........................................................................... 2-3
2.2.4 Temporal Patterns ............................................................................................... 2-3
2.3 PEAK DISCHARGE ESTIMATION ................................................................................ 2-5
2.3.1 Rational Method .................................................................................................. 2-5
2.3.1.1 Runoff Coefficient for Mixed Development...................................... 2-6
2.3.1.2 Assumptions.......................................................................................... 2-7
2.3.1.3 Calculation Steps .................................................................................. 2-7
2.3.2 Rational Hydrograph Method ........................................................................... 2-8
2.3.3 Time Area Hydrograph Method ....................................................................... 2-9
2.3.3.1 Concept .................................................................................................. 2-9
2.3.3.2 Rainfall Excess ....................................................................................... 2-10
2.3.4 Computer Software Application ....................................................................... 2-11
2.4 OUTFLOW CONTROL ..................................................................................................... 2-11
2.4.1 Orifices .................................................................................................................. 2-11
2.4.2 Sharp Crested Weirs ............................................................................................ 2-12
2.4.3 Broad Crested Weirs ........................................................................................... 2-13
2.4.4 Drawdown Time .................................................................................................. 2-14
2.5 HYDROLOGIC POND ROUTING .................................................................................. 2-15
2.6 CRITICAL STORM DURATION ..................................................................................... 2-18
2.6.1 Conveyance System............................................................................................. 2-18
2.6.2 Storage System ..................................................................................................... 2-20
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 2-21
APPENDIX 2.A DESIGN CHART – OVERLAND FLOW TIME ............................................. 2-23
APPENDIX 2.B IDF CONSTANTS .............................................................................................. 2-24
APPENDIX 2.C NORMALISED DESIGN RAINFALL TEMPORAL PATTERN .................. 2-32
APPENDIX 2.D EXAMPLE – IDF CURVE DEVELOPMENT ................................................. 2-37
APPENDIX 2.E EXAMPLE - DESIGN TEMPORAL PATTERNS........................................... 2-41
APPENDIX 2.F EXAMPLE – RUNOFF QUANTITY ESTIMATION ..................................... 2-44
APPENDIX 2.G EXAMPLE - POND ROUTING ....................................................................... 2-56

2-i
2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides the fundamentals and appropriate methods required for designing stormwater quantity
facilities. They apply to primarily detention pond as well as conveyance. The design ARIs for various types of
facilities vary while the critical storm duration might be different due to differing facility operational concepts
and mechanisms.

2.2 RAINFALL ESTIMATION

Rainfall data and characteristics are the driving force behind all stormwater studies and designs. Adequacy and
significance of the rainfall design is a necessary pre-requisite for preparing satisfactory urban drainage and
stormwater management projects. The estimation involves frequency, duration and intensity analyses of rainfall
data.

2.2.1 Average Recurrence Interval

Rainfall and subsequent discharge estimate is based on the selected value of frequency or return period, termed
as the Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) which is used throughout this Manual. ARI is the average length of
time between rain events that exceeds the same magnitude, volume or duration (Chow, 1964), and is expressed
as:

1
Tr = ⋅ 100 (2.1)
P

where,
Tr = Average Recurrence Interval, ARI (year); and
P = Annual Exceedance Probability, AEP (%).

As an example, using Equation 2.1, 1% AEP of storm has an ARI of 100 years. According to the definition, a 100
year ARI storm can occur in any year with a probability of 1/100 or 0.01.

The design ARI of a stormwater facility is selected on the basis of economy and level of protection (risk) that the
facility offers. ARIs to be used for the design of minor and major stormwater quantity systems are provided in
Table 1.1. It is assumed that the design flow of a given ARI is produced by a design storm rainfall of the same
ARI. Design rainfall intensity (mm/hr) depends on duration (minute or hour) and ARI (month or year). It is
strongly recommended that performance of the designed drainage system must be examined for a range of
ARIs and storm durations to ensure that the system(s) will perform satisfactorily.

2.2.2 Time of Concentration

Time of concentration (tc) is the travel time of runoff flows from the most hydraulically remote point upstream
in the contributing catchment area to the point under consideration downstream. The concept of time of
concentration is important in all methods of peak flow estimation as it can be assumed that the rainfall
occurring during the time of concentration is directly related to peak flow rate. The practice is to select the
design storm duration as equal to or greater than the time of concentration (tc)

In the design of stormwater drainage systems, tc is the sum of the overland flow time (to) and the time of travel
in street gutters (tg), or roadside swales, drains, channels and small streams (td). The relevant equations
necessary to calculate the tc is given in Table 2.1 (QUDM, 2007). Calculation of tc is subject to the catchment
properties, particularly length, slope and roughness of the drainage path. The overland flow time to can be
estimated with proper judgment of the land surface condition due to the fact that the length of sheet flow is
short for steep slopes and long for mild slopes. This equation shall be applied only for distances (L)
recommended in Table 2.1. Catchment roughness, length and slope affect the flow velocity and subsequently
overland flow time to. Typical values of Horton’s roughness n* for various land surfaces are given in Table 2.2
(QUDM, 2007). Alternatively, the overland flow time can easily be estimated using the Design Chart 2.A1.

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-1

The drain flow time equation should be used to estimate td for the remaining length of the flow paths
downstream. Care should be given to obtain the values of hydraulic radius and friction slope for use in the
drain flow time equation. Note that recommended minimum time of concentration for a catchment is 5 minutes
which applies to roof drainage.

Table 2.1: Equations to Estimate Time of Concentration (QUDM, 2007)

Travel Path Travel Time Remark

Overland Flow 107.n* .L1 / 3 t o = Overland sheet flow travel time (minutes)
to =
S1/ 5 L = Overland sheet flow path length (m)
for Steep Slope (>10%), L ≤ 50 m
for Moderate Slope (<5%), L ≤ 100 m
for Mild Slope (<1%), L ≤ 200 m
n* = Horton’s roughness value for the surface
(Table 2.2)
S = Slope of overland surface (%)
Curb Gutter Flow L t g = Curb gutter flow time (minutes)
tg =
40 S L = Length of curb gutter flow (m)
S = Longitudinal slope of the curb gutter (%)
Drain Flow n .L n = Manning’s roughness coefficient (Table 2.3)
td =
60 R S 1 / 2
2/3
R = Hydraulic radius (m)
S = Friction slope (m/m)
L = Length of reach (m)
td = Travel time in the drain (minutes)

Table 2.2: Values of Horton’s Roughness n* (QUDM, 2007)

Land Surface Horton’s Roughness n*

Paved 0.015
Bare Soil 0.0275
Poorly Grassed 0.035
Average Grassed 0.045
Densely Grassed 0.060

2.2.3 Design Rainfall Estimate

2.2.3.1 Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves Development

The most common form of design rainfall data required for use in peak discharge estimation is from
relationship represented by the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves. The IDF can be developed from the
historical rainfall data and they are available for most geographical areas in Malaysia.

Recognising that the rainfall data used to derive IDF are subjected to some interpolation and smoothing, it is
desirable to develop IDF curves directly from local raingauge records, if these records are sufficiently long and
reliable. The IDF development procedures involve the steps shown in Figure 2.1 while a typical developed
curves are shown in Figure 2.2.

2-2 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Table 2.3: Values of Manning’s Roughness Coefficient (n) for Open Drains and Pipes
(Chow, 1959; DID, 2000 and French, 1985)

Drain/Pipe Manning Roughness n

Grassed Drain
Short Grass Cover (< 150 mm) 0.035
Tall Grass Cover (≥ 150 mm) 0.050

Lined Drain
Concrete
Smooth Finish 0.015
Rough Finish 0.018
Stone Pitching
Dressed Stone in Mortar 0.017
Random Stones in Mortar or Rubble Masonry 0.035
Rock Riprap 0.030
Brickwork 0.020

Pipe Material
Vitrified Clay 0.012
Spun Precast Concrete 0.013
Fibre Reinforced Cement 0.013
UPVC 0.011

2.2.3.2 Empirical IDF Curves

Empirical equation can be used to minimise error in estimating the rainfall intensity values from the IDF curves.
It is expressed as

λ Tκ
i= (2.2)
( d + θ )η

where,
i = Average rainfall intensity (mm/hr);
T = Average recurrence interval - ARI (0.5 ≤ T ≤ 12 month and 2 ≤ T ≤ 100 year);
d = Storm duration (hours), 0.0833 ≤ d ≤ 72; and
λ, κ, θ and η = Fitting constants dependent on the raingauge location (Table 2.B1 in Appendix 2.B).

The equation application is simple when analysis is prepared by spreadsheet. Alternatively designers can
manually use the IDF curves provided in Annexure 3.

2.2.4 Temporal Patterns

It is important to emphasise that the rainfall temporal patterns are intended for use in hydrograph generation
design storms. They should not be confused with the real rainfall data in historical storms, which is usually
required to calibrate and validate hydrological and hydraulic simulation results.

The standard time intervals recommended for urban stormwater modelling are listed in Table 2.4. The design
temporal patterns to be used for a set of durations are given in Appendix 2.C.

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-3

 Collect Monthly or Annual Maximum Rainfall Data of
Selected Durations from the Nearby Automatic Station(s)

Test Data for Quality and Consistency (e.g. Mass Curve)

Fit the Raw Rainfall Data to Various Frequency Distributions

(e.g. GEV, Log-Normal, Log-Pearson, etc.)

Select the Most Suitable Frequency Distribution Method

that fits the Data

Calculate the Amounts of Rainfalls for Various Durations

and Selected ARIs (2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 year)

Convert the Rainfall into Intensity and Plot Various Durations

in the Log-Log Graph for the Selected ARIs

Figure 2.1: Typical Steps to Develop IDF Curves

1000
2-yr ARI 5-yr ARI
10-yr ARI 20-yr ARI
50-yr ARI 100-yr ARI
Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)

100

10

1
1 10 100 1000 10000
Storm Duration (min)

Figure 2.2: Typical IDF Curve

2-4 Quantity Design Fundamentals

If data available, it is recommended to derive the temporal patterns using the local data following the example
given in Appendix 2.D. For other durations, the temporal pattern for the nearest standard duration should be
adopted. It is NOT correct to average the temporal patterns for different durations.

Table 2.4: Recommended Intervals for Design Rainfall Temporal Pattern

Storm Duration Time Interval

(minutes) (minutes)
Less than 60 5
60 - 120 10
121 - 360 15
Greater than 360 30

Various methods can be used to develop design rainfall temporal pattern. However, it is most important to note
that design patterns are not derived from complete storms, but from intense bursts of recorded rainfall data for
the selected durations. The method described herein incorporates the average variability of recorded intense
rainfalls and also the most likely sequence of intensities. The highest rainfall bursts of selected design storm
durations are collected from the rainfall record. It is desirable to have a large number of samples. The duration
is then divided into a number of equal time intervals, as given in Table 2.4. The intervals for each rainfall burst
are ranked and the average rank is determined for the intervals having same rainfall amount. The percentage of
rainfall is determined for each rank for each rainfall burst, and the average percentage per rank is calculated.
This procedure is then repeated for other durations. The procedure involves the steps as shown in Figure 2.3.

2.3 PEAK DISCHARGE ESTIMATION

This Section presents the methods and procedures required for runoff estimation. The recommended methods
are the Rational Method and Hydrograph Methods. Each method has its own merits. A simple Rational
Hydrograph Method (RHM) is recommended for the design of small storage facilities.

2.3.1 Rational Method

The Rational Method is the most frequently used technique for runoff peak estimation in Malaysia and many
parts of the world. It gives satisfactory results for small drainage catchments and is expressed as:

C .i. A
Q= (2.3)
360
where,
Q = Peak flow (m3/s);
C = Runoff coefficient (Table 2.5);
i = Average rainfall intensity (mm/hr); and
A = Drainage area (ha).

The primary attraction of the Rational Method has been its simplicity. However, now that computerised
procedures for hydrograph generation are readily available, making computation/design by computerised
method or software is also simple.

The most critical part of using the Rational Method is to make a good estimate of the runoff coefficient C. In
general, the values of C depend mainly on landuse of the catchment and is very close to its imperviousness (in
decimal form). The value of C also varies with soil type, soil moisture condition, rainfall intensity, etc. The user
should evaluate the actual catchment condition for a logical value of C to be used. For larger area with high
spatial variabilities in landuse and other parameters, this can easily be done by the use of AutoCAD, GIS or
other computer softwares.

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-5

 Select the required storm duration and find about
ten (10) dates when extreme rainfall events occurred

Collect the rainfall amounts from the nearby automatic rainfall station
for the required intervals (Table 2.4)

Assign a rank for each interval based on the rainfall amount

(1 for the highest amount)

Determine the percentage of rain occurred in each interval

Calculate the mean ranks and percentages of rainfall for each interval

Assign the mean percentages of rainfall for each interval

based on the new mean rank

Convert the percentage rainfall into fraction of total rainfall

and plot the temporal pattern

Multiply the fractional values with the design rainfall amount (mm)
to get the distribution of rainfall in each time interval

Figure 2.3: Typical Steps for the Development of Design Rainfall Temporal Pattern

2.3.1.1 Runoff Coefficient for Mixed Development

Segments of different landuse within a sub-catchment can be combined to produce an average runoff coefficient
(Equation 2.4). For example, if a sub-catchment consists of segments with different landuse denoted by j = 1,
2,……, m; the average runoff coefficient is estimated, C, by:

m
∑C j A j
j =1
C avg = m
(2.4)
∑ Aj
j =1

2-6 Quantity Design Fundamentals

where,
Cavg = Average runoff coefficient;
Cj = Runoff coefficient of segment i;
Aj = Area of segment i (ha); and
m = Total number of segments.

Table 2.5: Recommended Runoff Coefficients for Various Landuses

(DID, 1980; Chow et al., 1988; QUDM, 2007 and Darwin Harbour, 2009)

Runoff Coefficient (C)

Landuse For Minor System For Major System
(≤10 year ARI) (> 10 year ARI)
Residential
Bungalow 0.65 0.70
Semi-detached Bungalow 0.70 0.75
Link and Terrace House 0.80 0.90
Flat and Apartment 0.80 0.85
Condominium 0.75 0.80
Commercial and Business Centres 0.90 0.95
Industrial 0.90 0.95
Sport Fields, Park and Agriculture 0.30 0.40
Open Spaces
Bare Soil (No Cover) 0.50 0.60
Grass Cover 0.40 0.50
Bush Cover 0.35 0.45
Forest Cover 0.30 0.40
Roads and Highways 0.95 0.95
Water Body (Pond)
Detention Pond (with outlet) 0.95 0.95
Retention Pond (no outlet) 0.00 0.00
Note: The runoff coefficients in this table are given as a guide for designers. The near-field
runoff coefficient for any single or mixed landuse should be determined based on
the imperviousness of the area.

2.3.1.2 Assumptions

Assumptions used in the Rational Method are as follows:

• The peak flow occurs when the entire catchment is contributing to the flow;
• The rainfall intensity is the uniform over the entire catchment area; and
• The rainfall intensity is uniform over a time duration equal to the time of concentration, tc.
The Rational Method is not recommended for use where:
• The catchment area is greater than 80 ha (TxDOT, 2009);
• Ponding of stormwater in the catchment might affect peak discharge; and
• The design and operation of large and more costly drainage facilities are to be undertaken, particularly if
they involve storage.

2.3.1.3 Calculation Steps

Steps for estimating a peak flow from a single sub-catchment for a particular ARI using the Rational Method are
outlined in Figure 2.4.

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-7

 Determine average
rainfall intensity, i

Figure 2.4: General Procedure for Estimating Peak Flow Using the Rational Method (DID, 2000)

2.3.2 Rational Hydrograph Method

This procedure, Rational Hydrograph Method (RHM), extends the Rational Method to the development of
runoff hydrographs. For simplicity, this method is recommended for the deriving inflow hydrograph on-site
detention (OSD) and small detention pond. However, for complex drainage system and high risk areas, the
Time Area Method in Section 2.2.3 or computer models should be used for obtaining the inflow hydrograph.

As illustrated in Figure 2.5, two types of hydrographs are to be used for the sub-catchment using the RHM
procedure. Each hydrograph type is a function of the length of the rainfall averaging time, d, with respect to the
sub-catchment time of concentration, tc.

2-8 Quantity Design Fundamentals

Type 1 (d is greater than tc): The resulting trapezoidal hydrograph has a uniform maximum discharge Q, as
determined from the Rational Method. The linear rising and falling limbs each has a duration of tc .

Type 2 (d is equal to tc,): The resulting triangular hydrograph has a peak discharge Q. The linear rising and
falling limbs each have a duration of tc .

d d
tc tc tc tc

Discharge
Discharge

Q Q

Time Time
a) Type 1 (d>tc) b) Type 2 (d=tc)

Figure 2.5: Hydrograph Types of the RHM

In summary, hydrograph type in the RHM is determined by the relationship between rainfall duration and the
time of concentration of the sub-catchment. Given the hydrograph type, the peak discharge is determined using
the Rational Method (Equation 2.3).

2.3.3 Time Area Hydrograph Method

2.3.3.1 Concept

This method assumes that the outflow hydrograph for any storm is characterised by separable subcatchment
translation and storage effects. Pure translation of the direct runoff to the outlet via the drainage network is
described using the channel travel time, resulting in an outflow hydrograph that ignores storage effects.

To apply the method, the catchment is first divided into a number of isochrones or lines of equal travel time to
the outlet (Figure 2.6b). The areas between isochrones are then determined and plotted against the travel time as
shown in Figure 2.6c. Derivation of isochrones is crucial and is illustrated in a worked example in Appendix
2.E2. The translated inflow hydrograph ordinates qi (Figure 2.6d) for any selected design hyetograph can now
be determined. Each block of storm, Figure 2.6a, should be applied (after deducting losses) to the entire
catchment; the runoff from each sub-area reaches the outflow at lagged intervals defined by the time-area
histogram. The simultaneous arrival of the runoff from areas A1 , A2,…for storms I1 , I2 ,…should be determined
by properly lagging and adding contributions, or generally expressed as:

q j = I j . A1 + I j−1 . A 2 + .......+ I1 . A j (2.5)

where,
qj = Flow hydrograph ordinates (m3/s);
Ij = Rainfall excess hyetograph ordinates (m/s);
Aj = Time-area histogram ordinates (m2); and
j = Number of isochrone contributing to the outlet.

As an example for j = 3, the runoff from storms I1 on A3, I2 on A2 and I3 on A1 arrive at the outlet simultaneously,
and q3 is the total flow. The inflow hydrograph (Figure 2.6d) at the outlet can be obtained using Equation 2.5.

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-9

 Figure 2.6: Time–Area Hydrograph Method

2.3.3.2 Rainfall Excess

Total Rainfall should be deducted by losses, initial or continuous, to calculate the rainfall excess (RE), which will
result in the surface runoff hydrograph. The rainfall losses can be assumed constant (for simplicity) or decaying
(to be more practical), as shown in Figure 2.7. The parameter values are given in Table 2.6.
Rainfall/Loss

Initial Loss

Rainfall Excess (RE)

Continuous Loss

Time

Figure 2.7: Initial and Continuous Loss Concept for Runoff Estimation

2-10 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Table 2.6: Recommended Loss Values for Rainfall Excess Estimation (Chow et al., 1988)

Catchment Initial Loss Continuous Loss

Condition (mm) (mm/hr)

Impervious 1.5 0

Pervious 10 (i) Sandy Soil: 10 - 25 mm/hr

(ii) Loam Soil: 3 - 10 mm/hr
(iii) Clay Soil: 0.5 - 3 mm/hr

2.3.4 Computer Software Application

Various types of simple and complex computer software (models) are available to simulate the runoff peak flow
or hydrograph. Prudent use of such softwares can provide more flexibility and opportunity to estimate the
runoff hydrograph and volume taking consideration of the variability in rainfall and catchment properties.
Wherever and whenever possible, designers should use computer softwares to design and analyse stormwater
management component or the whole system train, for more scenarios and reliability at reasonable cost.

Three types of computer methods might be considered, they are:

• Spreadsheets that can be used to implement all of the methods described in this chapter;
• Public domain softwares, such as SWMM-5, RORB and HEC-RAS; and
• Commercial softwares.

All runoff estimation methods will give different peak flow rates. The most practical way to minimise the
variations is by calibrating and validating against the recorded rainfall and runoff data.

2.4 OUTFLOW CONTROL

Orifices and weirs outlet are typically used as outlet control structures for ponds and their characteristics must
be specified when performing reservoir routing calculations. The relevant equations are given in the following
sections.

2.4.1 Orifices

For a single orifice as illustrated in Figure 2.8, orifice flow can be determined using Equation 2.6.

Q = Co Ao (2gHo) 0.5 (2.6)

where ,
Q = Orifice flow rate (m3/s);
Co = Discharge coefficient (0.60);
Ao = X-sectional area of orifice (m2);
Ho = Effective head of the orifice measured from the centroid of the opening (m); and
g = Gravitational acceleration (9.81m/s2).

If the orifice discharges as a free outfall, then the effective head is measured from the centerline of the orifice to
the upstream water surface elevation. If the orifice discharge is submerged, then the effective head is the
difference in elevation of the upstream and downstream water surfaces. This latter condition of a submerged
discharge is shown in Figure 2.8(b).

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-11

 (a) Free Fall (b) Single (Submerged) (c) Multiple

Figure 2.8: Definition Sketch for Orifice Flow (FHWA, 1996)

For square-edged, uniform orifice entrance conditions, a discharge coefficient of 0.6 should be used. For ragged
edged orifices, such as those resulting from the use of an acetylene torch to cut orifice openings in corrugated
pipe, a value of 0.4 should be used. For circular orifices with Co set equal to 0.6, the following equation results:

Q = Kor D2 Ho0.50 (2.7)

where,
Kor = 2.09 in S.I. units;
D = Orifice diameter (m); and
Ho = Height – D/2 for free fall and difference in head and tailwater for submerged orifice.

Pipes smaller than 0.3 m in diameter may be analysed as a submerged orifice as long as Ho/D is greater than 1.5.
Pipes greater than 0.3 m in diameter should be analysed as a discharge pipe with headwater and tailwater
effects taken into account, not just as an orifice.

2.4.2 Sharp Crested Weirs

Typical sharp crested weirs are illustrated in Figure 2.9. Equation 2.8 provides the discharge relationship for
sharp-crested weirs with no end contractions (illustrated in Figure 2.9a).

B B

H H

Hc Hc

L L

a) Trapezoidal b) Rectangular

H H1
Weir Crest H2

Hc Hc

c) Free Flow (d) Submerged Flow

Figure 2.9: Sharp Crested Weirs (FHWA, 1996)

2-12 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Q = CSCW .B. H1.5 (2.8)

where,
Q = Discharge (m3/s);
B = Horizontal weir width (m);
H = Head above weir crest excluding velocity head (m); and
CSCW = Weir discharge coefficient = 1.81 + 0.22 (H/Hc).

As indicated above, the value of the coefficient CSCW is known to vary with the ratio H/Hc. Equation 2.9 provides
the discharge equation for sharp-crested weirs with end contractions. For values of the ratio H/Hc less than 0.3, a
constant CSCW of 1.84 can be used.

Q = CSCW (B - 0.2 H) H1.5 (2.9)

2.4.3 Broad Crested Weirs

The most common type of emergency spillway used is a broad-crested overflow weir cut through original
ground next to the embankment. The transverse cross-section of the weir cut is typically trapezoidal in shape
for ease of construction. Such an excavated emergency spillway is illustrated in Figure 2.10.

Equation 2.10 presents a relationship for computing the flow through a broad-crested emergency spillway. The
dimensional terms used in the equation are illustrated in Figure 2.10.

Q = C SP B H p1.5 (2.10)

where,
Q = Emergency spillway discharge (m3/s);
CSP = Spillway discharge coefficient (m0.5/s);
B = Spillway base width (m); and
Hp = Effective head on the spillway weir crest (m).

The discharge coefficient CSP in Equation 2.10 varies as a function of spillway base width and effective head
(Table 2.7). Equations 2.11 and 2.12 can be used to compute the critical velocity Vc and critical slope Sc at the
control section of an emergency spillway:

0.33
Q
Vc = 2.14   (2.11)
B

0.33
V B
Sc = 9.84 n 2  c  (2.12)
 Q 
where,
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient;
Vc = Critical velocity (m/s); and
Sc = Critical slope (%).

Note that for a given effective head Hp, flattening the exit slope Se to less than Sc decreases spillway discharge,
but steepening Se greater than Sc does not increase discharge. Also, if a slope Se steeper than Sc is used, the
velocity Ve in the exit channel will increase according to the following relationship:

0.3
S 
Ve = Vc  e  (2.13)
 Sc 

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-13

 Level Portion Crest and
Control Section

Flow

Exit Section
Approach Berm
Channel
Embankment

a) Plan View of Excavated Emergency Spillway

Minimum 3m Control Section

Stage Hp

dc

Min 2% Sc Flat
Approach Channel
Se

Exit Section

b) Profile Along Centerline

2
1

2d B 2d

c) Cross-Section at Control Section

Figure 2.10: Spillway Design Schematic (FHWA, 1996)

2.4.4 Drawdown Time

It is sometimes necessary to estimate the time it would take to drain a known stored water volume of a pond
through an orifice system. The following equation may be used to check that the storage does not take too long
time to empty the pond or to return to the normal water (pool) level, after the storm ends:

1 H2 A 
 s  dy
t=−
Cd A o 2 g H1
∫  y
(2.14)
 
where,
t = Time to empty (seconds);
y = Depth of water above the centreline in the storage (m);

2-14 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 As = Storage water surface area at depth y (m2); and
H 1,2 = Effective heads on the orifice measured from the centroid of the opening (m).

Where the water surface area is constant (i.e. vertical walls in the pond), Equation 2.14 reduces to:

2As
t=
Cd A o 2g
( y1 - y 2 ) (2.15)

Table 2.7: Broad-Crested Weir Coefficient Csp Values as a Function of

Weir Base Width and Head (FHWA, 1996)

Head Weir Base Width B (m)

Hp(m) (1)
0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00
0.10 1.59 1.56 1.50 1.47 1.45 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.39 1.37 1.35 1.36 1.40 1.45
0.15 1.65 1.60 1.51 1.48 1.45 1.44 1.44 1.44 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.45
0.20 1.73 1.66 1.54 1.49 1.46 1.44 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.48 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.45
0.30 1.83 1.77 1.64 1.56 1.50 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.47 1.47 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.45
0.40 1.83 1.80 1.74 1.65 1.57 1.52 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.48 1.45
0.50 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.74 1.67 1.60 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.45
0.60 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.73 1.65 1.58 1.54 1.46 1.31 1.34 1.48 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.45
0.70 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.78 1.72 1.65 1.60 1.53 1.44 1.45 1.49 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.45
0.80 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.79 1.72 1.66 1.60 1.57 1.55 1.50 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.45
0.90 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.58 1.50 1.47 1.47 1.46 1.45
1.00 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.76 1.70 1.64 1.60 1.51 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.45
1.10 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.80 1.75 1.66 1.62 1.52 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.45
1.20 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.79 1.70 1.65 1.53 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.45
1.30 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.56 1.51 1.49 1.46 1.45
1.40 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.77 1.60 1.52 1.50 1.46 1.45
1.50 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.79 1.66 1.55 1.51 1.46 1.45
1.60 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.81 1.74 1.58 1.53 1.46 1.45
(1) Measured at least 2.5H upstream of the weir

2.5 HYDROLOGIC POND ROUTING

The most commonly used method for routing inflow hydrograph through a detention pond is the Storage
Indication or modified Puls method. This method begins with the continuity equation which states that the
inflow minus the outflow equals the change in storage (I-0=∆S). By taking the average of two closely spaced
inflows and two closely spaced outflows, the method is expressed by Equation 2.16. This relationship is
illustrated graphically in Figure 2.11.

∆S I1 + I 2 O1 + O2
= − (2.16)
∆t 2 2

where:
∆S = Change in storage (m3);
∆t = Time interval (min);
I = Inflow (m3); and
O = Outflow (m3).

In Equation 2.16, subscript 1 refers to the beginning and subscript 2 refers to the end of the time interval.

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-15

 Figure 2.11: Development of the Storage-Discharge Function for Hydrologic Pond Routing

Equation 2.16 can be rearranged so that all the known values are on the left side of the equation and all the
unknown values are located on the right hand side of the equation, as shown in Equation 2.17. Now the
equation with two unknowns, S2 and O2, can be solved with one equation. The following procedure can be used
to perform routing through a reservoir or storage facility using Equation 2.17.

I 1 + I 2  S1 O1  S O 
+ +  − O1 =  2 + 2  (2.17)
2  ∆t 2   ∆t 2 

Step 1: Develop an inflow hydrograph, stage-discharge curve, and stage-storage curve for the proposed
storage facility.

Step 2: Select a routing time period, ∆t, to provide a minimum of five points on the rising limb of the inflow
hydrograph.

2-16 Quantity Design Fundamentals

Step 3: Use the stage-storage and stage-discharge data from Step 1 to develop a storage indicator numbers table
that provides storage indicator values, S/(∆t) + O/2, versus stage. A typical storage indicator numbers
table contains the following column headings:

1 2 3 4 5 6
Stage Discharge (O2) Storage (S2) O2/2 S2/∆t S2/∆t + O2/2
(m) (m3/s) (m3) (m3/s) (m3/s) (Storage Indicator
Number)

• Discharge (O) and storage (S) are obtained from the stage-discharge and stage-storage curves,
respectively.
• Subscript 2 is arbitrarily assigned at this time.
• Time interval (∆t) must be the same as the time interval used in the tabulated inflow hydrograph.

Step 4: Develop a storage indicator numbers curve by plotting the outflow (column 2) vertically against the
storage indicator numbers in column 6. An equal value line plotted as O2 = S2/∆t + O2/2 should also be
plotted. If the storage indicator curve crosses the equal value line, a smaller time increment (∆t) is
needed (Figure 2.12).

Step 5: A supplementary curve of storage (column 3) vs. S2/∆t + O2/2 (column 6) can also be constructed. This
curve does not enter into the mainstream of the routing; however, it is useful for identifying storage for
any given value of S2/∆t + O2/2. A plot of storage vs. time can be developed from this curve.
Line

ve
alue

Cur
Outflow, O2 (m³/s)

al V

tor
Equ

a
ndicI
age
Stor

0
Storage Indicator Numbers S2 O2
+
t 2

Figure 2.12: Storage Indicator Curve

Step 6: Routing can now be performed by developing a routing table for the solution of Equation 2.17 as
follows:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time Inflow (I1+I2)/2 (S1/∆t+O1/2) O1 S2/∆t + O2/2) O2
(hr) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)

• Columns (1) and (2) are obtained from the inflow hydrograph.

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-17

 • Column (3) is the average inflow over the time interval.

• The initial values for columns (4) and (5) are generally assumed to be zero since there is no storage
or discharge at the beginning of the hydrograph when there is no inflow into the basin.

• The left side of Equation 2.17 is determined algebraically as columns (3) + (4) -(5). This value equals
the right side of Equation 2.17 or S2/∆t + O2/2 and is placed in column (6).

• Enter the storage indicator curve with S2/∆t + O2/2 (column 6) to obtain O2 (column 7).

• Column (6) (S2/∆t + O2/2) and column (7) (O2) are transported to the next line andbecome S1/∆t +
O1/2 and O1 in columns (4) and (5), respectively. Because (S2/∆t+ O2/2) and O2 are the ending
values for the first time step, they can also be said to be the beginning values for the second time
step.

• Columns (3), (4), and (5) are again combined and the process is continued until the storm is routeh.
Peak storage depth and discharge (O2 in column (7)) will occur when column (6) reaches a
maximum. The storage indicator numbers table developed in Step 3 is entered with the maximum
value of S2/∆t + O2/2 to obtain the maximum amount of storage required. This table can also be
used to determine the corresponding elevation of the depth of stored water.

• Designer needs to make sure that the peak value in column (7) does not exceed the allowable
discharge as prescribed by the stormwater management criteria.

Step 7: Plot O2 (column 7) versus time (column 1) to obtain the outflow hydrograph.

The above procedure is illustrated in Figure 2.13.

2.6 CRITICAL STORM DURATION

Determination of critical storm duration is important to make the stormwater management facilities safe.
Critical storm duration is a function of rainfall intensity, antecedent moisture condition, rainfall temporal
pattern, etc. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the engineer or authority should look into various
scenarios that can produce critical storm duration.

Determination of critical storm duration, the one that produces the highest runoff flow rate in the conveyance
(pipe or open drain) system, or the highest water level in the storage facility, is required for the design of
drainage systems.

2.6.1 Conveyance System

The critical storm duration of a conveyance system is usually close the value of time of concentration (tc).
However, depending on the antecedent moisture condition, variation in the temporal pattern, storm and wind
direction, land development distribution of impervious surfaces in the subcatchment, etc. the critical storm
duration might be significantly different from that of the tc. Therefore, rainfall events of various durations and
possible runoff contributing areas need to be analysed to determine the critical storm duration for the
conveyance system.

Two options can be used to determine the critical storm duration for conveyance. Those are:

• Simple Calculation for catchment < 80 ha: Critical Storm Duration = tc with possible checks for partial area
effects; and

• Computer Model for catchment ≥ 80 ha: Run model for various storm durations and plotting the calculated
peak flow rates for various durations to find the critical storm duration, as shown in Figure 2.14.

2-18 Quantity Design Fundamentals

In order to develop the critical storm duration for a conveyance system, the designer has to select the design
ARI and simulate hydrologic and hydraulic calculations for various storm durations together with the rainfall
temporal patterns, antecedent moisture condition, etc. to get the peak flow values. The designer must then plot
the design peak flow values against the storm durations, as shown in Figure 2.14 to find the critical storm
duration for the drain or drainage system

No

Figure 2.13: General Analysis Procedure for Pond Routing (DID, 2000)

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-19

 Peak Flow (m³/s)

Storm Duration (hour)

Figure 2.14: Determination of Critical Storm Duration for Conveyance

2.6.2 Storage System

On the other hand, the critical storm duration of any storage facility (OSD, Detention Pond, Wetland, etc.)
mainly depends on the event runoff volume, inflow-outflow relationship, initial water level in the system, etc.
In short, runoff volume is more critical, instead of just the intensity of the rainfall. Hydrologic and hydraulic
routing of various storm durations for various rainfall temporal patterns, antecedent moisture conditions, etc. Is
required to define the maximum water level in the storage facility. The designer must then plot the simulated
highest water level in the pond, wetland or detention facility against the storm durations, as shown in Figure
2.15, to find the critical storm duration for the storage facilities.
Volume (m³)

Storm Duration (hour)

Figure 2.15: Determination of Critical Storm Duration for a Storage Facility

2-20 Quantity Design Fundamentals

REFERENCES

1. Chow V.T. (1959). Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York.
2. Chow V.T. (1964). Handbook of Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York.
3. Chow V.T., Maidment D.R. and Mays L.R. (1988). Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York.
4. Department of Irrigation and Drainage – DID (2000). Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia.
Government of Malaysia.
5. Department of Irrigation and Drainage – DID (1980). Flood Estimation in Urban Areas in Peninsular Malaysia.
Government of Malaysia.
6. Federal Highway Administration - FHWA (1996). Urban Drainage Design Manual. Hydraulic Engineering
Circular No. 22, Washington DC, the USA.
7. Institution of Engineers Australia, IEA (1977). Australian Rainfall and Runoff. Canberra, ACT.
8. Institution of Engineers Australia, IEA (1998). Australian Rainfall and Runoff. Reprinted Edition, Canberra,
ACT.
9. Queensland Urban Drainage Manual, QUDM (2007). Queensland Urban Drainage Manual. Volume 1, Second
Edition. Queensland Government, Australia.
10. Rouse H. (1949). Engineering Hydraulics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
11. Texas Department of Transportation, TxDOT (2009). Hydraulic Design Manual. Texas, USA.

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-21

2-22 Quantity Design Fundamentals
APPENDIX 2.A DESIGN CHART – OVERLAND FLOW TIME

pe
e Slo
c
rfa 0.2
%

Pa
Po ge
D

Ba Gr sse face Su
A yG

ve
en

ge
or
ve

re %
0.5

d
a
se

ly

r
ra ass

So sed ur n=0 e

Su
l

il Av 1%

rfa
as

Su Su ace %
G

2
r

ce
ra

rfa rfa 5% %

(n
ed

ce 10 %

=0
d
Su

(n (n= .04
S

.01
=0 20
r

5)
f

.0 .03 )
27
(

5
(n

)
= 0
.06

5)
0)

60 40 30 20 10 5 4 3 2 1 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000

Time of Travel Over Surface (min) Length of Overland Flow (m)

Design Chart 2.A1: Nomograph for the Estimation of Overland Flow Time (to)
for Sheet Flow (IEA, 1977)

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-23

APPENDIX 2.B IDF CONSTANTS

Table 2.B1: Fitting Constants for the IDF Empirical Equation for the Different Locations in Malaysia
for High ARIs between 2 and 100 Year and Storm Durations from 5 Minutes to 72 Hours

Constants
State No. Station Station Name
ID λ κ θ η
Johor 1 1437116 Stor JPS Johor Bahru 59.972 0.163 0.121 0.793
2 1534002 Pusat Kem. Pekan Nenas 54.265 0.179 0.100 0.756
3 1541139 Johor Silica 59.060 0.202 0.128 0.660
4 1636001 Balai Polis Kg Seelong 50.115 0.191 0.099 0.763
5 1737001 SM Bukit Besar 50.554 0.193 0.117 0.722
6 1829002 Setor JPS Batu Pahat 64.099 0.174 0.201 0.826
7 1834124 Ladang Ulu Remis 55.864 0.166 0.174 0.810
8 1839196 Simpang Masai K. Sedili 61.562 0.191 0.103 0.701
9 1931003 Emp. Semberong 60.568 0.163 0.159 0.821
10 2025001 Pintu Kaw. Tg. Agas 80.936 0.187 0.258 0.890
11 2033001 JPS Kluang 54.428 0.192 0.108 0.740
12 2231001 Ladang Chan Wing 57.188 0.186 0.093 0.777
13 2232001 Ladang Kekayaan 53.457 0.180 0.094 0.735
14 2235163 Ibu Bekalan Kahang 52.177 0.186 0.055 0.652
15 2237164 Jalan Kluang-Mersing 56.966 0.190 0.144 0.637
16 2330009 Ladang Labis 45.808 0.222 0.012 0.713
17 2528012 Rmh. Tapis Segamat 45.212 0.224 0.039 0.711
18 2534160 Kg Peta Hulu Sg Endau 59.500 0.185 0.129 0.623
19 2636170 Setor JPS Endau 62.040 0.215 0.103 0.592
Kedah 1 5507076 Bt. 27, Jalan Baling 52.398 0.172 0.104 0.788
2 5704055 Kedah Peak 81.579 0.200 0.437 0.719
3 5806066 Klinik Jeniang 59.786 0.165 0.203 0.791
4 5808001 Bt. 61, Jalang Baling 47.496 0.183 0.079 0.752
5 6103047 Setor JPS Alor Setar 64.832 0.168 0.346 0.800
6 6108001 Kompleks Rumah Muda 52.341 0.173 0.120 0.792
7 6206035 Kuala Nerang 54.849 0.174 0.250 0.810
8 6107032 AmpangPadu 66.103 0.177 0.284 0.842
9 6306031 Padang Senai 60.331 0.193 0.249 0.829

2-24 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Table 2.B1: Fitting Constants for the IDF Empirical Equation for the Different Locations in Malaysia
for High ARIs between 2 and 100 Year and Storm Durations from 5 Minutes to 72 Hours

Constants
State No. Station Station Name
ID λ κ θ η
Kelantan 1 4614001 Brook 49.623 0.159 0.242 0.795
2 4726001 Gunung Gagau 43.024 0.220 0.004 0.527
3 4819027 Gua Musang 57.132 0.155 0.119 0.795
4 4915001 Chabai 47.932 0.169 0.108 0.794
5 4923001 Kg Aring 47.620 0.187 0.020 0.637
6 5120025 Balai Polis Bertam 61.338 0.168 0.193 0.811
7 5216001 Gob 41.783 0.175 0.122 0.720
8 5320038 Dabong 51.442 0.189 0.077 0.710
9 5322044 Kg Lalok 53.766 0.197 0.121 0.705
10 5522047 JPS Kuala Krai 39.669 0.231 0.000 0.563
11 5718033 Kg Jeli, Tanah Merah 72.173 0.196 0.360 0.703
12 5719001 Kg Durian Daun Lawang 51.161 0.193 0.063 0.745
13 5722057 JPS Machang 48.433 0.219 0.000 0.601
14 5824079 Sg Rasau Pasir Putih 51.919 0.216 0.062 0.560
15 6019004 Rumah Kastam Rantau Pjg 49.315 0.228 0.000 0.609
16 6122064 Setor JPS Kota Bharu 60.988 0.214 0.148 0.616

Kuala 1 3015001 Puchong Drop, K Lumpur 69.650 0.151 0.223 0.880

Lumpur 2 3116003 Ibu Pejabat JPS 61.976 0.145 0.122 0.818
3 3116004 Ibu Pejabat JPS1 64.689 0.149 0.174 0.837
4 3116005 SK Taman Maluri 62.765 0.132 0.147 0.820
5 3116006 Ladang Edinburgh 63.483 0.146 0.210 0.830
6 3216001 Kg. Sungai Tua 64.203 0.152 0.250 0.844
7 3216004 SK Jenis Keb. Kepong 73.602 0.164 0.330 0.874
8 3217001 Ibu Bek. KM16, Gombak 66.328 0.144 0.230 0.859
9 3217002 Emp. Genting Kelang 70.200 0.165 0.290 0.854
10 3217003 Ibu Bek. KM11, Gombak 62.609 0.152 0.221 0.804
11 3217004 Kg. Kuala Seleh, H. Klg 61.516 0.139 0.183 0.837
12 3217005 Kg. Kerdas, Gombak 63.241 0.162 0.137 0.856
13 3317001 Air Terjun Sg. Batu 72.992 0.162 0.171 0.871
14 3317004 Genting Sempah 61.335 0.157 0.292 0.868

(Continued)

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-25

 Table 2.B1: Fitting Constants for the IDF Empirical Equation for the Different Locations in Malaysia
for High ARIs between 2 and 100 Year and Storm Durations from 5 Minutes to 72 Hours

Constants
State No. Station Station Name
ID λ κ θ η
Malacca 1 2222001 Bukit Sebukor 95.823 0.169 0.660 0.947
2 2224038 Chin Chin Tepi Jalan 54.241 0.161 0.114 0.846
3 2321006 Ladang Lendu 72.163 0.184 0.376 0.900
Negeri 1 2719001 Setor JPS Sikamat 52.823 0.167 0.159 0.811
Sembilan 2 2722202 Kg Sawah Lebar K Pilah 44.811 0.181 0.137 0.811
3 2723002 Sungai Kepis 54.400 0.176 0.134 0.842
4 2725083 Ladang New Rompin 57.616 0.191 0.224 0.817
5 2920012 Petaling K Kelawang 50.749 0.173 0.235 0.854

Pahang 1 2630001 Sungai Pukim 46.577 0.232 0.169 0.687

2 2634193 Sungai Anak Endau 66.179 0.182 0.081 0.589
3 2828173 Kg Gambir 47.701 0.182 0.096 0.715
4 3026156 Pos Iskandar 47.452 0.184 0.071 0.780
5 3121143 Simpang Pelangai 57.109 0.165 0.190 0.867
6 3134165 Dispensari Nenasi 61.697 0.152 0.120 0.593
7 3231163 Kg Unchang 55.568 0.179 0.096 0.649
8 3424081 JPS Temerloh 73.141 0.173 0.577 0.896
9 3533102 Rumah Pam Pahang Tua 58.483 0.212 0.197 0.586
10 3628001 Pintu Kaw. Pulau Kertam 50.024 0.211 0.089 0.716
11 3818054 Setor JPS Raub 53.115 0.168 0.191 0.833
12 3924072 Rmh Pam Paya Kangsar 62.301 0.167 0.363 0.868
13 3930012 Sungai Lembing PCC Mill 45.999 0.210 0.074 0.590
14 4023001 Kg Sungai Yap 65.914 0.195 0.252 0.817
15 4127001 Hulu Tekai Kwsn.”B” 59.861 0.226 0.213 0.762
16 4219001 Bukit Bentong 73.676 0.165 0.384 0.879
17 4223115 Kg Merting 52.731 0.184 0.096 0.805
18 4513033 Gunung Brinchang 42.004 0.164 0.046 0.802

Penang 1 5204048 Sg Simpang Ampat 62.089 0.220 0.402 0.785

2 5302001 Tangki Air Besar Sg Pinang 67.949 0.181 0.299 0.736
3 5302003 Kolam Tkgn Air Hitam 52.459 0.191 0.106 0.729
4 5303001 Rmh Kebajikan P Pinang 57.326 0.203 0.325 0.791
5 5303053 Komplek Prai 52.771 0.203 0.095 0.717
6 5402001 Klinik Bkt Bendera P Pinang 64.504 0.196 0.149 0.723
7 5402002 Kolam Bersih P Pinang 53.785 0.181 0.125 0.706
8 5404043 Ibu Bekalan Sg Kulim 57.832 0.188 0.245 0.751
9 5504035 Lahar Ikan Mati Kepala Batas 48.415 0.221 0.068 0.692

(Continued)

2-26 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Table 2.B1: Fitting Constants for the IDF Empirical Equation for the Different Locations in Malaysia
for High ARIs between 2 and 100 Year and Storm Durations from 5 Minutes to 72 Hours

Constants
State No. Station Station Name
ID λ κ θ η
Perak 1 4010001 JPS Teluk Intan 54.017 0.198 0.084 0.790
2 4207048 JPS Setiawan 56.121 0.174 0.211 0.854
3 4311001 Pejabat Daerah Kampar 69.926 0.148 0.149 0.813
4 4409091 Rumah Pam Kubang Haji 52.343 0.164 0.177 0.840
5 4511111 Politeknik Ungku Umar 70.238 0.164 0.288 0.872
6 4807016 Bukit Larut Taiping 87.236 0.165 0.258 0.842
7 4811075 Rancangan Belia Perlop 58.234 0.198 0.247 0.856
8 5005003 Jln. Mtg. Buloh Bgn Serai 52.752 0.163 0.179 0.795
9 5207001 Kolam Air JKR Selama 59.567 0.176 0.062 0.807
10 5210069 Stesen Pem. Hutan Lawin 52.803 0.169 0.219 0.838
11 5411066 Kuala Kenderong 85.943 0.223 0.248 0.909
12 5710061 Dispensari Keroh 53.116 0.168 0.112 0.820

Perlis 1 6401002 Padang Katong, Kangar 57.645 0.179 0.254 0.826

Selangor 1 2815001 JPS Sungai Manggis 56.052 0.152 0.194 0.857
2 2913001 Pusat Kwln. JPS T Gong 63.493 0.170 0.254 0.872
3 2917001 Setor JPS Kajang 59.153 0.161 0.118 0.812
4 3117070 JPS Ampang 65.809 0.148 0.156 0.837
5 3118102 SK Sungai Lui 63.155 0.177 0.122 0.842
6 3314001 Rumah Pam JPS P Setia 62.273 0.175 0.205 0.841
7 3411017 Setor JPS Tj. Karang 68.290 0.175 0.243 0.894
8 3416002 Kg Kalong Tengah 61.811 0.161 0.188 0.816
9 3516022 Loji Air Kuala Kubu Baru 67.793 0.176 0.278 0.854
10 3710006 Rmh Pam Bagan Terap 60.793 0.173 0.185 0.884

Terengganu 1 3933001 Hulu Jabor, Kemaman 103.519 0.228 0.756 0.707

2 4131001 Kg, Ban Ho, Kemaman 65.158 0.164 0.092 0.660
3 4234109 JPS Kemaman 55.899 0.201 0.000 0.580
4 4332001 Jambatan Tebak, Kem. 61.703 0.185 0.088 0.637
5 4529001 Rmh Pam Paya Kempian 53.693 0.194 0.000 0.607
6 4529071 SK Pasir Raja 48.467 0.207 0.000 0.600
7 4631001 Almuktafibillah Shah 66.029 0.199 0.165 0.629
8 4734079 SM Sultan Omar, Dungun 51.935 0.213 0.020 0.587
9 4832077 SK Jerangau 54.947 0.212 0.026 0.555
10 4930038 Kg Menerong, Hulu Trg 60.436 0.204 0.063 0.588
11 5029034 Kg Dura. Hulu Trg 60.510 0.220 0.087 0.617
12 5128001 Sungai Gawi, Hulu Trg 48.101 0.215 0.027 0.566
13 5226001 Sg Petualang, Hulu Trg 48.527 0.228 0.000 0.547
14 5328044 Sungai Tong, Setiu 52.377 0.188 0.003 0.558
15 5331048 Setor JPS K Terengganu 58.307 0.210 0.123 0.555
16 5426001 Kg Seladang, Hulu Setiu 57.695 0.197 0.000 0.544
17 5428001 Kg Bt. Hampar, Setiu 55.452 0.186 0.000 0.545
18 5524002 SK Panchor, Setiu Klinik 53.430 0.206 0.000 0.524
19 5725006 Kg Raja, Besut 52.521 0.225 0.041 0.560

(Continued)

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-27

 Table 2.B2: Fitting Constants for the IDF Empirical Equation for the Different Locations in Malaysia
for Low ARIs between 0.5 and 12 Month and Storm Durations from 5 Minutes to 72 Hours

Constants
State No. Station Station Name
ID λ κ θ η
Johor 1 1437116 Stor JPS Johor Bahru 73.6792 0.2770 0.2927 0.8620
2 1534002 Pusat Kem. Pekan Nenas 62.6514 0.3231 0.1557 0.8212
3 1541139 Johor Silica 79.5355 0.3363 0.2947 0.8097
4 1636001 Balai Polis Kg Seelong 61.2124 0.3373 0.2375 0.8427
5 1737001 SM Bukit Besar 61.3513 0.3027 0.2029 0.8240
6 1829002 Setor Daerah JPS Batu Pahat 62.1576 0.3055 0.1423 0.8253
7 1834124 Ladang Ulu Remis 59.1713 0.2935 0.1847 0.8380
8 1839196 Simpang Masai K. Sedili 71.7947 0.2683 0.1863 0.8071
9 1931003 Emp. Semberong 66.8854 0.3549 0.2107 0.8384
10 2025001 Pintu Kaw. Tg. Agas 77.7719 0.3102 0.2806 0.8789
11 2231001 Ladang Chan Wing 66.1439 0.3236 0.1778 0.8489
12 2232001 Ladang Kekayaan 66.7541 0.3076 0.2270 0.8381
13 2235163 Ibu Bekalan Kahang 62.3394 0.2786 0.1626 0.7389
14 2237164 Jalan Kluang-Mersing 73.2358 0.3431 0.2198 0.7733
15 2330009 Ladang Labis 65.2220 0.3947 0.2353 0.8455
16 2528012 Rmh. Tapis Segamat 63.6892 0.3817 0.2586 0.8711
17 2534160 Kg Peta Hulu Sg Endau 69.9581 0.3499 0.1808 0.7064
18 2636170 Setor JPS Endau 77.6302 0.3985 0.2497 0.6927

Kedah 1 5507076 Bt. 27, Jalan Baling 62.7610 0.2580 0.3040 0.8350
2 5704055 Kedah Peak 58.5960 0.3390 0.0640 0.661
3 5806066 Klinik Jeniang 67.1200 0.3820 0.2380 0.8230
4 5808001 Bt. 61, Jalan Baling 56.3990 0.3880 0.2520 0.8030
5 6103047 Setor JPS Alor Setar 67.6410 0.3340 0.2740 0.8280
6 6108001 Kompleks Rumah Muda 58.4040 0.2780 0.2340 0.8290
7 6206035 Kuala Nerang 62.9600 0.3080 0.3590 0.8590
8 6207032 Ampang Padu 70.9970 0.2930 0.3820 0.8630
9 6306031 Padang Sanai 63.6150 0.3130 0.3090 0.8520

2-28 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Table 2.B2: Fitting Constants for the IDF Empirical Equation for the Different Locations in Malaysia
for Low ARIs between 0.5 and 12 Month and Storm Durations from 5 Minutes to 72 Hours

Constants
State No. Station Station Name
ID λ κ θ η
Kelantan 1 4614001 Brook 49.7311 0.3159 0.1978 0.7924
2 4915001 Chabai 56.2957 0.2986 0.1965 0.8384
3 4923001 Kg Aring 70.2651 0.3810 0.2416 0.8185
4 5120025 Balai Polis Bertam 67.7195 0.3271 0.2430 0.8424
5 5216001 Gob 47.4654 0.2829 0.1531 0.7850
6 5320038 Dabong 67.7907 0.3777 0.2740 0.8115
7 5322044 Kg Lalok 67.7660 0.3288 0.2367 0.8188
8 5522047 JPS Kuala Krai 63.0690 0.4681 0.3096 0.7833
9 5718033 Kg Jeli, Tanah Merah 73.8139 0.3878 0.1161 0.7600
10 5719001 Kg Durian Daun Lawang 67.2398 0.3651 0.1822 0.7531
11 5722057 JPS Machang 57.3756 0.3441 0.1742 0.7085
12 5824079 Sg Rasau, Pasir Putih 68.5083 0.4079 0.2019 0.7003
13 6019004 Rumah Kastam Rantau Pjg 65.3650 0.4433 0.1582 0.7527
Kuala 1 3015001 Puchong Drop, K Lumpur 68.5873 0.3519 0.1697 0.8494
Lumpur 2 3116004 Ibu Pejabat JPS 65.9923 0.2857 0.1604 0.8341
3 3116005 SK Taman Maluri 74.4510 0.2663 0.3120 0.8608
4 3116006 Ladang Edinburgh 64.5033 0.2751 0.1814 0.8329
5 3216001 Kg. Sungai Tua 62.9398 0.2579 0.1989 0.8374
6 3216004 SK Jenis Keb. Kepong 69.7878 0.2955 0.1672 0.8508
7 3217001 Ibu Bek. KM16, Gombak 66.0685 0.2565 0.2293 0.8401
8 3217002 Emp. Genting Kelang 66.2582 0.2624 0.2423 0.8446
9 3217003 Ibu Bek. KM11, Gombak 73.9540 0.2984 0.3241 0.8238
10 3217004 Kg. Kuala Seleh, H. Klang 64.3175 0.2340 0.1818 0.8645
11 3217005 Kg. Kerdas, Gombak 68.8526 0.2979 0.2024 0.8820
12 3317001 Air Terjun Sg. Batu 75.9351 0.2475 0.2664 0.8668
13 3317004 Genting Sempah 55.3934 0.2822 0.1835 0.8345

(Continued)

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-29

 Table 2.B2: Fitting Constants for the IDF Empirical Equation for the Different Locations in Malaysia
for Low ARIs between 0.5 and 12 Month and Storm Durations from 5 Minutes to 72 Hours

Constants
State No. Station Station Name
ID λ κ θ η
Malacca 1 2222001 Bukit Sebukor 78.1482 0.2690 0.3677 0.8968
2 2224038 Chin Chin Tepi Jalan 66.0589 0.3363 0.3301 0.8905
3 2321006 Ladang Lendu 64.7588 0.2975 0.2896 0.8787
Negeri 1 2719001 Setor JPS Sikamat 60.4227 0.2793 0.2694 0.8540
Sembilan 2 2722202 Kg Sawah Lebar K Pilah 49.3232 0.2716 0.2164 0.8503
3 2723002 Sungai Kepis 61.3339 0.2536 0.3291 0.8717
4 2725083 Ladang New Rompin 65.0249 0.3575 0.3546 0.8750
5 2920012 Petaling K Kelawang 51.7343 0.2919 0.2643 0.8630

Pahang 1 2630001 Sungai Pukim Sungai 63.9783 0.3906 0.2556 0.8717

2 2634193 Anak Endau 79.4310 0.3639 0.1431 0.7051
3 2828173 Kg Gambir 61.1933 0.3857 0.1878 0.8237
4 3026156 Pos Iskandar 59.9903 0.3488 0.2262 0.8769
5 3121143 Simpang Pelangai 64.9653 0.3229 0.3003 0.8995
6 3134165 Dispensari Nenasi 88.6484 0.3830 0.4040 0.7614
7 3231163 Kg Unchang 71.6472 0.3521 0.1805 0.7886
8 3424081 JPS Temerloh 62.2075 0.3528 0.3505 0.8368
9 3533102 Rumah Pam Pahang Tua 80.8887 0.3611 0.4800 0.7578
10 3628001 Pintu Kaw. Pulau Kertam 63.5073 0.3830 0.2881 0.8202
11 3818054 Setor JPS Raub 61.3432 0.3692 0.3929 0.8445
12 3924072 Rmh Pam Paya Kangsar 58.3761 0.3334 0.2421 0.8430
13 3930012 Sungai Lembing PCC Mill 77.0004 0.4530 0.5701 0.8125
14 4023001 Kg Sungai Yap 77.1488 0.3725 0.3439 0.8810
15 4127001 Hulu Tekai Kwsn.”B” 60.2235 0.4650 0.1241 0.8020
16 4219001 Bukit Bentong 67.6128 0.2706 0.2459 0.8656
17 4223115 Kg Merting 62.7511 0.2843 0.3630 0.9024
18 4513033 Gunung Brinchang 42.1757 0.2833 0.1468 0.7850

Penang 1 5204048 Sg Simpang Ampat 59.3122 0.3394 0.3350 0.8090

2 5302001 Tangki Air Besar Sg Pinang 71.7482 0.2928 0.2934 0.7779
3 5302003 Kolam Tkgn Air Hitam 56.1145 0.2975 0.1778 0.7626
4 5303001 Rmh Kebajikan P Pinang 60.1084 0.3575 0.2745 0.8303
5 5303053 Kompleks Prai P Pinang 49.4860 0.3314 0.0518 0.7116
6 5402001 Klinik Bkt Bendera P Pinang 68.0999 0.3111 0.1904 0.7662
7 5402002 Kolam Bersih P Pinang 62.7533 0.2688 0.2488 0.7757
8 5504035 Lahar Ikan Mati Kepala Batas 60.8596 0.3369 0.2316 0.7981

(Continued)

2-30 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Table 2.B2: Fitting Constants for the IDF Empirical Equation for the Different Locations in Malaysia
for Low ARIs between 0.5 and 12 Month and Storm Durations from 5 Minutes to 72 Hours

Constants
State No. Station Station Name
ID λ κ θ η
Perak 1 5005003 JPS Teluk Intan 65.1854 0.3681 0.2552 0.8458
2 4010001 JPS Setiawan 56.2695 0.3434 0.2058 0.8465
3 4207048 Pejabat Daerah Kampar 79.2706 0.1829 0.3048 0.8532
4 4311001 Rumah Pam Kubang Haji 47.8316 0.3527 0.1038 0.8018
5 4409091 Politeknik Ungku Umar 62.9315 0.3439 0.1703 0.8229
6 4511111 Bukit Larut Taiping 83.3964 0.3189 0.1767 0.8166
7 4807016 Rancangan Belia Perlop 57.4914 0.3199 0.2027 0.8696
8 4811075 Jln. Mtg. Buloh Bgn Serai 63.2357 0.3176 0.3330 0.8462
9 5207001 Kolam Air JKR Selama 67.0499 0.3164 0.2255 0.8080
10 5210069 Stesen Pem. Hutan Lawin 53.7310 0.3372 0.2237 0.8347
11 5411066 Kuala Kenderong 68.5357 0.4196 0.1558 0.8378
12 5710061 Dispensari Keroh 59.2197 0.3265 0.1621 0.8522

Perlis 1 6401002 Padang Katong, Kangar 52.1510 0.3573 0.1584 0.7858

Selangor 1 2815001 JPS Sungai Manggis 57.3495 0.2758 0.1693 0.8672
2 2913001 Pusat Kwln. JPS T Gong 65.3556 0.3279 0.3451 0.8634
3 2917001 Setor JPS Kajang 62.9564 0.3293 0.1298 0.8273
4 3117070 JPS Ampang 69.1727 0.2488 0.1918 0.8374
5 3118102 SK Sungai Lui 68.4588 0.3035 0.2036 0.8726
6 3314001 Rumah Pam JPS P Setia 65.1864 0.2816 0.2176 0.8704
7 3411017 Setor JPS Tj. Karang 70.9914 0.2999 0.2929 0.9057
8 3416002 Kg Kalong Tengah 59.9750 0.2444 0.1642 0.8072
9 3516022 Loji Air Kuala Kubu Baru 66.8884 0.2798 0.3489 0.8334
10 3710006 Rmh Pam Bagan Terap 62.2644 0.3168 0.2799 0.8665

Terengganu 1 3933001 Hulu Jabor, Kemaman 74.8046 0.2170 0.2527 0.7281

2 4131001 Kg, Ban Ho, Kemaman 68.6659 0.3164 0.1157 0.6969
3 4234109 JPS Kemaman Jambatan 75.8258 0.2385 0.3811 0.7303
4 4332001 Tebak, Kem. 77.2826 0.3460 0.3036 0.7301
5 4529001 Rmh Pam Paya Kempian 65.2791 0.3642 0.1477 0.6667
6 4631001 Almuktafibillah Shah 81.8861 0.3400 0.2600 0.7459
7 4734079 SM Sultan Omar, Dungun 66.4262 0.3288 0.2152 0.7015
8 4832077 SK Jerangau 81.4981 0.3736 0.4226 0.7586
9 4930038 Kg Menerong, Hulu Trg 80.9649 0.3782 0.2561 0.7158
10 5029034 Kg Dura. Hulu Trg 62.7859 0.3495 0.1103 0.6638
11 5128001 Sungai Gawi, Hulu Trg 59.3063 0.4001 0.1312 0.6796
12 5226001 Sg Petualang, Hulu Trg 51.7862 0.2968 0.0704 0.6587
13 5328044 Sungai Tong, Setiu 63.4136 0.3864 0.0995 0.6540
14 5331048 Setor JPS K Terengganu 67.0267 0.2844 0.2633 0.6690
15 5426001 Kg Seladang, Hulu Setiu 76.9088 0.4513 0.1636 0.6834
16 5428001 Kg Bt. Hampar, Setiu 57.9456 0.2490 0.0380 0.6000
17 5524002 SK Panchor, Setiu 75.1489 0.4147 0.2580 0.6760

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-31

APPENDIX 2.C NORMALISED DESIGN RAINFALL TEMPORAL PATTERN

2.C1 Region 1: Terengganu and Kelantan

No. of Storm Duration

Block 15-min 30-min 60-min 180-min 6-hr 12-hr 24-hr 48-hr 72-hr
1 0.316 0.133 0.060 0.060 0.059 0.070 0.019 0.027 0.021
2 0.368 0.193 0.062 0.061 0.067 0.073 0.022 0.028 0.029
3 0.316 0.211 0.084 0.071 0.071 0.083 0.027 0.029 0.030
4 0.202 0.087 0.080 0.082 0.084 0.036 0.033 0.033
5 0.161 0.097 0.110 0.119 0.097 0.042 0.037 0.037
6 0.100 0.120 0.132 0.130 0.106 0.044 0.040 0.038
7 0.115 0.120 0.123 0.099 0.048 0.046 0.042
8 0.091 0.100 0.086 0.086 0.049 0.048 0.048
9 0.087 0.078 0.073 0.084 0.050 0.049 0.053
10 0.082 0.069 0.069 0.083 0.056 0.054 0.055
11 0.061 0.060 0.063 0.070 0.058 0.058 0.058
12 0.054 0.059 0.057 0.064 0.068 0.065 0.067
13 0.058 0.060 0.059
14 0.057 0.055 0.056
15 0.050 0.053 0.053
16 0.050 0.048 0.052
17 0.048 0.046 0.047
18 0.046 0.044 0.041
19 0.043 0.038 0.038
20 0.039 0.034 0.036
21 0.028 0.030 0.033
22 0.025 0.029 0.030
23 0.022 0.028 0.022
24 0.016 0.019 0.020

2-32 Quantity Design Fundamentals

2.C2 Region 2: Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Selangor and Pahang

No. of Storm Duration

Block 15-min 30-min 60-min 180-min 6-hr 12-hr 24-hr 48-hr 72-hr
1 0.255 0.124 0.053 0.053 0.044 0.045 0.022 0.027 0.016
2 0.376 0.130 0.059 0.061 0.081 0.048 0.024 0.028 0.023
3 0.370 0.365 0.063 0.063 0.083 0.064 0.029 0.029 0.027
4 0.152 0.087 0.080 0.090 0.106 0.031 0.033 0.033
5 0.126 0.103 0.128 0.106 0.124 0.032 0.037 0.036
6 0.103 0.153 0.151 0.115 0.146 0.035 0.040 0.043
7 0.110 0.129 0.114 0.127 0.039 0.046 0.047
8 0.088 0.097 0.090 0.116 0.042 0.048 0.049
9 0.069 0.079 0.085 0.081 0.050 0.049 0.049
10 0.060 0.062 0.081 0.056 0.054 0.054 0.051
11 0.057 0.054 0.074 0.046 0.065 0.058 0.067
12 0.046 0.042 0.037 0.041 0.093 0.065 0.079
13 0.083 0.060 0.068
14 0.057 0.055 0.057
15 0.052 0.053 0.050
16 0.047 0.048 0.049
17 0.040 0.046 0.048
18 0.039 0.044 0.043
19 0.033 0.038 0.038
20 0.031 0.034 0.035
21 0.029 0.030 0.030
22 0.028 0.029 0.024
23 0.024 0.028 0.022
24 0.020 0.019 0.016

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-33

2.C3 Region 3: Perak, Kedah, Pulau Pinang and Perlis

No. of Storm Duration

Block 15-min 30-min 60-min 180-min 6-hr 12-hr 24-hr 48-hr 72-hr
1 0.215 0.158 0.068 0.060 0.045 0.040 0.027 0.015 0.021
2 0.395 0.161 0.074 0.085 0.070 0.060 0.031 0.020 0.023
3 0.390 0.210 0.077 0.086 0.078 0.066 0.033 0.026 0.024
4 0.173 0.087 0.087 0.099 0.092 0.034 0.028 0.025
5 0.158 0.099 0.100 0.113 0.114 0.035 0.038 0.028
6 0.141 0.106 0.100 0.129 0.166 0.036 0.039 0.031
7 0.104 0.100 0.121 0.119 0.039 0.045 0.044
8 0.098 0.088 0.099 0.113 0.042 0.046 0.049
9 0.078 0.087 0.081 0.081 0.044 0.052 0.058
10 0.075 0.085 0.076 0.066 0.053 0.057 0.063
11 0.072 0.063 0.047 0.046 0.056 0.069 0.074
12 0.064 0.059 0.041 0.036 0.080 0.086 0.081
13 0.076 0.073 0.078
14 0.055 0.060 0.070
15 0.048 0.056 0.058
16 0.044 0.046 0.050
17 0.041 0.045 0.044
18 0.039 0.044 0.044
19 0.036 0.039 0.030
20 0.034 0.035 0.026
21 0.033 0.028 0.025
22 0.032 0.021 0.024
23 0.031 0.017 0.022
24 0.023 0.014 0.008

2-34 Quantity Design Fundamentals

2.C4 Region 4: Mountainous Area

No. of Storm Duration

Block 15-min 30-min 60-min 180-min 6-hr 12-hr 24-hr 48-hr 72-hr
1 0.146 0.117 0.028 0.019 0.019 0.041 0.000 0.002 0.005
2 0.677 0.130 0.052 0.019 0.040 0.052 0.002 0.007 0.006
3 0.177 0.374 0.064 0.055 0.045 0.056 0.007 0.018 0.011
4 0.152 0.073 0.098 0.060 0.059 0.009 0.024 0.014
5 0.121 0.106 0.164 0.082 0.120 0.023 0.027 0.018
6 0.107 0.280 0.197 0.390 0.253 0.026 0.033 0.027
7 0.119 0.169 0.171 0.157 0.027 0.037 0.028
8 0.079 0.132 0.062 0.065 0.040 0.043 0.035
9 0.066 0.095 0.054 0.058 0.049 0.053 0.056
10 0.058 0.027 0.041 0.052 0.055 0.062 0.065
11 0.042 0.019 0.020 0.048 0.112 0.080 0.116
12 0.028 0.006 0.016 0.038 0.227 0.204 0.171
13 0.142 0.081 0.127
14 0.060 0.066 0.096
15 0.050 0.057 0.060
16 0.048 0.047 0.039
17 0.034 0.037 0.034
18 0.027 0.036 0.028
19 0.026 0.031 0.023
20 0.023 0.026 0.016
21 0.008 0.018 0.011
22 0.007 0.007 0.009
23 0.001 0.003 0.005
24 0.000 0.000 0.000

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-35

2.C5 Region 5: Urban Area (Kuala Lumpur)

No. of Storm Duration

Block 15-min 30-min 60-min 180-min 6-hr 12-hr 24-hr 48-hr 72-hr
1 0.184 0.097 0.056 0.048 0.033 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.006
2 0.448 0.161 0.061 0.060 0.045 0.051 0.011 0.011 0.014
3 0.368 0.400 0.065 0.078 0.092 0.074 0.015 0.015 0.019
4 0.164 0.096 0.095 0.096 0.086 0.021 0.018 0.023
5 0.106 0.106 0.097 0.107 0.140 0.025 0.024 0.027
6 0.072 0.164 0.175 0.161 0.206 0.032 0.027 0.040
7 0.108 0.116 0.118 0.180 0.047 0.031 0.049
8 0.103 0.096 0.102 0.107 0.052 0.033 0.050
9 0.068 0.093 0.096 0.081 0.055 0.041 0.054
10 0.065 0.062 0.091 0.064 0.076 0.068 0.067
11 0.058 0.050 0.037 0.007 0.087 0.129 0.072
12 0.050 0.030 0.023 0.003 0.103 0.142 0.110
13 0.091 0.132 0.087
14 0.080 0.096 0.070
15 0.075 0.053 0.060
16 0.054 0.036 0.052
17 0.048 0.033 0.050
18 0.035 0.030 0.047
19 0.027 0.026 0.031
20 0.023 0.020 0.025
21 0.017 0.017 0.022
22 0.012 0.012 0.014
23 0.009 0.004 0.009
24 0.002 0.001 0.003

2-36 Quantity Design Fundamentals

APPENDIX 2.D EXAMPLE – IDF CURVE DEVELOPMENT

Problem:

Develop IDF curves for 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 year ARI using the annual maximum rainfall data of 5, 10, 15,
30¸60, 180, 360, 540, 720, 900 and 1440 minutes durations for a raingauge station located at Ampang, Selangor.
The required rainfall data is given in Table 2.D1.

Table 2.D1: Annual Maximum Rainfall Data at Ampang Station

Annual Maximum Rainfall (mm) Data for Various Durations (minutes)

Year
5 10 15 30 45 60 120 180 360 540 720 900 1440
1980 20.2 35.3 40.8 53.0 59.8 65.4 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 122.4 123.5
1981 34.3 41.0 45.2 49.5 62.6 65.2 76.1 87.2 97.5 113.0 113.0 113.0 114.5
1982 22.3 26.3 35.9 54.9 64.3 69.1 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.0 102.5
1983 12.5 15.7 23.5 46.0 65.7 84.7 111.0 111.0 111.0 113.0 113.0 113.0 119.5
1984 38.9 44.5 50.2 67.2 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 84.0 90.8 92.5 93.0 93.0
1985 50.1 50.4 50.7 51.6 52.8 58.1 74.8 83.5 84.0 84.0 84.5 89.5 118.5
1986 32.2 36.5 36.5 38.2 54.3 59.0 77.9 89.5 101.7 107.0 108.8 135.2 181.5
1987 8.4 11.0 12.7 25.4 35.0 46.7 64.0 64.0 64.0 64.0 64.0 64.0 74.0
1988 34.5 34.5 34.5 53.3 69.5 85.8 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0
1989 11.9 23.7 31.5 31.5 38.6 42.0 56.8 64.5 78.5 83.1 91.5 111.0 115.5
1990 18.7 33.0 33.0 33.0 42.4 54.4 59.5 59.5 61.0 66.0 66.0 66.0 88.0
1991 5.2 10.4 15.6 31.2 40.0 47.7 63.2 68.0 86.0 86.0 86.5 86.5 95.2
1992 8.8 17.5 23.7 28.9 42.0 51.7 89.7 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0 107.0
1993 10.1 20.3 30.1 54.8 71.4 86.3 105.0 119.0 121.5 121.5 121.5 122.4 124.5
1994 17.0 20.4 24.9 43.0 49.8 54.2 72.0 72.1 77.0 77.0 77.0 77.0 77.0
1995 27.5 30.2 34.0 42.5 50.9 57.4 65.5 66.0 66.5 66.5 67.0 67.0 82.5
1996 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0 87.0
1997 31.3 39.2 47.1 48.5 48.5 50.3 65.4 79.2 109.3 113.5 113.5 113.5 113.5
1998 25.5 29.5 31.8 41.8 51.1 56.0 59.0 59.5 59.7 59.8 60.0 60.1 61.6
1999 26.9 30.2 33.5 44.3 57.6 69.3 84.5 103.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 119.0
2000 21.1 26.9 35.3 49.8 58.4 65.6 97.3 104.6 111.6 111.7 111.9 112.0 116.1
2001 20.5 29.5 39.0 66.9 87.2 95.6 113.7 114.1 118.1 118.4 119.1 119.3 140.1
2002 19.6 33.4 41.1 61.7 81.3 94.0 115.8 117.5 118.4 118.7 119.1 138.6 139.0
2003 16.5 25.6 35.5 66.0 95.7 102.7 110.0 110.5 110.7 110.9 111.0 111.0 133.4
2004 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 67.8 77.9 89.7 91.9 92.3 92.5 92.5 92.5 128.2
2005 14.6 27.0 36.7 62.1 70.5 83.2 90.8 91.0 99.4 103.6 104.3 105.0 110.0
2006 15.1 28.2 39.2 68.7 87.6 111.6 140.7 142.9 144.3 144.6 144.7 144.9 145.0
2007 18.3 29.8 42.8 69.8 90.5 103.2 133.1 137.3 137.7 138.0 138.1 138.3 191.9
2008 18.2 27.6 34.0 61.0 81.0 87.6 90.0 90.1 90.3 90.5 98.1 98.3 98.5
2009 11.8 21.5 27.1 45.5 61.7 72.4 76.0 76.1 76.3 76.4 117.8 139.1 139.4

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-37

Solution:

Reference Calculation Output

Figure 2.1 Step 1: Collect annual maximum rainfall data of selected durations from the
Ampang station, which is given in Table 2.D1.

Figure 2.1 Step 2: Calculate the cumulative rainfall value for each duration to check the Figure
consistencies by mass curve method. A sample mass curve is shown in Figure 2.D1 2.D1
for the storm duration of 24 hours.

Figure 2.1 Step 3: Fit the Raw Rainfall Data to Various Frequency Distributions. For this Table
purpose, calculate the mean and standard deviation for the annual maximum 2.D2.
rainfall values of each duration, as shown in Table 2.D2.

Figure 2.1 Step 4: Select the Most Suitable Frequency Distribution Method that fits the Data.
Various statistical distribution should be used to determine the most suitable
method that fits the data set best. This step is required to estimate the design
rainfall of various ARIs. The Gumble distribution is used in this example, which
used the following equation.

RFT = RFmean + σK

where,
RFT = The magnitude of the rainfall for a return period of T year;
RFmean = The arithmetic mean value of the annual rainfall values of
various durations;
σ = The standard deviation from the mean;
K = The frequency factor for extreme values, which depends on
the type of distribution used.

Figure 2.1 Step 5: Calculate the Amounts of Rainfalls for Various Duration and Selected ARIs Table
(2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 year). Calculate the frequency factors for the required ARIs 2.D3
as given in Table 2.D3. Multiply the standard deviation values with the and
corresponding frequency factors of various ARIs and add to the mean annual 2.D4
maximum rainfall values to get the design rainfall as given in Table 2.D4.

Figure 2.1 Step 6: Convert the Rainfall into Intensity (Table 2.D5) and Plot Various Durations Table
in the Log-Log Graph for the Selected ARIs. Plot the data of Table 2.D4 to get the 2.D5
IDF curves, as shown in Figure 2.D2. If the graphs are not smooth based on the and
actual statistical data, adjust the data to produce smooth graphs. Figure
2.D2

Table 2.D2: Calculation of Mean and Standard Deviation for the Data given in Table 2.D1

Annual Maximum Rainfall (mm) for Various Durations (minutes)

Term
5 10 15 30 45 60 120 180 360 540 720 900 1440
Mean 24.6 31.5 37.1 51.2 63.4 72.0 87.0 91.2 95.7 97.4 99.6 104.4 114.8
Std. 16.9 14.9 13.6 14.2 16.9 18.9 21.9 22.2 21.7 21.8 21.5 23.5 28.7
Dev.

2-38 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Table 2.D3: Calculation of Frequency Factors for the Selected ARIs

ARI (Year) Frequency Factor

2 -0.1681
5 0.7371
10 1.3379
20 1.9134
50 2.6585
100 3.2166

Table 2.D4: Calculation of Design Rainfall Depths for Various ARIs

ARI Design Rainfall (mm) Data for Various Storm Durations (minute)
(Year) 5 10 15 30 60 180 540 720 900 1080 1440
2 21.2 29.4 36.7 55.3 67.0 77.0 86.6 87.9 93.9 99.9 110.9
5 23.1 32.0 40.0 60.1 75.3 85.3 96.0 97.2 103.2 109.2 120.2
20 25.5 35.5 44.4 66.4 86.0 96.0 108.2 109.3 115.3 121.3 132.3
50 27.1 37.7 47.1 70.4 92.8 102.8 115.9 117.0 123.0 129.0 140.0
100 28.3 39.3 49.1 73.4 97.9 107.9 121.7 122.7 128.7 134.7 145.7

Table 2.D5: Calculation of Design Rainfall Intensities for Various ARIs

ARI Design Rainfall Intensities (mm/hr) for Various Storm Durations (minute)
(Year) 5 10 15 30 60 180 540 720 900 1080 1440
2 216.00 173.93 146.89 99.31 80.68 68.81 41.63 29.16 15.35 10.41 7.99
5 260.62 215.28 181.55 126.47 101.09 85.90 51.55 35.87 18.62 12.60 9.61
20 300.00 247.74 206.54 142.56 114.63 97.25 58.12 40.32 20.80 14.05 10.69
50 348.34 287.74 237.68 159.22 127.61 108.12 64.43 44.59 22.88 15.45 11.72
100 389.05 325.09 274.16 181.55 144.41 122.19 72.58 50.11 25.57 17.25 13.05

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-39

 4000

3500
Cumulative Rainfall (mm)

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year

Figure 2.D1: Mass Curve to Check Consistency of the Raw Rainfall Data (24 hours Duration)

1000
Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)

100

2-Year ARI
5-Year ARI
10
10-Year ARI
20-Year ARI
50-Year ARI
100-Year ARI

1
1 10 100 1000
Storm Duration (minutes)

Figure 2.D2: Developed IDF Curves for Ampang Station

2-40 Quantity Design Fundamentals

APPENDIX 2.E EXAMPLE - DESIGN TEMPORAL PATTERNS

Problem:

Determine the design rainfall temporal pattern for the raw data given in Table 2.E1.

Table 2.E1: Recorded Rainfall Data for Temporal Pattern

A B C D E F G H

Storm Duration = 25 min

Rain (mm) at 5-minute Interval
Number of Intervals = 5

Total Rain
Date Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
(mm)

12.01.1972 58.7 1 9.2 12.8 12.8 12.8 11.1

07.12.1983 58.3 2 8.0 11.7 14.0 13.3 11.2

21.07.1992 54.0 3 9.5 12.3 11.2 10.9 10.2

03.12.1985 52.3 4 11.2 17.3 9.3 4.0 10.5

19.01.1999 51.1 5 4.8 13.3 12.0 10.7 10.3

27.04.2003 50.0 6 10.7 7.2 10.9 11.2 10.0

14.06.2005 46.7 7 9.3 10.3 9.7 9.0 8.3

30.06.1989 43.7 8 11.2 10.7 9.3 7.0 5.5

04.02.1990 40.9 9 8.1 8.9 9.9 6.9 7.1

17.11.2001 40.2 10 9.6 12.8 10.7 4.0 3.1

Solution:

Reference Calculation Output

Step 1: Select the required storm duration and find about ten (10) dates of
extreme most rainfall events, as given in Table 2.E1.

Step 2: Collect the rainfall amounts from the nearby automatic rainfall
station for the required intervals as given in Table 2.5. The selected highest
storm burst with dates and total rainfall amount are collected from the raw
rainfall data of 5 minutes interval and listed in Table 2.E1. The Table also
shows the distribution of raw rainfall data for the most extreme events in
that area. Data of Column D to H are extracted from the five minute rainfall
intervals.

Step 3: Assign rank for each interval based on the rainfall amount (1 for the Table 2.E2
highest amount and so on). This arrangement is given in columns I to M of
Table 2.E2. For same rainfall amounts in the intervals, the average ranks
should be used, as shown in the first event of Table 2.E2.

Step 4: Determine percentage of rain occurred in each interval as given in Table 2.E2
columns N to P of Table 2.E2

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-41

 Reference Calculation Output

Step 5: Calculate the mean ranks (columns I to M) and percentages of rainfall Table 2.E2
(columns N to P) for each interval as given in the row (MV).

Step 6: Assign the mean percentages of rainfall for each interval based on the Table 2.E2
new mean rank as given in the row (NR for columns I to M).

Step 7: Convert the percentage rainfall into fraction of total rainfall and plot the Table 2.E2
temporal pattern (TPF for column I to M).

Step 8: Multiply the TPF values with the design rainfall amount (mm) to get
the distribution of rainfall in each time interval.

Table 2.E2: Calculation for the Determination of Design Rainfall Temporal Pattern

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N M N O P
Rank of Each Rainfall Interval
Storm Duration = 25 min Percentage of Rain for
Rain (mm) at 5-minute Interval (Mean Rank for the Intervals
Number of Intervals = 5 the Interval
with Same Rainfall Values)
Total
Date Rain Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
(mm)
12.01.1972 58.7 1 9.2 12.8 12.8 12.8 11.1 5.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 16 22 22 22 19

07.12.1983 58.3 2 8.0 11.7 14.0 13.3 11.2 4.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 14 20 24 23 19

21.07.1992 54.0 3 9.5 12.3 11.2 10.9 10.2 5.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 18 23 21 20 19

03.12.1985 52.3 4 11.2 17.3 9.3 4.0 10.5 2.0 1.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 21 33 18 8 20

19.01.1999 51.1 5 4.8 13.3 12.0 10.7 10.3 5.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 9 26 23 21 20

27.04.2003 50.0 6 10.7 7.2 10.9 11.2 10.0 3.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 4.0 21 14 22 22 20

14.06.2005 46.7 7 9.3 10.3 9.7 9.0 8.3 3.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 20 22 21 19 18

30.06.1989 43.7 8 11.2 10.7 9.3 7.0 5.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 26 24 21 16 13

04.02.1990 40.9 9 8.1 8.9 9.9 6.9 7.1 3.0 2.0 1.0 5.0 4.0 20 22 24 17 17

17.11.2001 40.2 10 9.6 12.8 10.7 4.0 3.1 3.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 24 32 27 10 8

Mean Value (MV) 3.4 1.9 2.1 3.3 4.3 19 24 22 18 17

New Rank (NR) 4 1 2 3 5 3 1 2 4 5

Rainfall Pattern (in % as

18 24 22 19 17
per the New Rank)

Design Temporal Pattern,

0.18 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.17
in fraction (TPF)

2-42 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 0.30
Fraction of Total Rainfall
0.24
0.25 0.22
0.18 0.19
0.20 0.17
0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
1 2 3 4 5
Time Interval @ 5 minutes

Figure 2.E1: Design Rainfall Temporal Pattern

For a 100 yr ARI rainfall with total 70 mm and 25 min duration, the distribution design rainfall, based on Figure
2.E1, is given in Table 2.E3 below.

Table 2.E3: Distribution of Design Rainfall according to the Temporal Pattern

Storm Duration = 25 min

Rain (mm) at 5-minute Interval
Number of Intervals = 5
Total Design Rainfall (mm)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
for 100 year ARI

70.0 12.6 16.8 15.4 13.3 11.9

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-43

APPENDIX 2.F EXAMPLE – RUNOFF QUANTITY ESTIMATION

2.F1 Rational Method and RHM

Problem:

Using Rational Method procedure to calculate a 20 year ARI peak discharge from a subcatchment area of 40.7
ha in Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur (Figure 2.F1). Also develop the runoff hydrograph using the RHM for drain
AB based on 5 and 10 minute durations design storms.

L0=97.67m
160 175

L0=98.93m
Ld=474m 115
2m
140
Subcatchmnet 2
4.8
C
=6
B 62 L0 150
125
Subcatchment 3
0m

A
20

65 m
.2
d=

91 125
L

=4
.5m

100
Ld
0=
53

Subcatchment 4
L

Subcatchment 1
m
54
=10
L d

75

75
100

Legend
Natural Drain Setapak Jaya
Drain
Catchment Boundary
Subcatchment Boundary 0 100 200 300

Building Meter

Figure: 2.F1: Drainage Subcatchment Wangsa Maju

Solution:

Reference Calculation Output

Step 1:Delineate the subcatchments, as shown in Figure 2.F1. The Table

subcatchments in this example are identified as 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Table 2.F1
2.F1).

Step 2: Calculate the subcatchment areas. The area for subcatchment 1 is 3.87
ha, subcatchment 2 is 4.95 ha, subcatchment 3 is 8.61 ha, and
subcatchment 4 is 23.22ha.

Table 2.5 Step 3: Select runoff coefficient (C). The C value for subcatchment 1 is 0.8 for
flat and apartment area, 0.4 for open spaces (grass cover), for
subcatchment 2 contain two types of landuse, which is 0.8 for flat and
apartment area, 0.4 for open spaces (grass cover), for subcatchment 3
contain two type of landuse which is 0.75 for condominium area and
0.5 for open spaces (bare soil), and for subcatchment 4 also contain
two types of landuse which is 0.9 for commercial and business
centres and 0.4 for open spaces (grass cover).

2-44 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Reference Calculation Output

Equation Step 4: Calculate Cavg values.

2.4
Cavg = [(3.67 x 0.80) + (0.2 x 0.4)]/(3.67 + 0.2) = 0.78

Step 5: Determine overland sheet flow path length, Lo for the flow paths in Table
every subcatchment to calculate the time of concentration of each 2.F2
subcatchment. Follow the guideline in Table 2.F2 to estimate Lo.

Step 6: Determine slope of overland surface in percent (%)

S = [(68 – 66)/53.5] x 100% = 3.74%

Table 2.1 Step 7: Calculate to. Use the Horton’s n* Value (use n*=0.015 from Table 2.2).
Table 2.2. 107.n * . L1 / 3 107 x0.015 x 53.5 1 / 3 = 4.6 min
to = =
S1/ 5 3.74 1 / 5
Figure 2.F1 Step 8: Determine channel length, Ld for the channels in every subcatchment.

Step 9: Calculate area of the channel (triangular shape with slope = 1:2).
From the site visit the depth of the channel is assumed at 0.3 m and
width = 1.2 m

Step 10: Calculate wetted perimeter of the channel (P)

P = 2(0.62 + 0.32)1/2 = 1.34 m

Step 11: Calculate hydraulic radius by, R = A/P

A = 1/2 x 0.3 x 1.2
= 0.18 m2
R = 0.18/1.34 = 0.134 m

Step 12: Determine the friction slope of the channel, s (m/m) by dividing the
different elevation by the length of channel.
S = (66 – 62)/200 = 0.02
m/m
Table 2.1 Step 13: Calculate travel time in channel, td (use n=0.015 from Table 2.3).
Table 2.3 n.L 0.015x 200
td = = 1.4 min
60 R 2/ 3 1/ 2
S 60x0.134 2 / 3 x0.02 1 / 2 =

Step 14: Calculate time of concentration by using equation below.

tc = to + td
= 4.6 + 1.4 = 6.0 min

Step 15 : Calculate Peak Discharge, Q (Table 2.F3) Table

2.F3
Drain AB: This drain discharge water from subcatchments 3 and 4. From
Table 2.F1 A3 = 8.61ha, C3 = 0.57, and the tc = 4.4 min, while A4 =
23.22ha, C4 = 0.51, and the tc = 7.5 min. Hence, the total area
drained by drain AB is 31.83ha and
∑CA = C3A3 + C4A4 = (0.57x8.61) + (0.51x23.22) = 16.75ha

The time of concentration used is 7.5 min the larger of two drain
times. The rainfall intensity, i is taken from Table 2.B1 for 20 year
Equation return period storm duration and 7.5min time of concentration at
2.3 Ibu Pejabat JPS Station, 300.36mm/hr. Calculate peak flow, Qpeak.

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-45

 Reference Calculation Output

Drain BC: This drain conveys flow from all 4 subcatchments. Subcatchment 3
and 4 through drain AB, while subcatchment 2 and 1 directly to
point B. There are thus 3 possible paths for water to reach at point
B. The time of concentration is the largest of the flow times. The
flow time for flowing coming from drain AB is 7.5 min plus 1.18
min travel time = 8.7 min; the flow time from subcatchment 1 and
2 is 6.0 min and 4.8 min, respectively. Thus, the time of
concentration for pipe BC is taken as 8.7 min. Then for rainfall
intensity and Qpeak, use the same method for the previous drain.

Table 2.F1: Characteristics of the Drainage Catchment

Runoff Coefficient, C Area

Area (ha)
Subcatchment (Table 2.5) Weighted
Landuse
ID Developed Undeveloped Developed Undeveloped C
Area Area Area Area
1 Condo 3.67 0.20 0.80 0.40 0.78
2 Apartment 3.22 1.73 0.80 0.40 0.66
3 Terrace 2.37 6.24 0.75 0.50 0.57
4 Industry 5.10 18.12 0.90 0.40 0.51

Table 2.F2: Calculation of Time of Concentration (tc)

Subcatchment Lo S, % to, min Ld A P R S, m/m td, min tc, min

1 53.50 3.74 4.6 200.00 0.18 1.34 0.134 0.02 1.4 6.0
2 97.67 46.10 3.4 474.00 0.18 1.34 0.134 0.11 1.4 4.8
3 64.82 30.85 3.2 491.20 0.18 1.34 0.134 0.15 1.2 4.4
4 98.93 50.54 3.4 1054.00 0.18 1.34 0.134 0.06 4.1 7.5

Table 2.F3: Calculation for Peak Discharge, Q

Total Area Flow, Q

Drain ∑CA tc (min) I (mm/hr)
(ha) (m3/s)
AB 31.83 16.750 7.5 300.36 13.98
BC 40.65 23.036 8.7 281.83 18.03

2-46 Quantity Design Fundamentals

Hydrograph Development using RHM

Reference Calculation Output

Table 2.F3 Step 1: Select the drain AB for which the hydrograph need to be generated.
Figure 2.F1 Step 2:Determine whether the storm duration (d) is shorter or longer than
the time of concentration (tc) of the drain. This information is
necessary to determine the type of the hydrograph by RHM. In this
Figure 2.5 case, when the d is 5 minutes (d < tc) it will be type 2 hydrograph and
when the d is 10 minutes (d > tc) it will be type 1 hydrograph.
Step 3: Now for the storm duration (d) of 10 minutes which is longer than
the tc, follow similar procedure and construct a trapezoidal
hydrograph with height as 13.98 m3/s and base as d+tc=10+7.5= 17.5
minutes, as shown in Figure 2.F2(a). The coordinates of the
Table 2.F3 Figure
triangular hydrograph are A(0,0), B(7.5,13.98), C(10,13.98) and
Figure 2.5(a) 2.F2(a)
D(17.5,0).
Step 4: When d=5 minutes, base of the hydrograph will be 2tc=2x7.5=15
minutes.
Step 5: Construct a triangular hydrograph with height as 13.98 m3/s and
base as 15 minutes, as shown in Figure 2.F2(b). The coordinates of Figure
Figure 2.5(b)
the triangular hydrograph are A(0,0), B(7.5, 13.98) and C(15,0). 2.F2(b)

15 15
Discharge Q (m³/s)

Discharge Q (m³/s)

10 10

5 5

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Time (minutes) Time (minutes)

a) d > tc b) d < tc

Figure 2.F2 : Hydrographs by RHM

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-47

2.F2 Time-Area Hydrograph Method

Problem:

Using the Time-Area Hydrograph Method calculate a 20 year ARI runoff hydrograph from a 97 hectare mixed
urban area located in Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur. The study area is shown in Figure 2.F3.

Legend

Drain
Catchment
Contour
Building

0 100 200 300

Figure 2.F3: Catchment Area in Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur

Solution:

Reference Calculation Output

A. Isochrone Development
Figure
Step 1: Setting grid system
2.F4

2-48 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Reference Calculation Output

Table 2.1 Step 2: Estimate overland flow time, to Table

2.F4
107.n* . L1 / 3
to =
S1/ 5
Table 2.1 Step 3: Estimate drain time, td
Table
n.L 2.F4
td =
60 R 2 / 3 S 1 / 2

However, flow velocity through the drain channel is assumed, in this

example, 1m/s for the sake of simplicity.

Step 4: Calculate tc at each grid point Table

2.F4
Step 5: Plot contour of equal tc for 5 minute interval to produce isochrones; 5, Figure
10, 15, 20, and 25 min 2.F5

Step 6: Estimate area between isochrones using AutoCAD Table

2.F5
Step 7: Calculate rainfall excess

Table 2.B1 By using rainfall data of 20 year ARI and 30 minutes duration at station Ibu
Pejabat JPS, Kuala Lumpur in Table 2.B1, rainfall intensity is:

Equation 2.2 λ Tκ
i=
( d + θ )η
= 61.976 x 200.145
(0.5 + 0.122)0.818
= 141.11mm/hr

Total Rainfall = 141.11 x (30/60) = 70.56mm

Appendix By using Appendix 2.C5, rainfall temporal pattern is obtained from fraction
2.C5 for 30-min storm duration as follows :
0-5 : 0.097 x 70.56 = 6.84mm
5-10 : 0.161 x 70.56 = 11.36mm
10-15 : 0.400 x 70.56 = 28.22mm
15-20 : 0.164 x 70.56 = 11.57mm
20-25 : 0.106 x 70.56 = 7.48mm
25-30 : 0.072 x 70.56 = 5.08mm

Table 2.6 Using Table 2.6 to assume the losses, in decay form, as follows :
0-5 : 3.5mm
5-10 : 3.0mm
10-15 : 2.5mm

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-49

 15-20 : 2.0mm
20-25 : 1.5mm
25-30 : 1.0mm

Rainfall Excess = Rainfall Temporal Pattern – Losses Table

2.F6
0-5 : 6.84 – 3.5 = 3.34mm
5-10 : 11.36 – 3.0 = 8.36mm
10-15 : 28.22 – 2.5 = 25.72mm
15-20 : 11.57 – 2.0 = 9.57mm
20-25 : 7.48 – 1.5 = 5.98mm
25-30 : 5.08 – 1.0 = 4.08mm

Step 8: Calculate hydrograph ordinate

Table
2.F7
Step 9: Identify the peak discharge
Figure
2.F6
From the Table 2.F7 or Figure 2.F6 the peak discharge is
32.81
m3/s.

2-50 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Table 2.F4: Calculation Time of Concentration

Grid no. Ld (m) Lo (m) n* S (%) to (min) V (m/s) td (min) tc (min)

A6 140.44 101.83 0.015 0.5 8.6 1.0 2.3 11.0
A7 202 133.1 0.015 0.5 9.4 1.0 3.4 12.8
B5 78.58 - - - - 1.0 1.3 1.3
B6 167.63 - - - - 1.0 2.8 2.8
B7 258.38 37 0.015 0.5 6.1 1.0 4.3 10.4
B8 375.11 22.25 0.015 0.5 5.2 1.0 6.3 11.4
B9 547.27 8.44 0.015 0.5 3.8 1.0 9.1 12.9
C5 180.81 12.28 0.015 0.5 4.3 1.0 3.0 7.3
C6 191.56 88.22 0.015 0.5 8.2 1.0 3.2 11.4
C7 297.05 71.38 0.015 0.5 7.6 1.0 5.0 12.6
C8 397.1 19.2 0.015 0.5 4.9 1.0 6.6 11.6
C9 470.35 71.03 0.015 0.5 7.6 1.0 7.8 15.5
C10 698.4 - - - - 1.0 11.6 11.6
D5 300.33 - - - - 1.0 5.0 5.0
D6 329.84 20.51 0.018 0.5 6.1 1.0 5.5 11.6
D7 543.55 23.32 0.018 0.5 6.3 1.0 9.1 15.4
D8 457.39 25.15 0.018 0.5 6.5 1.0 7.6 14.1
D9 528.72 49.41 0.018 0.5 8.1 1.0 8.8 16.9
D10 633 78.56 0.018 0.5 9.5 1.0 10.6 20.0
D11 736.21 146.81 0.018 0.5 11.7 1.0 12.3 23.9
E4 514.4 - - - - 1.0 8.6 8.6
E5 312.32 106.01 0.018 0.5 10.5 1.0 5.2 15.7
E6 534.59 - - - - 1.0 8.9 8.9
E7 626.41 24.81 0.018 0.5 6.5 1.0 10.4 16.9
E8 513.82 87.91 0.018 0.5 9.8 1.0 8.6 18.4
E9 598.97 - - - - 1.0 10.0 10.0
E10 700.41 - - - - 1.0 11.7 11.7
E11 795.95 21.73 0.018 0.5 6.2 1.0 13.3 19.4
F3 827.07 35.29 0.018 0.5 7.3 1.0 13.8 21.0
F4 756.59 - - - - 1.0 12.6 12.6
F5 631.7 - - - - 1.0 10.5 10.5
F6 536.7 - - - - 1.0 8.9 8.9
F7 748.69 17.25 0.018 0.5 5.7 1.0 12.5 18.2
F8 869.59 - - - - 1.0 14.5 14.5
F9 954.2 - - - - 1.0 15.9 15.9
F10 745.74 43.69 0.018 0.5 7.8 1.0 12.4 20.2
F11 828.38 19.46 0.018 0.5 6.0 1.0 13.8 19.8
F12 1009.78 15.88 0.018 0.5 5.6 1.0 16.8 22.4
G4 981.95 51.69 0.018 0.5 8.2 1.0 16.4 24.6
G5 624.4 99.51 0.018 0.5 10.3 1.0 10.4 20.7
G6 638.56 42.88 0.018 0.5 7.7 1.0 10.6 18.4
G7 775.02 152.36 0.018 0.5 11.8 1.0 12.9 24.7
G8 966.13 22.37 0.018 0.5 6.2 1.0 16.1 22.3
G9 863.39 - - - - 1.0 14.4 14.4

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-51

 Table 2.F4: Calculation Time of Concentration (Continued)

Grid no. Ld (m) Lo (m) n S (%) to (min) V (m/s) td (min) tc (min)

G10 830.13 39.1 0.018 0.5 7.5 1.0 13.8 21.3
G11 899.7 88.56 0.018 0.5 9.9 1.0 15.0 24.9
G12 1108.96 42.6 0.018 0.5 7.7 1.0 18.5 26.2
H3 1000 95.92 0.018 3.43 6.9 1.0 16.7 23.6
H4 944.6 27.04 0.018 2.22 4.9 1.0 15.7 20.7
H5 852.6 - - - - 1.0 14.2 14.2
H6 751.78 16.37 0.018 23 2.6 1.0 12.5 15.1
H7 710.12 76.6 0.018 17 4.6 1.0 11.8 16.5
H8 973.69 76.85 0.018 31.4 4.1 1.0 16.2 20.3
H9 908.11 100.11 0.018 25.4 4.7 1.0 15.1 19.8
H10 908.99 63.86 0.018 11.1 4.8 1.0 15.1 19.9
H11 902.89 157 0.018 3.38 8.1 1.0 15.0 23.2
H12 1225.4 - - - - 1.0 20.4 20.4
I3 1087.2 61.9 0.018 0.9 7.8 1.0 18.1 25.9
I4 1011.6 - - - - 1.0 16.9 16.9
I5 896.86 35.18 0.018 0.4 7.6 1.0 14.9 22.5
I6 880.33 65.93 0.018 34 3.8 1.0 14.7 18.5
I7 796.26 164.71 0.018 37.24 5.1 1.0 13.3 18.4
I8 1030.23 71.77 0.018 22.67 4.3 1.0 17.2 21.5
I9 1024.6 57.79 0.018 12.41 4.5 1.0 17.1 21.6
I10 958.8 123.63 0.018 4.9 7.0 1.0 16.0 23.0
I11 923.51 201.87 0.018 1.1 11.0 1.0 15.4 26.4
I12 1318.7 28.14 0.018 10.7 3.6 1.0 22.0 25.6
J4 1035.5 86.72 0.018 36.0 4.2 1.0 17.3 21.4
J5 995.64 29.53 0.018 37.3 2.9 1.0 16.6 19.5
J6 998.59 70.44 0.018 42.0 3.8 1.0 16.6 20.4
J7 931.68 179.89 0.018 38.1 5.2 1.0 15.5 20.8
J8 1030.23 151.48 0.018 29.0 5.2 1.0 17.2 22.4
J9 1622.78 47.58 0.018 32.6 3.5 1.0 27.0 30.5
J10 1540.87 - - - - 1.0 25.7 25.7
J11 1443.19 26.86 0.018 22 3.1 1.0 24.1 27.2
J12 1385.47 80.71 0.018 7.31 5.6 1.0 23.1 28.7
K3 1169.14 92.02 0.018 60.9 3.8 1.0 19.5 23.3
K4 1056.37 139.61 0.018 64.1 4.3 1.0 17.6 22.0
K5 1083.1 37.39 0.018 54 2.9 1.0 18.1 21.0
K6 1078.29 65.58 0.018 63.5 3.4 1.0 18.0 21.4
K7 1040.3 174.25 0.018 46.8 5.0 1.0 17.3 22.3
K8 1742.31 42.35 0.018 70.8 2.9 1.0 29.0 31.9
K9 1690.2 36.24 0.018 41.4 3.0 1.0 28.2 31.2
K10 1494.02 111.44 0.018 22.43 5.0 1.0 24.9 29.9
K11 1498.53 96.72 0.018 30 4.5 1.0 25.0 29.5

2-52 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 Table 2.F5: Areas between the Isochrones

ID Isochrones Area (m2)

A1 0–5 44449
A2 5 – 10 79304
A3 10 – 15 229404
A4 15 – 20 213852
A5 20 – 25 160342

A6 25 > 45306

Table 2.F6: Rainfall Excess for 20 year ARI Design Rainfall

Total Rainfall Rainfall Excess

Time (min) Losses (mm)
(mm) (mm)

5 6.84 3.5 3.34

10 11.36 3.0 8.36
15 28.22 2.5 25.72
20 11.57 2.0 9.57
25 7.48 1.5 5.98
30 5.08 1.0 4.08

Table 2.F7: Time-Area Hydrograph Method

Time Rainfall Excess (mm) Hydrograph

Area (m2)
(min) 3.34 8.36 25.72 9.57 5.98 4.08 (m3/s)

0 0 0 0.00
5 44449 0.49 0 0.49
10 79304 0.88 1.24 0 2.12
15 229404 2.55 2.21 3.81 0 8.57
20 213852 2.38 6.39 6.80 1.42 0 16.99
25 160342 1.79 5.96 19.67 2.53 0.89 0 30.83
30 45306 0.50 4.47 18.33 7.32 1.58 0.60 32.81
35 1.26 13.75 6.82 4.57 1.08 27.48
40 3.88 5.11 4.26 3.12 16.38
45 1.45 3.20 2.91 6.32
50 0.90 2.18 3.08
55 0.62 0.62

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-53

 A B C D E F G H I J K L M
1

74 100
21.0 23.6 165
25.9 109
23.3 3

21.4
8.6 24.6 118 139
12.6 71 20.7 75
16.9
22.0 4
5 8.6

71
10.5 20.7 72 76 85
1.3 15.7 96
7.3 5.0 14.2 22.5 19.5 21.0
5
71
71
71
8.9 18.4 75 15.1 103 117
11.0 2.8 86 18.5 20.4 21.4
11.4 11.6 8.9
6
71

12.8 10.4 15.4 18.2 16.5 133 143 158

16.9 84 22.3
12.6
24.7 18.4 20.8
7
71

71
14.1 18.4 95 20.3 115 142 22.4 150
11.4 11.6
14.5 21.5 31.9
8
22.3

15.1
12.9 10.0 90 19.8 96 21.6 104
15.5
16.9
15.9 14.4 30.5 113 31.2 115
9
71 71
15.1

71 82 89 96 114
11.6 11.7 21.3 75 25.7 29.9
20.0 20.2 19.9 23.0
10
71
Legend 15.1

75 80 85 100 27.2 107

19.4 105
Drain 23.9 19.8 24.9 23.2 26.4 29.5
11
Catchment
Contour 22.4 26.2 75 100 28.7
20.4 25.6 125
12
Building

13
0 100 200 300

Figure 2.F4: Grid System to Calculate tc

2-54 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 A B C D E F G H I J K L M
1

15 min 20 min
2

10 min 74
23.6 100
165
21.0 25.9 109
23.3 3
5 min
21.4
8.6 24.6 118 139
5 min 12.6 71 20.7 75
16.9
22.0 4
8.6

10 min
71 A4 76 85
1.3 7.3 A1 15.7
A3 10.5 20.7 72
14.2 22.5 19.5 96 21.0
5.0
5
71
71
A2 71
8.9 18.4 75 15.1 103 117
11.0 2.8 86 18.5 20.4 21.4
11.4 11.6 8.9
6
71
25 min
12.8 10.4 15.4 18.2 16.5 133 143 158
12.6 16.9 84 20.8 22.3
24.7 18.4
7
71

71
14.1 18.4 95 20.3 115 142 150
14.5 21.5 22.4 31.9
11.4 11.6 8
22.3

Legend
15.1
12.9 10.0 90 19.8 96 21.6 104 113
15.9 14.4 30.5 31.2 115
Drain 15.5
16.9
9
Catchment 71 71
15.1
Contour 11.6 11.7 71 21.3 75 19.9
82
23.0
89
25.7
96
29.9
114
20.0 20.2
10
Isochrone A6
71
A5 15.1

15 min 23.9 19.4 75 80 85 100 27.2 105 29.5 107

19.8 24.9 23.2 26.4
11
0 100 200 300
22.4 26.2 75 100 25.6 28.7
20.4 125
METER 12

13
25 min
20 min

Figure 2.F5: Catchment Area with the Developed Isochrone Lines

35

30

25

20
Runoff (m 3/s)

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (minutes)

Figure 2.F6: Runoff Hydrograph

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-55

APPENDIX 2.G EXAMPLE - POND ROUTING

Problem:

Given is a triangular inflow hydrograph with Qp = 10.93 m3/s at tc = 11.65 min (Figure 2.G1). Determine the
outflow hydrograph from a storage pond using the routing procedure in Section 2.5. Given are pond stage-
storage curve (Figure 2.G2) and stage-discharge curve of the outlet structure, orifice and spillway combined
(Figure 2.G3).

12

11 Qpost=10.93m3/s
10

9
8
Flowrate, Q(m3/s)

5
4

1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time of Concentration, tc (minutes)

Figure 2.G1: Triangular Hydrograph

9000
8000
7000
Storage (m³)

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
31.00 31.50 32.00 32.50 33.00 33.50 34.00

Stage (m)

Figure 2.G2: Stage-storage Curve

2-56 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 2.5

2.0
Outflow (m³/s)

1.5
Orifice +
Spillway
1.0

Orifice
0.5

0.0
31.00 31.50 32.00 32.50 33.00 33.50 34.00
Stage (m)

Figure 2.G3: Stage-discharge Curve (Composite)

Solution

Reference Calculation Output

Develop storage indicator curve Table 2.G1

Figure 2.G4
- For each stage point determine storage(S) and discharge (O)
- For each discharge point determine storage indicator (S2/∆t + O2/2)

Section Develop outflow hydrograph Table 2.G2

2.5 Figure 2.G5

Table 2.G1: Storage Indicator Numbers – Orifice (∆t = 2.5 min. or 150 sec)

Stage Discharge, O2 Storage Volume, S2 O 2/ 2 S2/ ∆t S2/ ∆t + O2/ 2

(m) (m3/s) (m3) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)
31.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
31.50 0.217 486.838 0.109 3.246 3.354
32.00 0.376 1216.161 0.188 8.108 8.296
32.50 0.485 2228.079 0.243 14.854 15.097
33.00 0.574 3562.700 0.287 23.751 24.038
33.50 0.651 5260.137 0.326 35.068 35.393
34.00 2.131 8489.051 1.065 56.594 57.659

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-57

 2.5

2.0

Outflow O2 (m³/s) 1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Indicator Numbers (S2/ t + O2/ 2) (m³/s)

Figure 2.G4: Storage Indicator Curve (Composite)

Table 2.G2: Final Routing Table

Time Inflow (I) (I1 + I2)/2 S1/ ∆t + O1/ 2 Outflow (O1) S2/ ∆t + O2/ 2 Outflow (O2)
(hr) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)
0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.04 2.350 1.173 0.000 0.000 1.173 0.078
0.08 4.690 3.520 1.173 0.078 4.614 0.463
0.13 7.040 5.866 4.614 0.463 10.017 0.715
0.17 9.390 8.212 10.017 0.715 17.515 0.904
0.21 10.140 9.761 17.515 0.904 26.371 1.040
0.25 7.790 8.963 26.371 1.040 34.295 1.142
0.29 5.440 6.617 34.295 1.142 39.770 1.669
0.33 3.100 4.270 39.770 1.669 42.372 1.971
0.38 0.750 1.924 42.372 1.971 42.324 1.966
0.42 0.000 0.375 42.324 1.966 40.734 1.781
0.46 0.000 0.000 40.734 1.781 38.953 1.574
0.50 0.000 0.000 38.953 1.574 37.379 1.391
0.54 0.000 0.000 37.379 1.391 35.988 1.229
0.58 0.000 0.000 35.988 1.229 34.759 1.148
0.63 0.000 0.000 34.759 1.148 33.611 1.133
0.67 0.000 0.000 33.611 1.133 32.479 1.118
0.71 0.000 0.000 32.479 1.118 31.360 1.104
0.75 0.000 0.000 31.360 1.104 30.257 1.090
0.79 0.000 0.000 30.257 1.090 29.167 1.076
0.83 0.000 0.000 29.167 1.076 28.092 1.062
0.88 0.000 0.000 28.092 1.062 27.030 1.048
0.92 0.000 0.000 27.030 1.048 25.982 1.035
0.96 0.000 0.000 25.982 1.035 24.947 1.022
1.00 0.000 0.000 24.947 1.022 23.926 1.008
1.04 0.000 0.000 23.926 1.008 22.918 0.991
1.08 0.000 0.000 22.918 0.991 21.927 0.975
1.13 0.000 0.000 21.927 0.975 20.951 0.960
1.17 0.000 0.000 20.951 0.960 19.992 0.944

2-58 Quantity Design Fundamentals

 10.0

8.0

Discharge (m³/s)
6.0 Inflow

4.0

2.0
Outflow

0.0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
Time (hr)

Figure 2.G5: Inflow and Outflow Hydrograph

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-59

Quantity Design Fundamentals 2-35