PART III FLUID FLOW IN PIPES

A. DEFINITIONS
Pipes are closed conduits through which fluids flow. Conduits may be full
or partially full. Pipes are commonly called conduits of circular section
which flow full. Conduits flowing partially full are considered to be open
channels.
There are two types of flow in pipe: laminar and turbulent flow.
Laminar flow is one which fluid particles move parallel to the pipe where
the particles at the center line of the pipe move faster than those near the
wall.
Turbulent flow is one which fluid particles move at random in all direction
but generally move forward along with the flow. Particles at the center line
of the pipe and those near the wall move at nearly the same velocity.
Turbulent flow results in higher friction loss.
Reynolds Number, Re: a dimensionless parameter representing the ratio of the
inertia forces to the friction forces.
Laminar and turbulent flows may be defined by Reynolds Number (Re).
VD VD VD
Re = = =
   
where: D = pipe inside diameter, m
V = Average velocity in pipe, m/s
ρ = Density of the fluid, kg/m3
μ = Dynamic viscosity of the fluid, N-s/m2 or Pa-s
ν = Kinematic viscosity of the fluid, m2/s

Re  2,000 ( flow is laminar)

Re  4,000 ( flow is turbulent)

2000  Re  4,000 ( transitional flow )

For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R, then the Reynolds number is expressed
by the formula
4 VR 4VR
Re = =
 
A A = Cross-sectional area of pipe
where: R=
P P = Pipe perimeter

Viscosity and Density of Water at 1 atm

Temp, ˚C ρ, kg/m 3
μ, P a-s ν, m2
0 1000 1.788 x 10-3 1.788 x 10-6
10 1000 1.307 x 10-3 1.307 x 10-6
20 998 1.003 x 10-3 1.005 x 10-6
30 996 0.799 x 10-3 0.802 x 10-6
40 992 0.657 x 10-3 0.662 x 10-6
50 988 0.548 x 10-3 0.555 x 10-6
60 983 0.467 x 10-3 0.475 x 10-6
70 978 0.405 x 10-3 0.414 x 10-6
80 972 0.355 x 10-3 0.365 x 10-6
90 965 0.316 x 10-3 0.327 x 10-6
100 958 0.283 x 10-3 0.295 x 10-6
B. Velocity Distribution

(a) Laminar Flow

parabolic

V max = 2 Vave
(b) Turbulent Flow

Vmax = 1.22 Vave

Laminar Flow Velocity Distribution
where: hL = head lost in the pipe
V x
L = pipe length
•
r = pipe radius
r y Vc = maximum or centerline velocity
μ = absolute viscosity of the liquid
γ = unit weight of the liquid
paraboloid V = velocity at distance y from the
pipe center
Vave
Vc Vave = ½ Vmax = ½ Vc
The equation for the velocity profile for laminar flow is expressed by:
hL
V = Vc − y Also V = Vc − x
4L
The velocity at any distance y from the center of the pipe may also be
computed using squared property of parabola:
x Vc Vc 2 V  y 2

2
= 2 x= 2 y Then, V = Vc − c y 2 = Vc 1 − 2 
 r 
y r r r2  
Turbulent Flow Velocity Distribution
U

r •
y

Vc
The velocity, U, at any point, y from pipe center with center velocity vc is:

Eq. 1

Also, Eq. 2

or ( )
U = 1 + 1.33 f v − 2.04 f v log
r
r−y
Eq. 3
 U

r •
y

vc
The maximum or centerline velocity is expressed by:

(
vc = 1+ 1.33 f v ) Eq. 4

Combining eq. 2 and eq. 4 and solving v we obtain the following

Eq. 5

where:
= maximum shearing stress in the pipe at the pipe wall.
f = friction factor.
v = mean velocity.
C. Shearing Stress Distribution

 max
s
r y

The shearing stress at the surface of the fluid, y distance from the center,
is expressed by:
h L
s = y
2L
h L f v2
and the maximum shearing stress is  max = r =
2L 4 2g
Note the shearing stress at the center is zero.
Shearing Velocity or Friction Velocity, Vs

 max f
Vs = =v
 8
where: f = coefficient of pipe friction
v = mean velocity
ρ = density of the fluid.
D. Major Head Losses in Pipes, hf
(a) Laminar Flow
32 LV 64 L V
2

Hagen-Poisseuille’s Equation: h f = =  
D 2
Re D 2 g
128 LQ
For circular pipes, hf =
D 4
Note the friction factor f for laminar flow is expressed by
64 64 
f = =
Re VD
(b) Turbulent Flow
L V2
Darcy-Weisbach Equation: hf = f 
D 2g
where: f = friction factor
L = length of pipe
D = pipe diameter
V = mean or average velocity

For circular pipes, the head loss is expressed as:

L 8Q 2
hf = f  2 4
D  gD
0.0826 fLQ 2
hf =
D5
For non circular pipes, use D = 4R, R is the hydraulic gradient
Value of f for Turbulent Flow:

1. For turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes, universal resistance laws can
be derived from
8
2
8V
f = max2 = s2
V V
where Vs is the shear velocity or friction velocity.

2. For smooth pipes, 3,000 < Re < 100,000 ( Blasius)

0.316
f =
Re1 4
3. For smooth pipes with Re up to 3,000,000

1
f
(
= 2 log Re f − 0.80)
4. For rough pipes, where δt < 0.3ε (Karman)

1 D
= 2 log   + 1.14
f  
where ε = absolute roughness, mm

ε/D = relative roughness (dimensionless)

δt = nominal thickness of viscous sub layer

11.6V
t =
 max 
5. For smooth and rough pipes, turbulent ( Colebrook equation )
1  D 2.51 
= −2 log  + 
 
f  3.7 Re f 
This equation was plotted in 1944 by Moody which was called the
Moody Chart for pipe friction.
6. Haaland Formula. This is an alternate formula of Colebrook.

1  6.9   D 1.11 
= −1.8 log  +  
f  Re  3.7  
Values of Absolute Roughness for Common Pipe Materials
Roughness, ε
Material Feet mm
Steel:
Sheet metal, new 0.00016 0.05
Stainless, new 0.000007 0.002
Commercial, new 0.00015 0.046
Riveted 0.01 3.0
Rusred 0.007 2.0
Iron:
Cast, new 0.00085 0.26
Wrought, new 0.0005 0.0
Galvanized, new 0.0005 0.15
Asphalted cast 0.0004 0.1
Brass: Drawn, new 0.000007 0.002
Plastic: Drawn tubing 0.000005 0.0
Concrete:
Smoothed 0.00013 0.04
Rough 0.007 2.0
Rubber: Smoothed 0.000033 0.01
Wood: Stave 0.0016 0.5
Moody Diagram
Manning Formula
The Manning Formula is widely used in open-channel and is also
used in pipes.
2
LV
h f = 6.35n 2 4 3 (S.I.)
D
LV 2
h f = 2.87 n
2
(English)
D4 3
n = coefficient of roughness
2
For non circular pipe, use D = 4R  
 Q 
L 
  D 2 
For circular pipes:

V=
Q
=
Q
then h f = 6.35n 2  4 4 3 
A  2 D
D
4 10.29n 2 LQ2 (S.I. units)
hf =
D16 3
Other Manning Formula:

1 23 12
V= R S (S.I. Units)
n
1.486 2 3 1 2 (English Units)
V= R S
n

where n = roughness coefficient (see table)

R = hydraulic radius

S = slope of the energy grade line = hf/L

Hazen Williams Formula
The Hazen Williams formula is used in waterworks. This is applied
in pipes with diameter larger than 50 mm and velocities less than 3 m/s. The
formula is used both in pipes and open channel.

( S.I. Units)
V = 0.849C1 R 0.63S 0.54
For circular pipes flowing full, the formula become
10.67 LQ1.85
Q = 0.2785C1 D 2.63S 0.54 and hf = 1.85
C1 D 4.87
( English Units)
V = 1.318C1 R 0.63S 0.54
For circular pipes flowing full, the formula become
Q = 0.4322C1D 2.63S 0.54
where: C1 = Hazen Williams coefficient (see table)
D = pipe diameter
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope of the energy grade line = hf/L
E. Minor Head Losses in Pipes, h
2
V
(a) Sudden Contraction: hc = K c 2
2g

V1 V2
D1 D2 Values of Kc on table – 3c

(b) Sudden Enlargement : he =

(V1 − V2 )
2

2g
where: V1 – velocity before enlargement
V1 V2
D1 D2 V2 – velocity after enlargement

he =
(V1 − V2 )
1.92
( By Archer)
2g
The head loss due to a change in flow section for a pipe discharging into
a large tank is
2
V1
he = 1.00
2g
This is true for any type of pipe end connections.
( c) Gradual Enlargement: hL = K
(V1 − V2 )2
2g
V1 V2 Value of K on Table-3f
D1 θ D2

Table -3f : Values of K : Gradual Enlargement

D1/D2 Values of Ke : Gradual Enlargement

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
θ
5˚ 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01
15˚ 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.06
30˚ 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.37 0.27 0.16
45˚ 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.55 0.49 0.38 0.20
60˚ 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.62 0.54 0.43 0.24
 V2
( c) Bends: hb = K b
2g

Values of Kb on table -3d

D

V2
(d) Gates: hg = K g
2g

D Values of Kg on table -3e

d
 Table 3c – Loss coefficients for sudden contraction
Ratio
Velocity D2/D1
V2 (m/s) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.60 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.28 0.18 0.07 0.03
1.5 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.28 0.18 0.09 0.04
3.0 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.36 0.28 0.18 0.10 0.04
6.0 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.37 0.33 0.27 0.19 0.11 0.05
12.00 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.13 0.06

A special case of sudden contraction is the entrance loss for pipes connected
to a reservoir. For this case, the values of Kc are as follows:

Flush connection- Kc = 0.50

Projecting connection- Kc = 1.00
Rounded connection- Kc = 0.05
Pipe projecting into reservoir- Kc = 0.80
Slightly rounded entrance- Kc = 0.25
Sharp-cornered entrance- Kc = 0.50
Table - 3d : Values of Kb for 90˚ smooth bends
r/D Kb
1 0.35
2 0.19
4 0.16
6 0.22
10 0.32
15 0.38
20 0.42

Values of Kb for rough bends may be double the above values

where: r = radius of curvature of the pipe

D = diameter of the pipe
Table -3e : Values of Kg

Nominal
Diameter Ratio d/D for Gate Valve
of Valve 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 ¾ 1
cm
1.25 450 60 22 11 2.2 1.00
1.90 310 40 12 5.4 1.1 0.29
2.54 230 32 9 4.1 0.90 0.23
3.80 170 23 7.2 3.3 0.75 0.18
5.10 140 20 6.5 3.0 0.68 0.16
10.20 92 16 5.5 2.6 0.55 0.14
15.25 73 14 5.3 2.4 0.49 0.12
20.30 66 13 5.2 2.3 0.46 0.10
30.50 56 12 5.1 2.2 0.42 0.07
F. Hydraulic and Energy Gradients
Energy Gradient
V1
2 •
• hf
2g Hydraulic Gradient V2
2

2g
p1
E1  p2
•1
V1 E2

2 V2
•
Z1
Z2
Datum
L 2
V1 p
(a) Total Energy at 1 : + 1 + Z1 = E1
2g 
2
V2 p
(b) Total Energy at 2 : + 2 + Z 2 = E2
2g 
(c) Head Loss Between 1 and 2 : h f = E1 − E2

(d) Slope of Energy Gradient : hf

S=
L
G. Other Pipe Formulas

(a) Chezy: V = C RS
8g
where: C=
f
A
R= (hydraulic radius)
P
A = area of the section

P = wetted perimeter of the section

Note : 1. For circular pipes flowing full
D 2 and P = D
D
A= so, R =
4 4
2. For non – circular pipes, in determining
VD
Re = use D = 4R

 1.486 2 3 1 2
(b) Manning: V= R S (fps)
n
1 23 12
V= R S (mps)
n
where: n – coefficient of roughness (see table)
(c ) Hazen-Williams:

(English) V = 1.318C1 R 0.63S 0.54

For circular pipe flowing full, the formula becomes

Q = 0.4322C1D 2.63S 0.54
(S.I. Units) V = 0.849C1 R 0.63S 0.54
For circular pipe flowing full, the formula becomes

Q = 0.2785C1 D 2.63S 0.54

where: C1 – constant coefficient (see table)

 10.67 LQ1.85
and hf = 1.85
C1 D 4.87
where: C1 = Hazen Williams coefficient
D = pipe diameter
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope of EGL = hf/L

Description of Pipe Value of C1

Extremely smooth and straight pipe 140
New, smooth cast iron pipes 130
Average cast iron pipes 110
Vitrified sewer pipes 110
Cast iron pipes, some years in service 100
Cast iron pipes, in bad condition 80
New riveted steel 110
Smooth wooden or wood stave 120

Recommended Value for C1 for Hazen Williams Formula

 n
Nature of surface Min Max
Neat cement surface 0.010 0.013
Wood-stave pipe 0.010 0.013
Plank flumes, planed 0.010 0.014
Vitrified sewer pipe 0.010 0.017
Metal flumes, smooth 0.011 0.015
Concrete, precast 0.011 0.013
Cement mortar surfaces 0.011 0.015
Plank flumes, unplaned 0.011 0.015
Common-clay drainage tiles 0.011 0.017
Concrete, monolithic 0.012 0.016
Brick with cement mortar 0.012 0.017
Cast iron- new 0.013 0.017
Cement rubble surfaces 0.017 0.030
Riveted steel 0.017 0.020
Corrugated metal pipe 0.021 0.025
Canals and ditches, smooth earth 0.017 0.025
Metal flumes, smooth 0.022 0.030
Canals:
Dredged in earth, smooth 0.025 0.033
In rock cuts, smooth 0.025 0.035
Rough beds and weed sides 0.025 0.040
Rock cuts, jagged and irregular 0.035 0.045
Natural streams
Smoothest 0.025 0.033
Roughest 0.045 0.060
Very weedy 0.075 0.150

Values of n to be used with Manning Formula

Problem #1. For laminar conditions, what minimum size of pipe will deliver
0.006 m3/s of medium oil having a kinematic viscosity ν = 6.09 x 10-6 m2/s?

Solution: Q
D
VD
Re = = A
 

QD 4Q
Re = =
 2 D
D
4
Note that for D to be the smallest, Re must be the largest under laminar
conditions, or Re = 2000

4(0.006)
2000 =
( )
therefore
D 6.09 x10 −6

D = 0.627 m
Problem #2. Oil with a dynamic viscosity μ = 0.10 N – s/m2 and specific
gravity of 0.85 flows through 3050 m of 300 mm cast iron pipe at the rate
of 0.045 m3/s. Find the head lost due to friction.

Solution:

1. Check the type of flow

VD VD
Re = =
 g
Q 0.045 m
where: V = = = 0.637
A  (0.30) 2 s
4
0.637 (0.30 )(0.85 x9810 )
therefore Re =
0.10 x9.81

Re = 1624.35 < 2000 ( laminar )

2. Use the Poisseuille’s Equation,

32 LV
hf =
D 2
32(0.10 )(3050 )(0.637 )
hf =
(0.85 x9810 )(0.30 )2
h f = 8.284m
Problem #3. Determine the type of flow occurring in a 300 mm diameter
pipe when:

(a) Water at 20 ˚C (v = 1.005 x 10-6 m2/s) flows at a velocity of 1.07 m/s.

(b) Heavy oil at 20 ˚C ( ν = 2.054 x 10-4 m2/s) flows at a velocity of 1.07 m/s

Solution:
VD 1.07(0.30)
1. Re = = = 319403 > 4000 (Turbulent)
 1.005 x10 −6

VD 1.07(0.30)
2. Re = = = 1563 < 2000 (Laminar)
 2.054 x10 −4
Problem #4. A tank 15.0 m in diameter is 6.0 m high. Its base is at elevation
6.0 m. A pipe 200 mm in diameter and is connected to the base with the
other end at elevation 0. The tank contains oil having a specific gravity of
0.85 and a kinematic viscosity of 2000 centistokes. If the average product
inventory (volume) is 1000 cu. m. and the equivalent length of pipe
due to minor losses is 40 m, find the laminar flow in the pipe when it is
discharging to the atmosphere.

Solution:
Oil surface

h 6.0 m

Elev. 6.0 m

200 mm dia.
15.0 m diam. 6.0 m

Elev. 0 m
2
cm 2 m
1.  = 2000 centistokes = 20 stokes or = 0.002
s s
 
2. Vol. = (15.0)2 h 1000 = (15.0)2 h h = 5.659m
4 4
 Oil surface •1

h = 5.659 m 6.0 m

Elev. 6.0 m

200 mm dia.
15.0 m diam. 6.0 m

•2 Elev. 0 m

3. Energy equation between 1 – 2 (datum is point 2)

2 2
V1 p1 V2 p2
+ + Z1 = + + Z2 + hf
2g  2g 
negl. 0 0 0

V2 32 LV
2
11.659 m = + ( V2 = V)
2g D 2
V 2 32 LV
11.659 m = +
2 g gD2
V 2 32LV
11.659 m = +
2g gD2
 V 2 32LV
11.659 = +
2g gD2

V 2 32(0.002 )(40 )V
11.659 = +
g (0.2)
2
2g

V 2 32(0.002 )(40 )V
11.659 = +
g (0.2)
2
2g

0.051V 2 + 6.524V − 11.659 = 0

m
V = 1.763
s
Then the laminar flow is

 2 m 3
Q = 1.763 x0.2  = 0.055
4  s
 Using the Moody Diagram

The head loss due to friction of a pipe is determined by using the Darcy-
Weisbach equation
L V2
hL = f
D 2g

where: h = head loss

f = friction factor
L = length of pipe
v = velocity of fluid trough pipe
D = Diameter of pipe
g = acceleration due to gravity

The Moody diagram gives the friction factor of a pipe. The factor can be
determined by its Reynolds number and the Relative roughness of the Pipe.
The rougher the pipe the more turbulent the flow is through that pipe. The
relative roughness of a pipe is given by

D
where: ε = absolute roughness
D = diameter of pipe

The Reynolds number equation was determined by passing dye through a

fluid. At low velocities the dye passed in layers and at high velocities the dye
diffused into the fluid. This shows that at high velocities the flow is more
turbulent than at low velocities.
The Reynolds equation is:
DV
Re =

where: R = Reynolds number ; D = diameter ; V = velocity;
ν= kinematic viscosity
By looking at the Moody diagram it shows that the right top corner is completely turbulent and
the left top is laminar (smooth flow).
To determine the frictional factor, find the relative roughness value for the pipe on the right.
Then locate the pipes Reynolds number on the bottom. Follow the relative roughness curve to
where it crosses the determined Reynolds number. Now at that point project a straight line to the
left, the number determined on the left is the frictional factor.
The Moody Diagram

Example 1. Find the friction value for the given pipe

ε = 0.002 ft
D = 1 ft
Kinematic viscosity = 14.1 x 10-6 ft2/s
Velocity of fluid = 0.141 ft/s

1. Determine first ε/D

 0.002 ft
= 0.002
=
D 1 ft
2. Determine Re
DV = (1 ft )(0.0141 ft s ) = 10000
Re = −6 2
 14 .1 x10 ft s
3. Determine f : Take values ε/D and follow curve to where R (10000) is
then preset a straight line to the left.
The answer is 0.034
Example 2. Finding energy head loss due to friction

hL

L = 1000 m
D = 0.25 m ν = 1.306 x 10-6 m2/s
ε = 0.0005 Q = 0.051 m3/s
Find the value of hL ( loss due to friction)
L V2
hL = f Unknown are f and V2
D 2g

Q 0.051 m 3 s
V= = = 1.039 m s

A (0.25m )2
4
To find f, R and ε/D must be determined

 0.0005
= = 0.002
D 0.25
DV = (0.25m )(1.039 m s )
R= −6 = 198889 .7  2x105

2
1.306 x10 m s

To find f use R and ε/D on chart

From chart f = 0.0245

hL =
(0.0245 )(1000 m)(1.039 m s )
2

(0.25m)(2 x9.81 m s 2 )
hL = 5.39m
Example 3. Finding a diameter

50’

L = 1000’
v = 14.1 x 10-6 ft2/s
ε = 0.001 ft
Q = 0.45 ft3/s

1. Determine first the relative roughness in terms of D

 0.001
=
D D
2. Find V in terms of D

Q 4Q 0.573
V= = =
A D 2
D2
3. Find Re in terms of D
 0.573  1  40635 .3
= D 2  −6  =
 D  14.1x10  D
4. Put head loss (hL) in terms of D and f

fLV 2 f (5.098 )
hL = 50 = =
D( 2 g ) D5
5. Solve for D
D 5 = f (0.102 )
D = (0.6334 ) f 1 5
6. Now make a chart and try different f values until your trial f value
converges with the f value on the chart.
Try f D ε/D R Chart f
0.025 0.290 0.0034 140122 0.026 Try again
0.026 0.482 0.0021 84306 0.026 Converges

Answer D = 0.482 ft
Example 5. Water at 10 ˚C and a pressure of 1 atm. is to be pumped through
4 km pipe length of 200-mm-diameter new wrought iron pipe at the rate of
0.075 m3/s. Compute the head loss and power required in kilowatt to
maintain the flow.

Solution:

Properties of water at 10 ˚C and 1 atm:

N −s m 2 kN
 = 9.81 3
 = 1.307 x10 −3
 = 1.307 x10 −6
m2 s m
From table the absolute roughness of new wrought iron pipe is
ε = 0.00046 m

Determine the Reynolds Re

QD
VD 0.075 m3 s  (0.20 m ) = 365,314
Re = = =

 A
4
(
(0.20m )2 1.307 x10 −6 m 2 s )
Determine Relative Roughness,

D
 0.000046
= = 0.00023
D 0.20

Determine friction factor, f

1  D 2.51 
Colebrook Equation: = −2 log  + 
 
f  3.7 Re f 

1  0.00023 2.51 
= −2 log  + ; f = 0.016148
 3.7 
f  365,314 f 
1  6. 9   D 
1.11

Haaland Formula: = −1.8 log  +  
f  Re  3.7  
1  6.9  0.00023  
1.11

= −1.8 log  +  ; f = 0.01598

f  365,314  3 .7  
Using the Moody Diagram : f ≈ 0.016
 0.00023

f ≈ 0.016

≈ 365,314
Determine the head loss, hf
L V2
Darcy – Weishbach: h f = f
D 2g
0.0826 fLQ 2
For circular pipe: h f =
D5
0.0826 (0.016 )(4000 )(0.075 )
2
hf = = 92.925m
(0.200 )5

Determine the Power Required, P

P = Qhf = (9.81 kN m3 )(0.075 m3 s )(92.925m)

P = 68.370kilowatts

PIPE FLOW/ FRICTION FACTOR CALC.

PIPE DISCHARGING FROM A RESERVOIR

A pipe discharging from a reservoir into open air as shown in figure has a
velocity head and pressure head on the liquid surface of the reservoir both
equal to zero.
hL (entrance)
A
•

H V2/2g
hf hL
p1/γ
• V2/2g
•
1 p2/γ
•
2 V2/2g
•
B
The energy equation between A and B neglecting head loss:
2 2 2
VA p V p V
+ A + Z A = B + B + ZB H = B + 0 (pipe is horizontal)
0 2g 0  2g 0  2g

VB = 2 gH ( the theoretical velocity at the outlet but such is

not the case due to head losses).
 •

V2/2g

p1/γ
V2/2g
•
1 p2/γ
•
2

For horizontal pipe with constant diameters the difference in pressure heads
determines the head lost between two points.

Applying the energy equation between 1 and 2:

2 2
V1 p V p
+ 1 + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 + hL ( V1 = V2 and Z1 = Z2 )
2g  2g 
p1 p2
hL = −
 
PIPE CONNECTING TWO RESERVOIRS

When one or more pipes connects two reservoirs , the total head lost in all
the pipes is equal to the difference in elevation of the liquid surfaces of
the reservoir.
hL entrance
A
•
hf H
hL exit
•
B
Q

Applying the energy equation between A and B:

2 2
VA p V p
+ A + Z A = B + B + Z B + hL
2g  2g 
0 0 0 0

hL = Z A − Z B = hLentrance + hLexit + h f = H

hL = H
PIPE CONNECTED IN SERIES

For pipes of different diameters connected in series the discharge in all pipes
are equal and the total head lost is equal to the sum of the individual head
losses.
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q Note If L > 1000D the minor loss can
be negligible.
hL = h f 1 + h f 2 + h f 3 + hminor
hf1

hc hf2 hL
p
hc hf3
 p
 p

Q1 Q2 Q3
Pipe 3
Pipe 1 Pipe 2
PIPE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL

Q3

Q Q
Q2

Q1
The Flow Rate is expressed by
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
And the head losses are related by

hL = hL1 = hL 2 = hL 3
In the pipe system shown, pipe 1 supplies liquid from reservoir A to junction B
which divides the flow to pipes 2, 3, and 4, which join again in junction C and
flows through pipe 5. The sum of flow in pipes 2, 3, and 4 equals the flow in
pipes 1 and 5. The drop in the energy grade line between B and C is the
difference in the levels of piezometers at B and C. Therefore the head lost in
pipes 2, 3, and 4 are equal.

A
hf1
hf2 = hf3 = hf4
1 4
hL
Q1 Q4
Q3 hf5
B
3 5 E
Q2 C
Q5 D
2
The possible equations for the pipe system are:
Q1 = Q5 (1) hL = h f 1 + h f 3 + h f 5 (5)
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 + Q4 (2) Note: To solve the problem there must be
equivalent number of equations as to the
h f 2 = h f 3 = h f 4 or h f 2 = h f 3 (3) number of pipes.
or h f 3 = h f 4 (4)
RESERVOIR PROBLEMS

CASE 1:
Given :The discharge in one of the pipes, or given the pressure at the
junction J.

Required: The elevation of one of the reservoirs or the diameter or length

of one the pipes.

CASE 2:
Given: All pipe properties and elevation of all reservoirs.

Required: Flow in each pipe.

First key to the solution of the problems: Locate the elevation of the energy
at the junction J. The position of J represents the water surface of an
imaginary reservoir at J. The difference in elevation between this surface
the surface of another reservoir is the head lost in the pipe leading to that
reservoir.
 Typical Diagram of Reservoirs

Imaginary piezometer
Elev A.
•

A hf1
J’
•
h Elev. C
• f3

pj C
Q1 
hf2
Q3

Junction, J

Elev. B. •

B
Q2
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
 Imaginary piezometer
Elev A.
•

A
hf1
• Elev. C
Q1 hf3
• C
pj Q3
hf2 
Junction, J

Elev. B. Q2
•

B Q2 = Q1 + Q3
Procedure in Solving Reservoir Problems

CASE 1: Given the discharge in one of the pipes, or given the pressure at
the junction J.
Required: Flow in the pipes or elevation of one of the reservoirs or
the diameter or length of one of the pipes.
Solution:
1. With known flow in one pipe leading to or flowing out from a
reservoir of known elevation, solve for its head lost hf.
2. Determine the elevation of the energy grade line at the junction of
pipes (J) by adding or subtracting (depending on the direction of
flow) the head lost in the pipe from the elevation of the water surface
in the reservoir.
3. If the known value is the pressure is the pressure at J, the elevation
of J’ is the elevation of J + pj /γ.
4. Draw a line from J’ to the surface of the other reservoir. These lines
represent the EGL’s of each pipe. The difference in elevation
between J’ and the surface of the reservoir is the head lost in the
pipe.
5. Solve for the discharge.
CASE 2: Given all pipe properties and elevation of all reservoirs.
Required: Flow in each pipe
Solution:

1. Given all elevation and pipe properties, determine the direction of

flow in each pipe. The highest reservoir always have an outflow and
the lowest always have an inflow, but the middle reservoir may have
an inflow or outflow.

2. To find out the direction in the middle pipe (pipe 3) , assume first
that Q3 = 0 such that J’ is at elevation as the surface of reservoir C
(see fig-a) then the values of hf1 and hf2 can be solved. With hf1 and
hf2 known, solve for Q1 and Q2. If Q1 > Q2, then Q3 is towards
reservoir C and J’ must be above the surface of reservoir C.
If Q1 < Q2, the Q3 is going out from reservoir C and J’ must be
below the surface of reservoir C.
3. After determining the direction of Q3 , express all the head lost in
terms of the other, say in terms of hf1. Then use Darcy-Weisbach
or Manning Formula to expressed equations such as the following:
 Imaginary piezometer
Elev A.
•

A hf1
J’ EGL 3 Elev. C.
•

C
Q1
hf2
Q3 = ?

Junction, J

Elev. B.
•
Q2
B

Figure - a
 Case of Q1 > Q2 so that Q1 = Q2 + Q3 if J’ is above the surface of C
Imaginary piezometer
Elev A.
•

A J’
•
• Elev. C

pj C
Q1 
Q3

Junction, J

Elev. B.
•

B Q2 Figure -b
 Case of Q1 < Q2 so that Q2 = Q1 + Q3 if J’ is below the surface of C.
Imaginary piezometer
Elev A.
•

A
• Elev. C
•
J’ C
Q1

Q3
Junction, J

Elev. B.
•
Q2
B
Figure - c
Using Darcy – Weisbach Equation:

2 2
L1 V1 f1 L1 8Q1
h f 1 = f1 =
D1 2 g D1  2 gD14
 2 gD15 Q1 = k1 h f 1
Q1 =
2
hf 1 Eq. (1)
8 f1L1
Similarly, it follows

Q2 = k 2 h f 2 = k 2 f (h f 1 ) Eq. (2)

Q3 = k3 h f 3 = k3 f (h f 1 ) Eq. (3)

The possible relations of Q’s:

If Q1 > Q2 then Q1 = Q2 + Q3

If Q1 < Q2 then Q2 = Q1 + Q3
4. Whichever relation of Q’s will prevail the value of head losses (hf1, hf2
and hf3) can be determined. Then substitute the head losses in
equations 1, 2, and 3 to find Q1, Q2, and Q3, respectively.
Example of Reservoir Problem

1. Determine the flow into or out of each reservoir in the pipe system
Shown. Use n = 0.011.
L1 = 1220 m D1 = 300 mm
L2 = 915 m D2 = 200 mm
Elev 100 m L3 = 1525 m D3 = 150 mm
A hf1 hf3 = 0
Elev. 80 m

C
1 hf2
3
Elev. 50 m

2 B
Solution:
Close the pipe 3 leading to reservoir C and solve for Q1 and Q2.
These are not yet correct values.
If (a) Q1 > Q2 then the flow is into reservoir C.
(b) Q1 < Q2 then the flow is outward from reservoir C.
Using Manning’s Equation

LV 2 10.29n 2 LQ2
h f = 6.35n 2
43
=
D D16 3

1. 20 m =
10.29 n 2 L1Q1
2

=
10 .29 (0.011 )2
(1220 m )Q1
2

D1
16 3
(0.30m)16 3
m3
Q1 = 0.146
s
10.29(0.011) (1525 m )Q2
2 2 2
10.29 n 2 L2Q2
2. 30 m = =
D2
16 3
(0.150 m)16 3
Q2 = 0.138

Since Q1 > Q2, then the flow is into Reservoir C

3. Correct Hydraulic Gradient

A Elev. 100 m
•

hf1
Q1
Elev. 80 m hf3
Q3 •
C
hf2
Q2

• Elev 50 m
B

h f 1 + h f 3 = 100 − 80 = 20 Equation (1)

h f 1 + h f 2 = 100 − 50 = 50 Equation (2)

From (1) h f 1 + h f 3 = 100 − 80 = 20

10.29(0.011) (1220 m)Q1 10.29(0.011) (915m)Q3

2 2 2 2
+ = 20m
(0.30m) 16 3
(0.20m) 16 3
10.29(0.011) (1220 m)Q1 10.29(0.011) (915m)Q3
2 2 2 2
+ = 20m
(0.30m) 16 3
(0.20m) 16 3

933 .786Q1 + 6087 .824Q3 = 20m

2 2
(3)

From equation 2 h f 1 + h f 2 = 100 − 50 = 50

10.29(0.011) (1220 m)Q1 10.29(0.011) (1525 m)Q2

2 2 2 2
+ = 50m
(0.30m) 16 3
(0.150 m)16 3

933.768Q1 + 47,059.850Q2 = 50m

2 2
(4)

Also, Q1 = Q2 + Q3 (5)

m3 m3 m3
Q1 = 0.079 Q2 = 0.031 Q3 = 0.048
s s s
Example 2. The pipe system shown serves two towns C and D. The highest
building in town C is at elevation 21.5 m and that in town D at elevation 18
m. If f = 0.020 for all pipes, what are the discharges in each pipe? If the per
capita consumption in the towns is 302.8 liters per day, how many persons
could be served in each town?

Elev. 30 m A
hf1

hf2
Q1
L = 1525 m C Elev. 21.5 m h
D = 0.20 m Q f3
2
L =1525 m Q3
D =0.30 m B Elev. 18.0 m
L = 2440 m D
D = 0.15 m
Solution:
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 (1)

h f 1 + h f 2 = 30 − 21.5 = 8.5m (2)

h f 1 + h f 3 = 30 − 18 = 12m (3)
From equation (2) and using Darcy-Weisbach Formula:
L V2 fL 8Q 2 8 fLQ 2
h f 1 + h f 2 = 8.5 and hf = f = = 2 5
D 2g D  gD
2 4
 gD

8(0.02 )(1525 )(Q1 ) 8(0.02 )(1525 )(Q2 )

2 2
+ = 8.5
 (9.81)(0.30 )
2 5
 (9.81)(0.20 )
2 5

1037 .086Q + 7875 .372Q2 = 8.5

2 2
1 (4)

From equation (3): h f 1 + h f 3 = 12

8(0.02 )(1525 )(Q1 ) 8(0.02 )(2440 )(Q3 )

2 2
+ 2 = 12
 (9.81)(0.30 )
2 5
 (9.81)(0.150 ) 5

1037 .086Q1 + 53098 .807 Q3 = 12

2 2
(5)
From equation (1) Q2 = Q1 − Q3
12 − 1037 .086Q1
2
Q3 =
2
From equation (5)
53098 .807
Substitute (5) in (1), we obtain

12 − 1037 .086Q1
2
Q2 = Q1 − (6)
53098 .807
Substitute (6) in (4), we obtain

1037 .086Q + 7875 .372Q2 = 8.5

2 2
1
2
 12 − 1037 .086Q1
2 
1037 .086Q1 + 7875 .372 Q1 −  = 8.5
2
 53098 .807 
 3 
m
Q1 = 0.0428
s
Substitute Q1 in (6)

12 − 1037 .086Q1
2
Q2 = Q1 −
53098 .807
12 − 1037 .086(0.0428 )
2
Q2 = 0.0428 −
53098 .807
m3
Q2 = 0.029 Check equation (1)
s
Substitute Q1 in (5)
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
12 − 1037 .086(0.0428 )
2
Q3 = 0.0428 = 0.029 + 0.0138
53098 .807
0.0428 = 0.0428 O.K
m3
Q3 = 0.0138
s
The number of persons that could be served in town C is expressed by

 302 .8 l person − day  m3

= 0.029
Nc 
( 3
) 
 (24 hr day) 1000 l m (3600 s hr )  s

N c = 8275 persons

The number of persons that could be served in town D is expressed by

 302 .8 l person − day  m3

= 0.0138
ND 
( 3
) 
 (24 hr day) 1000 l m (3600 s hr )  s

N D = 3938 persons
Example 3. The population of towns C and D are 20,000 and 30,000
respectively. Daily consumption is 305 liters per person per day. The
proposed pipe lines are as shown in the figure. Design the system if
f = 0.020 for all pipes.

Elev. 91.5 m A
hf1

Q1 hf2
Elev. 46.0 m
L = 1525 m C hf3
L =3050 m
Q2
B Q3
Solution: Elev. 40.0 m
L = 2440 m
D
1. Q1 = Q2 + Q3

where: Q2 = total consumption at C.

 305 l person − day  m3
Q2 = 20000  3
 = 0.0706
 1000 l m (24 hr day)(3600 s hr  s
 Q3 = total consumption at D.
 305 l person − day  m3
Q3 = 30000  3
 = 0.1059
 1000 l m (24 hr day)(3600 s hr  s

Therefore
m3
Q1 = 0.0706 + 0.1059 = 0.1765
s
2. h f 1 + h f 2 = 91.5m − 46.0m = 45.5m

8(0.02 )(3050 )(0.1765 ) 8(0.02 )(1525 )(0.0706 )

2 2
+ = 45.5
 (9.81)(D1 )
2 5
 (9.81)(D2 )
2 5

0.15701 0.01256
5
+ 5
= 45.5 Eq. 1
D1 D2
2. h f 1 + h f 3 = 91.5m − 40.0m = 51.5m

8(0.02 )(3050 )(0.1765 ) 8(0.02 )(2440 )(0.1059 )

2 2
+ = 51.5
 (9.81)(D1 )
2 5
 (9.81)(D3 )
2 5

0.15701 0.04522
5
+ 5
= 51.5 Eq. 2
D1 D3
3. From equations 1 and 2, we can choose appropriate combination of
diameters

If D1 < 0.32m then D2 and D3 will be both negative. Therefore we must

choose D1 > 0.32 m so that D2 and D3 are both positive.

If D1 = 0.33 m then D2 = 0.30m and D3 = 0.33m

If D1 = 0.35 m then D2 = 0.24 m and D3 = 0.29 m

If D1 = 0.40 m then D2 = 0.21 m and D3 = 0.26 m

PROBLEMS OF PIPES IN SERIES

Example 1. Three new cast – iron pipes are connected in series as shown.
If the discharge is 0.227 m3/s determine the head lost:
(a) neglecting minor losses
(b) considering minor losses

hf1
hf2 H = hL
hf3

1 2 3 4
L1 = 365 m L2 = 610 m L3 = 457 m
D1 = 0.30m D2 = 0.60 m D3 = 0.45 m

Solution:
(a) 1. Velocities in the pipes:
Q 0.227 = 3.211 m Q 0.227 = 0.803 m
V1 = = V2 = =
A 1  (0.30 )2 s A 2  (0.60 )2 s
4 4
 Q 0.227 = 1.427 m
V3 = =
A 3  (0.45)2 s
4

2. Total Major Head Loss:

2
LV
H = hf 1 + hf 2 + hf 3 Using h f = 6.35n 2 4 3 ( Manning’s Formula)
D
From table: For new cast – iron pipe, n ≈ 0.013

H = 6.35(0.013) 
2  365 (3.211 )2
+
610 (0.803 )2
+
457 (1.427 )2

43 43 43 
 0 .30 0 .60 0 .45 
H = 23.840m
 1 2 3 4
L1 = 365 m L2 = 610 m L3 = 457 m
D1 = 0.30m D2 = 0.60 m D3 = 0.45 m

(b) With the minor losses included, hc at (1), he at (2), hc at (3) and
he at (4) are to be considered,
2 2
V V
hc1 = K c 1 = 0.50 1
2g 2g

he 2 =
(V1 − V2 )
2

2g
2 2
V V kc = 0.135)
hc 3 = K c 3 = 0.135 3 ( for D3/D2 = 0.45/0.60 = 0.75
2g 2g

=
(V3 )
2 therefore
V1 (V1 − V2 )
he 4 2 2 2 2
2g V3 V3
H = 23.84 + 0.50 + + 0.135 +
2g 2g 2g 2g
 V
2
(V − V ) 2
V V
H = 23.84 + 0.50 1 + 1 2 + 0.135 3 + 3
2 2

2g 2g 2g 2g

m3 m3 m3
where: V1 = 3.211 V2 = 0.803 V3 = 1.427
s s s

H = 23.84 + 0.50
(3.211) (3.211 − 0.803 )
2
+
2
+ 0.135
(1.427 ) (1.427 )
2
+
2

2g 2g 2g 2g

H = 24.516m
Example 2. Three new cast – iron pipes connected in series are as shown.
Determine the total head lost, not including the minor losses if the discharge
is 0.193 m3/s and the kinematic viscosity is 1.005 x 10-6 m2/s. Find He

hf1
hf2
hf3 He
V32/2g

L1 = 30 m L2 = 30 m L3 = 30 m
D1 = 0.30 m D2 = 0.25 m D3 = 0.20 m

Solution:

1. The Total Head Lost: H L = h f 1 + h f 2 + h f 3

2. Compute the velocities:

Q 0.193 m Q 0.193 m
V1 = = = 2.73 V2 = = = 3.93
A1  (0.30 )2 s A2  (0.25)2 s
4 4
 Q 0.193 m
V3 = = = 6.14
A3  (0.20 )2 s
4
3. The Total head loss using Darcy – Weisbach Formula
2 2 2
L V L V L V
H L = f1 1 1 + f 2 2 2 + f 3 3 3
D1 2 g D2 2 g D3 2 g
Relative Roughness Reynolds Number
1 0.00026 m = 8.67 x10 −4 V1D1 2.73(0.30 ) = 814925
= Re1 = =
D1 0.30 m v 1.005 x10 −6
2 0.00026 m V2 D2 3.93(0.25) = 977612
= = 1.04 x10 −3 Re2 = =
D2 0.25m v 1.005 x10 −6
3 0.00026 m V3 D3 6.14(0.20 ) = 1221890
= = 1.30 x10 −3 Re3 = =
D3 0.20m v 1.005 x10 −6
 1  D 2.51 
= −2 log  + 
From Colebrook :  3.7 Re f 
f  

1  8.67 x10 −4 2.51 

= −2 log +  f1 = 0.019
f1  3.7 814925 f1 


1  1.04 x10 −3 2.51 

= −2 log  +  f 2 = 0.020
f2  3.7 997612 f 
 2 

1  1.30 x10 −3 2.51 

= −2 log  +  f 3 = 0.021
f3  3.7 1221890 f 
 3 
therefore
30 (2.73) 30 (3.93) 30 (6.14 )
2 2 2
H L = 0.019 + 0.020 + 0.021
0.30 2 g 0.25 2 g 0.20 2 g
 30 (2.73) 30 (3.93) 30 (6.14 )
2 2 2
H L = 0.019 + 0.020 + 0.021
0.30 2 g 0.25 2 g 0.20 2 g

H L = 8.664m

2
V3
= 8.664 +
(6.14 )
2

4. H e = H L +
2g 2g

H e = 10.585 m

hf1
hf2
HL
hf3 He
V32/2g

L1 = 30 m L2 = 30 m L3 = 30 m
D1 = 0.30 m D2 = 0.25 m D3 = 0.20 m
PROBLEMS IN PIPES CONNECTED IN PARALLEL

Example 3. With a total flow of 0.40 m3/s in the figure shown, determine
The division of flow and the loss of head from A to B ( n = 0.011).

hf1 = hf2

0.40 m3/s Q2

A
Solution:
Q1 B
(1) Q = Q 1 + Q2
m3
0.40 = Q1 + Q2 Equation 1
s
(2) For parallel pipes, hf1 = hf2
 hf 1 = hf 2
2 2
Using Manning’s Formula: h f =
10 .29 n LQ
D16 3
2 2
10.29 n 2 L1Q1 10.29 n 2 L2Q2
16 3
= 16 3
D1 D2

(610 )Q12 = (1830 )Q2 2

(0.30 )16 3 (0.45)16 3
Q1 = 0.5875Q2 Equation 2

Substitute eq. 2 to eq. 1

0.40 = 0.5875Q2 + Q2
0.40 = 1.5875Q2
m3 m3
Q2 = 0.252 and Q1 = 0.148
s s
3. hf = hf 1 = hf 2
2
10.29 n 2 L1Q1
hf = 16 3
D1
10.29(0.011) (610 )(0.148 )
2 2
hf =
(0.30)16 3
h f = 10.23m

or
2
10.29 n 2 L2Q2
hf = 16 3
D2
10.29(0.011) (1830 )(0.252 )
2 2
hf =
(0.45)16 3
h f = 10.23m
Example 4. The discharge of the pipe system is 0.45 m3/s. Determine
the head loss from A to D ( n = 0.011).

hf2 = hf3 = hf4

Q2
A
Q1 B
Q3 C
Q4 Q5 D
Solution:
m3
1. Q1 = Q5 = 0.45
s
m3
2. Q1 = Q2 + Q3 + Q4 = 0.45 Equation 1
s
3. hf 2 = hf 3 = hf 4
 hf 2 = hf 3 = hf 4
2 2 2
10.29 n 2 L2Q2 10.29 n 2 L3Q3 10.29 n 2 L4Q4
16 3
= 16 3
= 16 3
D2 D3 D4
2 2 2
L2Q2 L3Q3 L4Q4
16 3
= 16 3 = 16 3
D2 D3 D4

(610 )Q2 2 = (457 )Q32 = (762 )Q4 2

(0.30 )16 3 (0.25)16 3 (0.38)16 3
Q2 = 1.407Q3 = 0.595Q4 Equation 2

Substitute equation 2 to equation 1

m3
Q2 + 0.711Q2 + 1.681Q2 = 0.45
3
s
m
Q2 = 0.133
s
 m3
1.407Q3 + Q3 + 2.365Q3 = 0.45
3
s
m
Q3 = 0.094
s
m3
0.595Q4 + 0.423Q3 + Q4 = 0.45
3
s
m
Q4 = 0.223
s
The head loss from A and D

H L = hf 1 + hf 2 + hf 5
 L Q
2
L Q
2
L Q
2

H L = 10.29n  16 3 + 16 3 + 16 3 
2 1 1 2 2 5 5

 D1 D2 D5 

H L = 10.29(0.011) 
2  (915 )(0. 45 )2
+
(610 )(0.133 )2
+
(1220 )(0 .45 )2


 (0 .75 )16 3
(0. 30 )16 3
(0.60 )16 3

H L = 14.02m
PIPE NETWORKS

The principles in pipe networks analyses are the following:

1. The summation of pressure drops (head loss) around any closed loop
must be equal to zero.
2. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving it
(Continuity Equation).

HARDY CROSS METHOD

Procedures:
1. First, the flow in each pipe is assumed so that the principle of continuity
is satisfied at each junction.
2. A correction to the assumed flow is computed successively for each pipe
loop in the network until the correction is reduced to an acceptable value.

The flow correction is computed using Darcy- Weisbach or Manning or

Hazen-Williams Equations as follows:
Let Q = true flow
Qa = assumed flow
Qc = flow correction

Q = Qa + Q c


Applicable Formulas:
0.0826 fL 2
Darcy-Weisbach: hf = 5
Q
D
10.69n 2 L 2 In general h f = KQ n
Manning: hf = 16 3
Q
D
10.67 L
Hazen-Williams: h f = 1.85 4.87 Q1.85
C1 D

Using h f = KQ 2

 KQ 2
=0

 K (Q a + Qc ) = 0
2
  K (Qa + Qc ) = 0
2

 KQa + 2 KQaQc +  KQc = 0

2 2

If Qc is small, the term containing Qc2 may be neglected.

Therefore;

 KQa + 2 KQaQc = 0
2

Qc =−
 KQa
2

2 KQ a

The general formula can be expressed as:

Qc = −
 KQa n

n KQa
n −1

Where : n = 2 for Darcy-Weisbach and Manning Formulas

and n = 1.85 for Hazen-Williams Formula
 Qc = −
 KQa n

n KQa
n −1

In the above equation:

KQa = summation of the head loss in the circuit ( clockwise

n

positive, counterclockwise negative or vice versa).

n −1
KQa = absolute sum without regard to direction of flow.

0.0826 fL
Darcy-Weisbach: K= 5
; n=2
D
10.69n 2 L n=2
Manning: K= ;
D16 3
10.67 L n = 1.85
Hazen-Williams: K = 1.85 4.87 ;
C1 D
Example 1. The pipe network shown in the figure is a spray rinse system.
Find the flow in each pipe if C1 = 120 for pipes.
0.4 m3/s
600 m, 300 mm 600 m, 300 mm 600 m, 300 mm
1 2 3 4

400 m – 250 mm
400 m – 250 mm

400 m – 250 mm
400 m – 250 mm
8 600 m, 300 mm 7 600 m, 300 mm 6 600 m, 300 mm 5

0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s

Solution:

1. Determine the K’s: Using Hazen-Williams

10.67 L
K= 1.85 4.87
;
C1 D
0.4 m3/s
600 m, 300 mm 600 m, 300 mm 600 m, 300 mm
1 2 3 4

400 m – 250 mm
400 m – 250 mm

400 m – 250 mm

400 m, 250 mm
8 600 m, 300 mm 7 600 m, 300 mm 6 600 m, 300 mm 5

0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s

10.67 L
K= 1.85 4.87
;
C1 D

10.67(600 )
K1−2 = K 2−3 = K 3− 4 = K 5−6 = K 6−7 = K 7 −8 = = 320.81
(120 )1.85 (0.30 )4.87
10.67(400 )
K 4−5 = K 3−6 = K 2−7 = K1−8 = = 519.72
(120 ) (0.250 )
1.85 4.87
 Assumed flow : First Cycle

0.4 m3/s
0.20 0.1 0.05
1 2 3 4

Loop I Loop II Loop III

0.20 0.1 0.05 0.05
+ + +

0.1 0.1 0.05

8 7 6 5

0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s

0.85
Loop I KQa KQa
1.85
Flow Correction, Qc:
 KQa 320.81(0.20) = 81.68 320.81(0.20) = +16.34
n 0.85 1.85
1-2 :
Qc = −
n KQa 519.72(0.10) = 73.41 519.72(0.10)
n −1
= +7.34
0.85 1.85
2-7 :
n = 1.85 320.81(0.10) = 45.32 320.81(0.10) = −4.53
0.85 1.85
7-8 :
Qc =−
 KQ a
1.85
8-1 : 519.72(0.20)
0.85
= 132.33 519.72(0.20)
1.85
= −26.47
1.85 KQ
0.85
a
1.85ΣKQa0.85 = 615.57 ΣKQa1.85 = -7.32
0.4 m3/s
0.20 0.1 0.05
1 2 3 4

Loop I Loop II Loop III

0.20 0.1 0.05 0.05
+ + +

0.1 0.1 0.05

8 7 6 5

0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s

Loop II KQa0.85 KQa1.85

2-3 320.81(0.1)0.85= 45.32 320.81(0.1)1.85 = +4.53
3-6 519.72(0.05)0.85 = 40.73 519.72(0.05)1.85 = +2.04
6-7 320.81(0.1)0.85 = 45.20 320.81(0.1)1.85 = -4.53
7-2 519.72(0.10)0.85 = 73.42 519.72(0.10)1.85 = -7.34
1.85ΣKQa0.85 = 378.64 ΣKQa1.85 = -5.30
0.4 m3/s
0.20 0.1 0.05
1 2 3 4

Loop I Loop II Loop III

0.20 0.1 0.05 0.05
+ + +

0.1 0.1 0.05

8 7 6 5

0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s

Loop III KQa0.85 KQa1.85

3-4 320.81(0.05)0.85= 25.14 320.81(0.05)1.85 = +1.26
4-5 519.72(0.05)0.85 = 40.73 519.72(0.05)1.85 = +2.04
5-6 320.81(0.05)0.85 = 25.14 320.81(0.05)1.85 = -1.26
6-3 519.72(0.05)0.85 = 40.73 519.72(0.05)1.85 = -2.04
1.85ΣKQa0.85 = 243.72 ΣKQa1.85 = 0
For loop I:

Qc = −
 KQa 1.85

=−
− 7.32
= 0.01
1.85 KQa
0.85
615.57

For loop II:

Qc = −
 KQa 1.85

=−
− 5.30
= 0.01
1.85 KQa
0.85
378.64
For loop II:

Qc = −
 KQa 1.85
0
0.85 = − =0
1.85 KQa 273.72
 0.4 m3/s
0.20 0.1 0.05
1 2 3 4

Loop I Loop II Loop III

0.20 0.1 0.05 0.05
+ + +

0.1 0.1 0.05

8 7 6 5

0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s

Correction, Qc : Loop I : 0.01 Loop II: 0.01 Loop III : 0

Corrected Flow, Q:
Q1-2 = 0.20 + 0.01 = 0.21 Q4-5 = 0.05 + 0 = 0.05
Q1-8 = 0.20 – 0.01 = 0.19 Q5-6 = 0.05 – 0 = 0.05
Q2-7 = 0.10 + 0.01 – 0.01 = 0.10
Q7-8 = 0.10 – 0.01 = 0.09
Q2-3 = 0.10 + 0.01 = 0.11
Q3-6 = 0.05 + 0.01 – 0 = 0.06
Q6-7 = 0.10 – 0.01 = 0.09
Q3-4 = 0.05 + 0 = 0.05
 0.4 m3/s
0.21 0.11 0.05
1 2 3 4

Loop I Loop II Loop III

0.19 0.10 0.06 0.05
+ + +

0.09 0.09 0.05

8 7 6 5

0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s

Flow Correction :Second Cycle

Loop I KQa0.85 KQa1.85

1-2 320.81(0.21)0.85= 85.14 320.81(0.21)1.85 = +17.88
2-7 519.72(0.10)0.85 = 73.41 519.72(0.10)1.85 = +7.34
7-8 320.81(0.09)0.85 = 41.43 320.81(0.09)1.85 = -3.73
8-1 519.72(0.19)0.85 = 126.68 519.72(0.19)1.85 = -24.07
1.85ΣKQa0.85 = 604.32 ΣKQa1.85 = -2.58
 0.21 0.11 0.05
1 2 3 4

Loop I Loop II Loop III

0.19 0.06 0.05
+ 0.10 + +

0.09 0.09 0.05

8 7 6 5

0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s

Loop II KQa0.85 KQa1.85

2-3 320.81(0.11)0.85= 49.14 320.81(0.11)1.85 = +5.41
3-6 519.72(0.06)0.85 = 47.56 519.72(0.06)1.85 = +2.85
6-7 320.81(0.09)0.85 = 41.43 320.81(0.09)1.85 = -3.73
7-2 519.72(0.10)0.85 = 73.41 519.72(0.10)1.85 = -7.34
1.85ΣKQa0.85 = 391.35 ΣKQa1.85 = -2.81
0.4 m3/s
0.21 0.11 0.05
1 2 3 4

Loop I Loop II Loop III

0.19 0.10 0.06 0.05
+ + +

0.09 0.09 0.05

8 7 6 5

0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s

Loop III KQa0.85 KQa1.85

3-4 320.81(0.05)0.85= 25.14 320.81(0.05)1.85 = +1.26
4-5 519.72(0.05)0.85 = 40.68 519.72(0.05)1.85 = +2.04
5-6 320.81(0.05)0.85 = 25.14 320.81(0.05)1.85 = -1.26
6-3 519.72(0.06)0.85 = 47.56 519.72(0.06)1.85 = -2.85
1.85ΣKQa0.85 = 256.26 ΣKQa1.85 = -0.81
Flow Correction : Second Cycle

For loop I:

Qc = −
 KQa 1.85

=−
− 2.58
= 0.004
1.85 KQa
0.85
604.32

For loop II:

Qc = −
 KQa 1.85

=−
− 2.81
= 0.007
1.85 KQa
0.85
391.35
For loop II:

=−
 KQ
1.85
− 0.810
0.85 = −
a
Qc = 0.003
1.85 KQ a 256.26
 0.4 m3/s
0.21 0.11 0.05
1 2 3 4

Loop I Loop II Loop III

0.19 0.10 0.06 0.05
+ + +

0.09 0.09 0.05

8 7 6 5

0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s

Correction, Qc : Loop I : 0.004 Loop II: 0.007 Loop III : 0.003

Corrected Flow, Q:
Q1-2 = 0.21 + 0.004 = 0.214 Q4-5 = 0.05 + 0.003 = 0.053
Q1-8 = 0.19 – 0.004 = 0.186 Q5-6 = 0.05 – 0.003 = 0.047
Q2-7 = 0.10 + 0.004 – 0.007 = 0.097
Q7-8 = 0.09 – 0.004 = 0.086
Q2-3 = 0.11 + 0.007 = 0.117
Q3-6 = 0.06 + 0.007 – 0.003 = 0.064
Q6-7 = 0.09 – 0.007 = 0.083
Q3-4 = 0.05 + 0.003 = 0.053
CORRECTED FLOW FOR THE SECOND CYCLE
0.4 m3/s
0.214 0.117 0.053
1 2 3 4

Loop I Loop II Loop III

0.186 0.097 0.064 0.053
+ + +

0.086 0.083 0.047

8 7 6 5

0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s 0.1 m3/s

Pipe network excel program

PIPE LINE SUPPLIED BY PUMP
Generally, pipelines are supplied with water from a pump instead of being
provided from a gravity reservoir/tank as shown if figure below.

C hf
E.G.L

L’ = zc
pump
Pipe of uniform diameter

B
A Datum

At point A on the datum as shown, the liquid mass has no energy possessed.
As the water passes through the pump, work done is done and energy is stored
in it. The water leaving the pump, say at point B, possesses a total energy per
unit weight of
VB is the mean velocity in the pipe
pB is the increase in pressure (from zero at point A)
zB is the elevation energy gained by the mass as it
flowed from A to B.
Based from a datum A
 C hf
E.G.L

L’ = zc
pump
Pipe of uniform diameter

B
A Datum

If Q, the volume per second passes,

Note the pump has effected the following
the energy delivered by the pump to
essential works: (a) it has raised the water
the pipe system per second, or the
through the height z, (b) it has given the
power is,
water a velocity of VB, and (c) it increased
the pressure of the water.
 C hf
E.G.L

L’ = zc
pump
Pipe of uniform diameter

B
A Datum

The Bernoulli equation between points B

If the Bernoulli equation is written and C can also be further written,
between points B and C, the result is

And the Power may be written also

PIPELINE WITH TURBINE
The machine that converts the energy possessed by water in a pipeline into
mechanical energy or work is the turbine. As water flows from the upper reservoir
to the lower reservoir shown in the figure below, it loses its potential energy due
to a decrease in the elevation z. The major portion of this potential energy is
expended in running the turbine while the other portions are expended due to
friction loss hf and the entrance loss hc at the junction of the upper reservoir and
the entrance of the pipe.

z
turbine

The power (input) delivered by the energy of the flowing water to

Draft tube B
the turbine is
V is the mean velocity in the pipe
L is the pipe length from reservoir A to the turbine
The conduit which leads the water from the
turbine to reservoir B is called “draft tube”. Head
losses in the draft tube and the turbine are
usually included and correspondingly
subtracted from z.
Laboratory Exercise #2

1. Compute the “lower critical velocity” for 10 cm pipe carrying heavy oil where
ρ = 895 kg/m3 and ν = 4.46 x 10-5 m2/s.
2. A pump 80 % efficient delivers heavy oil (ρ = 912 kg/m3; ν = 2.05 x 10-4
m2/s) through 500 m of 5 cm diameter pipe to a storage tank whose oil level
is 3 m higher than that of the supply tank. For a flow of 4 liters/s determine
the input power of the pump.
3. Determine the discharge of water through a 5 cm wrought-iron pipe if the
frictional loss is 80 kPa per 30 m of pipe.
4. Points A and B are 4.8 Km apart along a 60 cm new cast-iron pipe carrying
water. A 10 cm higher than B. If the pressure at B is 140 KPa greater than A,
determine the direction and amount of flow.
5. Oil with specific gravity of 0.902 flows through 1.20 m long of 6.35 mm glass
tubing with a head loss of 16.5 cm of oil. The measured discharge is 6.80 x
10-7 m3/s. Determine the dynamic viscosity.
6. A new cast-iron pipe 20 cm in diameter and 30 m long having a sharp-
cornered entrance draws water from a reservoir and discharges into the air,
What is the difference in elevation between the water surface in the
reservoir and the discharge end of the pipe if the flow is 140 liters/s?
Laboratory Exercise #4

1. A new cast-iron pipe 30 cm in diameter and 30 m long connects two reservoirs,

both ends sharp-cornered and submerged. Determine the difference in
elevation between the water surfaces in the two reservoirs if the discharge is
0.45 m3/s.
2. Three new cast-iron pipes are connected in series as shown in figure. If the
discharge is 230 liters/s determine the head lost: (a) neglecting minor losses (b)
considering minor losses.
w.s.

H w.s.

400 m 800 m 500 m

30 cm Φ 60 cm Φ 45 cm Φ
3. The pipe system shown in figure serves two towns C and D. The highest building
in town C is at 25 m and that in town D at 20 m. If f = 0.020 for all pipes, what is the
flow in each pipe? If the per capita consumption in the two towns is 0.0035 m3/s,
how many persons could be served in each town?

w.s. EL. 35 m
A

1500 m – 20 cm Φ
1600 m – 30 cm Φ

B
C

2400 m – 15 cm Φ

D
4. The turbine shown in figure is located in the 35 cm line. If the turbine efficiency is
90 %, determine the output power of the turbine under the following given
conditions:
L1 = 1220 m D1 = 35 cm f1 = 0.018 Q3 = 230 liters/s
L2 = 610 m D2 = 15 cm f2 = 0.024
L3 = 2440 m D3 = 30 cm f3 = 0.020
w.s. EL 400 m
A

Q1

EL 330 m w.s.
B

turbine
Q2
w.s. EL 280 m
C
Q3