File Ref.No.

3129/GA - IV - J1/2013/CU

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

Abstract
General and Academic - Faculty of Science - Syllabus of BSc Zoology Programme under CBCSS UG Regulations 2019
with effect from 2019 Admission onwards - Implemented- Orders Issued

G & A - IV - J
U.O.No. 9202/2019/Admn Dated, Calicut University.P.O, 12.07.2019

Read:-1) U.O No. 4368/2019/Admn dated 23.03.2019

2) Item No.1 in the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Zoology UG held
on 25.06.2019
3) Item No. I.12 in the minutes of the meeting of Faculty of Science held on 27.06.2019
ORDER

The Regulations for Choice Based Credit and Semester System for Under Graduate (UG)
Curriculum-2019 (CBCSS UG Regulations 2019) for all UG Programmes under CBCSS-Regular and
SDE/Private Registration w.e.f. 2019 admission has been implemented vide paper read first above.
The meeting of Board of Studies in Zoology UG held on 25.06.2019 has approved the Scheeme and
Syllabus of BSc Zoology Programme in tune with the new CBCSS UG Regulations with effect from
2019 Admission onwards, vide paper read second above.
The Faculty of Science at its meeting held on 27.06.2019 has approved the minutes of the meeting
of the Board of Studies Zoology UG held on 25.06.2019, vide paper read third above.
Under these circumstances, considering the urgency, the Vice Chancellor has accorded sanction to
implement the Scheme and Syllabus of BSc Zoology Programme in accordance with the new CBCSS
UG Regulations 2019, in the University with effect from 2019 Admission onwards, subject to ratification
by the Academic Council.
The Scheme and Syllabus of BSc Zoology Programme in accordance with CBCSS UG Regulations
2019 is therefore implemented in the University with effect from 2019 Admission onwards.
Orders are issued accordingly. (Syllabus appended).

Biju George K

Assistant Registrar

To
The Principals of all Affiliated Colleges
Copy to: PS to VC/PA to PVC/ PA to Registrar/PA to CE/JCE I/JCE IV/DoA/EX and EG
Sections/GA I F/CHMK Library/Information Centres/SF/DF/FC

Forwarded / By Order

Section Officer

Page 1 of 172
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

[CBCSS UG 2019]

SYLLABUS

Core Courses
Open Courses
Complementary Courses
&
Model Question Papers

EFFECTIVE FROM 2019 ADMISSION

Page 2 of 172
 Members of Board of Studies in Zoology (UG)

(U.O.No.10961/2016/Admn. dated, Calicut University, P.O., 07.09.2016)

1. Dr. T.M. Benny (Chairman) email: [email protected]

Associate Professor, Dept. of Zoology Mob: 9495184280
St. Joseph’s College, Devagiri, Kozhikode

2. Dr. P. Haridasan email: [email protected]

Principal, Govt. Arts and Science College, Mob: 9496294026
Thrithala, Palakkad.

3. Dr. Francy K. Kakkassery

Associate Professor, Dept. of Zoology,
St. Thomas College, Thrissur.

4. Dr. I. P. Abdul Razak

Associate Professor, Dept. of Zoology,
Unity College, Manjeri.

5. Dr.Tomy Francis
Associate Professor, Dept. of Zoology,
St. Aloysius College, Elthuruth, Thrissur.

6. Dr. Jeeja Tharakan

Associate Professor, Dept. of Zoology,
St. Aloysius College, Elthuruth, Thrissur.

7. Dr. P. Shylaja Kumari

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology,
Govt. Arts and Science College,
Meenchanda, Kozhikode.

8. Mr. Abdul Riyas, K.

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology,
Govt. Arts and Science College,
Meenchanda, Kozhikode.

9. Dr. Santhosh Shreevihar

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology,
Malabar Christian College, Calicut.

10. Dr. Anoop Das

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology,
M.E.S.Mampad College, Mampad.

11. Dr. M. Nasser [Chairman, Board of Studies Zoology (PG)]

Professor, Dept. of Zoology,
University of Calicut.

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 INDEX
Sl. Page
Content
No. No.
1 B.Sc. Zoology programme: Introduction 1
2 Aims and objectives 2
3 An Overview 3
4 Credits and marks distribution of B.Sc. Zoology programme
7
(Course Structure).[Table 2]
5 Course wise mark distribution of B.Sc. Zoology programme [Table 3] 8
6 Semester wise distribution of credits and marks [Table 4] 9
7 B.Sc. Zoology (Core) programme
11
Structure of core, open and elective courses [Table 5]
8 B.Sc. Zoology Open course [for students of other streams]
13
Structure of open course [Table 6]
9 Outcomes and Outcome Based Education (OBE) 14
10 Programme Outcomes (POs) for general undergraduate programme 15
11 Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs): B.Sc. Zoology program,
15
course outcomes
12 Core course: Scheme of instructions 16
13 Examinations 17
14 Evaluation and Grading 18
15 Ten point indirect grading system [Table 7] 19
16 Core course: Scheme of evaluation 19
17 A. Theory [core course]: Evaluation scheme 19
18 I. Internal evaluation 19
19 II. External evaluation 21
20 Pattern of question paper (theory) type 1 & 2 [Table 9 & 10] 22
21 B. Practical [core course]: Evaluation scheme 22
22 I. Internal evaluation 22
23 II. External evaluation 23
24 Scheme of question papers for practical I, II & III [Table 12 & 13] 24
25 Project work & Field study (core course): Evaluation scheme 25
26 I. Internal evaluation 26
27 II. External evaluation 26
28 Open Course [Zoology] 27
29 Open Course : Scheme of Evaluation 27
30 I. Internal evaluation 27
31 II. External evaluation: Pattern of question paper [Table 20] 28
32 Internal Assessment : Precautions 28

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Sl. Content Page
No. No.
33 S1. Core course I [Theory]: Animal diversity: Non-chordata Part- I 31
34 S2. Core course II [Theory]: Animal diversity: Non-chordata Part- II 35
35 S3. Core course III [Theory]: Animal diversity: Chordata Part- I 39
36 S4. Core course IV [Theory]: Animal diversity: Chordata Part- II 43
37 S4. Core course Practical - I : [S1 I*A + S2 I*B + S3 I*C + S4 I*D] 47
38 S5. Core course V [Theory]: Cell Biology and Genetics 53
39 S5. Core course VI [Theory]: Biotechnology, Microbiology and 58
Immunology
40 S5. Core course VII [Theory]: Biochemistry and Molecular 63
Biology
41 S5. Core course VIII [Theory]: Methodology in Science, 68
Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
42 S5. Core course Practical - II : [S5 II*A + S5 II*B] 72
43 S5. Open course: Zoology - 01[Theory]: Reproductive Health and 77
Sex Education
44 S5. Open course: Zoology - 02[Theory]: Nutrition, Health and 80
Hygiene
45 S5. Open course: Zoology - 03[Theory]: Applied Zoology 83
46 S6. Core course IX [Theory]: Physiology and Endocrinology 86
47 S6. Core course X [Theory]: Reproductive and Developmental 89
Biology
48 S6. Core course XI [Theory]: Environmental and Conservation 93
Biology
49 S6. Core course XII [Theory]: Ethology, Evolution and 97
Zoogeography
50 S6. Core Elective course XIII [Theory]: 01: Human Genetics 101
51 S6. Core Elective course XIII [Theory]: 02: Aquaculture, Animal 104
Husbandry and Poultry
Science
52 S6. Core Elective course XIII [Theory]: 03: Applied Entomology 107
53 S6.Core course Practical - III : [S6 III*A + S6 III*B] 111
54 B.Sc. Zoology Complementary Programme 117
55 Complementary Course: Introduction 117
56 Complementary Course: Scheme of instruction 117
57 Complementary Course: Structure of complementary course 118
58 Complementary Course: Scheme of evaluation 119
59 A. Theory [Complementary course]: Evaluation scheme 119
60 i. Internal evaluation 119
61 ii. External evaluation 120

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Sl. Content Page
No. No.
62 B. Practical [Complementary course]: Evaluation scheme 121

63 i. Internal Evaluation 121

64 ii. External Evaluation 122
65 Scheme of question paper for Complementary Practical 122
66 S1. Compl. course I [Theory]: Animal Diversity and Wildlife 123
Conservation
67 S2. Compl. course II [Theory]: Economic Zoology 126
68 S3. Compl. course III [Theory]: Physiology and Ethology 128
69 S4. Compl. course IV [Theory]: Genetics and Immunology 131
70 S4. Complementary course Practical-I:[S1 I*A+S2 I*B+S3 I*C+S4 I*D] 134
71 Model question papers [Core courses] (S1-S5) 139
72 Model question papers [Open courses] 147
73 Model question papers [Core courses] (S6) 150
74 Model question papers [Core Elective courses] 154
75 Model question papers [Complementary courses] 157
76 Model question paper [Core Practical I] 161
77 Model question paper [Core Practical II & III] 162
78 Model question paper [Complementary Practical] 166

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 INTRODUCTION,
GUIDELINES
AND
GENERAL INFORMATION

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 B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
INTRODUCTION

The Higher Education Programme in Kerala has been witnessing a drastic change
from 2009 admission onwards with the introduction of Semesterisation and
Grading at the undergraduate level. As a continuation of this trend, UGC has
recognized the importance of Outcome Based Education (OBE) to be incorporated
in the Choice Based Credit and Semester System (CBCSS) for UG curriculum. A
course in General Higher Education Programme in India needs to be designed and
conducted to facilitate the students to meet the identified Course Outcomes (COs).
The course outcomes address a subset of Programme Outcomes (POs) identified by
the university or the autonomous institutions that offer the programme. Also, the
course outcomes address the Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs) identified by
the Branch/Department. Keeping in view of the implementation of OBE-CBCSS of
UGC, Kerala State Higher Education Council conducted three days workshop
during 12 -14 February 2019 with the title “Redesigning of Courses for Outcome
Based Education (OBE)” for the Board of Studies in UG Programme under Faculty
of Science at Tagore Nikethan, University of Calicut.
Vide U.O No. GA I/J2/3601/08 (Vol. II) dated 19.06.2009, regulations for
CBCSS for UG curriculum was implemented from 2009 admission onwards under
the University of Calicut, as per the directions of Kerala State Higher Education
Council. The regulations of CBCSS for UG curriculum was also modified [U.O. No.
3797/2013/CU dated 07.09.2013] and implemented from 2014 admission onwards
under the University of Calicut, as per the recommendations of Hridayakumari
Committee appointed by the Govt. of Kerala. The Academic Council in its special
meeting held on 28.02.2019 has approved the CBCSS UG regulations 2019 [U.O
No. 4368/2019/Admn dated, 23.03.2019] and has, therefore, been accorded to
implement the regulations for Choice Based Credit and Semester System for Under
Graduate curriculum-2019 (CBCSS UG Regulations 2019) for all UG Programme
under CBCSS regular and SDE/Private registration in the university of calicut,
w.e.f. 2019 admission.
Board of Studies in Zoology (U.G.) of University of Calicut [constituted as per
U.O.No.10961/2016/Admn. Dated 07.09.2016] reviewed and meticulously
analyzed the existing and continuing syllabi of B.Sc. Zoology Programme. BoS
received many requests and suggestions regarding the course structure, content
and credit distribution that are to be incorporated in to the existing syllabus. BoS
also discussed the details of the syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology programme in the
context of outcome based education and the regulations of CBCSS UG curriculum
2019. Accordingly, BoS has framed the curriculum, course structure, course
content, instructional hours, scheme of instruction, scheme of evaluation, credits,
mark distribution, duration of examination and model question papers of B.Sc.
Zoology Programme [CBCSS UG] with the present requirements of the teaching and
learning process.
In addition, the semester-end examinations (total 6 semesters) to be
conducted by the university, a system of continuous evaluation through Internal

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Assessment by the faculty members of the Department of Zoology of the respective
institutions must be adopted for Zoology Core, Open and Complementary courses.
The distribution of marks is 80% for external evaluation and 20% for internal
assessment.
The syllabus for the six semesters of B.Sc. Degree Programme with Zoology
as Core course of study which contain provision for both theory and practical
components in all six semesters and complementary courses also contain both
theory and practical components in four semesters.
Some changes are also made in the combination of core course content in
the fifth and sixth semesters in order to complete the teaching process in time
especially in the tight schedule of the semesters. Further, some pertinent topics are
suggested for seminar/ assignment for theory courses with a view to enrich the UG
Programme.
The practical courses offered are designed in such a way that they support
the theory topics and also impart the basic skills and techniques required of them.
In addition to the items for practical, a Project work forms an integral part of the
curriculum during the sixth semester. Field study/study tour to the research
institution/museum and places of biological/zoological importance/ecological
interest is a compulsory element of the curriculum. Requirement to visit places of
importance of elective subject area is also a compulsory element. Attempts have
also been made to update the syllabus, considering the needs of the time and
conforming to the work load prescribed by the university.
Accordingly, the BoS meeting held on 12.04.2019 at Calicut University took
the decision to implement the revised syllabus w.e.f. 2019 B.Sc. Zoology
admission.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The Board of Studies in Zoology (UG) recognizes that curriculum, course content
and assessment of scholastic achievement play complementary roles in shaping
education. The revised Outcome Based Education- Choice Based Credit and
Semester System for Under Graduate (UG) Curriculum for B.Sc. Zoology
Programme envisages undergraduate education as a combination of general and
specialized education with outcome based, simultaneously introducing the
concepts of breadth and depth in learning. Besides recalling information, the
learning process is aimed to acquire the ability for problem solving, and critical and
creative thinking in students. The present attempt is to prepare the students for
lifelong learning by drawing attention to the vast world of knowledge of animals and
introducing them to the methodology of systematic academic enquiry. The crew of
the syllabus ensures firm footing in fundamental aspects of Zoology and wide
exposure to modern branches of Zoology to the students.
The expected outcome of the syllabus:
 To know the scope and importance of Zoology.
 To develop scientific temper among students.

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  To inculcate interest in nature and living forms and their conservation.
 To make the students eco-friendly by creating a sense of environmental
awareness in them.
 To give better exposure to the diversity of life forms.
 To give awareness about natural resources and their importance in
sustainable development.
 To study different ecological sites for animals in their natural habitats by
field study.
 To provide opportunities for the application of the acquired knowledge in
day- to - day life.
 To develop skills in doing experiments, familiarizing equipments and
biological specimens.
 To undertake scientific projects which help to develop research aptitude in
students.
 To expose students to various fields in biological sciences and to develop
interest in related disciplines.
 To attain interdisciplinary approach to understand the application of the
subject in daily life.
 To familiarize the emerging areas of Zoology and their applications in various
spheres of biological sciences and to appraise the students of its relevance in
future studies.

AN OVERVIEW
Definitions and Structure
Title shall be called “Regulations for Choice Based Credit and Semester System for
Under Graduate Curriculum 2019” (CBCSS UG 2019). Programme means the
entire course of study and examinations lead to the award of a degree. Duration of
programme means period of time required for the conduct of undergraduate
programme i.e. six semesters distributed in a period of 3 years. The odd semesters
(1, 3 and 5) shall be from June to October and the even semesters (2, 4 and 6) shall
be from November to March. Academic week is a unit of five working days in
which distribution of work is organised from Monday to Friday with five contact
hours of one hour duration on each day. A sequence of 18 such academic weeks
constitutes a semester. Semester constitute minimum of 18 weeks (16
instructional weeks and 2 weeks for examination).
Course means a segment of subject matter to be covered in a semester. The
graduate programme includes five types of courses, viz., common, core,
complementary, open, audit /ability enhancement and improvement courses.
Common course means a course that comes under the category of courses for
English and additional language, a selection of both is compulsory for all students
undergoing undergraduate programme. Every undergraduate student shall
undergo 10 common courses [6 English courses and 4 additional language courses]
for completing the programme. Core courses are major (core) courses in a subject
related to a particular degree programme. Core courses are offered by the parent
department. There are 17 core courses including a project work and field study.

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Complementary course means a course which is generally related to the core
subject. It covers two disciplines in B.Sc. degree programme that are distributed
in the first four semesters. There shall be one Open course in the 5th semester.
This is a course outside the field of specialisation of the student, which can be
opted by his/her choice. Audit course/Ability Enhancement course is a course
which is mandatory. There shall be one Audit course each in the first four
semesters. These courses are not meant for class room study. The credits of
audited courses are not counted for SGPA or CGPA. [Improvement course is a
course registered by a student for improving his/her performance.]
Course code of each course shall have a unique alphanumeric code number,
which includes abbreviation of the subject in three letters, the semester number (1
to 6) in which the course is offered, the code of the course (A to E) and serial
number of the course (01,02. ….). (A: Common course, B: Core course, B (E): Core
Elective course, C: Complementary course and D: Open course, E: Audit course)
For example: ZOL5B06 represents a core course of serial number 06 offered in 5 th
semester in B.Sc. Zoology programme.
Each course shall have certain credits. Credit is a unit of academic input
measured in terms of weekly contact hours/course content assigned to a course.
Extra Credit is the mandatory additional credit awarded to a student over and
above the minimum credits required in a programme, for participating in co-
curricular activities and social activities outside the regular class hours, like NCC,
NSS and Swatch Bharath. Those students who could not join in any of the above
activities have to undergo Calicut University Social Service Programme (CUSSP).
Extra credits are not counted for SGPA or CGPA.
Grade in a course is a letter symbol (O, A+, A, B+, B, C, P, F, I and Ab). Grade shall
mean the prescribed alphabetical grade awarded to a student based on his/her
performance in various examinations. Each letter grade is assigned a ‘Grade point
(G) which is an integer indicating the numerical equivalent of the broad level of
performance of a student in a course. Grade Point means point given to a letter
grade on 10 point scale. Strike off the roll: A student who is continuously absent
for 14 days without sufficient reason and proper intimation to the Principal of the
college shall be removed from the roll.
Department means any teaching department in a college offering a course of study
approved by the university as per the Statutes and Act of the University.
Department Co-ordinator is a teacher nominated by a Dept. Council to co-
ordinate all the works related to CBCSS UG undertaken in that department
including continuous evaluation. Department Council means the body of all
teachers of a department in a college. Parent Department means the Department
which offers a particular degree programme. Course teacher: A teacher nominated
by the Head of the Department shall be in charge of a particular course.
College Co-ordinator is a teacher nominated by the college council to co-ordinate
the effective running of the process of CBCSS including internal evaluation
undertaken by various departments within the college. She/he shall be the
convener for the college level monitoring committee. College level monitoring
committee: A monitoring Committee is to be constituted for CBCSS UG at the

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college level with Principal as Chairperson, college co-ordinator as convener and
department co-ordinators as members. The elected college union chairperson shall
be a member of this committee. Faculty Adviser means a teacher from the parent
department nominated by the Department Council, who will advise the student in
the academic matters and in the choice of open courses.
Project work & Field study: Every student of a UG programme shall have to work
on a project under the supervision of a faculty member. A field study/study tour
for 5 days is compulsory during the tenure of the B.Sc. Zoology programme.
Grace Marks: Grace marks may be awarded to a student for meritorious
achievements in co-curricular activities (in Sports/Arts/NSS/NCC/Student
Entrepreneurship) carried out besides the regular hours. Such a benefit is
applicable and limited to a maximum of 8 courses in an academic year spreading
over two semesters. In addition, maximum of 6 marks per semester can be awarded
to the students of UG Programme, for participating in the College Fitness
Education Programme (COFE).
Attendance: A student shall be permitted to appear for the semester examination,
only if he/she secures not less than 75% attendance in each semester. Attendance
shall be maintained by the Department concerned.
A student is required to acquire a minimum of 140 credits for passing the
degree programme, of which 120 credits are to be acquired from class room study
and shall only be counted for SGPA and CGPA.
Common courses: 38 credits (22 for English courses +
16 for Additional languages).

Core courses: 55 credits (including 2 credits for project work & 1 for
field study).

Open course: 3 credits

Complementary courses: 24 credits (12 credits each for Chemistry and Botany)

Audit courses: 16 credits (4 credits per course in first 4 semesters)

Extra credits: 4 credits (4 credits in first 4 semesters)

If more Extra credit activities are done by a student that may be mentioned in the
Grade card. The credits of audited courses or extra credits are not counted for SGPA
or CGPA. The successful completion of all the courses (common, core,
complementary and open courses) prescribed for the degree programme with 'P'
grade shall be the minimum requirement for the award of degree.
CALICUT UNIVERSITY SOCIAL SERVICE PROGRAMME (CUSSP)
In this programme, a student has to complete 12 days of social service. This has to
be completed in the first four semesters; 3 days in each semester. For the regular
programme the student has to work in a Panchayath or Local body or in a
hospital/ poor home or old age home or in a Pain & palliative centre or any social
work assigned by the College authorities. Students who engaged in College Union

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activities and participate in sports and cultural activities in Zonal level have to
undergo only 6 days of CUSSP during the entire programme. The whole documents
regarding the student should be kept in the college and the Principal should give a
certificate for the same. The list of students (successfully completed the
programme) must be sent to the university before the commencement of the fifth
semester examinations. A college level co-ordinator and a department level co-
ordinator shall be appointed for the smooth conduct of the programme.
AUDIT COURSES/ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSES
These are courses which are mandatory for a programme but not counted for the
calculation of SGPA or CGPA. There shall be one Audit course each in the first four
semesters. These courses are not meant for class room study. The students can
attain only pass (Grade P) for these courses. At the end of each semester, there
shall be examination conducted by the college from a pool of questions (Question
Bank) set by the University. The Question paper shall be of 100 marks of 3 hour
duration. The students can also attain these credits through online courses like
SWAYAM, MOOC etc (optional). The list of passed students must be sent to the
University from the colleges at least before the fifth semester examination. The lists
of courses in each semester with credits are given below.

Table 1. AUDIT COURSES

Courses Duration
Sl.No. Semesters Credits Marks
of Exam
4
1 I Environmental studies 100 3 hrs
4
2 II Disaster Management 100 3 hrs
*Human Rights/Intellectual
3 III Property Rights/ Consumer 4 100 3 hrs
Protection
4
4 IV *Gender studies/Gerontology 100 3 hrs
16
Total 400
*College can opt any one of the courses.

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 Table 2. CREDITS AND MARKS DISTRIBUTION OF B.Sc. ZOOLOGY
PROGRAMME
[Course Structure]
Common course: Complementary
Credits course: Credits

Audit course:
Open Course:

Total Credits
Core Course
Semesters

Zoology:

Credits
Credits

Credits

Credits
Chemistry

Extra
Language
English

Botany
Addl

I 3+3 4 2 -- 2 2 16 4
II 4+4 4 2 -- 2 2 18 4
III 4 4 3 -- 2 2 15 4 4
IV 4 4 3+4* -- 2+4* 2+4* 27 4
V -- -- 4+4+4+4 3 -- -- 19 --
VI -- -- 3+3+3+3+ -- -- -- 25 --
2+4*+4*+
2**+1**
22 16 55 3 12 12 120 16 4
Total Credits Credit Credits Credits Credits Credits Credits Credits Credits
(550 s (1450 (75 (400 (400 (3275 (400 (100
Marks) (400 Marks) Marks) Marks) Marks) Marks) Marks) Marks
Marks)
120 #16 #4
38 Credits 82 Credits
Credits Credits Credits
(950 Marks) (2325 Marks)
(3275 (400 (100
Marks) Marks) Marks)

Grand Total: 3775 Marks; 140 Credits (Minimum)

*Practical (12 Credits) **Project work – 2 credits; **Field study – 1 credit.
Credits acquired from class room study and counted for SGPA and CGPA: 120
Total 140 credits [120+16+4] are required for completing UG programme.
#Credits of audit course (16) and extra credits (4) are mandatory and not counted for SGPA
or CGPA calculation.

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 Table 3. COURSE-WISE MARK DISTRIBUTION OF B.Sc. ZOOLOGY
PROGRAMME

Grand
No. of Marks per Total
Total
Courses Courses Course Marks
Marks
75 x 2 = 150 550
English Theory 6 550
Common 100 x 4 = 400
Courses Additional 400
Theory 4 100 400
Language
75 x 9 = 675 1075
Theory 13
100 x 4 = 400
300
Practical 3 100
Core Courses
Zoology Project
1450
work and
1 60+15 = 75 75
Field
study
Zoology/Other 75
Open course Theory 1 75 75
streams
300
Theory 4 75 x 4 = 300
Chemistry
100 400
Practical 1 100
Complementary
courses 300
Theory 4 75 x 4 = 300
Botany 400
100
Practical 1 100
3275
Total Marks

Audit courses
Theory 4 400 400 400
Extra credits 4
100 100
500
Total Marks

Grand Total: 3775 Marks (3275+500); 140 Credits (Minimum)

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 Table 4. SEMESTER WISE DISTRIBUTION OF CREDITS AND MARKS
B.Sc. Zoology Programme
Total Credits: 140; Total Marks: 3775
Semester

Credits

Marks
Course

Common course: English 3 75

Common course: English 3 75
Common course: Additional Language 4 100
Core Course I: Animal Diversity: Non-chordata Part-I 2 75
I
Complementary course: Chemistry 2 75
Complementary course: Botany 2 75
Audit Course: Environmental studies 4 100
Total 20 575
Common course: English 4 100
Common course: English 4 100
Common course: Additional Language 4 100
Core Course II: Animal Diversity: Non-chordata Part-II 2 75
II
Complementary course: Chemistry 2 75
Complementary course: Botany 2 75
Audit Course: Disaster Management 4 100
Total 22 625
Common course: English 4 100
Common course: Additional Language 4 100
Core Course III: Animal Diversity: Chordata Part-I 3 75
Complementary course: Chemistry 2 75
III
Complementary course: Botany 2 75
Audit Course: Human Rights/Intellectual Property Rights/
4 100
Consumer Protection
Total 19 525
Common course: English 4 100
Common course: Additional Language 4 100
Core course IV: Animal Diversity: Chordata Part-II 3 75
Core course V: Zoology Core Practical – I [Practical I*A +I*B+
4 100
I*C+ I*D]
Complementary course: Chemistry 2 75
IV
Complementary course: Chemistry Practical 4 100
Complementary course: Botany 2 75
Complementary course: Botany Practical 4 100
Audit Course: Gender studies/Gerontology 4 100
Extra credits (Maximum) 4 100
Total 35 925

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Semesters

Credits

Marks
Course

Core Course VI: Cell Biology and Genetics 4 100

Core Course VII: Biotechnology, Microbiology and
4 100
Immunology
Core Course VIII: Biochemistry and Molecular
4 100
V Biology
Core Course IX: Methodology in Science,
4 100
Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
Open course: Any other streams 3 75
Total 19 475
Core Course X: Physiology and Endocrinology 3 75
Core Course XI: Reproductive and Developmental
3 75
Biology
Core Course XII: Environmental and Conservation
3 75
Biology
Core Course XIII: Ethology, Evolution and
3 75
Zoogeography
Core Course XIV: Elective course (Any one below)
VI
[01] Human Genetics
2 75
[02] Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry & Poultry science
[03] Applied Entomology
Core Course XV: Zoology Core Practical- II [Practical II*A +
4 100
II*B]
Core Course XVI: Zoology Core Practical- III [Practical III*A+
4 100
III*B]
Core Course XVII: Project Work and Field study 2+1 75
Total 25 650

Grand Total 140 3775

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 Table 5
B.Sc. ZOOLOGY (CORE) PROGRAMME
STRUCTURE OF CORE, OPEN AND ELECTIVE COURSES
Course code, Title, Instructional hours, Credits, Marks and Examination
duration in various semesters
Total Credits: 58
(w.e.f. 2019 Admission)

Instructional hours/week

Duration of Exam (hrs)

Instructional hrs in a

External Marks

Internal marks

Total marks
Semester

semester
Core/Open/

Credits
Elective Code Course Title
courses

Theory I ZOL1B01T Animal Diversity : Nonchordata Part-I 2 36 2 60 15 75 2

I
Practical I*A -- Practical related to ZOL1B01T 2 36 * -- -- --
Theory II ZOL2B02T Animal Diversity : Nonchordata Part-II 2 36 2 60 15 75 2
II
Practical I*B -- Practical related to ZOL2B02T 2 36 * -- -- --
Animal Diversity: Chordata
Theory III ZOL3B03T 3 54 3 60 15 75 2
III Part-I
Practical I*C -- Practical related to ZOL3B03T 2 36 * -- -- --
Animal Diversity: Chordata
Theory IV ZOL4B04T 3 54 3 60 15 75 2
Part-II
Practical I*D -- Practical related to ZOL4B04T 2 36 * -- -- --
IV
Practical-I Zoology Core Practical I
{I*A +I*B+ ZOL4B05P (Practical related to 8 144 4 80 20 100 4
I*C+ I*D} ZOL1B01T,02T,03T and 04T)
Theory V ZOL5B06T Cell Biology and Genetics 3 54 4 80 20 100 2.5
Biotechnology, Microbiology and
Theory VI ZOL5B07T 4 72 4 80 20 100 2.5
Immunology
Practical II*A -- Practical related to ZOL5B06T & 07T 4 72 ** -- -- --
Theory VII ZOL5B08T Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 4 72 4 80 20 100 2.5
Methodology in Science, Biostatistics
Theory VIII ZOL5B09T 3 54 4 80 20 100 2.5
V and Bioinformatics
Practical II*B -- Practical related to ZOL5B08T, & 09T 4 72 ** -- -- --

ZOL5D01T  Reproductive Health and Sex

#Open Education
Course +++ ZOL5D02T  Nutrition, Health & Hygiene 3 54 3 60 15 75 2
(for other
streams) ZOL5D03T  Applied Zoology
(Any one) #
Theory IX ZOL6B10T Physiology and Endocrinology 3 54 3 60 15 75 2
Reproductive and Developmental
Theory X ZOL6B11T 3 54 3 60 15 75 2
Biology
VI
Practical III*A -- Practical related to ZOL6B10T & 11T 4 72 ** -- -- --
Environmental and Conservation
Theory XI ZOL6B12T 3 54 3 60 15 75 2
Biology
Theory XII ZOL6B13T Ethology, Evolution and Zoogeography 3 54 3 60 15 75 2

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 Instructional hours/week

Duration of Exam (hrs)

Instructional hrs in a

External Marks

Internal marks

Total marks
Semester

semester
Core/Open/

Credits
Elective Code Course Title
courses

ZOL6B14(E)01T  Human Genetics

Theory XIII
 Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry &
Elective ZOL6B14(E)02T
Poultry science 3 54 2 60 15 75 2
Course##
ZOL6B14(E)03T  Applied Entomology
(Any one) ##
Practical related to theory core course
Practical -- ZOL6B12T, 13T & ZOL6B14 (E)01T/ 4 72 ** -- -- --
III*B
(E)02T/ (E)03T
Project work / Field study 2 32 *** -- -- --
Zoology Core Practical II
Practical II 8 144
ZOL6B15P (Practical related to ZOL5B06T, 07T, 4** 80 20 100 4
(II*A +II*B)
08T, 09T)
Zoology Core Practical III
Practical III
ZOL6B16P (Practical related to ZOL6B10T, 11T, 8 144 4** 80 20 100 4
(III*A +III*B)
12T, 13T & 14T (E)01/(E)02/(E)03)
-- 2+1
ZOL6B17PF Project work & Field study -- 60 15 75
***
Total
58 1220 305 1525

Core courses 1450 + Open course 75 = 1525 Marks

Scheme of evaluation: External 80 % +Internal 20 %
* Practical examination for1st, 2 nd, 3rd and 4th semesters will be held at the end of IV
semester.
** Practical examination for 5th and 6th semesters will be held at the end of VI semester.
*** Project work – 2 credits; Field study – 1 credit. External evaluation of Project work
and Field study report will be conducted at the end semester VI after Practical III (External:
80% Marks + Internal: 20 % marks; Total: 75 Marks). (It includes a Viva-voce based on
report of Project work and field study).
Project: External 48 marks + Internal 12 marks = 60 marks
Field study report: External 12 marks +Internal 3 marks = 15 marks
# Open course of any one course (ZOL5D01T/ ZOL5D02T/ ZOL5D03T) opted by the dept.
is for other streams.
Open course Theory: 80% marks for external and 20% marks for internal evaluation.
+++ See Appendix of Open course
## Elective course of any one course (ZOL6B14(E)01/ ZOL6B14(E)02/ ZOL6B14(E)03)
opted by the dept. is for Core course.

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 Table 6

+++Appendix

B.Sc. ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE

[For students of other streams]

STRUCTURE OF OPEN COURSE

Course code, Title, Instructional hours, Credits, Marks and
Duration of Examination
Total Credits: 3 (External 80% and Internal 20%)
(w.e.f. 2019Admission)

Instructional hrs/

Duration of Exam
Instructional hrs

External Marks

Internal marks
in a semester

Total marks
Semester

Credits
week
Open

(hrs)
Code Course content
Course

Open Course 01 :
ZOL5D01T Reproductive Health and
Sex Education
Theory Open Course 02 :
3 54 3 60 15 75 2
[Any one] ZOL5D02T Nutrition, Health and
Hygiene
V Open Course 03 :
ZOL5D03T
Applied Zoology

TOTAL 3 54 3 60 15 75 2

Open course of any one course (ZOL5D01T/ ZOL5D02T/ ZOL5D03T) opted by the
dept. is for students of other streams.

There shall be one open course in core subjects in the fifth semester. The open
course shall be open to all the students in the institution except the students in the
parent department. The students can opt that course from any other department in
the institution. Each department can decide the open course from a pool of three
courses offered by the University. For open courses there shall be a minimum of 10
and maximum of 75 students per batch. Total credits allotted for open course is 3
and the hours allotted is 3. If there is only one programme in a college, they can
choose either language courses or physical education as open course.

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 OUTCOMES AND OUTCOME BASED EDUCATION (OBE)

Outcomes are what the students are expected to be able to do at the end of a unit
of learning. The unit of learning is three year formal programme.
An Outcome:
 Should unambiguously state what the student should be able to
do/perform.
 What the students do or perform are observable and assessable?
 Students should be able to understand what it means (comprehensible).
 Should be able to provide guidance to students in planning their learning.
Outcome Based Education (OBE) was introduced by William Spady in early 1990s
for American school system and eventually adapted by higher education systems.
This is an approach to education in which decisions about the curriculum and
instructions are driven by the exit learning outcomes that the students should
display at the end of a programme or a course. OBE establish the conditions and
opportunities within the system that enable and encourage all students to achieve
those essential outcomes. A system based on outcomes gives top priority for
learning, accomplishments and results.
Advantages of OBE
 Relevance: Outcome based education promotes fitness for practice and
education for capability.
 Discourse: The process of identification of the outcomes within an institution
promotes discussion of fundamental questions.
 Clarity: An explicit statement of what the educational process aims to
achieve clarifies the curriculum for both students and teachers, and
provides a focus for teaching and learning.
 Provision of a Framework: OBE provides a robust framework for integration
of the curriculum.
 Accountability: By providing an explicit statement of what the curriculum is
setting out to achieve, OBE emphasizes accountability.
 Self Directed Learning: If students are clear about what they are trying to
achieve, they can take more responsibility for their own learning. OBE thus
promotes a student-centered approach to learning and teaching.
 Flexibility: OBE does not specify educational strategies or teaching methods.
 Guide for Assessment: The outcomes provide the framework for student
examinations.
 Facilitates Curriculum Evaluation: The outcomes provide benchmarks against
which the curriculum can be judged.
Three levels of Outcomes:
 Programme Outcomes (POs)
 Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
 Course Outcomes (COs)

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 Programme Outcomes (POs) indicate the generic knowledge, skills and attitudes
that every student graduating from a UG programme should attain. While every
course of the programmme can address only a subset of POs, all the core courses
together should be able to address all the POs.

1. Programme Outcomes (POs) for General Undergraduate Programme:

PO1. Critical Thinking: Take informed actions after identifying the assumptions
that frame our thinking and actions, checking out the degree to which these
assumptions are accurate and valid, and looking at our ideas and decisions
(intellectual, organizational, and personal) from different perspectives.
PO2. Problem Solving: Understand and solve the problems of relevance to society
to meet the specified needs using the knowledge, skills and attitudes
acquired from humanities/ sciences/mathematics/social sciences.
PO3. Effective Communication: Speak, read, write and listen clearly in person
and through electronic media in English and in one Indian language, and
make meaning of the world by connecting people, ideas, books, media and
technology.
PO4. Effective Citizenship: Demonstrate empathetic social concern and equity
centered national development, and the ability to act with an informed
awareness of issues and participate in civic life through volunteering.
PO5. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the issues of environmental
contexts and sustainable development.
PO6. Self-directed and Life-long Learning: Acquire the ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of socio-
technological changes.
2. Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs):
PSOs are specific to a programme and are to be attained at the time of
graduation from the programme. They are to be identified by a committee with
representation from all stakeholders.

B.Sc. Zoology Programme

PSOs Program Specific Outcomes
Understand the biological diversity and grades of complexity of various animal
PSO1
forms through their systematic classification and process of organic evolution.
Understand the roles of plants, animals and microbes in the sustainability of
PSO2 the environment and their interaction among themselves and deterioration of
the environment due to anthropogenic activities.
Understand the concepts and principles of biochemistry, immunology,
physiology, ethology, endocrinology, developmental biology, cell biology,
PSO3
genetics, molecular biology and microbiology and develop technical skills in
biotechnology, bioinformatics and biostatistics.
Perform laboratory procedures as per standard protocols in the areas of
animal diversity, systematics, cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, molecular
PSO4
biology, microbiology, physiology, immunology, developmental biology,
environmental biology, ethology, evolution and science methodology.
* PSOs related to elective courses are excluded since they are college specific.

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3. Course Outcomes (COs):
Course outcomes are statements that describe significant and essential learning
that the learners have achieved and can reliably demonstrate at the end of the
course. Course outcomes are what the student should be able to do at the end of
the course.

CORE COURSE: SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION

For B.Sc. Zoology Programme, Zoology is the core course. It is to be taught during
all the six semesters. Course code, title, instructional hours, distribution of credits
and marks, and other details of B.Sc. Zoology Programme are shown in Tables 2 to
5. The syllabus includes theory as well as practical components (see Table 5).
A. Theory
The total number of theory core courses is 13. One core course each is to be
studied during the first four semesters (2 credits each for theory courses in 1st &
2nd semesters, 3 credits each in 3rd & 4th semesters) with 2 hrs of examination.
Four courses each with 4 credits and 2.5 hrs of examination in 5 th semester and 5
courses [4 with 3 credits each and one with 2 credits] with 2 hrs examination in
6th semesters of the programme. Towards achieving vocationalisation, 3 core
courses are prescribed under Elective course for 6th semester. An institution can
choose any one of the following.
Elective courses: 01. Human Genetics (Code: e.g., ZOL6B14(E)01T)
02. Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry and Poultry science
03. Applied Entomology
For developing learning, understanding and presentation skills of students, some
pertinent topics are suggested for Seminar/Assignments. Questions from topics
allotted for assignments/seminar are for internal assessment only.
B. Practical
Practical courses corresponding to each theory course will be conducted during the
corresponding semesters. A combined practical examination relating to the first
four core courses 01, 02, 03 and 04 will be held at the end of the fourth semester
and that will be designated as Practical I (Code: ZOL4B05P) with 4 credits.
Practical related to core courses 06 to 09 of the 5th semester form Practical II [4
credits; Code: ZOL6B15P] and 10 to 14 of 6th semester form Practical III [4 credits;
Code: ZOL6B16P]. Practical examinations II and III will be conducted at end of the
sixth semester.
Record: Any candidate, who turns up for a practical examination, must submit a
certified bonafide record/report of work done by him/her duly attested by the
teacher-in-charge and the Head of the Department at the time of practical
examinations. Record should contain hand-drawn specimens with classification
and notes/ mountings/dissections/sketches/experiments and results with
scientific accuracy. All practical examinations are of 4 hours duration.

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C. Project and Field study (ZOL6B17PF):

1. Project work
Students are assigned to undertake a project work during 6th semester on problems
pertaining to biological science. Scientific study on the topic selected is required to
be carried out under the supervision and guidance of faculty members. A group
consisting of not more than 12 students can undertake one research project. Each
student has to actively participate in the project work. The problem/topic chosen
by an earlier batch of students for their project work shall not be repeated by a
latter batch. A certificate to this effect has to be attached by the Head of the
department.
A well documented project report duly attested by the Supervising teacher
and the Head of department must be submitted by each candidate for evaluation
separately on the day of 3rd practical examination in the sixth semester. The project
must contain the following components.
1. Introduction with citations of 4. Results
relevant literature 5. Discussion
2. Objectives of the study 6. References
3. Methodology
2. Field Study

A field study/study tour for 5 days is compulsory during the tenure of the B.Sc.
Zoology programme, preferably in the V or VI semester. A total of at least 4 days
should be kept apart for visiting research institution/museum, and places of
biological interest and ecological importance. One day trip should be associated
with Elective course chosen. A detailed tour report certified by the Teacher-in-
charge of the study tour and also by the Head of the Department, specifying the
places and institutions visited, date and time of visit, details of observations made
must be submitted by each student in "hand written" mode for evaluation during
the day of 3rd practical examination in the sixth semester. The field study/study
tour report is compulsory for each student appearing for practical examination.
EXAMINATIONS

There shall be university examinations at the end of each semester. A student

shall be permitted to appear for the semester examination, only if he/she
secures not less than 75% attendance in each semester. Practical examinations
shall be conducted by the university at the end of fourth and sixth semesters.
External evaluation of Project work and field study report shall be conducted on a
separate day after the completion of core course practical examination in the sixth
semester.

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 EVALUATION AND GRADING
Mark system is followed instead of direct grading for each question. The evaluation
scheme for each course shall contain two parts: viz., Internal evaluation (20%
marks) and External evaluation (80% marks). The marks secured for internal
assessment only need to be sent to university by the college concerned. After
internal and external evaluation, marks are entered in the answer scripts. All other
calculations, including grading will be done by the university using the software.
For each course in the semester, letter grade and grade point are introduced in 10
point Indirect Grading System. Each course is evaluated by assigning marks with a
letter grade (O, A+, A, B+, B, C, P, F, I, Ab) to that course by the method of indirect
grading.
Table 7. TEN POINT INDIRECT GRADING SYSTEM
Percentage of
Marks (Both Range of
Grade Point
Internal & Grade Interpretation Grade Class
Average (G)
External put points
together)
95 and above O Outstanding 10 9.5 - 10 First Class
85 to below 95 A+ Excellent 9 8.5 – 9.49 with
75 to below 85 A Very good 8 7.5 – 8.49 Distinction
65 to below 75 B+ Good 7 6.5 – 7.49
First Class
55 to below 65 B Satisfactory 6 5.5 – 6.49
45 to below 55 C Average 5 4.5 – 5.49 Second Class
35 to below 45 P Pass 4 3.5 – 4.49 Third Class
Below 35 F Failure 0 0 Fail
Incomplete I Incomplete 0 0 Fail
Absent Ab Absent 0 0 Fail

CORE COURSE: SCHEME OF EVALUATION

B.Sc. Zoology Programme comprises 13 theory courses (one each in first 4
semesters, four in 5th and five in 6th semesters), 3 practical courses, and 1 course of
project work & field study. The scheme of evaluation for core course theories,
practicals, project work & field study contain two parts: viz., internal evaluation
(20% marks) and external evaluation (80%marks).

A. THEORY [CORE COURSE]: EVALUATION SCHEME

The evaluation scheme for each course contains two parts; viz. internal evaluation
and external evaluation.
I. INTERNAL EVALUATION
The internal evaluation will be a continuous process. It will be done by the faculty
members of the department of Zoology of the institution where the candidate is
pursuing the study. The internal assessment shall be based on a transparent
system involving student’s performance in class tests, class room participation
based on attendance in theory courses, assignments and seminars in respect of
theory courses. For the test paper marks, at least one test paper should be
conducted. If more test papers are conducted, the marks of the best one should be

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taken. To ensure transparency of the evaluation process, the internal assessment
marks awarded to the students in each course in a semester shall be notified on
the notice board at least one week before the commencement of external
evaluation. There shall not be any chance for improvement for internal marks. The
course teacher(s) shall maintain the academic record of each student registered for
the course, which shall be forwarded to the university by the college Principal after
obtaining the signature of both course teacher and Head of the department.
For 2/3 credit courses the external examination is for 60 marks and 2 hours of
duration. Such courses have an internal component of 15 marks (60 external + 15
internal = 75 marks). 4/5 credit courses have an external examination of 80 marks
and 2.5 hours duration. The internal mark for such courses is 20 (external 80+
internal 20 = 100 marks). The distribution of internal marks shall be as follows:
Table 8. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Theory courses
Maximum Maximum
Sl. No. Criteria internal marks 15 internal marks 20
(2/3 credit courses – (4/5 credit courses –
Type 1) Type 2)
1 Test paper (1) (40%) 6 8
2 Assignment (20%) 3 4
3 Seminar (20%) 3 4
4 Attendance (20%) 3 4
Total Marks 15 20
Table 8.1.Pattern of Test paper for Type 1 [2/3 credit courses]
Total Number of
Marks for
number of questions Ceiling of
Duration Pattern each
questions can be Marks
question
answered
Short answer 6 6 2 10
1 Hour Paragraph 3 3 5 10
Essay 2 1 10 10
Total marks 30
Table 8.2. Pattern of Test paper for Type 2 [4/5 credit courses]
Total Number of
Marks for
number of questions Ceiling of
Duration Pattern each
questions can be Marks
question
answered
Short answer 6 6 2 10
1.15 Hour Paragraph 5 5 5 20
Essay 2 1 10 10
Total marks 40
Table 8.a. Split up of internal marks for Test Paper [40%]
Out of 6 Out of 8
Range of Marks in test
Sl. No. [Maximum internal [Maximum internal
paper
marks 15] marks 20]
1 85 to 100% 6 8
2 65 to below 85% 5 6
3 55 to below 65% 4 4
4 45 to below 55% 3 3
5 35 to below 45% 2 2
6 Below 35% 1 1

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 Table 8.b. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Assignment [20%]
Out of 3 Out of 4
Sl. No. Criteria [Maximum internal [Maximum internal
marks 3] marks 4]
1 Submission in time 1 1
2 Content 2 3
3 Total Marks 3 4

Table 8.c. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Seminar [20%]

Out of 3 Out of 4
Sl. No. Criteria [Maximum internal [Maximum internal
marks 3] marks 4]
1 Excellent 3 4
2 Good 2 3
3 Average 1 1
4 *Total Marks 3 4
*Based on clarity, communication skills, use of AV aids and answer to questions.
Table 8.d. Split up of internal marks for Classroom Participation (CRP)
(Attendance) [20%]
Out of 3 Out of 4
Range of CRP
Sl. No. [Maximum internal [Maximum internal
(Attendence)
marks 15] marks 20]
1 85 and above 3 4
2 75 to below 85% 2 2
3 50 to below 75% 1 1
4 below 50% 0 0

II. EXTERNAL EVALUATION

Theory examinations will be conducted at the end of each semester. External
evaluation carries 80% of marks. All question papers shall be set by the University.
The external question papers may be of uniform pattern with 80/60 marks. The
courses with 2/3 credits will have an external examination of 2 hours duration
with 60 marks and courses with 4/5 credits will have an external examination of
2.5 hours duration with 80 marks. The external examination in theory courses is to
be conducted by the university with question papers set by external experts.
Scheme of Examination (2/3 credit course)
The external question papers are of 60 marks and duration of external examination
is 2 hrs. The pattern of question paper for external examination is as given below.
The students can answer all the questions in Sections A & B. But there shall be
ceiling (maximum marks that can be scored) in each section.

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 Table 9. Pattern of Question Paper for Theory - Type 1 [60 Marks]
Number
Total Marks
of
number for Ceiling of
Duration Pattern questions
of each Marks
can be
questions question
answered
Section A: Short answer 12 12 2 20
2 Hours Section B: Paragraph 7 7 5 30
Section C: Essay 2 1 10 10
Total Marks 60

Scheme of Examination (4/5 credit course):

The external question papers are of 80 marks and duration of each external
examination is 2.5 hours. The pattern of question papers for external examination
is as given below. The students can answer all the questions in Sections A & B. But
there shall be ceiling (maximum marks that can be scored) in each section.
Table 10. Pattern of Question Paper for Theory - Type 2 [80 Marks]
Number of Marks
Total
questions for Ceiling
Duration Pattern number of
can be each of Marks
questions
answered question
Section A: Short answer 15 15 2 25
2.5 Hours Section B: Paragraph 8 8 5 35
Section C: Essay 4 2 10 20
Total Marks 80

B. PRACTICAL [CORE COURSE]: EVALUATION SCHEME

Practical corresponding to each core course will be conducted during the
corresponding semesters. Internal evaluation of core course Practical I will be
conducted at 4th semester and Practical II & III at 6th semester. Internal evaluation
carries 20% of the total marks in each practical.
I. INTERNAL EVALUATION
Table 11. Criteria of Internal Evaluation for Practical I, II and III
[20 marks for each practical]
Sl. No. Criteria Marks
1 Attendance 4
2 Lab involvement, 4
Performance & punctuality
3 Class test (1 No.) 8
4 Record 4
Total Marks 20

Table 11a. Attendance

Sl. No. Attendance (%) Marks
1 85 and above 4
2 75 to below 85% 2
3 50 to below 75% 1
4 below 50% 0

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 Table 11.b. Lab involvement, Performance & Punctuality
Sl. No. Criteria Marks
1 Excellent 4
2 Very Good 3
3 Good 2
4 Average 1
5 Below Average 0

Table 11.c. Class Test [1]

Sl. No. Criteria Marks
1 85 to 100% 8
2 65 to below 85% 6
3 55 to below 65% 4
4 45 to below 55% 3
5 35 to below 45% 2
6 Below 35% 1

Table 11.d. Record

Sl. No. Criteria Marks
1 Punctuality in submission 1
2 Contents 2
3 Scientific accuracy and neatness 1
Total Marks 4

III. EXTERNAL EVALUATION

Practical corresponding to each core theory course will be conducted during the
corresponding semesters. External evaluation will be done by a team consisting of
one internal examiner and one external examiner.
A combined University practical examination related to the first four core
theory courses (Practical I*A, I*B, I*C and I*D) will be conducted at the end of
fourth semester and that will be designated as Practical I (ZOL4B05P). Practical
related to V semester core theory courses (Practical II*A and II*B) form Practical II
(ZOL6B15P) and Practical related to VI semester core theory courses, (Practical
III*A, and III*B) form Practical III (ZOL6B16P). Practical II and III examinations will
be conducted at the end of 6th semester. Credits for Practical I, II & III are 4 each.
All external practical examinations are of 4 hours duration.
Any candidate, who turns up for a practical examination, must submit a
certified and bonafide record/ report of work done by him/ her duly attested by the
Teacher- in -charge and the Head of the Department at the time of practical
examinations.
For external evaluation of the record of Practical - I, One mark may be given
to the local biodiversity report done by the students on Nonchordate group of
animals during I or II semester and also one mark for local biodiversity report on
Chordate groups during III or IV semester (1+1+14= Total 16 marks).
All practical examinations will have a viva voce, during which the examiner
may ask questions based on the principles/methodology/concepts of the
experiments performed during the practical examinations (3 marks).

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 Table 12. Scheme of question paper for Practical I

questions

Marks for
Total no.

Duration
question

Marks
each
Question
Nature of questions

of
Nos.

Spotters: Identification and classification

(up to order in the case of chordates and 6 3 18
I : Q 1-6 up to class in the case of non-chordates);
habits/habitat/sketches/ descriptions/
peculiarities/reasons/ significance etc.
II: Q 7 Minor : Mountings/dissections/ display/ 1 9 9 4 hours
Sketches
III: Q 8 Minor : Mountings/ dissections/ 1 12 12
display/sketches
IV: Q 9 Major : Mountings/dissections 1 22 22

Viva-voce 3#
V:Record - - - 16*
Total Marks 80
* For external evaluation of the Practical Record I, One mark may be given to the local
biodiversity report done by the students on Nonchordate group of animals during I or II
semester and also one mark for local biodiversity report on Chordate groups during III or IV
semester (1+1+14= Total 16 marks).
# viva- voce: Examiner may ask questions based on the principles/methodology/ concepts
of the experiments performed during the practical examinations.
Table 13. Scheme of question paper for Practical II and III
Total no. of
questions

Marks for

Duration
question

Marks
each

Question
Nature of questions
Nos.

Spotters from various core courses:

I : Q 1-6 slides/specimens/apparatus/experime 6 3 18
ntal set up etc.; Identification,
sketches/descriptions/ reasons
importance/ significance etc.
Minor expt. : from various sections -
II: Q 7 results/explanation/ graphs/sketches 1 9 9
etc. 4 hours
Minor expt. : from various sections -
III: Q 8 results/explanation/ graphs/ sketches 1 12 12
etc.
Major expt.: from various sections- 1 22 22
IV: Q 10 results/ explanation/ sketches etc.
Viva-voce 3#
V:Record - - - 16
Total Marks 80

# Viva voce – Examiner may ask questions based on the principles/methodology/concepts

of the experiments performed during the practical examinations

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C. PROJECT WORK & FIELD STUDY [2+1 = 3 CREDITS]: EVALUATION SCHEME
a. Project work (2 credits)
A well documented project report duly attested by the Supervising teacher and the
Head of department must be submitted by each candidate for evaluation,
separately on the day of 3rd practical examination during semester VI. Report of the
project work has an internal and external evaluation.
Pass conditions
• Submission of the project report and presence of the student for viva are
compulsory for internal evaluation. No marks shall be awarded to a candidate if
she/ he fail to submit the Project Report for external evaluation.
• The student should get a minimum P Grade in aggregate of external and
internal.
• There shall be no improvement chance for the marks obtained in the project
report.
• In the extent of student failing to obtain a minimum of Pass Grade, the project
work may be re-done and a new internal mark may be submitted by the parent
department. External examination may be conducted along with the subsequent
batch.
b. Field Study (1 credit)
A detailed report of field study /study tour certified by the Teacher -in- charge and
also by the Head of the Department specifying the places and institutions visited,
date and time of visit, details of observations made etc. must be submitted by each
student in "hand written" mode for evaluation during the day of 3rd practical
examination in VI semester. The field study/study tour report is compulsory for
each student appearing for practical examination. Evaluation of the field study also
has both internal and external components.
Evaluation of the project report and field study report will be conducted after
Practical III examination in the VI semester on a separate day. Each student shall
appear for a viva- voce on the project work and field study before a team of two
external examiners. The questions will be based on project report and field study.
Marks shall be given according to their performance.
Table: 14. Evaluation of Project and Field study
Sl. No. Components External Internal Total
Marks Marks Marks
1 Project 48 12 60
2 Field study/ 12 3 15
study tour
Total Marks 60 15 75

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 I. INTERNAL EVALUATION (12+3=15 Marks)
The supervising teachers will assess the project report and field study report and
award internal marks.
Table 15: Criteria for Internal evaluation of Project [12 Marks; 20%]
Sl. No. Components Marks
1 Originality 2
2 Methodology 2
3 Scheme/Organisation of Report 4
4 Viva-voce 4
Total Marks 12

Table 16: Criteria for Internal evaluation of Field study/Study tour report
[3 Marks; 20%]
Sl. Components Marks
No.
1 Content of field study report 2
2 Viva-voce related to field study 1
Total Marks 3

II. EXTERNAL EVALUATION (48+12 = 60)

Table 17: Project work & Field study: External Examination Scheme
Field
Project
study Grand
Total
Project work Field study Total Total
Marks
Marks (60)
(48)
(12)
Relevance
of the
topic, Presentati Finding Viva- Field Visit to Viva-
statement on, quality s and voce study places of voce
of of recomm related general related
objectives analysis/ endatio to biologica to field
use of ns elective l and study
statistical course ecologic
tools, al
references interest

10 10 14 14 2 8 2
Marks Marks Marks Marks Marks Marks Marks

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 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
DEGREE PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE
In the fifth semester, three open courses are prescribed in Zoology for
undergraduate programme for students from other streams. Department of the
Institution can choose any one of the following open course for students from
other streams. The open course is to be taught in 3 hrs per week with a total of 54
instructional hours in the 5th semester and with 3 credits (Table 6).

Table 18: Open courses in Zoology for undergraduate programme (For

students from other streams)
Open courses Code Course content
Reproductive Health and Sex
Theory 01 ZOL5D01T
Education
(Any 02 ZOL5D02T Nutrition, Health and Hygiene
one)
03 ZOL5D03T Applied Zoology

OPEN COURSE: SCHEME OF EVALUATION

The evaluation scheme of the open course also has internal (20%) and external
(80%) components.
I. INTERNAL EVALUATION [15 marks]
Table 19. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Open course [15 marks]
Sl. No. Criteria Marks
1 Test paper (1) 6
2 Assignment 3
3 Seminar 3
4 Attendance (Classroom Participation) 3
Total Marks 15

Table 19.1.Pattern of Test paper [30 Marks]

Total Number of
Marks
number of questions Ceiling
Duration Pattern for each
questions can be of
question
answered Marks
Short answer 6 6 2 10
1 Hour Paragraph 3 3 5 10
Essay 2 1 10 10
Total marks 30

Table 19.a. Split up of internal marks for Test Paper [40%]

Out of 6
Range of Marks in test
Sl. No. [Maximum internal
paper
marks 15]
1 85 to 100% 6
2 65 to below 85% 5
3 55 to below 65% 4
4 45 to below 55% 3
5 35 to below 45% 2
6 Below 35% 1

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 Table 19.b. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Assignment [20%]
Out of 3
Sl. No. Criteria [Maximum internal
marks 3]
1 Submission in time 1
2 Content 2
3 Total Marks 3

Table 19.c. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Seminar [20%]

Out of 3
Sl. No. Criteria [Maximum internal
marks 3]
1 Excellent 3
2 Good 2
3 Average 1
4 *Total Marks 3
*Based on way of presentation, content, answer to questions etc.

Table 19.d. Split up of internal marks for Classroom Participation (CRP)

(Attendance) [20%]
Out of 3
Range of CRP
Sl. No. [Maximum internal
(Attendence)
marks 15]
1 85 and above 3
2 75 to below 85% 2
3 50 to below 75% 1
4 below 50% 0

II. EXTERNAL EVALUATION (60 Marks)

Table 20. Pattern of Question Paper for Open Course [Theory]

Total Number of Marks
Ceiling
number questions for
Duration Pattern of
of can be each
Marks
questions answered question
Section A: Short answer 12 12 2 20
2 Hours Section B: Paragraph 7 7 5 30
Section C: Essay 2 1 10 10
Total Marks 60

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT: PRECAUTIONS

The process of Internal Assessment must be transparent. There should not be any
chance for favoritism, victimization and discrimination. To avoid unpleasant
situations being created, the following precautions may be taken:
1. Assignments and answer scripts of class tests are to be returned after
evaluation. Grievances, if any, may be redressed forthwith. Then the papers
may be collected and kept in the Department for (at least 2 years) future
reference and shall be made available for verification by the university. The
responsibility of evaluating the internal assessment is vested on the teacher(s),
who teach the course.

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2. Tabulated statement of internal evaluation must be put up on the department
notice board prior to its despatch to the university.
3. A grievance redressal committee may be constituted at the department level to
supervise re-tests, seminars, evaluation of assignments etc. Every student has
the right to appeal against any injustice in the internal assessment/evaluation.
In order to address the grievance of students a three-level Grievance Redressal
mechanism is envisaged. A student can approach the upper level only if
grievance is not addressed at the lower level. This can be raised at three levels.
1. He/she may appeal against the injustice to the concerned teacher.
2. If not satisfied, he/she may plead to the Head of the Department, who
will then discuss the case with the faculty members of the Department
and come to a conclusion.
3. If the candidate again feels that justice has not been served at this level
too, he/she may bring the matter before the Principal for a final hearing.
The Principal will constitute a committee consisting of two senior
members of the college council [nominated by the Principal]; Head of the
Department of Zoology and the Principal (Chairman) himself / herself.
The decision taken by the committee shall be final and binding.
The Attendance and Progress Certificate in respect of all candidates, who
appear for the university examination, shall be sent to the university not later
than the closing date of the corresponding year.

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 SYLLABUS
CORE COURSES

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 FIRST SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- I [Theory]
ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NON-CHORDATA PART- I
Code: ZOL1B01T
[DIVERSITY, ADAPTATIONS AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PROTOZOANS AND
ACOELOMATE AND PSEUDOCOELOMATE NON-CHORDATES]
[36 hours] [2 hours per week] [2 Credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 Describe the principles of classification and nomenclature (5 hrs)
CO2 Explain the five kingdom classification of living organisms (1 hr)
CO3 Understand the concepts of classification of animals (4 hrs)
CO4 Explain the classification with examples and characteristic features of kingdom
Protista and describe the morphology and structural organization of Paramecium
(6 hrs)
CO5 Describe the characteristic features of subkingdom Mesozoa (1 hr)
CO6 Explain the classification of phylum Porifera and elucidate the salient features of
each class (3 hrs)
CO7 Describe the characteristic features of phylum Cnidaria and Ctenophora,
illustrate the classification of phylum Cnidaria down to classes and explain the
structural organization of Obelia (8 hrs)
CO8 Explain the salient features of phylum Platyhelminthes and illustrate its
classification down to classes (3 hrs)
CO9 Explain the characteristic features and classification of super-phylum
Aschelminthes and phylum Nematoda (3 hrs)
CO10 Elucidate the characters of Pseudocoelomate minor phyla Rotifera and
Gastrotricha (2 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-4: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks, Essay 1x10= 10 marks
Module 5-10: Short answer 7x2=14 marks, Paragraph 4x5=20 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks]

Section A. CONCEPTS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS

MODULE 1. Principles of classification and nomenclature (5 hrs)
Systematics: natural and classical. Nomenclature: Binomial and Trinomial
nomenclature; International rules of Zoological nomenclature (brief account);
Mention modern trends in systematics: Chemotaxonomy, Serotaxonomy,
Cytotaxonomy, Evolutionary taxonomy, Numerical taxonomy (Phenetics), Cladistics
(Phylogenetics), Molecular systematics, DNA barcoding.
[Short answers/paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 2. Five kingdom classification of living organisms (1 hr)

Mention Cavalier-smith’s eight kingdom classification also.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 3. Concepts of classification of animals (4 hrs)
Classification based on number of cells, tissue or organ system level of
organization, development of germ layers, development of symmetry, development
of coelom, segmentation, homology and analogy of organs and their origin,
development of mouth and digestive tract (brief account).
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

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 Section B. CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM PROTISTA
MODULE 4. Kingdom: PROTISTA (6 hrs)
Characteristic features and classification of Kingdom Protista down to phyla.
[Salient features of the major groups of protists given below with notes on the
examples cited]
Phylum: Rhizopoda e.g.Entamoeba
Phylum: Dinoflagellata e.g.Noctiluca
Phylum:Parabasilia e.g.Trichonympha
Phylum: Apicomplexa [=Sporozoa] e.g. Plasmodium
Phylum: Ciliophora e.g.Vorticella.
Type Paramecium: Morphology and structural organization [as revealed by
compound microscopy]; locomotion, nutrition, excretion, osmoregulation and
reproduction; conjugation in detail.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Section C. KINGDOM: ANIMALIA

Salient features of the Major Phyla of animals and their diversity.
[Habits, habitat,morphology, functional anatomy and life history of representative types
(wherever specified) and classification of each phylum down to classes, except otherwise
mentioned, and examples thereof: Study of animal diversity with typical examples from each
class, with emphasis on ecological and adaptive features, economic importance and such
other points of biological interest expected. Only very brief account of each example is to be
studied.]

MODULE 5. Subkingdom: MESOZOA (1 hr)

A brief account of Dicyemid (=Rhombozoans) mesozoans [e.g. Dicyema] and
Orthonectid mesozoans [e.g. Rhopalura]
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 6. Subkingdom: PARAZOA (3 hrs)

Phylum: PORIFERA
Classification down to classes and salient features of each class.
Class Calcarea (=Calcispongiae) e.g.Leucosolenia
Class Demospongiae e.g.Spongilla
Class Hexactinellida (=Hyalospongiae) e.g.Euplectella
Give an account of canal system (Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid and Rhagonoid);
Mention amphiblastula, parenchymula and sponge gemmule.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 7. Subkingdom: METAZOA (8 hrs)

Phylum CNIDARIA [=COELENTERATA] (7 hrs)
Classification of the phylum down to classes and salient features of each class.
Class Hydrozoa e.g.Halistemma, Physalia
Class Scyphozoa e.g.Rhizostoma

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 Class Anthozoa e.g.Adamsia, Zoanthus, and Madrepora
Type Obelia: Morphology and life cycle.
Polymorphism in cnidarians with special reference to siphonophores.
Phylum CTENOPHORA [=ACNIDARIA] (1 hr)
Unique features as exemplified by Pleurobrachia; mention cidippid larva.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 8. ACOELOMATA (3 hrs)

Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES
Classification down to classes and salient features of the following classes.
ClassTurbellaria e.g.Bipalium
Class Trematoda e.g.Fasciola
Class Cestoda e.g.Taenia
Type Dugesia (Planaria):Structural organization, Digestive system, locomotion and
reproduction.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 9. PSEUDOCOELOMATA (3 hrs)

Super Phylum: ASCHELMINTHES
Classification down to phyla; highlight the heterogeneous nature of animals of this
group.
Phylum: NEMATODA
Characteristic features of Ascaris.
Examples: Ancylostoma, Enterobius, Wuchereria
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 10. PSEUDOCOELOMATE MINOR PHYLA (2 hrs)

Salient features of the following pseudocoelomate minor phyla:
Phylum Gastrotricha e.g.Chaetonotus
Phylum Rotifera e.g.Brachionus
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Topics for assignments/seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Nutrition in protozoans.
2. Reproduction in protozoans.
3. Parasitic protozoans of man.
4. Helminth parasites of man.
5. Reef building corals and coral reefs.
REFERENCES
 Anderson, D. T. (2001). Invertebrate Zoology. 2ndedition. University of Michigan, Oxford
University Press (Indian Edition. 2006).
 Barnes, R.D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology, 5thEdition. Holt Saunders International Edition.

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 Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P.P., Olive, P.J.W., Golding, D.W. & Spicer, J.I. (2009). The
Invertebrates: A Synthesis, 3rd Edition. Wiley Blackwell Science, UK.
 Bhatnagar, M.C. & Bansal, G. (2014). Non–chordata (Invertebrate Zoology). Krishna
Prakashan Media (P) Ltd., Meerut.
 Brusca, R.C., Moore, W. & Shuster S.M. (2014). Invertebrates, 3rd Edition. Sinauer
Associates, OUP London.
 Buchsbaum, R., Buchsbaum, M., Pearse, J. & Pearse V. (2013). Animals without Backbones:
An Introduction to the Invertebrates. University of Chicago Press, USA.
 Dhami, P. S. &Dhami, J. K.: Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
 Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1985).A Manual of Zoology Vol. I
[Part I & II], S. Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd., Madras.
 Hooper, J. N.A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (2006). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the
Classification of Sponges. Springer Publications.
 Jordan, E. L. &Verma, P. S. (2001). Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand & Company, New
Delhi.
 Kotpal, R. L. (2009).Modern Textbook of Zoology: Invertebrates. Rastogi Publications, New
Delhi.
 Kozloff, E.N. (1990). Invertebrates. University of Michigan & Saunders College
Publishing, 1990.
 Mayr, E. & Ashlock, P. D. (1991). Principles of Systematic Zoology. 2nd edition, 1991,
McGraw-Hill Publishing Inc., New York.
 Mayr, E. (1980). Principles of Systematic Zoology. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing, New
Delhi.
 McClanahan, T. R., Sheppard, C. R. C. & Obura, D. O. (2000). Coral Reefs of the Indian
Ocean: Their Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, USA.
 Meglitsch, P.A. & Schram, F.R. (1991). Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press.
 Moore, J. (2001). An Introduction to the Invertebrates. Cambridge University Press,
London.
 Pechenik, J. A. (2015).Biology of the Invertebrates.7th illustrated edition. McGraw-Hill
Education, 2015.
 Puranik, P. & Bhate, A. (2008). Animal Forms and Functions: Invertebrata. Sarup& Sons,
New Delhi.
 Ruppert, E. E., Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional
Evolutionary Approach. 7thedition. Thomson-Brooks Cole, USA.
 Sandhu, G.S. (2005). Textbook of Invertebrate Zoology, Volume I. University of California &
Campus Books International, New Delhi.
 Simpson, G. G. (1961). Principles of Animal Taxonomy. 1965/1990, Oxford &Columbia
University Press, New York.
 Verma, A. (2005). Invertebrates: Protozoa to Echinodermata. Alpha Science Intl., Oxford.

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 SECOND SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- II (Theory)
ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NON-CHORDATA PART – II
Code: ZOL2B02T
[DIVERSITY, ADAPTATIONS & FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF COELOMATE NON-CHORDATES]
[36 hours] [2 hours per week] [2 Credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 Explain the classification with examples and characteristic features of phylum Annelida
and describe the morphology and structural organization of Neanthes (7 hrs)
CO2 Describe the distribution, peculiarities and affinities of phylum Onychophora (2 hrs)
CO3 Explain the classification of phylum Arthropoda;elucidate the salient features of each
class and describe the morphology and structural organization of Penaeus(11 hrs)
CO4 Describe the characteristic features of phylum Mollusca, illustrate its classification
down to classes and explain the structural organization of Pila globosa (8 hrs)
CO5 Explain the salient features of phylum Echinodermata and illustrate its classification
down to classes (4 hrs)
CO6 Understand the salient features and affinities of phylum Hemichordata (1 hr)
CO7 Elucidate the characters of coelomate minor phyla Phoronida, Ectoprocta and Echiura
(3 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-3: Short answer 7x2=14 marks, Paragraph 4x5=20 marks, Essay 1x10= 10 marks
Module 4-7: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks]

COELOMATA

MODULE 1. Phylum ANNELIDA (7 hrs)

Classification down to subclasses; salient features of the following classes and
subclasses:
1. Class Polychaeta e.g. Arenicola
2. Class Clitellata
 Subclass Oligochaeta e.g. Megascolex
 Subclass Hirudinea e.g. Hirudinaria, Haemadipsa
Type: Neanthes [Nereis]
[Morphology, body wall, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system,
excretory system, sense organs and reproductive system. Mention Heteronereis
stage and Trochophore larva.]
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 2. Phylum ONYCHOPHORA (2 hrs)

Peripatus [distribution, peculiarities and affinities).
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 3. Phylum ARTHROPODA (11 hrs)

Classification down to classes (mention the five subphyla and 16 arthropod
classes); salient features of the following classes:

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 1. Class Trilobita [brief account only]
2. Class Merostomata e.g. Limulus
3. Class Arachnida e.g. Heterometrus (Palamnaeus),Heteropoda
(Huntsman spider, Order Araneae).
Mention ticks and mites (Subclass Acari).
4. Class Chilopoda e.g. Scolopendra, Scutigera
5. Class Diplopoda e.g. Spirostreptus, Julus
6. Class Crustacea e.g. Sacculina, Eupagurus
7. Class Insecta e.g. Lepisma, Mantis, Tabanus, Troides
minos (Southern Birdwing butterfly), Papilio
buddha (Malabar Banded Peacock),Apis.
Type: Penaeus indicus [Prawn]
[Morphology, digestive system, respiratory system, blood vascular system, excretory
system, nervous system, sense organs (statocyst, compound eye in detail),
reproductive system and development] [Details of larval stages not expected].
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 4. Phylum MOLLUSCA (8 hrs)

Classification down to classes; Mention Nudibranchs and Nautilus. Salient features
of the following classes:
1. Class Aplacophora e.g. Chaetoderma
2. Class Polyplacophora (=Amphineura) e.g. Chiton
3. Class Monoplacophora e.g. Neopilina
4. Class Gastropoda e.g. Turbinella
5. Class Bivalvia (=Pelecypoda) e.g. Perna
6. Class Scaphopoda e.g. Dentalium
7. Class Cephalopoda (=Siphonopoda) e.g. Sepia
Type: Pila globosa [Apple Snail]
[Morphology, digestive system, respiratory system, blood vascular system, excretory
system, nervous system, sense organs (osphradium in detail) and reproductive
system].
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 5. Phylum ECHINODERMATA (4 hrs)

Classification down to classes [of extant forms only]; salient features of the
following classes and brief account of examples:
1. Class Crinoidea e.g. Antedon
2. Class Asteroidea e.g. Astropecten
3. Class Ophiuroidea e.g. Ophiothrix
4. Class Holothuroidea e.g. Holothuria
5. Class Echinoidea e.g. Echinus
Structural peculiarities of Asterias (star fish); water vascular system in detail.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 6. Phylum HEMICHORDATA (1 hr)
Balanoglossus: Salient features and affinities.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 7. COELOMATE MINOR PHYLA (3 hrs)

Salient features of the following coelomate minor phyla; mention examples specified
[structure and life history not required).
1. Phylum Phoronida e.g. Phoronis
2. Phylum Ectoprocta [Bryozoa] e.g. Bugula
3. Phylum Echiura e.g. Bonellia
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Topics for Assignments/Seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students).
1] Larval forms in Crustacea and their significance.
2] Metamorphosis in insects.
3] Social organization in insects.
4] Economic importance of molluscans.
5] Insect vectors of human diseases.

REFERENCES
 Anderson, D. T. (2001). Invertebrate Zoology. 2ndedition. University of Michigan, Oxford
University Press (Indian Edition. 2006).
 Apte, D. (2015). Sea Shells of India: An Illustrated Guide to Common Gastropods. Bombay
Natural History Society & Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
 Barnes, R.D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology, 5thEdition. Holt Saunders International Edition.
 Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P.P., Olive, P.J.W., Golding, D.W. & Spicer, J.I. (2009). The
Invertebrates: A Synthesis, 3rd Edition. Wiley Blackwell Science, UK.
 Bhatnagar, M.C. & Bansal, G. (2014). Non–chordata (Invertebrate Zoology). Krishna
Prakashan Media (P) Ltd., Meerut.
 Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. (2002). Invertebrates, 2ndEdition. Sinauer Associates, OUP
London.
 Brusca, R.C., Moore, W. & Shuster S.M. (2014). Invertebrates, 3rd Edition. Sinauer
Associates, OUP London.
 Buchsbaum, R., Buchsbaum, M., Pearse, J. & Pearse V. (2013). Animals without Backbones:
An Introduction to the Invertebrates. University of Chicago Press, USA.
 Cotes, E, C. (2011). A Catalogue of the Moths of India. Nabu Press, India.
 Dhami, P. S. & Dhami, J. K.: Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
 Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1985). A Manual of ZoologyVol. I
[Part I & II]. S. Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd., Madras.
 Emiliyamma, K. G. & Radhakrishnan, C. (2006). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Kerala.
Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.
 Jordan, E. L. & Verma, P. S. (2001). Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
 Kehimkar, I. (2016). Butterflies of India. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai.
 Kiran, C. G. & Raju, D. V. (2013). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Kerala: A Bilingual Pictorial
Guide. Tropical Institute of Ecological Studies, Kottayam.

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 Kotpal, R. L. (2009). Modern Textbook of Zoology: Invertebrates. Rastogi Publications,
Meerut.
 Kozloff, E.N. (1990). Invertebrates. University of Michigan & Saunders College
Publishing, 1990.
 Kunte, K. (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press, Hyderabad & Indian
Academy of Sciences, Bangalore.
 Mandal, F.B. (2017). Biology of Non-chordates. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
 Meglitsch, P.A. & Schram, F.R. (1991). Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press,
New York.
 Moore, J. (2001). An Introduction to the Invertebrates. Cambridge University Press,
London.
 Pechenik, J. A. (2015). Biology of the Invertebrates.7th illustrated edition. McGraw-Hill
Education, 2015.
 Puranik, P. & Bhate, A. (2008). Animal Forms and Functions: Invertebrata. Sarup & Sons,
New Delhi.
 Ruppert, E. E., Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional
Evolutionary Approach. 7thedition. Thomson-Brooks Cole, USA.
 Russel-Hunter, W. D. (1969). A Biology of Higher Invertebrates. Collier - Macmillan Ltd.,
London.
 Sandhu, G.S. (2005). Textbook of Invertebrate Zoology, Volume I. University of California &
Campus Books International, New Delhi.
 Sebastian, P.A. & Peter, K. V. (2009). Spiders of India. Universities Press, Hyderabad.
 Shubhalaxmi, V. & Kendrick, R. (2018). Field Guide to Indian Moths. Birdwing Publishers,
Mumbai.
 Silsby, J. (2001). Dragonflies of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Australia.
 Singh, A. P. (2010). Butterflies of India. Om Books, New Delhi.
 Smetacek, P. (2016). A Naturalist’s Guide to the Butterflies of India. Prakash Books India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
 Subramanian, K. A. (2005). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India- A Field Guide.
Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore.
 Verma, A. (2005). Invertebrates: Protozoa to Echinodermata. Alpha Science International,
Oxford.

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 THIRD SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE – III (Theory)
ANIMAL DIVERSITY: CHORDATA PART - I
CODE: ZOL3B03T
[TAXONOMY, DIVERSITY, STRUCTURAL ANATOMY AND ADAPTATIONS OF CHORDATES]
[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 Explain the characteristics of chordates and outline classification of the phylum
Chordata (2 hrs)
CO2 Describe the salient features and affinities of subphylum Urochordata and its
classification down to classes; elucidate the morphology and structural organization
of Ascidia (5 hrs)
CO3 Explain the salient features and affinities of subphylum Cephalochordata with
reference to Branchiostoma (4 hrs)
CO4 Describe the salient features of subphylum Vertebrata, illustrate its classification
down to classes and elucidate the characteristics of division Agnatha (3 hrs)
CO5 Enumerate the salient features of superclass Pisces and illustrate its classification
down to orders and the morphology and structural organization of Mugil cephalus
(12 hrs)
CO6 Describe the salient features and affinities of class Amphibia and its classification
up to orders; explain the morphology and organ systems of Hoplobatrachus tigerinus
(13 hrs)
CO7 Elucidate the characteristic features of the class Reptilia and its classification down
to orders; describe the morphology and organ systems of Calotes versicolor (15 hrs)

Question paper pattern for external examination

[Module 1-3: Short answer 4x2=8 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10
Module 4-7: Short answer 8x2=16 marks, Paragraph 5x5=25 marks, Essay 2x10=20 marks]

MODULE 1. Introduction [2 hrs]

Chordate characters (fundamental, general and advanced); chordates versus non-
chordates; diversity of chordates; outline classification down to classes; salient
features of each subphylum.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
[Type studies with special emphasis on morphologyand various functional systems
such as integumentary, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous and
reproductive systems. Also mention the evolutionary significance]

MODULE 2.Subphylum UROCHORDATA [Tunicata] [5 hrs]

Classification of the subphylum down to classes. Affinities of urochordates with
cephalochordates and vertebrates.
Class Ascidiacea e.g. Herdmania
Class Larvacea e.g. Oikopleura
Class Thaliacea e.g. Doliolum
Type: Ascidia [Morphology and retrogressive metamorphosis]; add a note on
neoteny and paedogenesis.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 3.Subphylum CEPHALOCHORDATA [4 hrs]

Type: Branchiostoma [=Amphioxus]
Morphology and anatomical features; digestive system in detail; primitive,

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degenerate and specialized features [affinities and systematic position to be
emphasized).
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 4. Subphylum VERTEBRATA [3 hrs]

Salient features of subphylum vertebrata and its outline classification down to
classes.
Division 1. AGNATHA
Characters, classificationdown to classes and examples: Myxine; Petromyzon
[mention Ammocoetes larva]
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Division 2. GNATHOSTOMATA
MODULE 5. Superclass PISCES [12 hrs]
Classification of Pisces down to orders; salient features of the following extant
groups:
Class Chondrichthyes [Cartilaginous fishes]
Subclass Selachii e.g.Scoliodon, Trygon
Subclass Holocephali e.g.Chimaera
Class Osteichthyes [Bony fishes]
Subclass Sarcopterygii
1. Order Crossopterygii [Coelacanths] e.g. Latimeria
2. Order Dipnoi [Lung fishes] e.g. Neoceratodus, Protopterus,
Lepidosiren (Add a note on the distribution
of lung fishes).
Subclass Actinopterygii
1. Superorder Chondrostei e.g. Acipenser
2. Superorder Holostei e.g. Amia, Lepidosteus
3. Superorder Teleostei [Spiny-rayed fishes] e.g. Sardinella, Rastrelliger
Type: Mugil cephalus (Grey Mullet)
[Morphology, body wall, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system,
excretory system, sense organs (neuromast organ in detail) and reproductive
system].
Sub-terranean fishes from Kerala: Aenigmachanna Gollum (Gollum Snakehead),
Kryptoglanis shajii, Horaglanis krishnai (Blind Catfish) & Monopterus digressus
(Blind cave eel). Mention recent addition to ornamental fish trade - Sahyadria
denisonii (Miss Kerala).
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Super class TETRAPODA

MODULE 6. Class AMPHIBIA [13 hrs]
Classification of Amphibia down to orders with examples [of extant forms only].
Subclass Stegocephalia (extinct)
Subclass Lissamphibia
1. Order Apoda (=Gymnophiona) e.g.Ichthyophis, Uraeotyphlus
2. Order Caudata (=Urodela) e.g.Necturus, Ambystoma, mention Axolotl larva.

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 3. Order Anura (=Salientia) e.g.Duttaphrynus, Rhacophorus
Type: Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Indian Bullfrog)
[Morphology, body wall, skeletal system,digestive system, respiratory system,
circulatory system, excretory system, sense organs and reproductive system].
Mention about the diversity of bush frogs, dancing frogs and night frogs in Western
Ghats and the discovery of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (Purple frog).
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 7. Class REPTILIA [15 hrs]

Classification of class Reptilia down to orders and salient features of thefollowing
orders (only extant forms):
Subclass I - Anapsida
1. Order Cotylosauria [stem reptiles] e.g.Hylonomus
2. Order Chelonia [common turtles, tortoises etc.] e.g. Melanochelys, Chelone
SubclassII - Diapsida
1. Order Rhynchocephalia e.g. Sphenodon
2. Order Squamata
 Suborder Lacertilia (Lizards) e.g. Chamaeleo, Hemidactylus
 Suborder Ophidia (Snakes)
Common venomous and non-venomous snakes of Kerala: a] Python molurus b]Ptyas
mucosus c] Gongylophis (= Eryx) conicus d] Indotyphlops braminus e] Bungarus
caeruleus f] Naja naja g] Daboia russellii h] Ophiophagus hannah
Identification key for venomous and non-venomous snakes.
3. Order Crocodilia e.g. Crocodylus, Gavialis
[Mention the extinct subclasses Euryapsida, Parapsida and Synapsida (mammal-
like reptiles) and mention the origin of mammals from synapsids].
Type: Calotes versicolor (Garden Lizard)
[Morphology, body wall, skeletal system (exclude skull bones), digestive system,
respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system, sense organs and
reproductive system].
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
Topics for Assignments/Seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Migration of fishes.
2. Parental care in fishes.
3. Parental care in amphibians.
4. Snake venom: nature; composition; antivenin; poly antivenins; prophylaxis.
5. Accessory respiratory organs in fishes.
6. Economic importance of fishes.
REFERENCES
 Areste, M. & Cebrian, R. (2003). Snakes of the World. Sterling Publishing Company, New
York.
 Barbour, T. (1926). Reptiles and Amphibians-Their Habits and Adaptations. Houghton
Mifflin Co., New York.

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 Boulenger, G. A. (2016). Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Reptilia and
Batrachia (illustrated reprint). Wentworth Press (Originally published by Taylor &
Francis, New York, 1890).
 Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E. (2001). Animal. Dorling-Kindersley, London.
 Chanda, S. K. (2002). Hand book – Indian Amphibians. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.
 Colbert, E. H. (1980). Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of the Backboned Animals
through Time, 3rd Edition. J. Wiley & Sons, Wiley – Interscience Publication, New Jersey.
 Das, I. (2002). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of India. Ralph Curtis
Books, Florida.
 Daniel, J. C. (2002). The Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians. Oxford University Press &
Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai.
 Daniels, R. J. R. (2005). Amphibians of Peninsular India. Indian Academy of Sciences &
Universities Press, Hyderabad.
 Daniels, R. J. R. (2002). Freshwater Fishes of Peninsular India. Indian Academy of Sciences
& Universities Press, Hyderabad.
 Day, F. (1971). The Fishes of India: Being a Natural History of the Fishes Known to Inhabit the
Seas and Fresh Waters of India, Burma, and Ceylon. Volume I & II.MJP Publishers, Chennai.
 Dhami, P. S. & Dhami, J. K. (2009).Chordate Zoology. R. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
 Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1985). A Manual of Zoology.
Volume II Part I& II. S. Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.
 Harvey Pough, F., Janis, C. M. & Heiser, J. B. (2009). Vertebrate Life. 8th illustrated
edition. Benjamin Cummings Publishing (Pearson Education Inc., Indian Edition).
 Jhingran, V. G. (1975). Fish and Fisheries of India. 2nd Edition. Hindustan Publishing
Corporation (India), New Delhi.
 Jordan, E. L. & Verma, P. S. (2014). Chordate Zoology.S. Chand & Company Ltd., New
Delhi.
 Kardong, K. V. (2014). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York.
 Kent, G. C. & Carr, R. K. (2001). Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates, 9th Edition. Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing, New Delhi.
 Kotpal, R. L. (2007).Modern Textbook of Zoology: Vertebrates. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
 Liem, K. F. (2001). Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective, 3rd
Edition. Harcourt College Publishers, USA.
 Mehrtens, J. M. (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Colour. Sterling Publishing
Company, New York.
 Noble, G. K. (1954). The Biology of the Amphibia. Dover Publications Inc., New York.
 Parker, J. J. & Haswell, W. A. (2012).Textbook of Zoology: Vertebrates. 7th Edition. AITBS
Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.
 Romer, A. S. (1955). The Vertebrate Body. W.B. Saunders Publishing Co., Philadelphia.
 Talwar, P. K. & Jhingran, A. G. (1991). Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries,
Volume 1 & 2. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.
 Walter, H. E. & Sayles, L. P. (1949). Biology of the Vertebrates: A Comparative Study of Man
and His Animal Allies. 3rd Edition. MacMillan & Company, New York.
 Whitaker, R. (2006). Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide. 2nd Edition. MacMillan & Co,
India.
 Whitaker, R. & Captain, A. (2016). Snakes of India: The Field Guide. Westland/ Draco
Books.
 Young, J. Z. & Nixon, M. (1981). Life of Vertebrates. Oxford University Press, New York.

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 FOURTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE-IV (Theory)
ANIMAL DIVERSITY: CHORDATA PART-II
Code: ZOL4B04T
[TAXONOMY, DIVERSITY, STRUCTURAL ANATOMY AND ADAPTATIONS OF CHORDATES –
AVES AND MAMMALS]
[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 Describe the classification of class Aves down to orders, salient features of each
order with suitable examples (11 hrs)
CO2 Describe the external characters and functional systems of Columba livia (14 hrs)
CO3 Enumerate the salient features and classification of class Mammalia down to
orders with suitable examples (11 hrs)
CO4 Elucidate the external characters and functional systems of Oryctolagus cuniculus
(14 hrs)
CO5 Compare the circulatory, excretory and nervous systems of vertebrates (4 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-2: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks, Essay 1x10= 10 marks
Module 3-4: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks
Module 5: Short answer 2x2=4 marks, Paragraph 1x5=5 marks]

CLASS: AVES [25 hrs]

MODULE 1. Classification of Aves [11 hrs]
Classification of class Aves down to the orders specified; mention at least one
example for each order.
Subclass Archaeornithes [2 hrs]
1. Order Archaeopterygiformes e.g. Archaeopteryx lithographica – a brief
account on its discovery and evolutionary
significance.
Subclass Neornithes [2 hrs]
Super order Palaeognathae [=Ratitae]
2. Order Casuariiformes e.g. Casuarius (Cassowary)
3. Order Dinornithiformes [=Apterygiformes] e.g. Apteryx (Kiwi)
4. Order Rheiformes e.g. Rhea
5. Order Struthioniformes e.g. Struthio (Ostrich)

Super order Neognathae [=Carinatae] [7 hrs]

6. Order Galliformes [pheasants, quail, turkeys, grouse] e.g. Pavo cristatus
7. Order Anseriformes [screamers, water fowls] e.g. Anas poecilorhyncha
8. Order Passeriformes [perching birds] e.g. Passer domesticus
9. Order Piciformes [woodpeckers, barbets, honeyguides] e.g. Dinopium
10. Order Coraciiformes [kingfishers & allies] e.g. Alcedo atthis
11. Order Apodiformes [swifts, humming birds] e.g. Apus nipalensis
12. Order Strigiformes [owls] e.g. Bubo
13. Order Cuculiformes [cuckoos, roadrunners, turacos] e.g. Eudynamys
14. Order Psittaciformes [parrots, lories, cockatoos] e.g. Psittacula krameri
15. Order Gruiformes [cranes, rails, coots, bustards] e.g. Ardeotis nigriceps

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 16. Order Charadriiformes [plovers, gulls, terns, auks, sand pipers] e.g. Tringa
17. Order Columbiformes [pigeons, doves, dodoes, sand grouse] e.g. Columba
18. Order Falconiformes [diurnal birds of prey – falcons, hawks] e.g. Mylvus
19. Order Ciconiiformes [herons, storks, ibis, spoon bills] e.g. Ardeola grayii
20. Order Pelecaniformes [pelicans, cormorants] e.g. Pelecanus
21. Order Sphenisciformes [Impennae] e.g. Aptenodytes (penguin)
22. Order Phoenicopteriformes [flamingos] e.g. Phoenicopterus

Recent Extinctions: Passenger Pigeon [Ectopistes migratorius), Dodo [Raphus

cucullatus], Pink-headed Duck [Rhodonessa caryophyllacea], Elephant Bird
[Aepyornis].
Rediscovery of Jerdon’s Courser [Cursorius bitorquatus] & Forest Owlet [Athene
blewitti].
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 2.Type: Columba livia (Rock Pigeon) [14 hrs]

[External characters, integumentary system (structure of feather in detail – exclude
development of feather), skeletal system (skull excluded), digestive system,
respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system, sense organs and
reproductive system].
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

CLASS: MAMMALIA [25 hrs]

MODULE 3. Classification of Mammalia [11 hrs]
Classification of class Mammalia down to the orders cited with examples specified.

Subclass Prototheria [2 hr]

Infraclass Ornithodelphia [egg-laying mammals]
1. Order Monotremata e.g. Ornithorhynchus [Platypus],
Tachyglossus [= Echidna]
Subclass Theria [2 hr]
Infraclass Metatheria [marsupials]
2. Order Marsupialia e.g. Didelphis [Opossum], Macropus [Kangaroo]
Infraclass Eutheria [true placental mammals] [7 hrs]
3. Order Edentata e.g. Bradypus (Sloth), Dasypus (Armadillo)
Myrmecophaga (Spiny ant-eater)
4. Order Pholidota e.g. Manis (Pangolin/ Scaly ant-eater)
5. Order Lagomorpha [rabbits and hares] e.g. Lepus nigricollis(Indian Hare)
6. Order Rodentia e.g. Funambulus, Ratufa(Giant squirrel)
7. Order Soricimorpha [shrews, moles] e.g. Suncusmurinus, Crocidura
8. Order Erinaceomorpha e.g. Paraechinus micropus (Indian Hedgehog)
9. Order Chrysochloridea e.g. Golden mole of South Africa
10. Order Dermoptera [colugos] e.g.Cynocephalusvolans (flying lemur)
11. Order Chiroptera e.g. Pteropus, Pipistrellus, Kerivoula picta (Painted bat)
12. Order Primates e.g. Loris, Macaca, Gorilla, Pongo, Hylobates, Homo
13. Order Carnivora e.g. Phoca (Seal), Odobenus (Walrus), Panthera sp.,
Viverriculaindica (Civet), Lutrogale (Otter),

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 Cuon alpinus (Wild dog).
14. Order Cetacea e.g. Physeter (Sperm whale), Delphinus (Dolphins),
Phocaena (Porpoise), Balaenoptera (Baleen whale]
15. Order Artiodactyla e.g. Sus scrofa cristatus (Wild Boar), Bos gaurus
(Gaur), Giraffa (Giraffe), Hemitragus [Tahr], Rusa
(=Cervus) unicolor (Sambar deer), Axis axis (Spotted
deer), Moschiola (Mouse deer), Antilope cervicapra
(Blackbuck).
16. Order Perissodactyla e.g. Equus caballus (Horse), Rhinoceros
17. Order Sirenia e.g. Trichechus (Manatee), Dugong
18. Order Proboscidea e.g. Elephas maximus indicus [Indian elephant],
Elephas maximus borneensis [Borneo pigmy
elephant], Loxodonta africana [African savanna
elephant] and Loxodonta cyclotis [African forest
elephant].
19. Order Hyracoidea e.g. Hyrax (Coney)
20. Order Tubulidentata e.g. Aardvark
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 4. Type: Oryctolagus cuniculus (European Rabbit) [14 hrs]

[External features, integumentary system, skeletal system (dentition in detail –
skull excluded), digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system (exclude
arterial and venous systems), excretory system, sense organs and reproductive
system].
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 5. Comparative Anatomy [4 hrs]
Compare the circulatory, excretory and nervous systems of vertebrates.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Topics for Assignments/ Seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Aquatic mammals and their adaptations
2. Dentition in mammals [adaptations related to food)
3. Endangered mammals of Kerala
4. Flying mammals
5. Migration in birds
6. Flight adaptations in birds
7. Flightless birds

REFERENCES
 Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E. (2001). Animal. Dorling-Kindersley, London.
 Colbert, E. H. (1980). Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of the Backboned Animals
through Time, 3rd Edition. J. Wiley & Sons, Wiley – Interscience Publication, New Jersey.
 Dhami, P. S. & Dhami, J. K. (2009). Chordate Zoology. R. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
 Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1985). A Manual of Zoology.
Volume II Part I & II. S. Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.
 Grewal, B. (2000). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Local Colour Ltd, HK.

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 Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. (2011). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. 2nd
Edition. Christopher Helm Publishers, London.
 Groves, C. P. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institute, Washington D.C, USA.
 Harvey Pough, F., Janis, C. M. & Heiser, J. B. (2009). Vertebrate Life. 8th illustrated
edition. Benjamin Cummings (Pearson Education Inc., Indian Edition).
 Induchoodan (2004). Keralathile Pakshikal (Birds of Kerala). Kerala Sahitya Academy,
Trichur.
 Johnsingh, A. J. T. & Manjrekar, N. (2012). Mammals of South Asia – Volume 1 & 2. Orient
BlackSwan Publishing, Hyderabad.
 Jordan, E. L. & Verma, P. S. (2014). Chordate Zoology.S. Chand & Company Ltd., New
Delhi.
 Kardong, K. V. (2014). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution.
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York.
 Kent, G. C. & Carr, R. K. (2001). Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates, 9th Edition. Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing, New Delhi.
 Kotpal, R. L. (2007). Modern Textbook of Zoology: Vertebrates. Rastogi Publications,
Meerut.
 Liem, K. F. (2001). Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective, 3rd
Edition. Harcourt College Publishers, USA.
 McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K. (1997). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level.
Columbia University Press, USA.
 Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Field Guide. Hachette India, New Delhi.
 Pande, S. (2003). Birds of Western Ghats, Kokan & Malabar: Including Birds of Goa. Bombay
Natural History Society, Mumbai.
 Prater, S. H. (1971). The Book of Indian Animals. Bombay Natural History Society,
Mumbai.
 Salim Ali (1969). Birds of Kerala. 2ndEdition. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
 Salim Ali (1997). The Book of Indian Birds. 12th Edition. Bombay Natural History Society &
Oxford University Press.
 Walter, H. E. & Sayles, L. P. (1949). Biology of the Vertebrates: A Comparative Study of Man
and His Animal Allies. 3rd Edition. MacMillan & Company, New York.
 Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and
Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Johns Hopkins University Press, USA.
 Young, J. Z. & Nixon, M. (1981). Life of Vertebrates. Oxford University Press, New York.
 Young, J. Z. (1958). Life of Mammals. Oxford University Press, New York.

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 B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY [CORE COURSE] PRACTICAL – I: ANIMAL DIVERSITY
Code: ZOL4B05P
[Practical I*A+ I*B+ I*C+ I*D]
[144 hours] [2 hrs per week] [Spread over first 4 semesters] [4 Credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 Identify and describe specified protists and acoelomate & pseudocoelomate non-
chordates and perform the culture of selected protists; understand the histological
features of coelenterate, platyhelminth and nematode. (36 hrs)
CO2 Identify and describe specified coelomate non-chordates and the transverse
sections of annelids; Perform mounting of the specified organs of selected non-
chordates. (36 hrs)
CO3 Identify and describe specified chordates and specified bones of chordates; Prepare
key for identification of venomous snakes; Perform mounting and dissection of
specified organ systems of chordates. (36 hrs)
CO4 Identify and describe selected vertebrates and specified bones of vertebrates.(36 hrs)

FIRST SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME

CORE COURSE PRACTICAL- I*A
ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NONCHORDATA Part - I
[36 hours] [2 hrs per week]
[Students are expected to make sketches with notes, while they study the specimens
in the laboratory/field itself. The record must carry sketches with notes of all
specimens, mountings and dissections. Emphasis must be on scientific accuracy and
not on beauty of sketches.]
MODULE 1. [36 hrs]
Section A. Study of the following Non-chordate specimens:
(Choose useful and harmful forms from different habitats. All animals intended for
type study are to be included. Slides / museum preparations are to be used; charts /
models may be used in exceptional cases. Students are expected to identify the
specimens by their generic names and assign them to the respective phyla and
classes).
1. Protists: Amoeba, Noctiluca, Ceratium, Entamoeba, Trichonympha, Paramecium
[any 4]
2. Poriferans: Leucosolenia/Scypha or Spongilla, Sponge gemmule, spicules
3. Cnidarians: Sedentary hydrozoans: Hydra, Obelia, Obelia medusa [any 2]
Pelagic hydrozoans: Physalia/Velella
Pelagic scyphozoan: Aurelia/ Rhizostoma
Common anthozoans: Adamsia, Edwardsia, Madrepora, Fungia, Tubipora
Gorgonia [any 3]
4. Platyhelminths: Free living flat worm: Bipalium Dugesia
Parasitic flat worms: Fasciola/Taenia solium
5. Aschelminths: Parasitic round worms: Ascaris/Ancylostoma/Wuchereria
6. Minor Phyla : Sipunculus/Bonellia or any other specimen
7. Local Biodiversity Record: Observe water samples from the locality for live
protists and make a field note.

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8. Demonstration of culture methods of Protists[Amoeba/Euglena/Paramecium].
Section B. Histology
Transverse sections of a coelenterate [Hydra], a platyhelminth [Dugesia] and a
nematode (Ascaris male & female).

SECOND SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME

CORE COURSE PRACTICAL– I*B
ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NON-CHORDATA Part– II
[36 hours] [2 hrs per week]

MODULE 2. [36 hrs]

Section A. Study of the following Coelomate Non-chordate specimens:
1. Annelids : Polychaetes: Aphrodite, Chaetopterus, Arenicola, Tomopteris [any 2]

Common earthworm: Megascolex / Pheretima

Leech: Hirudinaria, Heamadipsa, Branchellion [any 2]
2. Arthropods: Items of evolutionary / taxonomic importance - Limulus,
Streptocephalus [any 1]
Common fouling barnacle – Lepas / Balanus
Parasitic crustaceans– Sacculina, Cymothoa, Argulus [any 2]
Crustacean of the sandy shore– Emerita / Albunea
Symbiotic crustacean - Eupagurus
Economically important crustacean - Penaeus, Scylla [any 1]
Vectors – Cyclops, Aedes, Musca, Xenopsylla [any 2]
Insect pests – Lepisma, termite queen,
Pest of paddy, pest of coconut, pest of stored grains [any 5]
Aquatic insects – Belostoma, Nepa, Ranatra [any 2]
Predatory insect - Dragonfly, Ant-lion, Mantis [any 1]
Insect which camouflages - Carausius /Phyllium
Common myriapods – Scolopendra/Scutigera, Julus/
Spirostreptus/Jonespeltis [any 2]
Common arachnids – Palamnaeus/ Buthus,
Spider/ tick/mite [any 2]
3. Molluscs: Inter tidal mollusks – Chiton, Patella, Haliotis, Onchidium,
Aplysia [any 2]
Ornamental gastropods –Cypraea, Murex, Turbinella [any 2]
Poisonous gastropod – Conus
Pelecypods of economic importance – Perna, Pinctada,
Teredo, Ostrea [any 2]
Scaphopod - Dentalium
Cephalopods of economic/evolutionary importance
- Sepia, Loligo, Octopus, Nautilus [any 3]
4. Echinoderms: Antedon, Asterias, Ophiothrix, Cucumaria,
Echinus, cake urchin, hearturchin

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 [any 3]
5. Hemichordate: Balanoglossus
6. Onychophoran: Peripatus (Evolutionary significance)
7. Local Biodiversity Record: Observation of butterflies/dragonflies or any other
Non-chordate group of the locality and prepare a field note.
Section B. Histology
Compare TS of any two annelids [Neanthes/ Earth worm/ Leech].
Section C. Mountings
1. Earthworm : Setae (a few loose setae) [Minor]
2. Neanthes: Parapodium [Minor]
3. Penaeus : Appendages [Minor]
4. Cockroach : Salivary apparatus [Major]
5. Honeybee/ plant bug: Mouth parts [Minor]

Section D. Dissections (Digital versions to be downloaded or procured as per

UGC guidelines)
1. Penaeus : Nervous system [Major]
2. Cockroach : Nervous system [Major]

THIRD SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

CORE COURSE PRACTICAL- I*C
ANIMAL DIVERSITY: CHORDATA Part - I
[36 hours] [2 hrs per week]
[Students are expected to make sketches with notes, while they study the specimens
in the laboratory and field. The record must carry notes of all specimens, mountings
and dissections. Emphasis must be on scientific aspects. The record sheets related to
part I and part II must be bound together to get a single Record.]

MODULE 3. [36 hrs]

Section A. Study of the following Chordate specimens:
(Students are expected to identify the specimens by their generic names and assign
them to the respective phyla /classes/ orders)
1. Urochordates : Ascidia, ascidian tadpole, Salpa, Doliolum [any 2]
2. Cephalochordates : Branchiostoma
3. Agnathans : Myxine, Petromyzon, Ammocoetes larva [any 1]
4. Fishes :
a. Common elasmobranchs - Chiloscyllium, Stegostoma,
Sphyrna, Pristis, Trygon, Narcine, Astrapes [any 3]
b. Common edible fishes (marine) - Sardinella, Rastrelliger,
Cynoglossus, Parastromateus, Trichiurus,Cybium, Thunnus [any 3]
c. Common edible fishes (Inland) - Etroplus, Mugil, Wallagonia,
Tilapia, Catla, Cirrhina, Labeo, Cyprinus [any 3]
d. Fishes with special adaptive features - Hippocampus, Belone,
Hemiramphus, Exocoetus, Tetraodon, Pterois, Ostracion,

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 Heteropneustes, Clarias, Arius, Anabas, Channa, Echeneis,
Antennarius, Amphisile, Anguilla [any 5]
5. Amphibians: Common amphibians - Duttaphrynus, Euphlyctis,
Rhacophorus, Ambystoma, Axolotl larva,
Ichthyophis/Uraeotyphlus [any 3]
6. Reptiles :
a. Common lizard - Hemidactylus, Calotes, Mabuya (Eutropis) [any 1]
b. Lizards with special adaptations - Draco, Chamaeleo, Phrynosoma [any 2]
c. Non venomous snakes - Ptyas, Gongylophis, Lycodon, Indotyphlops [any 2]
d. Venomous snakes - Naja, Daboia, Bungarus, Echis [any 2]
e. Water snake – Hydrophis / Enhydris / Xenochrophis
f. Arboreal snake – Dendrelaphis / Python / Ahaetulla
7. Key for identification of venomous and non-venomous snakes.
8. Local Biodiversity Record: Observe fishes/amphibians or any other vertebrate
group (any one group) of the locality in their natural habitat and prepare a field
note.
Section B. Histology
1. Branchiostoma - T. S. through pharyngeal region
Section C. Mountings
1. Sardine: Cycloid scale [Minor]
2. Shark: Placoid scale [Minor]
3. Shark/Frog/Calotes: Brain [Minor] - Demonstration only.
Section D. Dissections (Digital versions to be downloaded or procured as per
UGC guidelines)
1. Mullet/ Sardine: Alimentary canal (Major)
2. Shark: IX and X cranial nerves on one side (Major) – Demonstration only.
3. Frog: V cranial nerve - branches, root and ganglion on one side (Major)
Demonstration only
5. Frog/Calotes: Arterial system on one side (demonstration only).
Section E. Osteology
1. Frog: Typical, 8th, 9th Vertebrae,
2. Frog: Pectoral & Pelvic girdles
3. Snake Vertebra [show zygosphene and zygandrum]
4. Carapace and plastron of turtle/tortoise.

FOURTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

CORE COURSE PRACTICAL- I*D
ANIMAL DIVERSITY: CHORDATA Part - II
[36 hours] [2 hrs per week]
MODULE 4. [36 hrs]
Section A. Study of the following Vertebrate specimens:
1. Birds:
a. Fossil bird - Archaeopteryx
b. Flightless bird - Rhea, Struthio [any 1]
c. Wetland birds - Jacana, Duck, Egret, Heron, Ibis, Stork [any 2]

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 d.
Shore birds – Gulls, Plovers, Terns [any 1]
e.
Migratory birds - Pelican, Crane, Flamingo [any 1]
f.
Birds of Prey – Falcon, Eagle, Kite, Shikra, Owl [any 2]
g.
Features and adaptations of: duck, parrot, king fisher, owl, kite and
wood pecker [draw sketches of the beaks and feet of 4 birds)
2. Mammals:
a. Common insectivore – Suncus, Hedgehog [any 1]
b. Common rodent – Rattus, Bandicoota, Funambulus [any 1]
c. Common bat of Kerala – Pteropus, Megaderma, Pipistrellus [any 1]
d. Small Carnivore – Jungle Cat, Herpestes, Civet [any 1]
e. Primate – Loris or any other species
3. Local Biodiversity Record: Observe birds/mammals (any one group) of the
locality in their natural habitat and prepare a field note.
Section B. Osteology
a. Pigeon/ Domestic Fowl: Cervical vertebra, Pectoral girdle and Sternum,
Pelvic girdle with Synsacrum [mention the component bones].
b. Rabbit: Skull showing dentition, Atlas, axis, typical vertebra, scapula and
pelvic girdle.
REFERENCES
 Apte, D. (2015). Sea Shells of India: An Illustrated Guide to Common Gastropods. Bombay
Natural History Society & Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
 Arumugam, N., Nair, N.C., Leelavathy, S., Soundara Pandian, N., Murugan, T. &
Jayasurya (2010).Practical Zoology Volume I. Invertebrata. Saras Publications, Tamil Nadu.
 Chanda, S. K. (2002). Hand book – Indian Amphibians. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.
 Daniels, R. J. R. (2005). Amphibians of Peninsular India. Indian Academy of Sciences &
Universities Press, New Delhi.
 Dhami, P. S. & Dhami, J. K. (2002). Chordate Zoology. R. Chand & Co.
 Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. &Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1985). A Manual of Zoology. Vol. II
Part I & II.
 Ghose, K. C. & Manna, B. (2007). Practical Zoology. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd,
New Delhi.
 Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. (2011). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. 2nd
Edition. Christopher Helm Publishers, London.
 Hooper, J. N.A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (2006). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the
Classification of Sponges. Springer Publications.
 Jordan, E. L. & Verma, P. S. (2007).Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand & Co. Publishing, New
Delhi.
 Jordan, E. L. &Verma, P. S. (2001). Chordate Zoology. S. Chand & Co. Publishers, New
Delhi.
 Kotpal, R. L. (2011). Modern Text Book of Zoology - Invertebrates; Rastogi Publications,
India.
 Kunte, K. (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press, Hyderabad & Indian
Academy of Sciences, Bangalore.
 Lal, S. S. (2009).Practical Zoology- Invertebrates. 11th Edition.Rajpal and Sons Publishing,
New Delhi.
 Mandal, F. B. (2012). Invertebrate Zoology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., India.
 Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Field Guide. Hachette India, New Delhi.

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 Sebastian, P.A. & Peter, K. V. (2009). Spiders of India. Universities Press, New Delhi.
 Sleigh, M. A. (1989). Protozoa and other Protists. E. Arnold Publishers Ltd., UK.
 Shubhalaxmi, V. & Kendrick, R. (2018). Field Guide to Indian Moths. Birdwing Publishers,
Mumbai.
 Subramanian, K. A. (2005). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India- A Field Guide.
Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore.
 Talwar, P. K. & Jhingran, A. G. (1991). Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries,
Volume 1 & 2. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.
 Venkataraman, K. (2003). Handbook on Hard Corals of India. Zoological Survey of India,
Kolkata.
 Verma P. S. (2000). A Manual of Practical Zoology: Invertebrates. S. Chand Publishers, New
Delhi.
 Verma P. S. (2000). A Manual of Practical Zoology: Chordates. S. Chand Publishers, New
Delhi.
 Whitaker, R. & Captain, A. (2016). Snakes of India: The Field Guide. Westland/ Draco
Books.

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 FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- V [Theory]
CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
Code: ZOL5B06T
[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [4 Credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)
COs Course outcome Statements
CO1 Understand the principles and applications of various types of light microscopes,
electron, Scanning-tunnelling and Atomic force microscope and illustrate the
histological and histochemical processing of tissues (7 hrs)
CO2 Explain the basic structure of a eukaryotic cell and the structure and functions of
plasma membrane, mitochondria, lysosome, cytoskeletal elements and interphase
nucleus (12 hrs).
CO3 Illustrate the nucleosome organization of chromatin and higher order structures;
structure of chromosomes and giant chromosomes (2 hrs).
CO4 Enumerate eukaryotic cell cycle and cell division by amitosis, mitosis and meiosis (4
hrs)
CO5 Explain the causes of transformation, characteristics of transformed cells and the
role of protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in malignant transformation;
mechanism and significance of apoptosis (2 hrs)
CO6 Enumerate allelic and non-allelic gene interactions; supplementary, complementary,
polymeric, duplicate and modifying genes and polygenic inheritance (5 hrs).
CO7 Illustrate multiple allelism and solve problems related to blood group inheritance (4
hrs).
CO8 Explain characteristics of linkage groups and linkage map; crossing over and
calculation of recombination frequency; sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited
characters; sex differentiation and disorders of sexual development (8 hrs).
CO9 Describe the mechanisms of sex determination including chromosomal, genic,
haploid-diploid mechanisms; the hormonal and environmental influence on sex
determination and gynandromorphism (3 hrs).
CO10 Explain mutagenesis, mutagens and chromosomal and gene mutations (3 hrs).
CO11 Enumerate the classification and grouping of human chromosomes; numerical and
mutational human autosomal and sex chromosomal anomalies; polygenic human
traits and genetic counseling (4 hrs).

Question paper pattern for external examination

[Module 1-5 Short answer 7x2=14 marks; Paragraph 4x5=20 marks; Essay2x10=20 marks;
Module 6-11 Short answer 8x2=16 marks; Paragraph 4x5=20 marks; Essay2x10=20 marks]

Section A: CELL BIOLOGY (27 hrs)

MODULE 1. Techniques in Cell Biology (7 hrs)
Microscopy (4 hrs)
Light microscope: principles and uses; use of oil immersion objective. Types of light
Microscopes: Bright-field, Phase contrast and Fluorescence microscope. Camera
lucida: Principle and uses. Micrometry. Electron microscope: Principle,
applications; advantages and disadvantages. Principles and applications of -
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); Scanning-tunnelling microscope and Atomic
force microscope.

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Histological Techniques (2 hrs)
Preparation of materials for light microscopy (for temporary and permanent
mounts): Fixation: common fixatives: buffered formalin, ethanol, Bouin's solution
and Carnoy's fluid (mention composition). Processing of the fixed tissue: mention
dehydration, infiltration, and embedding. Sectioning: Rotatory microtome (brief
description), uses. Staining: Mention deparaffinization, hydration, staining,
dehydration and mounting. Histological stains: Haematoxylin and Eosin. Vital
stains: Neutral red and Janus green.
Histochemical Techniques (1 hr)
Mention the techniques for the demonstration of proteins (mercuric bromophenol
blue method),carbohydrates (PAS) and lipids (Sudan)
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 2. Structure of eukaryotic cell (12 hrs)
Plasma membrane (6 hrs)
Chemical composition and structure (unit membrane concept and fluid mosaic
model), membrane lipids and membrane fluidity; significance of membrane fluidity;
membrane proteins-integral proteins, peripheral proteins and lipid-anchored
proteins; membrane carbohydrates.
Interactions between cells and their environment – extracellular space, glycocalyx,
extracellular matrix - Mention basal lamina, collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycans
and laminins.
Interaction of cells with other cells – cell adhesion molecules, selectins,
immunoglobulins, integrins and cadherins. Modifications of the plasma membrane
– microvilli, desmosomes, nexuses, tight junction and gap junction.
Functions: trans-membrane transport mechanisms – diffusion, osmosis, active
transport, ion transport (channels), co-transport, bulk trans-membrane transport –
exocytosis, endocytosis. Membrane receptors: Mention insulin receptor.
Mitochondria (2 hrs)
Ultra-structure; mitochondrial membranes; functions of mitochondria; Biogenesis
of mitochondria.
Lysosomes (1 hr)
Structure and function; polymorphism in lysosomes, lysosomal enzymes. Concept
of GERL (Golgi body – Endoplasmic Reticulum – Lysosome complex).
Cytoskeleton (1 hr)
Location, ultrastructure, biochemical composition and functions of microfilaments,
intermediate filaments and microtubules.
Interphase nucleus (2 hrs)
General structure and functions; nucleo-cytoplasmic index; ultrastructure of
nuclear membrane and nuclear pore complex (NPC), functions of NPC;
Nucleoplasm - Composition and function; Nucleolus - Structure, composition,
nucleolar organizer, nucleolar cycle and functions of nucleolus. Chromatin:
Euchromatin and heterochromatin.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 3. Structure of chromatin (2 hrs)
Nucleosome organization and higher order structures; Chromosome structure;
Giant chromosomes - Polytene chromosomes: structure, puffs and bands;
Endomitosis; significance. Lamp brush chromosomes: structure, loops and
significance.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 4. Cell Cycle & Cell division (4 hrs)
Cell Cycle: G1, S, G2 and M phases – Check points; G0 phase. Cell division:
Amitosis (brief account); Mitosis: description of all stages, cytokinesis and
significance; Meiosis: description of all stages and significance. Role of centriole in
animal cell division.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 5. Cancer and Apoptosis (2 hrs)
Characteristics of cancer cells; causes of transformation; protooncogenes and
tumor suppressor genes and their role in transformation. Apoptosis, mechanism of
apoptosis and its significance.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Section B: GENETICS (27 hrs)

MODULE 6. Interaction of genes (5 hrs)
Allelic interactions: incomplete dominance and co-dominance with examples. Non-
allelic interactions: epistasis (inheritance of plumage colour in poultry), mention
dominant and recessive epistasis. Supplementary genes (example: inheritance of
comb pattern in poultry). Complementary genes, mention any one example.
Polymeric genes, mention one example. Duplicate genes, mention one example.
Modifying genes. Atavism, Penetrance and Expressivity. Polygenic (quantitative)
inheritance (example: skin colour in man).
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 7. Multiple alleles (4 hrs)
Definition and characteristics; example: coat colour in rabbits. Blood group
genetics: ABO blood group system; MN blood group and Bombay phenotype.
Inheritance of Rh factor; mention erythroblastosis foetalis. Problems related to
blood group inheritance (5 problems). Isoalleles, mention any one example.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 8. Linkage and Recombination (8 hrs)
Definition and characteristics of linkage groups, Morgan's work on Drosophila.
Types of linkage: complete and incomplete - examples; Linkage groups.
Crossing over and recombination, Calculation of Recombination Frequency and
Percentage; Linkage map, Map Distance; Mitotic Recombination (brief).
Sex-Linked Characteristics: Types of sex-linkage - X linked characters - Colour
blindness and haemophilia in humans, holandric genes – hypertrichosis.
Dosage compensation – Barr body – Lyon hypothesis.
Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited Characteristics.

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Sex Differentiation: Testis-determining factor (TDF), Müllerian inhibition factor.
Disorders of Sexual Development (short notes) - XX males and XY females, Point
mutations in the SRY gene and testicular feminization.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 9. Sex determination (3 hrs)
Chromosomal mechanism of Sex-Determination: Male heterogametic and female
heterogametic mechanism of sex determination. Genic Sex Determining Systems -
Genic balance (ratio) theory of Bridges. Haploid-diploid mechanism of sex
determination, honey bee as example.
Environmental Sex Determination: Example – Bonellia, Crocodile.
Hormonal influence on sex determination: Example - sex reversal in fowl and free
martin in cattle; Gynandromorphism – types and causes. Intersex (brief).
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 10. Mutations (3 hrs)
Chromosome mutations: numerical (euploidy and aneupoloidy) and structural
changes (deletion, duplication, insertion, inversion, translocation).
Gene mutations: types- spontaneous, induced, somatic, gametic, forward and
reverse. Types of point mutations- deletion, insertion, substitution, transversion
and transition. Mutagenesis- Natural and artificial mutagenesis, Mutagenic agents:
a) UV radiation and ionising radiation b) Base analogues, alkylating and
intercalating agents.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 11. Human Genetics and Genetic counselling (4 hrs)
Classification and grouping of human chromosomes (Patau's scheme).
Chromosomal anomalies and disorders: Autosomal - (Down's, Patau's, Edward's
and Cri du Chat syndromes). Sex chromosomal - (Turner's and Klinefelter's
syndromes). Gene mutations: Autosomal mutation - albinism, PKU, alkaptonuria,
galactosemia, Tay-Sach's syndrome, Gaucher's disease, Sickle cell anaemia,
thalassemia and brachydactyly. Sex chromosomal mutations: haemophilia, Lesch–
Nyhan syndrome, dermal hypoplasia. Polygenic traits: cleft palate / lip, club foot
and hydrocephaly. Eugenics, Euthenics and Euphenics.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
Topics for assignments/seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Ribosomes: structure and functions
2. Golgi bodies: structure and functions
3. Cytoplasmic or extra nuclear inheritance:
a) Shell coiling in Limnaea
b) Endo-symbionts like kappa particle and sigma.
4. Mendel’s experiments on pea plants
5. Mendel’s laws of inheritance
REFERENCES
Module 1-5 (Cell Biology)
 De Robertis EMF (2011): Cell and molecular biology; 8th Edition, ISBN- 9780781734936
0781734932, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 734 pages

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 Gerald Karp (2013): Cell Biology; 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 1118318749, Wiley, 872 pages
 Gupta, P. K.(2018): Cell and Molecular Biology, Revised 5th edition, ISBN,
978-93-5078-154-8, Rastogi Pubs.,1192 pages
 Kleinsmith, L. J. & Kish, V. M.(1995): Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition,
ISBN-10: 0065004043 Harper Collins College Pubs, 809 pages
 Niel O. Thorpe (1984): Cell Biology. ISBN-10: 0471805246, John Wiley & Sons, 752 pages
 Philip Sheeler and Donald E. Bianchi (1983): Cell Biology – Structure, Biochemistry and
Functions; 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 0471889075, John Wiley & Sons, 688 pages
 Sharma, A. K. & Sharma, A.(1980): Chromosome Techniques; 3rd Edition, ebook
ISBN: 9781483100845, Butterworth, 724 pages
 Verma, P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.(1999): Cytology. S., Chand & Co., 504 pages
Module 6-11 (Genetics)
 Brooks, R. J. (2008): Genetics: Analysis and Principles.3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 0071287647,
Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 844 pages
 Gardner, E. J., Michael J. Simmons and Peter Snustad (2006): Principles of Genetics. 8th
Edition, ISBN-10: 8126510439, Wiley, 740 pages
 Good Enough, U.(1979): Genetics. 2nd Revised edition, ISBN-10: 003050886X, Holt R&W
 John Ringo (2004): Fundamental Genetics- Online ISBN 9780511807022 Cambridge
University Press, 462 pages
 Peter Snustad & Michael J. Simons (2011): Principles of Genetics;6th Edition, ISBN
1118129210, JW & S, 784 pages
 Read Andrew and Dian Donnai (2015): New Clinical Genetics, 3rd Edition, ISBN-
10: 0073525308, McGraw Hill, 480 pages
 Ricki, L.(2011): Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications. 10th Edition, WCB MGH
 Robert H. Tamarin (1998): Principles of Genetics, 6th Edition, ISBN-10: 0697354628 William
C Brown Pub, 680 pages
 Tom Strachan and Andrew Read (2018): Human Molecular Genetics,5th Edition, ISBN
9780815345893 JW & S, 770 pages

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 FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- VI [Theory]
BIOTECHNOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
Code: ZOL5B07T
[72 hours] [4 hours per week] [4 Credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)
COs Course Outcome statements
CO1 Illustrate the steps in genetic engineering and animal cell culture (12 hrs)
CO2 Explain transfection methods, transgenic animals and ethical issues of
transgenic animals (5 hrs)
CO3 Enumerate the applications of biotechnology (7 hrs)
CO4 Understand the biological diversity of microbial forms and the various techniques
for handling microbes in the laboratory (8 hrs)
CO5 Enumerate the basic structure and life cycle of bacteria and virus (8 hrs)
CO6 Understand the industrial and medical importance of microorganisms (8 hrs)
CO7 Describe different types of immunity and the cells and organs of the immune
system (6 hrs)
CO8 Explain antigen, antibody, immunity and major histocompatibility complex (9 hrs)
CO9 Enumerate autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases and immunology of
tumor and organ transplantation (9 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-3 Short answer 3x2=6 marks; Paragraph 2x5=10 marks; Essay2x10=20 marks;
Module 4-6 Short answer 6x2=12 marks; Paragraph 3x5=15 marks; Essay1x10=10 marks
Module 7-9 Short answer 6x2=12 marks; Paragraph 3x5=15 marks; Essay 1x10=10 marks]

Section A: BIOTECHNOLOGY (24 hrs)

MODULE 1: Genetic Engineering and Animal cell culture (12 Hrs)
Genetic Engineering (10 hrs)
Concept and scope of biotechnology – Mention branches of biotechnology.
Introduction to the concept of Recombinant DNA Technology: Cloning vectors
(Plasmid, pBR322, Phages, Cosmids, Virus vectors, YAC vector and Bac vector).
Enzymes: Type II Restriction endonucleases, polynucleotide kinase, exonuclease,
terminal transferase, reverse transcriptase and DNA ligase.
Construction of Recombinant DNA: Preparation of vector and donor DNA, Joining
of vector DNA with the donor DNA, Introduction of recombinant DNA into the host
cell and selection of transformants (brief account).
Animal Cell Culture (2 hrs)
Cell culture media (Natural and Defined), Preparation and Sterilization, Primary
cell culture, Cell Lines, Pluripotent Stem Cells, Cryopreservation of cultures.
Somatic cell fusion and HAT selection of hybrid clones – production of monoclonal
antibodies.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 2: Transgenic Organisms (5 hrs)
Transfection Methods: (Chemical treatment, Electroporation, Lipofection,
Microinjection, Retroviral vector method, Embryonic stem cell method and Shot
Gun Method). Transgenic Animals: (Fish, Pig, Sheep, Rabbit, Mice, Goat and

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Insects), Knock Out Mice. Human Cloning and Ethical Issues of transgenic
Animals.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 3: Applications of Biotechnology (7hrs)
Molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases (Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington’s Disease and
Sickle Cell Anemia). Vaccines and Therapeutic agents, Recombinant DNA in
Medicines (Recombinant Insulin and Human Growth Hormone).
Human gene therapy (gene therapy for severe combined immune deficiency).
Enzymes in detergents and leather industries, Heterologous protein production,
Biofiltration, Bioremediation, Bioleaching, Molecular pharming and Bioreactors.
Molecular markers (brief account) RFLP, RAPD, VNTR, SNPs and their uses.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Section B: MICROBIOLOGY (24 hrs)

MODULE 4: Introduction and Methods in Microbiology (8 hrs)
Introduction (1 hr)
Microbial Diversity: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Prochlorophyta, Algae, Fungi,
Protozoa, Viruses, Viroids, Prions, Mycoplasma and Rickettsias
Methods in Microbiology (7 hrs)
Sterilization: Physical and Chemical methods - Dry and Moist Heat, Pasteurization,
Radiation, Ultrasonication. Disinfection, Sanitization, Antiseptics, Sterilants and
Fumigation. Preparation of culture media: Selective, Enrichment and Differential
media. Plating techniques and Isolation of pure colonies. Staining: Simple staining,
Negative staining and Gram staining. Culture preservation techniques:
Refrigeration, Deep freezing, Freezing under liquid Nitrogen and Lyophilisation.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 5: Basic Concepts in Bacteriology and Virology (8 hrs)
Bacteria: Structure of a typical Bacterium, Different types of bacterial culture
(Batch, Synchronous, Arithmetic), Bacterial growth: Growth phases, Methods of
growth determination.
Basic Concepts of Virology: General characteristics and classification of viruses.
Bacteriophages: Diversity, lytic and lysogenic Phages (Lambda and P1 Phage),
Applications of bacteriophages. Oncogenic Viruses. Prevention and control of Viral
diseases: Antiviral compounds, Interferons and viral vaccines.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 6: Industrial and Medical Microbiology (8 hrs)
Industrial Microbiology (4 hrs)
Bioengineering of microorganisms for industrial purposes: Microbial production of
industrial products (micro-organisms involved, media, fermentation conditions,
downstream processing and uses) - citric acid, ethanol, wine, penicillin, glutamic
acid, riboflavin, enzymes (amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, glucose isomerase,
glucose oxidase). Bioinsecticides (Bt) and Steroid biotransformation.

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Medical Microbiology (4 hrs)
Normal microflora of the human body: skin, throat, gastrointestinal tract and
urogenital tract. Diseases caused by: (with reference to causative agent, symptoms
and mode of transmission).
a) Bacteria: anthrax, tuberculosis, typhoid, whooping cough, pneumonia, cholera,
gonorrhea, and syphilis.
b) Viruses: polio, chicken pox, herpes, hepatitis, rabies, dengue, AIDS and
chikungunya.
c) Protozoa: malaria, kala-azar and toxoplasmosis.
d) Fungi: dermatomycoses and opportunistic mycoses
Bacterial drug resistance.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Section C: IMMUNOLOGY (24 hrs)

MODULE 7: Cells and organs of immune system (6 hrs)
Introduction (1 hr)
Immunity: Natural and acquired, active and passive, immunization, vaccines,
mechanisms of innate immunity - barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis.
Cells of the immune system (3 hrs)
B- cells, T – cells, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils,
eosinophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells (APCs).
Organs of the immune system (2 hrs)
Lymphoid organs: Primary (thymus, bone marrow) and secondary (lymph nodes,
spleen).
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 8: Antigens, antibodies, immunity and MHC (9 hrs)
Antigens (3 hrs)
Types, factors for immunogenecity, exogenous antigens, endogenous antigens,
adjuvant, haptens, epitopes, antigen-antibody reaction - precipitation reaction,
agglutination reaction, agglutination inhibition reaction.
Immunoglobulins (2 hrs)
Structure, classification and biological functions. Mention immunoglobulin gene
families – κ and λ light chain families and the heavy chain family.
Immunity (2 hrs)
Types of Immunity: humoral and cell mediated immunity, primary and secondary
response, generation of cytotoxic T- cells (CTLs), NK cell mediated cytotoxicity,
ADCC and cytokines (brief).
Major Histocompatability Complex (2 hr)
MHC, HLA, Class I MHC, Class II MHC molecules and structure. Mention Class III
MHC.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 9: Autoimmune and Immunodeficiency diseases, Tumor and
transplantation immunology (9 hrs)
Autoimmune diseases (2 hrs)
Auto immune diseases: Systemic (SLE, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid
arthritis). Organ specific-(Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Grave’s disease, Myasthenia
gravis)
Immunodeficiency disease (3 hrs)
Primary (Bruton’s Disease, Di-George syndrome and SCID)
Secondary (AIDS) – Clinical course of HIV – acute infection, seroconversion, window
period, chronic latent phase - lymph adenopathy and crisis phase. Mention anti-
retroviral therapy (ART)
Tumor immunology (2 hrs)
Malignant transformation of cells, tumor antigens, immune response to tumor
antigens.
Transplantation Immunology (2 hrs)
Transplantation Antigens, Various organ transplantation (liver, kidney, heart,
skin), Xenotransplantation
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Topics for assignments/seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Microbiological analysis of drinking water
2. Biogas plant
3. Social acceptance of biotechnology
4. Biofertilizers
5. DNA vaccines
6. Immunity and malnutrition
REFERENCES
Module 1-3 (Biotechnology)
 Bernard R. Glick and Jack J. Pasternak (2002) Molecular Biotechnology-Principles and
applications of recombinant DNA, 3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 1555812244, ASM press, 860 pages
 Brown, T.A. (1998). Molecular biology Labfax II: Gene analysis, 2nd Edition,
ISBN: 9780121361105, Academic Press, 255 pages
 Butler, M. (2003) Animal cell culture and technology: The basics, 2nd Edition, ISBN
9781859960493, CRC Press, 256 pages
 Colin Ratledge and Bjorn Kristiasen (2012)Basic Biotechnology, 3rd Edition, online ISBN-
9780511802409, Cambridge University Press, 578 pages
 Dominic W.C. Wong (2006) The ABCs of gene cloning, ISBN: 9780387286792, Springer
International Edition.
 Dubey, R.C.(2006) A text book of biotechnology, 4th Revised Edition, S. Chand & Co., 725 p.
 James D. Watson, Gilman Michael, Jan Witkowski and Mark Zoller (1992), Recombinant
DNA: A short Course; 2nd Edition, W.H. Freeman
 Mahajan Ritu, Anita Dua (2012) Introduction to Basics of Biotechnology, ISBN 13-
9789382174080, Vayu Education of India

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 Mansi E.M.T, C. F. A. Bryce, Arnold L. Demain and A.R. Allman (2001) Fermentation
Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3rd Edition, eBook ISBN -9780429190629, Taylor and
Francis, 555 pages
 Watson, J.D., Myers, R.M., Caudy, A. and Witkowski, J.K. (2007). Recombinant DNA- genes
and genomes- A short course. 3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 0716728664, Freeman and Co., 474 pages
Module 4-6 (Microbiology)
 Atlas RM. (1997) Principles of Microbiology, 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 0815108893 William
T.Brown Publishers, 1298 pages
 Chakraborty.P.A.(2009) Text Book of Microbiology, ISBN-10: 8173810818 New Central Book
Agency, 1026 pages
 Edward K. Wagner, Martinez J. Hewlett, David C. Bloom and David Camerini (2007)
Basic Virology, 3rd Edition, ISBN-10:1405147156, Wiley Blackwell, 580 pages
 Prescot L.M., Harley, J..P. and Klein. D.A.(2008) Microbiolgy, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill
Inc., New York.
 Rao, A.S. (1997) Introduction to microbiology, ISBN-10: 8120312171, Prentice Hall, 216 pages
 Reddy SR and Reddy SM. (2005). Microbial Physiology, ISBN-10: 817233530X, Scientific
Publishers India, 348 pages
 Stolp H. (1998) Microbial Ecology Organisms Habitats Activities, Ist Edition,
ISBN10:0521276365, Cambridge University Press, 324 pages
 Subba Rao NS. (1999) Soil Microbiology 4th Edition, ISBN: 9788120413832 Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co., 424 pages
 Wheelis, Mark (2010) Principles of Modern Microbiology, ISBN-10: 076371075X , Jones And
Barlett Publishers, New York
Module 7-9 (Immunology)
 Abul K. Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman & Shiv Pillai (2017) Cellular & Molecular
Immunology 8th Edtion, Paperback ISBN: 9780323479783, Elsevier, 608 pages
 Andrew E Williams (2011) Immunology Mucosal and Body Surface Defenses, Ist Edition,
ISBN: 0470090049, Wiley and Blackwell, 398 pages
 David Male, Jonathan Brostoff, David Roth and Ivan Roitt (2013) Immunology, 8th Edition,
ISBN: 9780323080583, Elsevier, 482 pages
 Helen Chapel, Mansel Haeney, Siraj Misbah & Neil Snowden (2014) Essentials of Clinical
Immunology 6th Edition, ISBN: 978-1-118-47295-8, Wiley Blackwell, 376 pages
 Ian Todd, Gavin Spickett & Lucy Fairclough (2015) Immunology Lecture Notes 7th Edition,
1118451643, Wiley Blackwell, 248 pages
 Jeffrey K. Actor (2011) Immunology & Microbiology, 2nd Edition, ISBN: 9780323074476,
Elsevier, 192 pages
 Kenneth Murphy, Paul Travers & Mark Walport (2009) Janeway’s Immunobiology, 7th
Edition, ISBN I978‐0‐8153‐4123‐9, Garland Science, 865 pages
 Lauren Sompayrac (2015) How the Immune System Works, 5th Edition, ISBN: 978-1-118-
99781-9, Wiley Blackwell, 160 pages
 Owen, Punt and Stanford (2013) Kuby’s Immunology, 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 1464119910,
W.H. Freeman, 692 pages
 Peter J. Delves, Seamus J., Martin Dennis, Burton J. Ivan &M. Roitt (2012) Roitt’s Essential
Immunology 12th Edition, ISBN: 978-1-444-39482-5, Wiley & Blackwell, 288 pages
 Peter Parham (2014) The Immune System, 4th Edition, ISBN-10: 0815345267, W.W.Norton &
Co., 532 pages
 Warren Levinson (2016) Review of Medical Microbiology & Immunology 14th Edition, ISBN-
10: 0071845747, Mc Graw Hill Education, 832 pages
 William E paul (2012) Fundamental Immunology 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 9781451117837,
Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, 1312 pages

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 FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- VII [Theory]
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Code: ZOL5B08T
[72 hours] [4 hours per week] [4 Credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)
COs Course Outcome statements
CO1 Understand the elements of biological importance and the non-covalent
interactions that stabilize biomolecules (1 hr).
CO2 Describe the classification, types, structure, reactions and biological roles of
carbohydrates, and diabetes Type I and II (6 hrs)
CO3 Enumerate the properties and classification of amino acids and their standard
abbreviations; hierarchial levels of protein structure, classification, separation,
purification and sequencing of proteins (7 hrs).
CO4 Explain the classification and functions of lipids and fatty acids; chemistry and
structure of nucleic acids and sequencing of DNA (7 hrs)
CO5 Understand the classification, nomenclature and properties of enzymes; enzyme
action, co-enzymes, cofactors, isozymes, ribozymes and allosteric enzymes (3 hrs)
CO6 Explain glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis,
HMP pathway; amino acid and fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation
(12 hrs).
CO7 Describe the mechanism of DNA duplication and the role of enzymes (4 hrs).
CO8 Understand the concept of gene and gene expression; genetic code and wobble
hypothesis (6 hrs).
CO9 Explain the mechanism of transcription and post-transcriptional modification of
hnRNA (7 hrs).
CO10 Enumerate the processes of translation and post-translational modification and
targeting of peptides (7 hrs).
CO11 Describe the regulation of trp operon, C-value, repetitive DNA, satellite DNA,
selfish DNA, overlapping genes, pseudogenes, cryptic genes, transposons and
retrotransposons (8 hrs).
CO12 Explain the structure and life cycle of bacteriophages and the gene transfer
mechanisms in bacteria (4 hrs).
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-6 Short answer 7x2=14 marks; Paragraph 4x5=20 marks; Essay 2x10=20 marks;
Module 7-12 Short answer 8x2=16 marks; Paragraph 4x5=20 marks; Essay 2x10=20 marks]

BIOCHEMISTRY (36 hrs)

MODULE 1. Introduction (1 hr)
Elements of biological importance; non-covalent bonds that stabilize biomolecules –
Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and Van der Waals Interactions.
[Short answer questions]
MODULE 2. Carbohydrates (6 hrs)
Monosaccharides: Aldoses and ketoses, trioses, tetroses, pentoses and hexoses;
glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, ribose, deoxyribose, ribulose, glucose and
fructose. Cyclization of pentoses and hexoses, optical activity and mutarotation,
inversion and invert sugar, monosaccharides as reducing agents, Osazones.
Disaccharides: Glycosidic bond, reducing and non-reducing disaccharides, maltose
and sucrose as examples.

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Polysaccharides: Starch and glycogen, amylose and amylopectin, homo and
heteropolysaccharides.
Biological functions of carbohydrates; Mention diabetes Type I and II.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 3. Amino acids, peptides and protein (7 hrs)
Proteinogenic amino acids, abbreviations (three letter and single letter) of the
standard amino acids, structure and classification and general properties of amino
acids, isoelectric point, peptide bonds, nonstandard amino acids.
Peptides and proteins: Classification of proteins - simple, conjugated and derived.
Structure of proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure.
Denaturation of proteins.
Separation and purification of proteins: Paper chromatography, column
chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography,
affinity chromatography and high - performance liquid chromatography (Brief
account only). Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis.
Sequencing of peptides: Sanger’s method, Edman degradation procedure and Mass
spectrometry (Brief account only)
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 4. Lipids and Nucleic acids (7 hrs)
Lipids (2 hrs)
Classification and functions (simple, compound, derived and miscellaneous lipids).
Fatty acids: saturated and unsaturated; triglycerides; mention phospholipids;
lecithins; cephalins; phosphoinositides; prostaglandins and cholesterol. Mention
the clinical significance of lipid profile estimation.
Nucleic acids (5 hrs)
Chemistry and structure of purines and pyrimidines, structure of nucleotides (ATP,
dATP and cAMP), Watson – Crick model of DNA, Different forms of DNA, secondary
and tertiary structure of tRNA. Sequencing of DNA by Sanger’s method. Mention
Maxam-Gilbert sequencing.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 5. Enzymes and co-enzymes (3 hrs)
Classification, nomenclature and properties of enzymes; Active centre, mechanism
and theories of enzyme action, enzyme inhibition, co-enzymes (NAD, FAD) and
cofactors. Mention isozymes, ribozymes and allosteric enzymes.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 6. Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (12 hrs)
Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and HMP
pathway. Amino acid oxidation and production of urea. β-oxidation of fatty acids.
Brief account on redox reactions, redox potentials, electrochemical gradients,
electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, proton gradient and
chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (36 hrs)
MODULE 7. DNA Replication (4 hrs)
Semi-conservative and semi-discontinuous, priming of Okazaki fragments, primer
removal and joining of Okazaki fragments, Meselson and Stahl experiment.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 8. Gene and genetic code (6 hrs)
Gene concept (2 hrs)
Classical and modern concepts, housekeeping and luxury genes. Gene action: gene
expression and gene products; one gene one enzyme hypothesis; one gene one
polypeptide hypothesis. Central dogma of molecular biology, reverse transcription
and modified central dogma.
Genetic code (4 hrs)
Deciphering of genetic code, experiments of Nirenberg and Khorana, codon
assignments, properties of the genetic code and wobble hypothesis.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 9. Transcription (7 hrs)
RNA polymerases of eukaryotes and prokaryotes; promoters, terminators,
enhancers and silencers.
Transcription unit, mono and polycistronic transcription units; coupling of
transcription with translation in bacteria.
Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription (brief account).
Post transcriptional modification of the primary transcript – hnRNA, capping, poly
(A) tailing and splicing (brief account), spliceosomes.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 10. Translation (7 hrs)
Activation of amino acids and aminoacyl tRNA synthetases; role of tRNA as adaptor
molecules in translation. Role of ribosomes and active centres of ribosomes.
Initiation, elongation and termination of translation.
Post translational modification of the peptide chain: cleavage, formation of
disulfide-bridges, acetylation, glycosylation, myristoylation, sulphation,
hydroxylation, prenylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation.
Protein folding and role of molecular chaperones; Protein targeting (brief account)
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 11. Regulation of gene expression and organization of genome(8 hrs)
Regulation of gene expression (4 hrs)
Operon organization of bacterial transcription units; trp operon and its regulation.
Regulatory RNAs – ncRNAs, miRNAs, piRNAs, siRNAs and RNA interference.
Mention CRISPR–Cas9 and targeted genome editing.
Organization of genome (4 hrs)
Sequence components of eukaryotic genome – non-repetitive, moderately repetitive
and highly repetitive DNA; satellite DNA. Mention selfish DNA. C-value and C-value
paradox. Overlapping genes, pseudogenes, cryptic genes, transposons and

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retrotransposons. Human genome and human genome project (brief account).
Mitochondrial and chloroplast genome (brief account).
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 12. Genetics of bacteria and phages (4 hrs)
Conjugation in bacteria. Transduction – generalized and specialized; sexduction.
Structure and life cycle of a bacteriophage; temperate and virulent phages;
lysogeny and lysis.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
Topics for assignments/seminar
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. B-Complex vitamins as co-enzymes
2. Different types of eukaryotic RNAs
3. Biological functions of steroids
4. Lac operon and its regulation
5. Role of enzymes in DNA replication
REFERENCES
Module 1-6 (Biochemistry)
 David L. Nelson and Michael Cox (2012):– Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 6th Edition,
ISBN-10: 1429234148, W.H. Freeman, 1328 pages
 David L. Nelson and Michael Cox (2017): Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 7th Edition,
ISBN-10: 1-4641-2611-9, W.H. Freeman, 1172 pages
 David P. Plummer (2017)- Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, ISBN-
10: 9780070994874, McGraw Hill Education, 498 pages
 Donald Voet, Charlotte W. Pratt and Judith G. Voet (2001): Principles of Biochemistry 4th
Edition, ISBN-10: 9780471417590, Wiley
 Geoffrey L Zubay (1999): Biochemistry 4th Edition, ISBN-10: 0697219003,Wm.C. Brown
Publishers, 1104 pages
 Gerald Michal and Dietmar Schomburg (2012): Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2nd Revised Edition, ISBN-10: 9780470146842, Wiley
Blackwell, 416 pages
 Jeremy M Berg, Lubert Stryer, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J Gatto (2015): Biochemistry 8th
Edition, ISBN-10: 1464126100, W.H. Freeman, 1120 pages
 Keith Wilson and John Walker (2010) Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, 6th edition, ISBN-10: 9780521731676, Cambridge Low Price edition, 759
pages
 Victor W., Ph.D. Rodwell, David A. Bender, Kathleen M., Botham, Peter J. Kennelly, P.
Anthony and Weil(2018): Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 31st Edition, ISBN-
10: 1259837939, McGraw-Hill, 800 pages
Module 7-12 (Molecular Biology)
 Brooks, R. J. (2011): Genetics: Analysis and Principles.4th Edition, ISBN-10: 0073525286,
Addison Wesley, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 864 pages
 Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray Karen Hopkin and Alexander D. Johnson (2013) Essential Cell
Biology, 4th Edition, ISBN-10: 0853696470, Garland Publishing, 864 pages

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 Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith
Roberts, and Peter Walter (2019) Essential Cell Biology, 5th Edition, ISBN-10: 0393680371,
Garland Science,
 Burns, G. W. & Bottino, P. J.(1989): The Science of Genetics. 6th Edition, ISBN 0023174005,
Macmillan, 491 pages
 Gangane, S. D.(2008): Human Genetics 3rd Edition, ISBN 10: 8131211282, Elsevier
 Gardner, E. J., Michael J. Simmons and Peter Snustad (2006): Principles of Genetics. 8th
Edition, ISBN-10: 8126510439, Wiley, 740 pages
 Gerlad Karp (2015): Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts & Experiments, 8th Edition, ISBN:
978-1-118-88614-4, Wiley, 832 pages
 Gupta, P. K. (2015): Cell and Molecular Biology, 4th Revised Edition, ISBN-10: 9350780720,
Rastogi Pubs.
 Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berck, Kaiser & M. Krieger (2007): Molecular Cell Biology 6th
Edition, ISBN-10: 0716776014, Freeman, 973 pages
 James D. Watson, Tania A. Baker, Stephen P. Bell, Alexander Gann, Michael Levine and
Richard Losick (2017): Molecular Biology of the Gene 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 9332585474,
Pearson Publication, 912 pages
 Jocelyn E Krebs, Elliot S. Goldstein and Stephen T. Kilpatrick (2017) Lewin,s GENES XII,
ISBN-10: 1284104494, Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc, 838 pages
 Kleinsmith, L. J. & Kish V. M (1995): Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology.2nd Edition,
ISBN-10: 0065004043, Harper Collins College Pubs, 809 pages
 Leland H, Leroy Hood, Michael Goldberg, Ann E. Reynolds and Lee Silver (2010):
Genetics-From genes to Genomes, ISBN-10: 007352526X, Mc GrawHill, 816 pages
 Lynn Jorde John Carey Michael Bamshad (2015): Medical Genetics 5th Edition,
ISBN: 9780323188357, Elsevier, 368 pages.
 Nancy Craig, Rachel Green, Carol Greider, Gisela Storz, Cynthia Wolberger and Orna
Cohen-Fix (2014): Molecular Biology-Principles of genome function 2nd Edition, ISBN-
10: 0198705972, Oxford, 936 pages.
 Robert J Brooker (2011): Genetics-Analysis & Principles 4th Edition, ISBN-10: 0073525286,
Mc Graw Hill, 864 pages

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 FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- VIII [Theory]
METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE, BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS
Code: ZOL5B09T
[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [4 Credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 Explain science, its importance, disciplines and the major steps in formulating
a hypothesis, various hypothesis models, theory, law and importance of animal
models, simulations and virtual testing (6 hrs)
CO2 Illustrate the principles and procedures in designing experiments and elaborate
the requirements for carrying out experiments (4 hrs)
CO3 Describe the ethical concerns in practicing science (5 hrs)
CO4 Understand the Scope and role of statistics; methods and procedures of
sampling; Construction of tables, charts and graphs (5 hrs)
CO5 Calculate central tendency and measures of dispersion and application of its
knowledge on hypothesis testing as well as in problem solving (10 hrs)
CO6 Enumerate major biological databases and database search engines (8 hrs)
CO7 Perform DNA and protein sequence analysis, including sequence alignment and
sequence similarity search using BLAST, FASTA, CLUSTAL W and CLUSTAL X
(4 hrs)
CO8 Understand molecular phylogenetics and tools and methods for construction of
phylogenetic trees (3 hrs)
CO9 Explain genome sequencing technologies, functional genomics, proteomic
technologies and molecular docking and drug design (9 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-3: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks, Essay 1x10= 10 marks
Module 4-5: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks;
Module 6-9: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 4x5=20 marks, Essay 2x10 = 20 marks]

Section A: METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE (15 hrs)

MODULE 1. Science, Scientific Studies and Methods (6 hrs)
Science and Scientific Studies
Science as a human activity; scientific attitude; Empiricism; Science disciplines;
Interdisciplinary approach.
Scientific Methods
Major steps: Observation, Defining the problem, Collection of information,
Formulation of a hypothesis, Experimentation, Analysis of the results and
Conclusion based on interpretation of the results.
Methods in scientific enquiry: Inductive and deductive reasoning.
Hypothesis: Formulation of a hypothesis, different thought processes in developing
hypothesis (analogy, induction, deduction and intuition), hypothetico-deductive
model, testing hypothesis, auxiliary hypothesis, adhoc hypothesis.
Theories and laws in science; peer review; importance of models, simulations and
virtual testing (brief account).
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 2. Experimentation (4 hrs)
Types of experiments; design of an experiment: principles and procedures;
necessity of units and dimensions; repeatability and replications; documentation of
experiments; Planning of Experiments: design, selection of controls, observational
and instrumental requirements; Test animals used in experiments.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 3. Ethics in Science and Animal Ethics (5 hrs)
Scientific information: Depositories of scientific information – primary, secondary
and digital sources; Sharing of knowledge: transparency and honesty, Publications,
Patents, Plagiarism.
Constitution of India Article 51A (g); Prevention of cruelty to animals Act of 1960 -
Section 17.1(d), Committee for the purpose of control and supervision of
experiments on animals (CPCSEA).
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Section B: BIOSTATISTICS (15 Hrs)

MODULE 4. Introduction (5 hrs)
Definition; scope; role of statistics in life sciences; terminology and variables.
Sample and Sampling: Sample size, sampling errors, methods of sampling.
Collection/documentation of data of the experiments.
Classification of data; Presentation of data: Tabular, Graphical and Diagrammatic
(histogram, frequency polygon and frequency curve; line diagram, bar diagram and
pie diagram).
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 5. Analysis and Interpretation of data (10 hrs)
Measures of central tendency: (raw data, discrete series data, continuous series
data- problems are to be discussed)
a) Mean, b) Median and c) Mode.
Measures of Dispersion: (raw data, discrete series data, continuous series data -
problems to be discussed)
a) Range, b) Mean deviation, c) Standard deviation, d) Standard error.
Hypothesis testing and Interpretation of results: (problems to be discussed)
a)‘t’ test, b) F- test - ANOVA
Significance of statistical tools in data interpretation; Statistics-based acceptance
or rejection of hypothesis.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

SECTION C: BIOINFORMATICS (24 hours)

MODULE 6. Introduction and Biological Databases (8 hrs)
Overview of bioinformatics, Scope and application of Bioinformatics.
Major Databases in Bioinformatics: Biological databases, Features of a good
database. Classification format of biological databases.

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Primary databases: Nucleotide sequence databases – Mention EMBL, DDBJ,
Genbank; Protein sequence databases – Mention Swiss Prot, PIR, MIPS.
Structure databases: PDB, NDB.
Special databases – PROSITE, Pfam, CATH, OWL, PubMed.
Secondary databases: Mention PROSITE, PRINTS. Databases of patterns, motifs
and profiles, EST databases, SNP databases.
Metabolite databases – Mention KEGG, EcoCyc.
Database Search Engines: Entrez at NCBI of USA, SRS at EBI of England, STAG at
DDBJ of Japan. Data retrieval with Entrez and SRS.
Sequence submission to NCBI.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 7. Sequence Analysis (4 hrs)
Web based and standalone tools for DNA and protein sequence analysis. Types of
sequence alignment, methods of sequence alignment. Sequence similarity search –
pair wise and multiple sequence alignments; BLAST, FASTA, CLUSTAL W,
CLUSTAL X.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 8. Molecular Phylogenetics (3 hrs)
Basics of Phylogenetics; molecular evolution and molecular phylogenetics,
cladistics and ontology. Gene Phylogeny versus species phylogeny. Phylogenetic
tree construction methods and programmes. Forms of Tree representation.
[Short answer/Paragraphs]
MODULE 9. Genomics and Proteomics (9 hrs)
Genome sequencing technologies; Sanger capillary sequencing, Roche 454
(pyrosequencing), Illumina/Solexa, SOLiD System, Single molecule sequencing.
Whole genome sequence assembly, annotation and analysis. Functional Genomics:
Microarrays, SAGE, ESTs; Transcriptomics; Metabolomics. Metagenomics: Concept
and applications.
Proteomics
Aims, strategies and challenges in proteomics. Brief account on proteomics
technologies: 2D-electrophoresis, iso-electric focusing, LC/MS-MS, MALDI-TOF
mass spectrometry, yeast 2-hybrid system. Protein-protein interactions:
experimental and computational methods; structural proteomics. Deriving function
from sequence databases.
Cheminformatics
Molecular docking and drug design; Structural Bioinformatics in drug discovery
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
Topics for seminar/assignment
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Findings that changed the course of science.
2. Prepare a table showing the height of 20 students in a class. Calculate the mean
height.

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3. What are the mathematical properties of SD? How is it a better measure of
Dispersion than range? Calculate the arithmetic mean and the SD of the
frequency distribution obtained from a sample of data.
4. Report an experimental data in tabular / graphical form.
5. Viral genome database (ICTVdb, VirGen).
6. Bacterial Genomes database (Genomes OnLine Database –GOLD, Microbial
Genome Database-MBGD).
REFERENCES
Module 1-3 (Methodology in Science)
 Gieryn, T. F.(1999) Cultural Boundaries of Science, ISBN 9780226292625, Chicago Press, 412.
 Ruxton, G. D. and Colegrave, N.(2016) Experimental Design for the Life Sciences, 4th Edition,
ISBN 9780198717355, Oxford University Press, 224 pages
 Victoria, E. McMillan. (2006)Writing Papers in the Biological Sciences, 4th Edition ISBN
10: 0312440839, Bedford Books, Boston, 296 pages
 Yadav, K. (2002)Teaching of Life Sciences, ISBN-10: 817041672, Anmol Pubns., Delhi, 290p.
Module 4-5 (Biostatistics)
 Antonisamy B, Prasanna S. Premkumar and Solomon Christopher (2017) Principles and
Practice of Biostatistics, ISBN-10: 8131248879, Elsevier, 390 pages
 Bailey, N. T. J (1995): Statistical Methods in Biology, 3rd Edition, CUP, 272 pages
 Green, R. H. (1979) Sampling design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists.
ISBN 978-0-471-03901-3, J.W. & S. 272 pages
 Gupta, S. P. (2018) Statistical Methods. 45th Revised Edition, ISBN 978-93-5161-112-7 (506),
Sultan Chand & Co.1440 pages
 Wayne W. Daniel and Chad L. Cross (2014) Biostatistics: Basic Concepts and Methodology
for the Health Sciences, 10th Edition, ISBN-10: 8126551895, Wiley, 954 pages
Module 6-9 (Bioinformatics)
 Anna Tramontano (2006): Introduction to Bioinformatics, ISBN-10: 1584885696, Chapman &
Hall, 192 pages.
 Atwood and Parry-Smith (1999): Introduction to Bioinformatics. ISBN 9780582327887,
Pearson Education Asia, New Delhi, 218 pages
 Caroline St. Clair and Jonathan Visick (2013): Exploring Bioinformatics 2nd Edition, ISBN
10: 1284034240, Jones & Bartlett, 300 pages
 Christoph W. Sensen (2007): Essentials of Genomics and Bioinformatics, ISBN 9783527305414,
Wiley John & Sons, pages 405
 Dan E. Krane and Michael L Raymer, (2003). Fundamental concepts of bioinformatics, ISBN:
0-8053-4633-3, Benjamin Cummings
 Ghosh Z. and Bibekanand M. (2008) Bioinformatics: Principles and Applications. ISBN
10: 0195692306, Oxford University Press, 560 pages
 Hooman Rashidi and Lukas K. Buehle (2005):Bioinformatics Basics, 2nd Edition, ISBN
9780849312830, Taylor & Francis, 360 pages
 Jeffrey Augen (2004): Bioinformatics in the Post-Genomic Era: Genome, Transcriptome,
Proteome, and Information-Based Medicine, ISBN-10: 0321173864, Addison-Wesley, 408p.
 Jeremy Ramsden (2015): Bioinformatics - An Introduction 3rd Edition, ISBN 978-1-4471-
6701-3, Springer, 308 pages
 Jonathan Pevsner (2015): Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics 3rd Edition, ISBN: 978-1-
118-58178-0, Wiley, 1160 pages
 Malcom Campbell and Laurie J. Heyer (2006): Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and
Bioinformatics, 2nd Edition, ISBN 10: 9780805382198, Pearson, 464 pages

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 B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY [CORE COURSE] PRACTICAL – II
Code: ZOL6B15P
[Practical II*A + Practical II*B] [4 Credits]
PRACTICAL II*A: CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, BIOTECHNOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND
IMMUNOLOGY [72 hours] [4 hrs /week]
PRACTICAL II*B: BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, METHODOLOGY IN
SCIENCE, BIOSTATISTICS & BIOINFORMATICS[72 hours] [4 hrs/week]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Perform experiments in cell biology and genetics including demonstration of Barr
body in buccal epithelial cells of man, polytene chromosome in the salivary glands
of D. melanogaster larva, mitotic division in onion root tip cells, micrometry of
microscopic objects, prepare whole mounts of microscopic objects, and calculate
mitotic and metaphase index from slides.
CO2 Enumerate the inheritance of major human genetic traits, pedigree chart, normal
and abnormal human karyotypes, phenotypic differences of male and female
Drosophila and solve problems on Monohybrid, dihybrid crosses, blood groups and
sex-linked inheritance.
CO3 Understand electrophoresis, PCR, Northern blotting, Southern blotting and
Western blotting, DNA sequencing and fingerprinting and isolation of genomic
DNA.
CO4 Perform gram staining and preparation of culture media for bacteria and
demonstrate bacterial motility by standard laboratory protocols.
CO5 Understand the detection of human blood groups and organs of immune system
CO6 Perform standard biochemical tests for the detection of reducing and nonreducing
sugars, polysaccharides, proteins and lipids.
CO7 Understand the staining of mitochondria, tissue homogenization and isolation of
nuclei, effect of colchicines on cell division, extraction of DNA and polyacrylamide
and agaros egel electrophoresis
CO8 Solve basic problems in biostatistics and Bioinformatics

FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

PRACTICAL II*A
CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, BIOTECHNOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY &
IMMUNOLOGY [72 hrs] [4 hrs/week]
Section A: Cell Biology
1. Study of diversity of eukaryotic cells – methylene blue staining of buccal
epithelium and striated muscle cells (Minor).
2. Temporary mount of buccal epithelial cells to observe Barr body (Major).
3. Mitosis: stages in onion (Allium cepa) root meristem by squash preparation
(major).
4. Calculation of mitotic index and metaphase index in root meristem of Allium
cepa (Major).
5. Study of the polytene chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster using salivary
gland cells of 3rd instar larva (Demonstration only).

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6. Measurement of size of microscopic objects using ocular and stage micrometres
(Major).
7. Tissues (permanent slides of epithelial tissues, smooth muscle, cartilage, bone).
8. Preparation of permanent whole mount (Demonstration).
9. Study of different stages of meiosis in grass hopper testes (Demonstration).
10. Vital staining of mitochondria using insect flight muscle/cheek
epithelium/yeast (Minor)
Section B: Genetics
1. Scheme of Pedigree chart.
2. Study of inheritance of human traits: (use Pedigree charts). Blood groups, Eye
colour.
3. Genetic problems on Monohybrid, dihybrid crosses; blood groups; sex-linked
inheritance (minimum ten problems to be worked out).
4. Frequency of the following genetic traits in human: widow’s peak, attached ear
lobe, dimple in chin, hypertrichosis, colour blindness, PTC tasting.
5. Study through photographs of the Karyotype: Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner's
and Edward's Syndrome.
6. Study of phenotypic characters in male and female Drosophila
Section C: Biotechnology
1. Study of the principle and applications of Electrophoretic apparatus.
2. PCR-Principle and applications.
3. Study of transgenic animals.
4. Southern blotting (Principle and methodology - using flowcharts/diagrams/by
visiting a diagnostic Lab)
Section D: Microbiology
1. Gram staining for the identification of Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria (Lactobacilius and Rhizobium) (Major).
2. Bacterial motility by hanging-drop method (Demonstration).
3. Preparation of culture media for bacteria (Synthetic Media, Natural Media,
Simple Media, Differential Media and Selective Media).
4. Methylene blue reduction test for assessing the quality of raw milk
(Demonstration).
5. Preparation of a fungal smear – Lactophenol cotton blue staining & mounting
(Minor)
Section E: Immunology
1. Identification of human blood groups (A B O and Rh).
2. Histological study of spleen, thymus and lymph nodes through
slides/photographs.
3. ELISA (methodology of detection of biomolecules using flowcharts/diagrams/by
visiting a diagnostic Lab)
4. Western blotting (methodology of detection of specific proteins using
flowcharts/diagrams/by visiting a diagnostic Lab)

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REFERENCES
 Godkar P.B. (2005) Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology Vol 1&2, 3rd Edition, ISBN-
10: 9789381496190, Bhalani Publishers, 1648 pages
 Margaret J. Barch, Turid Knutsen and Jack L. Spurbeck (1997) The AGT Cytogenetics
Laboratory Manual; ISBN-10: 0397516517, Lippincott
 Mukesh Kumar (2018) Practical Microbiology for Undergraduates, 3rd Edition, ISBN-
10: 8183602363, Jain Brothers
 Panjarathinam R (2009) Practical Medical Microbiology; 1st Edition, ISBN-10: 9350907348,
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 192 pages
 Pranab Dey (2014) Diagnostic cytology, 1st Edition, ISBN-10: 9351520668 Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers, 544 pages
 Shaw G. W. (1973) Laboratory Book: Cytology, Genetics and Evolution, ISBN-10: 0719527295.
 Sundara S. Rajan: Practical Manual of Microbiology; ISBN-10: 8126110104, Anmol
Publications, 166 pages
 Susan Mahler Zneimer (2016) Cytogenetic Laboratory Management: Chromosomal, FISH and
Microarray-Based Best Practices and Procedures;1st Edition, ISBN-10: 9781119069744, Wiley-
Blackwell, 840 pages
PRACTICAL II*B
BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY,
METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE, BIOSTASTICS & BIOINFORMATICS
[(72 hrs) (4 hrs/week)]
Section A: Biochemistry
1. Detection of organic constituents (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids only) from
sample solutions (Major)
a) Detection of reducing sugar: Glucose/Fructose/Maltose [Fehling’s test,
Benedict’s test, Moore’s test, cupric sulphate test, rapid furfural test (any
three) (Major).
b) Detection of monosaccharides [Barfoed’s test]
c) Detection of non-reducing sugars: Sucrose [Hydrolysis test].
d) Identification of functional groups of carbohydrates [Selivanoff’s test]
e) Detection of polysaccharides: Starch [Lugol’s iodine test, confirmatory
heating & cooling test].
f) Detection of proteins: [Biuret test, Nitric acid test, Xanthoproteic test].
g) Detection of lipids: [Sudan III or IV test, Spot test].
2. Preparation of Normal, molar and standard solutions and serial dilutions.
3. Separation of amino acids (or any other compounds) from a mixture by using
paper chromatography (Demonstration).
4. Determination of concentration of unknown solutions using Photo electric
colorimeter (Demonstration).
Section B: Molecular Biology (Any four items)
1. Cell fractionation and isolation of nucleus (demonstration).
2. Study of the effects of Colchicine on mitosis in the root meristem of Allium cepa.
3. Differential staining for DNA and RNA in human cheek epithelial cells
(demonstration).
4. Poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (Demonstration).
5. Agarose gel electrophoresis (Demonstration).

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6. Isolation of DNA from animal tissues (Demonstration)
7. Isolation of RNA from animal tissues (Demonstration)
Section C: Methodology in Science, Biostatistics and Bionformatics
(Any 10 items of the following)
1. Design an experiment to prove a hypothesis by testing the specificity of the
enzyme salivary amylase on starch.
2. Measure the size of given leaves / any sample of data and calculate the mean,
median and mode (raw data, discrete series & continuous series).
3. Measure the size of given shells / any sample of data and represent it in a
graphical form and interpret it.
4. Calculate the standard deviation of the given set of data (raw data, discrete
series & continuous series). Enter the data in Excel, calculate SD and record
the screen shots of steps and results.
5. Census the avian fauna / any fauna of two different areas and present the data
in a suitable graphical form. Compare by t-test.
6. Construct a frequency curve with mean ± SD using suitable data. Draw the
same in Excel or using any free software and record it.
7. Prepare a frequency polygon with mean ± SD utilizing appropriate data.
8. Draw a bar diagram with mean ± SD employing suitable data.
9. Construct a histogram with mean ± SD utilizing suitable data. Do the same
with software
10. Draw a pie diagram using suitable data. Draw the same in Excel or using any
free software.
11. Formulate a hypothesis of any scientific observation made by you.
12. Sequence retrieval from databases (demonstration).
13. Sequence similarity search using BLAST.
14. Multiple sequence alignment.
15. Construction of phylogenetic tree (Demonstration).
16. Docking studies (Demonstration).
REFERENCES
 Bansal M P(2015) Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: Basic Experimental Protocols The
Energy and Resources Institute, TERI, 392 pages
 Campbell A M and Heyer L J (2006)Discovering genomics, proteomics and Bioinformatics, 2nd
Edition, ISBN-10: 9780805382198, Benjamin Cummings, 464 pages
 Ghosh Z and Bibekanand M. (2008) Bioinformatics: Principles and application; ISBN:
9780195692303. Oxford University Press, 560 pages
 Keith Wilson and John Walker (2010) Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 9780521731676, Cambridge University Press, 759.
 Michael M Cox, Jennifer A. Doudna and Michael O. Donnel (2015) Molecular Biology
Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 1464126143, W.H. Freeman, 944 pages
 Pevsner J (2015) Bioinformatics and functional genomics, 3rd Edition; Wiley-Blackwell, 1160p.
 Plummer D. T (2004) An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, ISBN
10: 0070994870, Tata Mc Graw-Hill, 332 pages
 Roy R. N. (2001) A Text Book of Biophysics, 2nd Revised Edition, ISBN 10: 8173811458, New
Central Book Agency, 992 pages
 Sawbney S. K. and Singh, R. (2001) Introductory Practical Biochemistry, ISBN-
10: 8173193029, Narosa Publ, 470 pages

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 SYLLABUS

OPEN COURSES [ZOOLOGY] 1 TO 3

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 FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE- I (Theory)
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND SEX EDUCATION
Code: ZOL5D01T
[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 Understand the reproductive health, and importance of sex education for teen
and youth. (2 hrs)
Explain the chromosomal mechanism of sex determination and sex chromosomal
CO2
anomalies. (3 hrs)
Describe the structural and functional features of human reproductive system,
CO3 fertilization, implantation, pregnancy, gestation, placenta, parturition and
lactation. (17 hrs)
Explain the scope of reproductive technologies in infertility management and the
CO4 assisted reproductive techniques. (10 hrs)
Understand the different methods of prenatal diagnosis and associated ethical
CO5
issues (4 hrs)
CO6 Describe the different methods of fertility control. (4 hrs)
Understand the symptoms, mode of transmission, diagnosis and treatment of
CO7 different sexually transmitted diseases and their socio economic dimensions. (7
hrs)
CO8 Describe sexual orientation, sexual abuse and myths (5 hrs)
CO9 Understand the ethical aspects of sex (2 hrs)

Question paper pattern for external examination

[Module 1-3: Short answer 4x2 = 8marks; Paragraph 3x5=15 marks; Essay 1x10 = 10 marks
Module 4-6: Short answer 3x2 = 6 marks; Paragraph 2x5=10 marks; Essay 1x10 = 10 marks
Module 7-9: Short answer 5x2 =10 marks; Paragraph 2x5=10 marks.]

MODULE 1. Introduction (2 hrs)

Definition; Reproductive health - problems and strategies; reproductive rights;
importance of sex education for teen and youth.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 2. Sex determination and Chromosomal anomalies (3 hrs)
Chromosomal mechanism of sex determination; Barr body; twin studies; sex
reversal; Sex chromosomal anomalies: Turner’s syndrome and Klinefilter’s
syndrome.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 3. Human Reproduction (17 hrs)
Male reproductive system: Structure of testis, male accessory organs; Semen
production and composition; ejaculation. Spermatogenesis.
Female reproductive system: Structure of human ovary; development of primary
follicle; structure of graafian follicle; fallopian tubes; uterus; external genitalia;
mammary glands. Ogenesis.
Menstrual cycle and hormonal control; brief account of fertilization, implantation,
pregnancy, gestation, placenta, parturition and lactation (Brief account on
hormonal control of lactation).
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 4. Infertility and Assisted reproductive technologies (10 hrs)
Infertility: Causes and problems in male and female. Infertility management: semen
collection, preservation and storage, artificial insemination, surrogacy.
Cryopreservation and embryo transfer: Collection, care and preservation of
embryos. In vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer: Major steps; Test tube
babies. Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART): GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, oocyte donation
and embryo donation.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 5. Prenatal Diagnosis (4 hrs)
Different methods: Ultrasonography, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling and
alpha-foetoprotein estimation; female foeticide: ethical issues and laws (Mention–
PNDT Act).
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 6. Fertility Control (4 hrs)
Natural methods; artificial methods; chemical methods; hormonal methods;
contraceptive devices; surgical contraception; abortion, legal termination of
pregnancy.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 7. Sexually transmitted infectious diseases (7 hrs)
Symptoms, mode of transmission, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of AIDS,
syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes (genital), human papilloma virus and genital warts,
hepatitis, gonococcal vulvo vaginitis, Trichomonal vaginitis. Mention the term
venereal disease. Socio economic dimensions of STD.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 8. Sexual orientation, sexual abuse and myths (5 hrs)
Homosexuality and bisexuality (mention LGBT), oral sex, animal sex, cyber sex,
sexual abuse, premarital and extramarital sex, sexual perversions, paraphilia, child
abuse, prostitution, sexual hygiene, protection of children from sexual offences
(POCSO) Act, 2012 (brief account only), sexual myths.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 9. Ethical aspects of sex (2 hrs)
Healthy relationship with opposite sex, role of counseling, gender discrimination in
family and society.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
Topics for Assignments/Seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Sexual counseling
2. Marriage counseling
3. Population explosion and birth control
4. Functions of male and female hormones
5. Hormones of pregnancy

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REFERENCES
 Brian Walker Nicki R Colledge Stuart Ralston and Ian Penman (2014): Davidson's
Principles and Practice of Medicine, 22nd edition; eBook ISBN: 9780702052248,Elsevier
 John Hall (2015): Textbook of Medical Physiology; 13th Edition, ISBN: 9781455770052, Elsevier
Health, 1168 pages
 Lynn L. Long, Judith A. Burnett, R. Valorie Thomas (2005): Sexuality counseling an
integrated approach, Ist Edition, ISBN-10: 0131710524, Pearson
 Prakash Kothari (1995): Common sexual problems and solutions, 2nd Edition, ISBN-
10: 8185674086, UBS Publ. and Distributors Ltd., 173 pages
 Reisman, Judith A, Eichel, Edward W, Muir, J Gordon and Court, J H (John Hugh) (2001):
Kinsey, sex, and fraud: the indoctrination of a people: an investigation into the human sexuality
research, ISBN 10: 091031120X, Lochinvar-Huntington House
 Robert T. Francoeur (1982): Becoming a sexual person, ISBN-10: 0471078484, John Wiley and
Sons, 836 pages
 Vander, Sherman and Luciano (2003): Human Physiology, 9th Edition, ISBN-
10: 9780072437935, McGraw Hill, 864 pages
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/essay/reproductive-health-in-human-problems-
and-strategies/5167
http://stayteen.org/sex-ed/article/why-sex-education-important
http://www.onlymyhealth.com/importance-sex-education-among-youth-1301382451
http://www.livestrong.com/article/246343-how-to-make-friends-with-the-opposite-
sex/
http://stories.plancanada.ca/gender-discrimination-starts-at-home/

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 FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE- II (Theory)
NUTRITION, HEALTH AND HYGIENE
Code: ZOL5D02T
[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 Describe the basic concepts in nutrition (3 hrs)
CO2 Demonstrate the understanding of nutrients and energetics (19 hrs)
CO3 Enumerate the vitamins and minerals and their roles in human nutrition (5 hrs)
CO4 Explain balanced diet, RDA and factors that affect it and meal planning for various
categories of people (4 hrs)
CO5 Illustrate diet therapy and dietary management of various conditions (3 hrs)
CO6 Explain health, fitness and hygiene (5 hrs)
CO7 Describe the major communicable, non-communicable, congenital and sexually
transmitted human diseases (11 hrs)
CO8 Perform first aid management in emergency situations (4 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-5: Short answer 7x2=14 marks, Paragraph 5x5=25 marks; Essay 1x10=10 marks
Module 6-8: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks]

Section A: NUTRITION (34 hours)

MODULE 1. Key concepts in Nutrition (3 hrs)
Basic Nutrition Concepts: Nutrition, Food energy - Kilocalories, Nutrients,
Nutrient Density. Nutritional needs of body, classification of foods.
Factors Influencing Food Selection: Flavor, Demographics, Culture and Religion,
Social and Emotional Influences, Health, Environmental Concerns, Food industry
and media (short notes only)
Nutrients and non-nutrients: Six classes of nutrients: Carbohydrates, Fats,
Protein, Vitamins, Minerals, Water; functions of these nutrients. Mention essential
nutrients.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 2. Nutrition and Energetics (19 hrs)
Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism (14 hrs)
Classification, Sources and nutritional significance of carbohydrates, proteins and
fats. Gastrointestinal tract, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins
and fats. Mention dietary fibers, essential and non essential amino acids,
saturated, unsaturated and essential fatty acids. Deficiency of Protein — Protein
energy malnutrition (PEM), Kwashiorkor, Marasmus.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
Energy Metabolism (5 hrs)
Energy value of macronutrients, factors affecting the caloric value of foods, PFV
(Physiological Fuel Value) of foods, low calorie modifications, Bomb calorimeter,
Basal metabolic rate (BMR), factors affecting BMR; Thermic effect of food and
thermogenesis. Energy balance and Body mass index (BMI).
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 3: Vitamins and Minerals (5 hrs)
Vitamins (4 hrs)
Fat soluble — A, D, E, K.; Water soluble vitamins — B Complex — Thiamine,
Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Folic Acid, Vitamin B 12, Biotin and
Pyridoxine, Vitamin C. Sources and effects of deficiency.
Macro and Micro Minerals (1 hr)
Physiological functions, sources and deficiency: Calcium, Phosphorous, Iron and
Iodine.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 4. Meal Planning (4 hrs)
Characteristics of a nutritious Diet: Adequate, Balanced, Moderate and Varied diet.
Nutrient requirement and meal planning for adults; changes in nutrient
requirement according to sex, age & activity. RDA (recommended dietary
allowance), Factors affecting RDA. Special nutritional requirements and conditions:
Pregnancy, lactation and weaning.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 5. Clinical Dietetics (3 hrs)
Therapeutic modification of normal diet. Etiology, symptoms and dietary
management in peptic ulcer, diarrhoea, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus,
nephritis, cirrhosis of liver and lactose intolerance.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Section B: HEALTH AND HYGIENE (20 hours)

MODULE 6. Health and Hygiene (5 hrs)
Relationship between Food, Nutrition & Health. Physical, psychological and
sociological health. Body fitness: Principles of exercise programming, Exercise,
Yoga, cycling & walking. Hygiene: Personal hygiene, Oral Hygiene and Sexual
Hygiene. Tobacco Use: Smoking habits, Active and passive smoking, composition
and effects of tobacco smoke. Alcohol Use: Alcoholism, Physiological effects of
alcohol and abuse of alcohol.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 7. Human Diseases (11 hrs)
Communicable diseases: Bacterial (Cholera and Typhoid), Viral (Measles and
Poliomyelitis), Fungal (Candidiasis), Protozoan (Amoebiasis and Malaria), Helminth
(Ascariasis and Taeniasis).
Non-Communicable diseases: Blood pressure (Hypertension and Hypotension);
Cerebral haemorrhage and stroke; Coronary thrombosis, Atherosclerosis and
Arteriosclerosis; Diabetes: Type I and Type II; Cancer: Thyroid and Breast cancer;
Congenital diseases: Autism, Dyslexia, Down and Foetal alcoholic Syndrome;
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD): Syphilis and Gonorrhea
Vectors and diseases: Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Xenopsylla
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 8. First Aid Management in Emergency Situation (4 hrs)
Dog bite; Insect sting: scorpion, Bee and wasp; Snake bite: venomous and Non-
nenomous snakes; Haemotoxic Venom and Neurotoxic Venom; Antivenom and
Polyvalent snake antivenom; First aid for Road accidents and drowning; Risks of
self-medication practices
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
Topics for Assignments/Seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Non-nutritive components of food: food additives and preservatives.
2. Tobacco abuse.
3. Drugs and narcotics abuse.
4. Hepatitis and sub types A, B & C.
5. Nutrition in outer space.
6. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS).
7. Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS).
8. Special Nutrition Programme.
9. Balwadi Nutrition Programme.
10. National Nutrition Policy of 1993.
REFERENCES
 Martin Eastwood (2003): Principles of Human Nutrition, Second edition. ISBN: 978-0-632-
05811-2. Blackwell Science Ltd, 680 pages.
 Brian Walker, Nicki R Colledge, Stuart Ralston and Ian Penman (2014): Davidson's
Principles of Practice of Medicine. 22nd Edition; eBook ISBN: 9780702057199, Elsevier, 1392
pages
 Harvey Washington Wiley: Wiley's Health Series, Vol. 1: Nutrition Hygiene Physiology;
Wiley
 John Hall (2015): Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology; 13th Edition, Hardcover
ISBN: 9781455770052, Paperback ISBN: 9781455770168, Elsevier, 1168 pages
 Michael J. Gibney (2012): Public Health Nutrition, ISBN: 978-1-444-34204-8, Blackwell, 392
pages
 Michael J. Gibney (2005): Clinical Nutrition, ISBN10 0632056266, Blackwell, 496 pages
 Singh, H.D., Sarada Subramanyam, and K. Madhavankutty (2014): Textbook of
HumanPhysiology; ISBN 10: 8121902169, S. Chand & Co.

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 FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE- III (Theory)
APPLIED ZOOLGY
Code: ZOL5D03T
[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 List and describe the pests and vectors, their habits, damages and control measures
and mechanisms of insect pest management. (18 hrs)
CO2 Develop personal, academic, employability and self-management skills in apiculture,
lac-culture, sericulture and vermiculture (11 hrs)
CO3 Demonstrate an understanding of the various strategies in pisciculture, prawn
culture, mussel culture and pearl culture (4 hrs)
CO4 Recognize the significance of poultry farming and its economic implications in rural
India (6 hrs)
CO5 Reviews Indian breeds of cattle and goats and the strategies in their breeding (6 hrs)
CO6 Recognize the significance of parasitic mode of life and their implications in human
health (9 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1: Short answer 3x2=6 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks, essay 1x10=10 marks;
Module 2: Short answer 1x2=2 marks, Paragraph 1x5=5 marks, essay 1x10=10 marks;
Module 3-6: Short answer 8x2=16 marks, Paragraph 4x5=20 marks]

MODULE 1. Vectors and Pests (18 hrs)

Insect Pests (8 hrs)
Definition of pest and Types of pests. Nature of damage caused and control
measures of the following pests:
(a) Pests of paddy: Spodoptera mauritia (Rice swarming caterpillar), Leptocorisa
acuta (Rice bug); (b). Pests of coconut: Oryctes rhinoceros (Rhinoceros beetle),
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Red palm weevil); (c). Pests of stored products:
Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), Callasobruchus chinensis (Pulse beetle); Termites.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
Insect Pest Management (5hrs)
Principles of Cultural control, Mechanical controls, Biological control, Chemical
control, Integrated pest management (IPM)
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
Vectors of Human Diseases (5 hrs)
Mention habits, disease caused and control measures of the following
Blackflies, Sandflies, Tsetse flies, Mosquitoes: Anopheles, Culex & Aedes, Soft ticks
and Hard ticks, Ectoparasitic insects: human lice, rat flea.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 2. Animal Breeding and Animal Cultures (11 hrs)
(a) Apiculture: Brief description of adaptations of social bees used for honey
harvesting – mention Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, Apis florea, and Tetragonula
iridipennis; Bee keeping equipments and methods; Honey bee products: bee wax

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and its uses, chemical composition of honey and uses; Bee pollination, Economics
of bee keeping.
(b). Sericulture: Brief description of Bombyx mori (Mulberry silk moth); Silkworm
rearing and extraction of silk, Economics of sericulture; Types of silk: Tassar, Muga
and Eri silk.
(c). Lac-culture: History, Morphology of lac insect, host plants, Natural infection,
Artificial infection (inoculation), methods in lac-culture and economics of lac
products.
(d). Vermiculture: Varieties of earthworms and their economic importance,
Methods of vermicomposting: basic requirements, preparation of vermibed,
collection of compost, vermiwash, Effect of vermiwash on yield and quality of crops.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 3: Aquaculture (4hrs)
Brief account on Pisciculture, Prawn culture, Mussel culture, Pearl culture and
ornamental fish culture (with examples).
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 4: Poultry Farming (6 hrs)
Introduction, Importance of egg production, Nutritive value of eggs, factors affecting
egg size; Breeds of fowl: a) Exotic breeds: Rhode Island Red, Plymouth Rock, New
Hampshire. b) Indigenous breeds: Chittagong, Gangus; Brief notes on Poultry
Housing and Equipment.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 5: Animal Husbandry (6 hrs)
Introduction, Exotic and Indian breeds of Cattle and Goats, Artifical insemination,
Storage of semen, Embryo transfer technology, Short notes of common diseases:
Anthrax, Foot and mouth diseases, Rinderpest, Brucellosis, Peste des Petits
Ruminants (PPR).
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 6: Parasitology (9 hrs)
Introduction – Commensalism, Phoresis, Parasitism, Symbiosis, Host-parasite
Relationship, Physiology, immunology and biochemistry of parasitism, Mention
Definitive host, Intermediate host, Reservoir and Zoonosis.
Human Parasites: Mention the habits, habitat, life cycle, mode of infection, control
measures of the following parasites: Entamoeba hystolytica, Giardia lamblia,
Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium vivax, Taenia solium and Wuchereria bancrofti.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
Topics for Assignments /Seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Genetic engineering applications in Animal Breeding
2. Mosquitoes and their Control
3. Fire Ants
4. National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding
5. National Action Plan for Egg & Poultry-2022

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REFERENCES

 Ashok Kumar Rathoure, Dinesh Kumar, Nazneen Z. Deshmukh, Rachna Goswami.

2015. Applied and Economic Zoology, ISBN: 9789351246466; Daya Publishing House,
310 pages.
 Pradip V Jabde, 2005. Textbook Of Applied Zoology, ISBN: 9788171419708, Discovery
Publishing House, 494 pages.
 Tamara Brown, 2010. Poultry Farming, ISBN: 978-1926686769, Apple Academic Press,
Inc. 304 pages.
 Sreenivasaiah P. V. 2015. Textbook of Poultry Science, ISBN: 978-8192970592, Write and
Print Publications, 300 pages.
 Ganga S. 2003. Comprehensive Sericulture: Comprehensive Sericulture Silkworm
Rearing and Silk Reeling 2nd Edition, ISBN: 978-1578082872, Science publishers, 418
pages.
 Atuar Rahman. 2017. Apiculture in India, ISBN: 978-8171641659, ICAR, Govt. of India
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research), 270 pages.
 Sathe, T. V. 2007. Fundamental of Beekeeping, ISBN: 9788170354208, Daya Publishing
House, 109 pages.
 Omkar. 2017. Industrial Entomology. ISBN 978-981-10-3303-2, Springer Nature Singapore
Pte Ltd. 469 pages
 The Complete Book on Beekeeping and Honey Processing (2nd Revised Edition), ISBN:
978-8190568555, NIIR project consultancy services, 544 pages
 Santhanam Perumal, Thirunavukkarasu A.R. and Perumal Pachiappan. 2015. Advances
in Marine and Brackishwater Aquaculture, ISBN: 9788132222705, Springer India Publishers.
 Kirk Lester Hatch, John Lawless Tormey and Rolla Cecil Lawry, 2015. Animal
Husbandry, ISBN: 978-1296758769, Andesite Press, 356 pages.
 Mark D. Irwin, John B. Stoner, Aaron M. Cobaugh, 2013. Zookeeping: An Introduction
to the Science and Technology, ISBN: 978-0226925318, University of Chicago Press, 688
pages.
 Christian Snider 2016. Dairy Farming: Animal Husbandry and Welfare, ISBN: 978-
1682860410, Syrawood Publishing House, 205 pages.
 Mahesh Kadam, Ranjit Patil, Milind Bhujbal, 2017. Animal Husbandry and Dairy
Management: A Basic Approach to Livestock Production and Management, LAP
LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 88 pages.
 Santhanam R. 1990. Fisheries Science, ISBN: 978-8170350859, Daya Publishing House,
186 pages.
 Khanna S. S. and Singh, H. R. 2014 A Textbook Of Fish Biology And Fisheries, ISBN:
9789384337124, Narendra Publishing House-Delhi, 610 pages.
 Pillai T V R and M N Kutty 2005. Aquaculture Principles and Practices of Fishing 2nd
Edition, ISBN: 978-1-405-10532-3, Wiley- Blackwell, 640 pages

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 SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE – IX [Theory]
PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY
Code: ZOL6B10T
[54 hrs] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcomes Statements
Describe the regulation of digestion in man, nutrition in pregnancy and infancy,
CO1
nutritional disorders, balanced diet, starvation, fasting and obesity. (5 hrs)
Understand the mechanism of transport and exchange of respiratory gases and
CO2 its neurophysiological control and physiological problems in diving mammals,
new-born and aged individuals. (6 hrs)
Describe functions, composition, coagulation, transfusion, agglutination and
CO3 clinical analysis of blood, haemoglobinopathies, types of heart and common
cardio-vascular problems. (6 hrs)
Understand the osmoregulatory mechanisms in animals; excretion and its
CO4
hormonal control and common renal disorders in man. (6 hrs)
Explain the ultrastructure of skeletal muscles and biochemical events and
CO5
energetics of muscle contraction. (5 hrs)
Understand the different types of nerve cells, glial cells and nerve fibres, and the
CO6
mechanism of nerve impulse transmission (6 hrs)
Understand the types, physiology and significance of bioluminescence, and the
CO7
structure and functions of electric organs. (2 hrs)
Describe invertebrate neuro-endocrine organs and hormones, vertebrate
CO8
endocrine glands, their hormones and functions (12 hrs)
Understand the concept of neurosecretion and the mode of action of peptide and
CO9
steroid hormones. (6 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
Module 1-7: Short answer 7x2 =14 marks; Paragraph 4x5 =20 marks; Essay 2x10 =20 marks
Module 8-9: Short answer 5x2 =10 marks; Paragraph 3x5 =15 marks.

Section A: PHYSIOLOGY (36 hours)

MODULE 1. Nutrition (5 hrs)
Regulation of digestive activity: Nervous and hormonal control; Ruminant digestion;
Nutrition in pregnancy, infant nutrition, breast feeding, composition of breast milk;
Importance of dietary fibres; Balanced diet; Nutritional disorders: anorexia, acidity,
ulcer, flatulence; starvation, fasting and its significance; Obesity: causes and
consequences.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 2. Respiration (6 hrs)
Gaseous exchange and transport of respiratory gases (brief account), Oxygen-
Haemoglobin dissociation curve; Respiratory pigments, structure and properties of
Hb; Neurophysiological control of respiration; Physiological problems in diving
mammals, new-born and aged individuals.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 3. Circulation (6 hrs)
Blood: functions and composition; Coagulation of blood (Enzyme cascade theory);
Clinical analysis of blood, ESR; Haemodynamics; Haemostasis, haemolysis and

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jaundice, haemoglobinopathies; Blood transfusion and agglutination, aphaeresis.
Types of heart; ECG; Common cardio-vascular problems: Abnormal variations in
BP, Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Myocardial infarction, heart failure, cerebral
hemorrhage and cerebro-vascular accident.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 4. Osmoregulation and Excretion (6 hrs)
Osmoconformers and osmoregulators; Water conservation in desert forms; Osmotic
and ionic regulation in terrestrial, fresh water and marine animals; Types of
excretion, urea cycle; Human kidney: Urine formation with counter-current
mechanism and hormonal regulation; Common renal disorders: haematuria,
uremia, proteinuria, renal hypertension, nephritis, renal calculi, oedema, acidosis
and alkalosis; Dialysis.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 5. Muscle Physiology (5 hrs)
Structure of vertebrate skeletal muscle: EM structure of Myofibrils and
Myofilaments, contractile proteins; Mechanism of muscle contraction: Ultra
structural changes (sliding filament theory); physiology, biochemistry and
energetics of muscle contraction; energy sources, role of creatine phosphate, cori
cycle; Muscle twitch, fatigue, tetany and rigor mortis.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 6. Nerve Physiology (6 hrs)
Different types of nerve cells; glial cells, giant nerve fibre of crustaceans and
cephalopods; regeneration of medullary fibres, neurotrophins; Nerve impulse
transmission, synapses and neuromuscular junctions, synaptic transmission
(electrical and chemical), neurotransmitters.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 7. Bioluminescence and Bioelectricity (2 hrs)
Classification of bioluminescence: symbiotic, extracellular and intracellular;
Physiology and significance of light production; Structure and functions of electric
organs.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Section B: ENDOCRINOLOGY (18 hrs)

MODULE 8. Invertebrate and Vertebrate endocrinology (12 hrs)
Neuro- endocrine organs and hormones in crustaceans and insects.
Classification of hormones: Amine, peptide and steroid hormones; Endocrine
glands in man (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal,
thymus, pineal and gastro-intestinal): their hormones and functions (brief
account); Hormonal disorders.
Hormones of reproduction: Testes, ovaries and placenta, their hormones and
physiological effects; role of hormones in female sexual cycle; hormone related
female and male sexual dysfunctions.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

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MODULE 9. Concept of neurosecretion and hormonal action (6 hrs)
Hypothalamus-hypophysial interactions, hypothalamus releasing and inhibiting
hormones and their roles, Neuro-hormonal integration, Neuro-endocrine pathways,
Regulation of hormone secretion.
Hormonal action :Hormone receptors; Mechanism of action of peptide and steroid
hormones; mode of action of insulin and thyroxine; positive and negative feedback
regulation.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Topics for assignments/seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. History, aim, scope and branches of Physiology.
2. Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
3. Conducting system of the heart.
4. Composition and functions of lymph.
5. Gross and micro structure of human kidney.
6. Endocrine disorders in man : Cushing’s disease, Addison’s disease, diabetes
mellitus, diabetes insipidus, dwarfism, gigantism, cretinism, myxedema and
goitre.
REFERENCES
 Arthur Vander, James Sherman and Dorothy Luciano (1998) Human Physiology: The
Mechanisms of Body Function, ISBN-10: 9780070670655, William C. Brown Pub., 818
pages
 Berry, A.K (2008): A Text book of Animal Physiology, 12th Edition, ISBN 10 8185712034,
Emkay Publications, 686 pages
 Chatterjee, C.C (2016): Human Physiology, 11th Edition, ISBN-10 8123928726 Medical
Allied Agency.
 Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. and Derrickson (2016) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology,
15th Edition, ISBN- 9781179320647, Wiley, 1232 pages
 Hall, J.E (2015): Guyton and Hall Text book of Medical Physiology,13th Edition, ISBN-
10:1455770051, Saunders, 1168 pages
 Hoar, W.S. (1975): General and Comparative Animal Physiology,2nd Revised Edition ISBN-
10:0133502724, Prentice Hall, 8986 pages.
 Kim Barrett, Susan Barman, Scott Boitano and Heddwen Brooks (2012) Ganong;s Review
of Medical Physiology, 24th Edition, ISBN-100071780033, McGraw Hill education, 768
pages
 Knut Schmidt Nielsen (1997) Animal Physiology – Adaptation and Environment), 5th
Edition, ISBN-10: 9780521570985, Cambridge University Press, 617 pages
 Sembulingam, K and Sembulingam, P (2016): Essentials of medical physiology, 7th Edition,
ISBN-10: 9789385999116, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publ, 1067p.
 Singh, H.R & Neeraj kumar (2014): Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, ISBN-10:
9382956344, Vishal Publ. Co.

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 SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE – X [Theory]
REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Code: ZOL6B11T
[54 hrs] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcome statements
Explain the reproductive strategies in invertebrates and vertebrates and structural
CO1
and functional features of human reproductive system (6 hrs)
Describe process of fertilization, pregnancy, gestation, placentation, parturition and
CO2
lactation in humans. (3 hrs)
Explain the scope of reproductive technologies in infertility management; prenatal
CO3
diagnostic techniques and methods of fertility control (5 hrs)
CO4 Understand the phases and theories of development, and classification of eggs (3 hrs)
Enumerate the types of cleavage, arrangement of blastomeres, germ layers and their
CO5
derivatives, cell lineage in Planocera and different types of blastula. (3 hrs)
Illustrate the early developmental process of egg in Amphioxus, frog, chick and man
CO6
(22 hrs)
Explain the basics of cell differentiation and its genetic control, stem cells and
CO7
applications of stem cell technology (3 hrs)
CO8 Describe parthenogenesis, types, and significance (2 hrs)
Explain fate map construction, Spemann’s constriction experiments on amphibian
CO9 embryos, organizers in development, embryonic induction, gradient experiments in
sea urchin eggs, cloning experiments in sheep and teratogenesis (7 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
Module 1-3: Short answer 2x2 =4 marks; Paragraph 3x5=15 marks.
Module 4-9: Short answer 10x2 =20 marks; Paragraph 4x5=20 marks; Essay 2x10=20 marks

SECTION A: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY (14 hrs)

MODULE 1. Introduction and Human Reproductive system (6 hrs)
Introduction to Reproductive Biology (1 hr)
Importance and scope. Reproductive strategies in invertebrates and vertebrates;
semelparity and iteroparity. Sex patterns; Mention sex reversal with examples.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
Human Reproductive system (5 hrs)
Male reproductive system: structure of testis, semen production and composition.
Female reproductive system: structure of ovary and graafian follicle, ovulation,
mention corpus haemorrhagicum, corpus luteum and corpus albicans. Accessory
reproductive organs.
Secondary sexual characteristics. Menstrual cycle and its hormonal control (brief
account of oestrous cycle in mammals). Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and
oogenesis.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 2. Fertilization, Pregnancy, Gestation, Placentation, parturition and
lactation (3 hrs)
Fertilization: Fertilizin and anti-fertilizin, capacitation, agglutination, sperm
penetration, activation of egg and amphimixis. Physiological and biochemical

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changes during and after fertilization. Pregnancy, Gestation, Placentation,
parturition and lactation.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 3. Reproductive technologies (5 hrs)
Reproductive technologies (3 hrs)
Infertility and its management: Brief account of semen collection, preservation,
storage, artificial insemination, surrogacy.
Cryopreservation and embryo transfer: Collection, care and preservation of
embryos; in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: major steps; Test tube babies.
Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART): GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, oocyte donation and
embryo donation.
Prenatal Diagnosis (1 hr)
Different Prenatal Diagnostic techniques (invasive and non-invasive); Prevention of
Female foeticide - ethical issues and laws (Mention–PNDT Act).
Fertility control (1 hr)
Natural methods, artificial methods, chemical methods, hormonal methods,
surgical contraception, removal of gonads and uterus; abortion.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

SECTION B: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (40 hrs)

MODULE 4. Introduction and Types of eggs (3 hrs)
Introduction to Embryology (1 hr)
Historical Perspective (brief account): Mention phases in development. Theories:
preformation, epigenesis, recapitulation and germplasm theory.
Types of eggs (2 hrs)
Classification of eggs with examples based on: Amount of yolk (micro, meso &
macrolecithal); Distribution of yolk (iso, centro and telolecithal); Presence or
absence of shell (cleidoic & non cleidoic); Types of development (determinate and
indeterminate).
Egg membranes: primary, secondary and tertiary; functions of egg envelopes.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 5. Cleavage and cell lineage (3 hrs)
Types of cleavage with examples based on: Plane of cleavage (Meridional, Vertical,
Equatorial and Latitudinal); Amount of yolk (Holoblastic and Meroblastic); Types of
development (Determinate and Indeterminate); Pattern of arrangement of
blastomeres (Radial and Spiral).
Germ layers and derivatives. Cell lineage studies in Planocera (brief account only).
Different types of blastula.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 6. Development of Amphioxus, frog, chick and man (22 hrs)
Early development of Amphioxus (3 hrs)
Brief account of fertilization. Cleavage, Blastulation, Gastrulation and Neurulation.

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Development of Frog (8 hrs)
Fertilization, Cleavage, Blastulation and fate map, Gastrulation (Morphogenetic
movements) and formation of germ layers, neurulation and notochord formation,
mesoderm and coelom formation; organogeny of brain and eye. Hormonal control of
amphibian metamorphosis.
Development of Chick (7 hrs)
Structure of egg; fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation and formation of
germ layers. Salient features of chick embryo at primitive streak stage, 24, 33 and
48 hours stages. Development and functions of extra embryonic membranes.
Development of Man (4 hrs)
Cleavage and formation of morula, development of blastocyst, implantation,
gastrulation up to the formation of germ layers. Human placenta; functions of
placenta.
[Short answers/Paragraph/Essays]
MODULE 7. Cell Differentiation and Gene action during development (3 hrs)
Cell differentiation, totipotency, pluripotency, dedifferentiaton and redifferentiation.
Controlled gene expression during development; Homeotic genes, Mention Hox-
genes. Stem cells – embryonic and adult stem cells; their significance and
applications.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 8. Parthenogenesis (2 hrs)
Definition and types. Natural parthenogenesis: Arrhenotoky, Thelytoky, Obligatory
and Facultative. Artificial parthenogenesis. Significance of parthenogenesis.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 9. Experimental Embryology & Teratology (7 Hrs)
Experimental Embryology (5 hrs)
Construction of fate map, vital staining, marking with carbon particles and
radioactive tracing. Spemann's constriction experiments on amphibian embryos,
potency of nuclei and importance of Grey crescent. Organizers in amphibian
development (primary, secondary & tertiary organizers). Embryonic induction.
Gradient experiments in sea urchin eggs. Cloning experiments in sheep.
Teratology (2 hrs)
Environmental disruption in animal development: Teratogenic agents and their
effects (alcohol, drugs, nicotine and other chemicals), infections (Herpes virus,
Cytomegalovirus and Rubella virus), metabolic imbalance (malnutrition and
autoimmunization) (brief account).
[Short answer/Paragraphs]

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Topics for assignments/seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Development of foetal membranes in man.
2. Types of placenta (brief account).
3. Regeneration in animals.
4. Factors affecting regeneration.
5. Factors inducing parthenogenesis.
6. Structure of different types of eggs (Amphioxus, frog, insect)

REFERENCES
 Balinsky, B.I. (1981) An Introduction to Embryology, 5th Edition, Embryology, ISBN-
4833700298 (International ed.), Saunders College Pub., 768 pages
 Berril N. J. (1971)Developmental Biology, ISBN 10: 0070050201, McGraw Hill
 Berry, A.K. (2008) An introduction to Embryology, Emkay publications.
 Bruce Carlson (2013) Human embryology and Developmental Biology, 5th Edition,
eBook ISBN: 9780323279352, Saunders, 520 pages
 Boby Jose et. al. Developmental Biology & Experimental biology. Manjusha publications,
Calicut.
 Michael J.F. Barresi (Author), Scott F. Gilbert (Author) (2019) Developmental Biology, 12th
Edition, ISBN-10: 1605358223, Sinauer Associates, 888 pages
 Patten, B.M. (1973): Early Embryology of the Chick, TMH.
 Roberts Rugh (1951): The Frog: Its Reproduction and Development, The Blakiston
Company, Toronto
 Sastry K. V. & Vineetha Shukla (2018): Developmental Biology,2nd Revised Edition, ISBN:
9789350781289372, Rastogi, 372 pages
 Verma, P.S. & Agarwal V.K. (2010): Chordate Embryology, ISBN-10: 9788121902618, S.
Chand Pub., 667 pages
 Werner A. Muller (2011) Developmental Biology, I SBN 10: 1461274729, Springer
 Wolpert, L. (1994): Principles of Development, 3rd Edition, ASIN: B008WDHBB8, Oxford
University Press.
 Scott F. Gilbert (2016) Developmental Biology 11th Edition, Sinauer Associates is an
imprint of Oxford University Press, ISBN-10: 9781605356044, 500 pages

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 SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE –XI [Theory]
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Code: ZOL6B12T
[54 hrs] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course outcome statements
CO1 Explain the structure of ecosystem and its functioning through energy flow and
nutrient cycling (6 hrs).
CO2 Enumerate biogeochemical cycles and understand the concept of limiting factors
(5 hrs).
CO3 Describe the ecology of population, community and habitat as a self regulating
system (14 hrs)
CO4 Understand various types of population interactions and appraise the co-evolution
(3 hrs).
CO5 Comprehend the diverse environmental and sustainability challenges ranging from
local to global and the establishment of perfect harmony between economic
development, social issues and environmental conservation (4 hrs).
CO6 Enumerate the several tools and techniques employed for studies on populations,
communities and ecosystems. (4 hrs)
CO7 Understand the threats to biodiversity, and strategies adapted for the
conservation of diversity of organisms (10 hrs)
CO8 Describe the various international strategies for conserving biodiversity (4 hrs)
CO9 Describe the toxic chemicals, their toxicity levels and the health hazards caused by
them (4 hrs).
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-6: Short answer 9x2=18 marks, Paragraph 5x5=25 marks, Essay 1x10= 10 marks
Module 7-9: Short answer 3x2= 6 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks]
Section A: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY (36 hrs)
MODULE 1. Introduction, Ecosystem and Energetics (6 hrs)
Introduction to Environmental biology: Definition, divisions of ecology, modern
branches and scope.
Ecosystem-Structure and functions: Concept of ecosystem, characteristics;
Structure (components) of ecosystem (pond as an example); Mention kinds of
ecosystems.
Ecosystem Energetics: Photosynthetic production and energy fixation; Energy
flow in the ecosystem, Energy flow and laws of thermodynamics, Energy transfer
and energy transformations [Trophic dynamics or community dynamics
(Lindeman’s model of energy flow)]; Ecological efficiency.
Productivity of ecosystem: Concept of productivity- standing crops, material
removed and production rate; Kinds of productivity: a) Primary productivity (GPP,
NPP, NCP) b) Secondary productivity).
[Short answer/Paragraph/Essays]
MODULE 2. Biogeochemical Cycles and Limiting factors (5 hrs)
Biogeochemical Cycles: Basic types of biogeochemical cycles: Gaseous cycles
(Carbon and nitrogen cycles) Sedimentary cycle (Phosphorous cycle).
Limiting factors: Basic concepts. Leibig's law of minimum; Shelford's law of
tolerance and combined concept of limiting factors. Ecological indicators.
[Short answer/Paragraph/Essays]

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MODULE 3. Population, Community and Habitat Ecology (14 hrs)
Population Ecology
Properties of population: density, natality, mortality, age distribution, biotic
potential, environmental resistance, migration, emigration, immigration and
carrying capacity. Population growth forms, J and S shaped curves.
Community Ecology
Biotic community: Definition and kinds of communities.
Characteristics: Species diversity, abundance, dominance, stratification,
succession, growth forms, trophic structure, co-existence, interdependence and key
stone species; Concept of ecotype, ecotone and edge effect.
Habitat ecology
a) Marine ecology: Biotic divisions of the marine habitat, their characteristics.
Pelagic realm- planktonic and nektonic adaptations. Benthic realm – littoral and
abyssal adaptations. Adaptations of animals of rocky, sandy and muddy sea
shores.
b) Fresh water ecology: Lentic and lotic habitats, their characteristics, faunal
characteristics and adaptations.
c) Terrestrial ecology: Tropical wet evergreen forests and Tropical dry deciduous
forests, their characteristics, adaptations of animals of forests.
[Short answer/Paragraph/Essays]
MODULE 4. Population Interactions (3 hrs)
a) Intraspecific interactions b) Inter specific interactions: Positive interactions-
Mutualism, Commensalism and Proto-cooperation (with examples). Negative
interactions- Competition, Predation and Parasitism (with examples).
[Short answer/Paragraph/Essays]
MODULE 5. Social issues and Environment (4 hrs)
Sustainable development; Joint Forest Management; Goals of United Nations;
Environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions, Habitat destruction and its
consequences- socio-ecological concern: wetland, paddy fields, mangrove, river
encroachment, sand and clay mining; Ecological impacts of tourism.
Disaster management: Natural & Artificial - floods, drought, earthquake, cyclone
and landslides.
[Short answer/Paragraphs]
MODULE 6. Ecological tools and Techniques (4 hrs)
Commonly used techniques for study of animal populations: a) Sampling of animal
populations b) Trapping and collecting various groups of organisms [insects,
aquatic organisms, soil organisms, birds and mammals] c) Marking of animals d)
Determination of age in animal groups d) Determination of home range and
territory e) Estimation of number of animals in a population f) Indirect method
of estimating wild animal populations g) Recent trends- Camera trapping, Radio
collaring and Remote sensing
[Short answer/Paragraphs]

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 Section B: CONSERVATION BIOLOGY (14 hrs)
MODULE 7. Biodiversity (10 hrs)

Introduction, Components of biodiversity: Genetic diversity, species diversity

(mention Shannon diversity index and Simpson’s dominance index), community
diversity and ecosystem diversity, landscape diversity; Levels of diversity in
community and ecosystem diversity: Alpha, beta and gamma diversities.
Hot spots of biodiversity. Mention hotspots in Indian region (Western Ghats and Sri
Lanka, Himalayas, Indo Burma and Sundaland).
Threats to biodiversity; Loss of biodiversity and its causes.
Threatened species, Extinction of species, Red data book and IUCN Red list
categories.
Conservation of biodiversity and wildlife: conservation measures; Wild life
(protection Act) 1972, Conservation projects: Project Tiger, Elephant, Lion,
Crocodile, Gangetic Dolphins, Kashmir Red Deer and Brow-antlered Deer (Sangai).
Biodiversity conservation strategies: Protection of endangered species- Ex situ
conservation (conservation in Seed banks, Gene banks, Germ plasm banks, Zoo,
Botanical gardens etc.).
In situ conservation: Wildlife Sanctuaries -Thattekkad bird sanctuary,
ParambikulamWLS, PeriyarWLS, Malabar WLS); National Parks- Eravikulam NP &
Silent Valley NP; Biosphere Reserves - Nilgiri BR & Agasthyamalai BR; Community
reserve- Kadalundy.
[Short answer/Paragraph/Essays]
MODULE 8. Global strategy for conservation (4 hrs)
Brief notes on i) Stockholm conference/Declaration (1972), ii) IUCN, iii) WWF, iv)
UNEP, v) CITES, vi) Rio Declaration vii) Rio convention on Biodiversity, 1992 (Rio
Earth Summit, 1992), Rio (2012). viii) Kyoto Agreement (1997), Paris Agreement
(2016) and Conference of the Parties (COP) on climate change (2018), ix) Ramsar
convention (2018).
[Short answer/Paragraphs]

Section C: TOXICOLOGY (4 hrs)

MODULE 9. Toxicants and public health hazards (4 hrs)
a. Toxic chemicals (biocides, automobile emissions, heavy metals, fertilizers, food
additives, xenobiotics, radioactive wastes).
b. Classification of poisons; Physico-chemical characteristics and mode of action of
poisons; Accidental, suicidal and homicidal poisonings; Signs and symptoms of
common poisoning and their antidotes.
c. Levels of toxicity: Acute, sub acute, chronic, Dose-response relationship.
Measures of toxicity: LD50 and LC50.
[Short answer/Paragraps]
Topics for Assignments/Seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Environmental factors (Temperature, water, light, soil) and their influence on
organisms.

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2.Concept of habitat and niche.
3.Food chains and food web.
4.Major biomes of the world.
5.Ecological pyramids.
6.Ecological succession, basic types and processes in succession.
7.Environmental pollution-Land, water, air, sound and radiation.
8.Global warming and Ozone depletion.
9. Individual responsibilities – Role of Governmental and Non-Governmental
Organizations in biodiversity conservation – Chipko, Green peace WWF
10. Food additives.
REFERENCES
 Agarwal, K.C. (2008) Environmental Biology, Nidi Publishers, Bikaner.Hardcover: 552
pages, ISBN-13: 978-8189153021
 Arora, S. (1995).Fundamentals of Environmental Biology, Kalyani Publ.,New Delhi.
 Balachandran Thampi, K. et al.: The Natural Resources of Kerala. 1997, WWF for Nature -
India, [Kerala State Office], Trivandrum.
 Bharucha Erach, The Biodiversity of India, Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad – 380
013, India, ISBN 13: 9788188204069
 Bhaskaran, K.K. (2015) Environmental Biology and Wild life conservation, Manjusha Publ.
 Burchan, P.C. (2013) An Introduction to Toxicology, Springer
 Curtis D. Klaassen & John B. Watkins III. (2010) Casarett & Doull’ Essentials of
Toxicology, 2nd edn.,The McGraw Hill companies, ISBN-978-0-07-176651-7
 Cunningham, W.P. Cooper, T.H. Gorhani, E & Hepworth, M.T. (2001) Environmental
Encyclopedia, Jaico Publ. House, Mumabai, 1196p ISBN-13: 978-0810393141
 Dev, S. C. Environmental Management, Jaico Pub., New Delhi.
 De A.K. Environmental Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd. ISBN 10: 8122426174
 Heywood, V.H &Waston, R.T. (1995).Global Biodiversity Assessment.Cambridge Univ.
Press 1140p.ISBN. 0521564816
 Jadhav, H & Bhosale, V.M. (1995). Environmental Protection and Laws. Himalaya Pub.
House, Delhi 284 p. ISBN 978-93-5273-307-1
 May R. M & Mc Lean: Theoretical Ecology – Principles and Applications; Oxford Uty Press.
 Miller T.G. Jr. (2008) Environmental Science, Wadsworth Publishing Co. (TB) ISBN
9781111988937
 M.J. Groom, G.K. Meffe (2006). Principles of Conservation Biology, Third Edition., C.R.
Carroll, and Contributors. Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers.Sunderland
Massachusetts. ISBN 0-87893-518-5
 Odum, E.P. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co. USA, 574p ISBN 10:
0721669417
 Sharma, P.D (2008). Ecology and Environment, 7th Edition; Rastogi ISBN-10: 8171335810
 Survey of the Environment, The Hindu
 Townsend C., Harper J, and Michael Begon, Essentials of Ecology, Blackwell Science (TB)
ISBN 1-40510-328-0
 Trivedi R.K. Handbook of Environmental Laws, Rules Guidelines, Compliances and Standards,
Vol I and II, EnviroMedia ISBN: 9788178002217
 Vijayakumaran Nair, K. Jayaprakash, M & Joseph, T .M. (2007) Environmental Biology,
Ethology, Evolution. Academica, Tvm.
 Wanger K.D. (1998) Environmental Management. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, USA
499p ISBN-10: 1559639156
 http://library.open.oregonstate.edu/monitoring/chapter/field-techniques-for-
population-sampling-and-estimation/

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 SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE –XII [Theory]
ETHOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY
Code: ZOL6B13T
[54 hrs] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 Describe the patterns and mechanisms of animal behaviour (5 hrs)
CO2 Illustrate biological rhythms and the chemical basis of communication (7 hrs)
CO3 Identify major evolutionary transitions over time, and explain the tools and
evidences that support current hypotheses of the history of life on earth (8 hrs)
CO4 Describe the evidences for evolution and its required corollaries (5 hrs)
CO5 Explain the various theories of evolution ( 6 hrs)
CO6 Describe the mechanisms by which evolution occurs (5 hrs)
CO7 Recognize the significance of reproductive isolation in reducing gene flow between
populations, biological and morphological species concepts and distinguish
between prezygotic and postzygotic barriers to reproduction (7 hrs)
CO8 Review the events in human evolution (3 hrs)
CO9 Explain ecological and historical foundations for understanding the distribution
and abundance of species, and their changes over time and comprehend the basic
principles of biogeography as a discipline (8 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-2: Short answer 4x2=8 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks;
Module 3-8: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 4x5=20 marks, Essay 2x10=20 marks;
Module 9: Short answer 3x2=6 marks, Paragraph 1x5=5 marks]

Section A: ETHOLOGY (12 hrs)

MODULE 1. Patterns and Mechanisms in Animal Behaviour (5 hrs)
Introduction and Patterns of behavior (4 hrs)
History (brief), scope of ethology. (a) Innate behaviour: Orientation-taxes/kinesis,
simple reflexes, instincts, motivation. (b) Learned behaviour: Habituation,
conditioned reflex, trial and error learning; latent learning, imprinting, insight
learning, memory and learning.
Neural mechanism in behavior (1 hr)
Role of hypothalamus in thirst and feeding; role of cerebral cortex in emotional
behavior; mammalian limbic system and control of behavior (brief account).
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 2. Biological rhythm and Sociobiology (7 hrs)
Biological clocks/rhythms (4 hrs)
Photoperiodism, circadian rhythm; migration, orientation, navigation and homing;
diapause, hibernation and aestivation (brief account)
Sociobiology (3 hrs)
Social groups in termites and elephants; Chemical communication: classification
and significance of pheromones (mention human pheromones also).
[Short answers/paragraphs]

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 Section B: EVOLUTION (34 hrs)
MODULE 3. Course of Evolution (8 hrs)
History of Evolutionary thought (1 hr)
History of evolutionary thought: Ideas of evolution during Pre-Darwinian,
Darwinian and Post- Darwinian periods (brief account).
Origin of life (6 hrs)
Biochemical origin of life (Modern hypothesis–Oparin-Haldane Theory). Major steps
in the biochemical evolution of life (brief account): Origin of Earth and the
primordial atmosphere, formation of simple organic molecules, formation of
macromolecules or polymers, and formation of coacervates, microspheres,
protocells and full-fledged living cells; origin of mitochondria and chloroplast.
Experimental evidence for biochemical origin of life: Urey-Miller experiment; Other
experiments; Modern ideas on the origin of life. Mention origin of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
History of Life on Earth (1 hrs)
Geological time scale (simple chart), mention Cambrian explosion. Fossils,
Fossilization and Dating of fossils (brief account). Living fossils: Peripatus, Limulus
and Sphenodon as examples.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 4. Evidences of Organic Evolution (5 hrs)
i) Morphological and anatomical, ii) physiological and biochemical, iii)
embryological, iv) palaeontological, v) molecular, vi) taxonomical evidences and vii)
biogeographical evidences
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 5. Theories of Evolution (6 hrs)
Lamarck’s theory: Explanation of the major postulates of the Lamarck’s theory with
examples, Criticism against Lamarckism, Neo-Lamarckism, Present status of
Lamarckism.
Darwin’s theory: Explanation of important postulates of Darwin’s theory, Examples
for natural selection, Criticism against Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism (Synthetic
theory of evolution).
Weismann’s germplasm theory; Mutation theory of De Vries. Mention the
contributions of Wallace.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 6. Concepts of Evolutionary Process (5 hrs)
Genetic basis of evolution: i) Mutations (brief account of gene and chromosomal
mutations), ii) Variations: somatic (environmental) variations and genetic
(hereditary) variations, iii) Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium,
Factors that upset Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, iv) Genetic drift: effects on
population, Evolutionary bottleneck and Founder effect, genetic drift and natural
selection, importance of genetic drift in evolution; theory of punctuated equilibrium
and its relevance.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 7: Nature of Evolution (7 hrs)
Species and Speciation: Species concept: phylogenetic and biological species
concepts; General characteristics and subdivisions of species: subspecies, semi
species, sibling species, cline and deme.
Speciation: Types of speciation i) Phyletic speciation ii) Quantum speciation iii)
Gradual speciation; Major methods of natural speciation: Allopatric, parapatric and
sympatric speciation.
Isolation and Isolating mechanisms: Types of isolating mechanisms i) Geographic
isolation: mention examples, ii) Reproductive isolation (a) Prezygotic isolation
(habitat, seasonal, ethological, morphological, physiological and cytological
isolation with examples), (b) Postzygotic isolation (hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility
and F2 breakdown isolation with examples).
Adaptive Radiation (Divergent Evolution): cause and significance, adaptive
radiation in Darwin’s finches; Convergent Evolution; Pre-adaptation; Co-evolution
(mention examples also).
[Short answers/paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 8: Evolution of Modern Man (3 hrs)
Evolutionary trends in humans; Fore-runners of anthropoids-Parapithecus; Fore-
runners of apes-Dryopithecus; Fore-runners of modern man-Ramapithecus
(Kenyapithecus), Australopithecus (The ape-man), Homo habilis (The handy man),
H.erectus (Pithecanthropines), H.sapiens neanderthalensis (Neanderthal man),
Homo sapiens fossilis (The Cro-magnon), Homo sapiens sapiens (Modern man),
mention Denizoans and Malapan man.
[Short answers/paragraphs/Essays]

Section C: ZOOGEOGRAPHY (8 hrs)

MODULE 9: Zoogeographical realms and Biogeography of India (8 hrs)
Geographical Distribution (4 hrs)
(a) Geographical distribution of animals: Cosmopolitan, discontinuous, bipolar and
isolated distribution. (b) Barriers in animal distribution: Physical, climatic and
biological barriers.
Zoogeographical realms (2 hrs)
Zoogeographical regions with specific fauna (faunal regions): Palaeartic region,
Nearctic region, Neotropical region, Ethiopean region, Oriental region and
Australian region; brief description on Wallace line, Weber line and Wallacea.
Insular fauna (1 hr)
Faunal characteristics of continental (Madagaskar and Sri Lanka) and oceanic
islands (Galapagos and New Zealand).
Biogeography of India (1 hr)
Biogeographical zones of India: Himalayan, Desert zone, Semi-arid zone, Western
Ghats, Deccan plateau, Gangetic plain, North east Indian zone, Island zone and
Coastal zone (brief account).
[Short answer/Paragraphs]

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Topics for Assignments / Seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Old theories on origin of life: i) Theory of abiogenesis ii) Theory of biogenesis iii)
Theory of special creation iv) Theory of Panspermia.
2. Evolution of Vertebrate Groups: Evolution of agnathans, fishes, amphibians,
reptiles, birds and mammals (brief account).
3. Evolution of horse
4. Polypliody and Evolution
5. Ancestry of human population of India
REFERENCES
Module 1-2 (Ethology)
 Jerry A. Hogan. 2017. The Study of Behavior: Organization, Methods, and Principles. ISBN:
9781107191976. Cambridge University Press. 380 pages.
 John Alcock & Dustin R Rubenstein. 2019. Animal Behaviour, 11th edition. Published by
Sunderland, Massachusetts Sinauer Associates, Oxford University Press. 672 pages.
 Lee Alan Dugatkin. 2013. Principles of Animal Behavior, 4th Edition. ISBN-13: 978-
0393920451. ISBN-10: 0393920453. W. W. Norton & Company. 576 pages.
 Michael Breed & Janice Moore. 2015. Animal Behaviour. Second Edition. ISBN:
9780128015322. Academic Press. 552 pages.
 V. K. Agarwal. 2010. Animal Behaviour (Ethology). ISBN: 9788121932103, 8121932106.
S.Chand Publishers. 400p.
Module 3-8 (Evolution)
 Brian K. Hall & Benedikt Hallgrimsson. 2014. Strickberger's Evolution. 5th Edition. ISBN:
9789380853789, 9380853785. Publisher: Viva. 672 pages.
 Darlington P J 1966. Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of Animals. Fourth
Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 675 pages.
 Jain P C & M.S. Anantharaman. Palaeontology (Palaeobiology): Evolution and Animal
distribution. 9th Edition. ISBN-10: 9382956441; Vishal Publishing Co.
 James H. Brown. 1996. Biogeography. ISBN-10: 0697243591; ISBN-13: 978-0697243591.
William C Brown Pub., 643 pages.
 James T. Costa. 2009. The Annotated Origin – A Facsimile of the First Edition of On the
Origin of Species. ISBN-10: 0674032810; University Press; Annotated edition. 546 pages.
 Niles Eldredge. 1985. Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of
Punctuated Equilibria. ISBN-10: 0671495550; Simon & Schuster. 240 pages.
 Niles Eldredge. 1998. Pattern of Evolution. ISBN-10: 0716730464; ISBN-13: 978-
0716730460. W H Freeman & Co. 219 pages.
 Richard Dawkins. 2006. The Blind Watchmaker – Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a
Universe without Design. ISBN-10: 0393315703; W. W. Norton & Company. 496 pages.
 Robert Andrew Foley & Roger Lewin. 2003. Principles of Human Evolution 2nd Edition.
ISBN-10: 0632047046; ISBN-13: 978-0632047048. Wiley-Blackwell. 568 pages.
 Solomon Stevens. 2017. Evolutionary Biology. ISBN-10: 1635491169. ISBN-13: 978-
1635491166. Larsen and Keller Education. 190 pages.
Module 9 (Zoogeography)
 Andrews, M.I. & Joy, K.P. Ecology, Evolution & Zoogeography. S.M. Book Depot,
Changanassery
 Rastogi V. B. & Jayaraj.1998. Animal Ecology and Distribution of Animals. Kedar Nath and
Ram Nath. ISBN: 5551234001809.
 Tiwari, S. K. 1985. Zoogeography of India and South East Asia. CBS Pubs, New Delhi

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 SIXTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY ELECTIVE CORE COURSE- I (Theory)
HUMAN GENETICS
Code: ZOL6B14(E)01T
[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 Credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Explain the characteristics, nomenclature and classification of human
chromosomes; non-disjunction of chromosomes and the phenotypic effects of
chromosome structural modifications (16 hrs)
CO2 Understand the construction of pedigrees of Sex-linked and Autosomal dominant
and recessive gene mutation disorders and presentation of molecular genetic data
in pedigrees (4 hrs)
CO3 Enumerate the major autosomal and X-linked dominant and recessive human
genetic disorders (8 hrs)
CO4 Explain multifactorial inheritance (4 hrs)
CO5 Understand the basic genetics of reproduction and development (9 hrs)
CO6 Explain the prenatal diagnostic techniques, major genetic services and genetic
counseling (9 hrs)
CO7 Describe human genetic variations, archaeogenetics of South Asia and genetic
origin of Indian populations (4 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-3: Short answer 3x2=6 marks, Paragraph 5x5=25 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks
Module 4-5: Short answer 4x2=8 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks
Module 6-7: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks]
MODULE 1. Human chromosomes (16 hrs)
Classification and nomenclature (9 hrs)
History of classification and nomenclature of human chromosomes – various
conferences and their contributions: Denver, Chicago, Paris and Stockholm
Conferences. Characteristics of A to G groups of chromosomes. Various banding
techniques - G-banding, Q-banding, R-banding, C-banding, Y-banding, NOR
banding. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH)
Non-disjunction of Chromosomes (2 hrs)
Meiotic non-disjunction, mitotic non-disjunction, non-disjunction of autosomes,
non-disjunction of sex chromosomes and mosaicism
Chromosome structural modification and the human phenotype (5 hrs)
Ring chromosome, Iso chromosomes, Philadelphia chromosome, Cri-du-chat
syndrome (5p-syndrome) Prader willi syndrome, Fragile X- Syndrome (Martin Bell
syndrome), Burkitt’s lymphoma (14q+ syndrome)
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 2. Human Pedigrees (4 hrs)
Gathering family history, Symbols of Pedigree, construction of pedigrees, Pedigrees
of Sex-linked and Autosomal (dominant and recessive), X-linked dominant and
recessive gene mutation disorders. Presentation of molecular genetic data in
pedigrees.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

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MODULE 3. Chromosomal Disorders (8 hrs)
Autosomal dominant disorders (4 hrs)
Familial hyper cholesterolemia, metabolic and genetic control of cholesterol,
Huntington’s disease. Marfan’s syndrome (Arachnodactyly). Ehlers-Danlos
Syndrome (Rubber man or the Elastic Woman).
Autosomal recessive disorders (2 hrs)
Cystic fibrosis - CF gene and protein, Detection of CF homozygotes and carriers,
hereditary microcephaly.
X-linked dominant and recessive disorders (2 hrs)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, identification of the DMD gene, carriers and
hemizygotes, X–SCID.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 4. Multifactorial Inheritance (4 hrs)
Congenital heart diseases (ASD and VSD), Alzheimer's disease, Schizophrenia,
Intelligence
[Short questions]
MODULE 5. Genetics of Reproduction and Development (9 hrs)
Prenatal development: genes and hormones. Errors in sexual development: Defects
of androgen target cells-deficiency of 5-alpha reductase, congenital adrenal
hyperplasia (CAH) and sex reversal.
Maternal effect genes, Segmentation and pattern formation genes, Adhesion
molecules and genes, Genomic imprinting, Inbreeding in isolates. Consanguinous
marriages, twin studies, biology of twinning, analysis of twin data.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 6. Prenatal diagnosis, Genetic Services and Genetic Counselling (9 hrs)
Prenatal diagnois and genetic services (5 hrs)
Amniocentesis, chorionic villi sampling (CVS), foetoscopy, ultrasonography (USG),
Alpha foeto protein screening, prenatal sexing. Test tube babies; Karyotyping;
Genetic sequencing and future medicine.
Genetic counseling (4 hrs)
Procedures and ethical concerns; History of counseling; Methods of genetic
counselling - marriage counselling, directive and non- directive reason for seeking
counseling; Psychodynamics of genetic counselling.
[Short answers/Essays]
MODULE 7. Evolutionary Genetics (4 hrs)
Human genetic variation - haplogroups; Human races, human variability messages
from mitochondrial DNA. Archaeogenetics: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South
Asia - out of Africa theory. Genetic origin of Indian populations - Indian Genome
Variation initiative. Pharmacogenetics and Ecogenetics (Brief account), Mention
phenocopy
[Short answers]

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Topics for assignments/seminar
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human disease.
2. Sequence components of the human genome.
3. Organization of the human genome.
4. Sex linked disorders.
5. Autism spectrum disorder.

REFERENCES
 Andrew P. Read and Tom Strachan (2003): Human Molecular Genetics, Third Edition;
ISBN-10: 0815341822, Garland Science, 696 pages
 Anne Gardner, Rodney T. Howell and Teresa Davies (2000): Human Genetics; ISBN-
0340763744, Arnold, London, 206 pages
 Bruce R. Korf (2006): Human Genetics, A Problem-Based Approach; 3rd Edition, ISBN-
10: 0632046562, Wiley, 288 pages
 Bruce R. Korf and Mira B. Irons (2012): Human Genetics and Genomics;4th Edition,
ASIN: B00B9L1JHM, Wiley-Blackwell, 280 pages
 Chris Tyler-Smith and Mark A. Jobling: Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins, Peoples
and Disease, 1st Edition, ISBN-10: 0815341857, Garlsnd Science, 458 pages
 Elaine Johansen Mange & Arthur P. Mange (1993) Basic Human Genetics, ISBN
10: 0878934952, Sinaeur Associates, 558 pages
 Greg Gibson (2015): A Primer of Human Genetics; 1St Edition, ISBN-10: 1605353132,
Sinaeur
 John Ringo (2014) Fundamentals of Genetics, 1st Edition, ISBN-10: 9780521006330,
Cambridge University press, 478 pages
 Julia E. Richards and R. Scott Hawley (2004): Human Genome: A User's Guide;
ASIN: B002B54ISW, ELSEVIER
 Max Levitan and Ashley Montagu (1998): Text Book of Human Genetics 3rd Edition; ISBN-
10: 0195049357, Oxford University Press
 Miller, Orlando J. and Therman Eeva (2001): Human Chromosomes, Springer Verlag, 474
pages
 Ricki. Lewis (2010): Human Genetics: The Basics; 1St Edition, ISBN-10: 0415579864,
Routledge, 200 pages
 Ricki. Lewis (2017): Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications: 12th Edition, ISBN-
10: 1259700933, Mc Graw Hill Education
 Robert Nussbaum, Roderick McInnes and Huntington Willard (2015) Genetics in
Medicine ,8th Edition, ISBN: 9781437706963,, Elsevier, 560 pages
 Ronnee Yashon and M. Cummings (2011) Human Genetics and Society; 2nd Edition, ISBN-
10: 0538733217, Brooks Cole Learning, 400 pages

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 SIXTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY ELECTIVE CORE COURSE- II (Theory)
AQUACULTURE, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND POULTRY SCIENCE
Code: ZOL6B14(E)02T
[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 Credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Explain aquaculture and the process of prawn, mussel and pearl culture (10 hrs).
CO2 Illustrate the methodology of pisciculture and understand common culture fishes
and ornamental fishes (13 hrs)
CO3 Identify major fishing crafts and gear and enumerate fish utilization and
preservation (13 hrs)
CO4 Enumerate the poultry rearing techniques and understand major breeds of fowl (7
hrs)
CO5 Understand the major breeds of cattle, cattle feeds and diseases of cattle (6 hrs)
CO6 Illustrate the steps in dairy processing and identify the role of dairy development in
rural economy (5 hrs).
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-3: Short answer 6x2=12 marks, Paragraph 4x5=20 marks; Essay 2x10=20 marks
Module 4-6: Short answer 6x2=12 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks]

MODULE 1. Aquaculture (10 hrs)

Types of aquaculture (3 hrs)
Brief account of classification of aquaculture based on:
Environment – Freshwater, brackish water and mariculture.
Temperature – Warm water/cold water culture.
Culture techniques – pond aquaculture, cage culture, pen culture, raft culture,
pole culture, rack culture and long line culture.
Number of species – Mono culture and poly culture.
Type of organism – prawn culture, shrimp culture, edible oyster culture, lobster
culture etc.
Mariculture (7 hrs)
Prawn culture: Important cultivable species in India, seed collection, spawning and
larval rearing, induced breeding, types of culture systems - Pokkali culture, culture
in bheries/ponds, culture and harvesting.
Mussel culture: Perna indica, Perna viridis, Seed collection, artificial seed
production, induced spawning, culture techniques and harvesting.
Pearl culture: Method of pearl formation, selection and preparation of host,
preparation of nucleus and implantation, post-operation care, post-operation
culture and collection of pearls.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 2. Pisciculture (13 hrs)
i. Egg collection; induced spawning; construction, preparation and maintenance
of ponds; manuring; feeding and harvesting. Cryopreservation of fish
germplasm, semen bank and preservation media.
ii. Biology and culture of following Indian major carps: Catla catla, Labeo rohita,
Cirrhinus mrigala.

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iii. Biology and culture of Exotic carps: Cyprinus carpio (common carp),
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Silver carp).
iv. Inland fishes and Fisheries (Brief account): Channa, Clarias and Etroplus
suratensis
v. General account and fishery aspect of Sardine, Shark and Tuna. Mention
GIFT Tilapia and Nutter (Pygocentrus nutterei)
vi. Ornamental fisheries: Common aquarium fishes: e.g: Carassius auratus (Gold
fish), Pterophyllum spp. (Angel fish), Astronotus ocellatus (Oscar cichlid),
Poecilia reticulata (Guppy), Poecilia sphenops (Black molly), aquarium
management.
vii. Plankton and Fishery production: Zoo and Phytoplankton – Vertical migration
– Plankton and Productivity.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 3. Fishing Crafts and Gear, fish preservation and utilization (13 hrs)
i. Fishing crafts – Mention Catamaran, Canoes and dug-out-canoes.
ii. Fishing gears – Gillnet/drift gillnet, purse-seines, harpoon, Chinese dipnets,
echo sounders, sonar, remote sensing.
iii. Fish Spoilage and Preservation: Biochemical changes, spoilage, use of ice,
freezing, canning, dehydration, salting and smoking.
iv. Fish utilisation: Nutritive value, bye products, liver oil, body oil, fish meal, fish
flour, Isinglass, glue, skin, fin soup, lime, chitin and chitosan.
v. Diseases and parasites of Fish: Fungal infection – Epizootic Ulcerative
Syndrome (EUS), Saprolegnia, Fin and tail rot disease, Dropsy.
vi. Mud banks of Kerala coast.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 4. Poultry science (7 hrs)
i. Egg production, cable bird production, nutritive value and bye products.
ii. Breeds of fowl – Exotic –Rhode Island Reds, Plymouth Rock, Naked Neck and
Leghorn; Indigenous – Gramapriya, Giriraja and Kalinga Brown.
iii. Poultry rearing: Selection of eggs, hatching, incubation, brooding, sexing and
vaccination.
iv. Poultry housing: Free range system, Semi-intensive system (deep litter system
and individual cage system).
v. Equipments for feeding: Nutrients for starting, growing, laying hen.
vi. Common poultry feeds, food rations and feed formulation.
vii. Common diseases of poultry (Ranikket, Pullorum and Fowl pox)
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 5. Animal husbandry (6 hrs)
Introduction: History, origin, domestication.
Breeds of cattle:
Dairy breeds: Sindhi, Gir
Draught breeds of cattle: Nagori, Kangayam
Dual purpose breeds: Ongole, Hariana
Exotic breeds: Jersey, Holstein – Friesian
Native breeds: Conservation programmes, Vechur cow and Kasargod Dwarf
Feeding: Common cattle feeds, fodder

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 Common diseases: Anthrax, Foot & Mouth disease.
Parasites of cattle
Meat hygiene: Slaughter and clean meat production – Zoonotic diseases.
[Short answers/Paragraghs]
MODULE 6. Dairy science (5 hrs)
i. Role of dairy development in rural economy, employment opportunities, white
revolution.
ii. Dairy processes: Straining, Filtration, Cooling, Chilling, Clarification,
Pasteurisation, Freezing, Recombined milk, Soft curd milk, Skimmed and toned
milk.
iii. Artificial milk, Milk adulteration.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
Topics for Assignments/Seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Role of physical and chemical factors in aquaculture.
2. Sea weed culture: e.g: Grassilaria, Sargassum.
3. Dairy products, manufacture and nutritive value.
4. Milk and milk spoilage.
5. Crab and lobster culture.

REFERENCES
 Alikunhi, K H (1957): Fish culture in India: CMFRI Farm Bulletin (20). 144 pages
 Ashok Kumar Rathoure, Dinesh Kumar, Nazneen Z. and Deshmukh (2015): Applied and
Economic Zoology; Daya Publishing House. 326 pages.
 Banerji, G.C (1986): Poultry3rd Edn. , Oxford & IBH.148 pages.
 Banerji, G.C. (1998): A text book of Animal husbandry 8th Edn., Oxford & IBH.1096 pages.
 C.B.L. Srivastava (1999): A Text Book of Fishery Sceince and Indian Fisheries; Kitab Mahal.
527 pages.
 Jawid Ahsan and Subhas Prasad Sinha (2010): A hand Book on Economic Zoology; S.
Chand, ISBN. 9788121908764, 314 pages
 Kurian C.V., Sebastian C.V(1986): Prawn and Prawn fisheries in India, Hindustan
Publishing Corporation. 297 pages.
 P.R. Venkitaraman: Economic Zoology, R.S. Publications
 P.R. Venkitaraman (1983): Text Book of Economic Zoology, Sudarsana Publications
 Ram Prabhu Jayasurya and N Arumugam (2013): Economic Zoology; Saras
Publications. ISBN-10: 938245926X, 560 pages
 V. B. Upadhyay and G. S. Shukla (2007): Applied and Economic Zoology; Rastogi
Publications. 496 pages
 Vinita jaiswal and Kamal Kumar (2014): Jaiswal: Economic Zoology; Prentice Hall India.
280 pages

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 SIXTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY ELECTIVE CORE COURSE- III (Theory)
APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY
Code: ZOL6B14(E)03T
[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 Credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Describe the branches of entomology and insect services (6 hrs)
CO2 Identify and explain the lifecycle, damages and control of insect pests of crop
plants and domestic animals (26 hrs)
CO3 Review the insect control strategies (11 hrs)
CO4 List and describe the useful insects and the products derived from bees,
silkworms and lac insects (11 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1: Short answer 2x2=4 marks, Paragraph 1x5=5 marks;
Module 2: Short answer 6x2=12 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks;
Module 3-4: Short answer 4x2=8 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks]
Section A: AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
MODULE 1. General Introduction and Insect services (6 hrs)
Introduction to Entomology (4 hrs)
Branches of Entomology: Agricultural, Forest, Veterinary, Medical, Forensic,
Industrial, Nutritional and Cultural Entomology. Classification of Class Insecta to
Orders. Generalized morphological organization of an insect.
Insects in service of man (2 hrs)
Insects as pollinators, parasitoids, scavengers (enhancing soil fertility), pollution
indicators, model organisms for scientific research; herbivory for weed control;
insects in medicine and forensic science; insects of aesthetic value; use of insect
pheromones and hormones.
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 2. Harmful Insects: pests of crops and domestic animals (26 hrs)
Insects as enemies of man
Definition of pests, kinds of insect pests, causes of pest outbreak, pests injurious
to plants and animals, vectors of diseases.
a) Pests of paddy (Life cycle, damage and control measures)
1. Nilaparvata lugens (Brown plant leafhopper)
2. Leptocorisa acuta (Rice bug)
3. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Rice leaf folder)
b) Pests of coconut (Life cycle, damage and control measures)
1. Oryctes rhinoceros (Rhinoceros beetle)
2. Opisina arenosella (Black headed caterpillar)
3. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Red palm weevil)

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 c) Pests of Sugarcane (damage and control measures)
1. Chilo infuscatellus (Sugar cane shoot borer)
2. Scirpophaga nivella (Sugar cane top borer)
3. Sacchariococcus sacchari (Cane mealy bug)
d) Pests of plantation crops: Two examples for each, damage and control
measures.
Coffee 1. Xylotrechus quadripes (Coffee white stem borer)
2. Coccus viridis (Coffee green bug)
Tea 1. Helopeltis antonii (Tea mosquito bug)
2. Toxoptera aurantii (Tea aphid)
Rubber 1. Saissetia nigra (Scale insect)
2. Aetherastis circulata (Bark feeding caterpillar)
Pepper 1. Longitarsus nigripennis (Pollu beetle)
2. Laspeyresia hemidoxa (Top shoot borer)
Cardamom 1. Sciothrips cardamomi (Cardamom thrips)
2. Eupterote canarica (Cardamom hairy caterpillar)
e) Pests of fruit plants: Two examples for each, damage and control measures.
Banana 1. Odoiporus longicollis (Pseudostem borer)
2. Pentalonia nigronervosa (Banana aphid)
Mango 1. Batocera rufomaculata (Mango stem borer)
2. Orthaga exvinacea (Mango leaf webber)
Cashew 1. Neoplocaederus ferrugineus (Cashew stem borer)
2. Lamida moncusalis (shoot and blossom webber)
f) Pests of vegetables: Two examples for each, damage and control measures.
Lady’s finger 1. Helicoverpa armigera (fruit borer)
2. Earias vitella (Spotted bollworm)
Brinjal 1. Leucinodes orbonalis (Shoot and fruit borer)
2. Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata
Cucurbits 1. Bactrocera cucurbitae (Melon fly)
2. Raphidopala foveicollis (Pumpkin beetle)
g) Pests of stored products: damage and control measures
1. Tribolium castaneum (Rust red flour beetle)
2. Callasobruchus chinensis (Pulse beetle)
h) Pests of domestic animals
1. Domestic fowl Menopon gallinae (Shaft louse)
2. Goat Oestrus ovis
3. Cattle Tabanus striatus
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 3. Control of Insect Pests (11 hrs)
a) Natural control b) Applied control or artificial control
Prophylactic and curative methods: cultural, mechanical, legal methods; biological
and chemical methods.
Biological control: Ecological, biological and economic dimensions of biological
control. Mention any three important biological control projects undertaken in
India. Merits and demerits.
Chemical control: Classification of insecticides- mode of entry, mode of action,
chemical nature; botanical insecticides; insecticide residue, resistance and

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resurgence of insect pests; pesticide appliances (hand compression sprayer,
knapsack sprayer and rocker sprayer); environmental degradation of pesticides
(brief account).
Autocidal and Pheromonal control (brief accounts)
Integrated pest management (IPM) – Features and advantages
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Section B: INDUSTRIAL ENTOMOLOGY

MODULE 4: Industrial Entomology (11 hrs)
Productive insects:
a) Honey bee: Apiculture in India: Scope, Diversity, Castes, Morphological and
communicative adaptations. Bee products – Honey and bee wax, composition
and uses,
b) Silk moth: Types of silk worms (mulberry, eri, muga, tassar), life cycle of
mulberry silkworm; sericulture and moriculture: processing and extraction of
silk; composition and uses of silk.
c) Lac insect: lac host plants, different strains of lac insects, cultivation,
inoculation, harvesting and propagation of lac, composition and uses of lac.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
Topics for Assignments/Seminars
1. Biology of major insect vectors of human diseases, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes,
Xenopsylla, Pediculus, Cimex and Phthirus.
2. Diseases and its control measures: Filariasis, Yellow fever, Dengue, Typhus fever
and Kala-azar.
3. Insects as source of protein for human
4. Causes of success of insects
5. Bee diseases and enemies.
6. Diseases of silkworms.
7. Enemies of lac insects.
REFERENCES
 Ali, M.S., Raju S.V.S., Raghuraman M and Tanweer Alam. 2015. A Text Book of
Fundamental and Applied Entomology, ISBN-13: 978-9327248579 Kalyani Publishers
 Atwal,A.S and Dhaliwal,G.S. 2008.Agricultural Pests of south Asia and their Management,
6th edn., Kalyani Publishers.Ludhiana.
 Aswathi, V. B. 2012. Introduction to general and applied entomology, 3rd revised edition,
ISBN: 9788172335977; Scientific Publishers (India), 499 pages.
 Charles Valentine Riley. 2018. Parasitic and Predaceous Insects in Applied Entomology,
Forgotten books. ISBN: 978-1333804039.
 David, B.V. and V.V. Ramamurthy. 2016. Elements of Economic Entomology 8th Edition.
ISBN: 978-0994869104; Brillion Publishing; 8th Edition edition, 400 pages.
 Dhaliwal, G.S. 2016. Essentials of Agricultural Entomology, ISBN: 978-9327251340,
Kalyani Publishers, 450 pages
 Metcalf,C.L., & Fint,W.P. 1973 Destructive and Useful Insects, USDA / TMH
 Omkar. 2017. Industrial Entomology. ISBN 978-981-10-3303-2, Springer Nature Singapore
Pte Ltd. 469 pages
 Pedigo, L.P. and Rice,M.E.,.2015.Entomology and Pestmanagement., 6th edn, ISBN:978-1-
4786-2285-7, Waveland Press,Inc.,

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 Ragumoorthi, K.N., M.R. Srinivasan and V. Balasubramani. 2016. Principles of Applied
Entomology, ISBN: 978-8190255820.
 Sehgal, P. K. 2017. Fundamentals of Agricultural Entomology, ISBN: 78-9327274332,
Kalyani Publishers, 399 pages.
 Srivastava,K.P.2004. A Text book of Applied Entomology – Vol. I & Vol. II Kalyani
Publishers, Ludhiana, New Delhi, Noida (U.P.)
 Vasantharaj David, B. and T N Ananthakrishnan. 2004. General and Applied Entomology
2nd edition, ISBN: 9780070434356; McGraw Hill Education 1200 pages

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 B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME
ZOOLOGY [CORE COURSE] PRACTICAL – III
Cod: ZOL6B16P
[Practical III*A + Practical III*B] [4 Credits]
PRACTICAL III*A: PHYSIOLOGY, ENDOCRINOLOGY, REPRODUCTIVE AND
DEVELPOMENTAL BIOLOGY [72 hours] [4 hrs /week]

PRACTICAL III*B: ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, ETHOLOGY,

EVOLUTION, ZOOGEOGRAPHY & ELECTIVE COURSE [72 hours] [4 hrs/week]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 Perform standard laboratory experiments for the estimation of Hb, presence of
hCG/abnormal constituents in urine, detection of blood pressure, bleeding and
clotting time and identification of formed elements in blood (46 hrs)
CO2 Identify selected stages in the development of frog and chick and chosen larval
forms of invertebrates and vertebrates (26 hrs)
CO3 Carry out experiments of laboratory standards to estimate water quality
parameters including, dissolved Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, hardness and pH;
determination of adulteration of selected food items and identify marine planktons
and soil organisms (28 hrs)
CO4 Demonstrate the behavioural response of earthworm/dipteran larva to selected
stimuli (11 hrs)
CO5 Describe homologous , analogous and vestigial organs, connecting links, adaptive
radiation and evolution of man (11 hrs)
CO6 Illustrate zoogeographical realms, Wallace line, Weber line, Wallacea and the
distribution of Peripatus, lung fishes, Sphenodon, monotremes and marsupials (11
hrs)
CO7 Identify the normal and selected abnormal human karyotypes and inheritance of
chosen traits from pedigree charts/describe ornamental and other culture fishes/
describe chosen beneficial and harmful insects (11 hrs)

SIXTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

PRACTICAL III*A:
PHYSIOLOGY, ENDOCRINOLOGY, REPRODUCTIVE AND
DEVELPOMENTAL BIOLOGY
[72 hours] [4 hrs/week]
Section A. PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY (46 hrs)
1. Detection of Abnormal constituents of urine [glucose, ketone bodies and
albumin] (Major).
2. Preparation human blood smear to study the formed elements (Major).
3. Osmotic response of RBC to saline solutions of different concentrations (Minor).
4. Determination of Hb content in man using Haemoglobinometer (Minor)
5. Determination blood clotting time (Demonstration).
6. Determination of blood pressure (Demonstration).
7. Determination of Body mass index.
8. Study of the histology of the following endocrine glands - pituitary, thyroid,
adrenal and endocrine pancreas using slides/photographs.
9. Detection of pregnancy using standard kits (Demonstration).

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Section B. REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (26 hrs)
1. Demonstration of chick blastoderm.
2. Induced ovulation in fish.
3. Study of life cycle in Drosophila.
4. Spotters:
 Types of eggs (Insect, Amphioxus, frog, chick, and human).
 Cleavage in frog (use slides / diagrams/models).
 Shark: Yolk sac placenta.
 Development of Frog: Blastula, gastrula, neurula.
 Development of Chick: 18, 24, 32, 48 hours of incubation.
 Mammal: Any two mammalian embryos.
 Larval forms of invertebrates (any five) and vertebrates (any two).

REFERENCES
 F. S. Billet and A. E. Wild: Practical studies of animal development, ISBN:
9789401168861, Springer
 George Van Ness Dearborn (2016): A Text-Book of Human Physiology, Theoretic and
Practical, ISBN-10: 1373146265, Wentworth Press, 572 pages
 G.K. Pal and Parvathy Pal (2016): Text book of practical physiology, 4th Edition, ISBN-
10: 8173719969, Orient blackswan
 V.P. Varshney , Mona Bedi (2018): Ghai's Textbook of Practical Physiology, 9th Edition,
ISBN-10: 9352705327, Jaypee Brothers, 376 pages

PRACTICAL III*B
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY,
ETHOLOGY,EVOLUTION, ZOOGEOGRAPHY & ELECTIVE [HUMAN
GENETICS/AQUACULTURE, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & POULTRY
SCIENCE/APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY]
[72 hrs] [4hrs/week]

Section A: ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY (28 hrs)

1. Estimation of dissolved O2 in water sample using Winkler’s method (Major).
2. Estimation of dissolved CO2 in pond and tap water (Major).
3. Estimation of total hardness of water (Major).
4. Determination of pH using pH paper / digital pH meter (Minor).
5. Extraction of soil organism by hand picking, floatation and Berlese funnel
method (Minor).
6. Study of marine planktons (any five items up to genus level) (Minor).
7. Study of a pond ecosystem and preparation of food chains and food web (Minor).
8. Detection of food adulteration in selected food items (Minor).
i) Detection of starch and urea in milk.
ii) Detection of tea adulterated by colouring.
iii) Detection of maida and chalk powder in wheat flour.

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 Section B: ETHOLOGY, EVOLUTION & ZOOGEOGRAPHY (33 hrs)
Ethology (Any three) (11 hrs)
1. Demonstration of the effect of alarm pheromones in ants.
2. Demonstration of phototaxis using Earth worm.
3. Study of Chaemotaxis in third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster to
odours [Fructose, Yeast and Ethyl acetate].
4. Locomotory behaviour of dipteran larvae (Housefly/blowfly/fruitfly): on different
types of substrata (writing paper, plastic sheet and sand paper].
5. Effects of light intensity and light quality on the rate of locomotion of dipteran
larva.
Evolution (11 hrs)
Study of models, charts and specimens related to comparative study of:
1. Study of homologous organs (limbs of 5 different groups of vertebrates).
2. Study of analogous organs (wings of bird, insect and bat).
3. Study of any four vestigial organs in humans.
4. Study of evolution of man based on three hominid fossils.
5. Study of connecting links (Peripatus and Archeopteryx).
6. Study of adaptive radiation in feet of birds / mouth parts of insects.
Zoogeography (11 hrs)
1. Preparation of world map to show six zoogeographical realms.
2. Preparation of world map to show islands of zoogeographical significance.
3. Preparation of world map to show Wallace line, Weber line and Wallacea.
4. Locate the distribution of following animals in the world map: Peripatus, lung
fishes, Sphenodon, monotremes, marsupials

Section C: ELECTIVE COURSE [11 hrs]

[Human Genetics/Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry & Poultry
Science/Applied Entomology]

HUMAN GENETICS
1. Problems on (a) autosomal dominant and recessive (b) polygenic traits (skin
colour), (c) Sex linkage (X-linked genes and Y-linked genes).
2. Study of identical and fraternal twins.
3. Dermatoglyphics: Identification of arch, loop and whorl patterns; total ridge
count in male and female; Tri- radii, importance of atd angle, simian line.
4. Ischiara chart (to detect red-green colour blindness).
5. Seminars on genetics in cardiology, oncology and genetic counselling, Pre-natal
sexing, amniocentesis, importance of genetic screening.
6. Pedigree studies and identification of the nature of inheritance from pedigree
chart (any one trait).
7. Identification of human karyotypes (Edwards and Patau’s) from ideogram
AQUACULTURE, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND POULTRY SCIENCE
1. Culture of fish food organisms: protozoans, rotifers and crustaceans.
2. Maintenance of spawn and its transportation to hatching or rearing tanks.

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 3. Identification of major food fishes (fresh water, estuarine and marine – 5 from
each group).
4. Study of different crafts and gears.
5. Study of common ornamental fishes (record any seven with photograph).
6. Breeding techniques: preparation of hormone extracts and injection of
hormones to fishes; Eyestalk ablation in prawns.
7. Study of fish products and by-products.
8. Identification of larval forms of prawn, pearl oyster, mussel, lobster and crab.
9. Identification of major edible crustaceans and molluscs.
10. Identification of edible sea weeds.
APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY
1. Identification and brief notes on the following pests : Any two pests of paddy;
coconut; banana; mango; cashew; coffee; tea; rubber; pepper; cardamom and
pests of vegetables. Pests of stored products (any two).
2. Study of damage caused by pests (damaged parts of plants, fruits and seeds,
wood etc. may be used).
3. Identification and study of insect pests/ectoparasites of man, domestic animals
and wild animals: mosquitoes (different stages of life-history), head louse, pubic
louse, bird louse, rat flea, Tabanus, Hippobosca, a tick and a mite on dog/cat.
4. Identification and economic importance of the following
a) Honey bee and bee products
b) Silkworm moth: life cycle stages, silk fibre
c) Lac insect and stick lac or shellac.
5. Preparation of : a) tobacco decoction, b) kerosene soap emulsion, c) neem
kernel suspension
6. Pesticide appliances: Dusters or sprayers a) Hand compression sprayer b)
Rocker sprayer c) Knapsack sprayer/duster d) Hand automizer (any 3)

REFERENCES
 Michael, P. (1986). Ecological Methods for Field and Laboratory Investigations,
ISBN0074517651, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 400 pages.
 Rastogi & Jayaraj (1998): Animal Ecology and Distribution of Animals, ISBN-13
5551234001809, K Nath & R Nath
 Reena Mathur (2014): Animal Behaviour, ISBN-9350780488 Rastogi & Co, Meerut
 Verma, P. S. and Agarwal, V. K. (2016). Environmental Biology - Principles of Ecology,
ISBN-9788121908597, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
 K. E. Davies (1985): Human Genetic Diseases: A Practical Approach, ISBN-10: 0947946764,
Oxford University Press, 152 pages
 Robin L Bennet (2010): The practical guide to genetic family history, ISBN:978047004072,
Wiley, 355 pages
 Thomas Mertens and Robert and L Hammersmith (2014): Genetics, Laboratory
Investigations, 14th Edition, ISBN-10: 0321814177, Pearson Education, 320 pages
 Eiri Board (2008): Hand Book of Milk Processing Dairy Products and Packaging Technology,
ISBN-10: 8186732969, Engineer’s India Research Institute
 D.K. Thompkinson and Latha Sabiki (20120: Quality Milk Production and Processing
Technology, ISBN 9789380235899, New India Publishing Agency, 302 pages
 Francis Day: The Fishes of India (2-volume set),( Reprint of a work published in
1875),ISBN 9788180941559, MJP Pblishers
 Leonel Pereira (2016): Edible Seaweeds of the World 1st Edition, ISBN 9781498730471, CRC
Press

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 N. V. Jadhav and M.F. Siddiqui (2010): Handbook of Poultry Production and Management,
2nd Edition, ISBN-13-9788180619250, Jaypee Brothers
 Peter Henderson and J. Robin Somes: Identification Guide to the Inshore Fish of the British
Isles, ISBN 9781904690634, NHBS, 321 pages
 S.N. Sinha (2016): Cow Keeping in India: A Simple & Practical Book on their Care &
Treatment Their Various Breeds, 5th Edition, ISBN-10: 8176220981, Daya Publishing
House
 Alka Prakash (2009): Laboratory Manual of Entomology; 1St Edition, ISBN-10: 8122412920,
New age international, 148 pages
 Ashok kumar and Prem Mohan Nigam (2000): Economic & Applied Entomology; ISBN
5551234018938, Emkay Publications,
 D.S. Reddy: Applied Entomology; New Vishal Publications
 Henry Torsey Fernald (2018): Applied Entomology: An Introductory Text-Book of Insects in
Their Relations to Man; ISBN-10: 0666528853. Forgotten books, 406 pages
 K.N. Ragumoorthi, M.R. Srinivasan and V. Balasubramani (2016): Principles of Applied
Entomology; ISBN-10: 978819025582, A. E Publications
 K. P. Srivastava & G. S. Dhaliwal (2010): A text book of applied Entomology; ISBN-
10: 8127261645, Kalyani Publishers
 Mark Curtis Wilson (1984): Fundamentals of Applied Entomology (Practical Insect Pest
Management, 1);2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 0881330310, Waveland Pr Inc; 216 pages
 M.M. Trigunayat (2016): A manual of Practical Entomology (Field and laboratory guide);
3rd Edition, ISBN: 9788172339838, Scientific Publisher, 358 pages

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 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
B.Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME

SYLLABUS

COMPLEMENTARY COURSE: ZOOLOGY

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 B.Sc. ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
INTRODUCTION
Board of Studies in Zoology (U.G.) of University of Calicut reviewed the existing
Zoology complementary courses and decided to revise and update the B.Sc. Zoology
Complementary syllabus. The Board recommended that the revised syllabus may
be implemented for the B.Sc. Degree Programme of the University of Calicut, which
offers Zoology as one of the Complementary subjects, with effect from 2019
admission.
Accordingly, course content, scheme of instruction, evaluation, credits,
marks and duration of examinations of B.Sc. Zoology Complementary Courses are
modified. Course outcomes are also introduced for each complementary course.
The course structure includes both theory and practical components to be dealt
with during the first four semesters of the programme. Accordingly there will be
four complementary theory courses, one each in the first four semesters of the B.
Sc. Programme and the theory examinations will be conducted at the end of the
respective semester. There is only one practical course and its examination will be
conducted at the end of the fourth semester. The practical course is designed in
such a way that they support the theory course in first four semesters and also
impart the basic skills on techniques expected of a zoology student. Attempts have
been made to update the syllabus by incorporating the recent trends in various
branches of Zoology, conforming to the workload prescribed by the University.
COMPLEMENTARY COURSE: SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION

Zoology is one of the Complementary courses of the B.Sc. Degree Programme. It is

to be taught during the first four semesters of the programme. Course title, scheme
of instruction and evaluation, distribution of credits and marks and other details of
B.Sc. Zoology Complementary Course is shown in Table 1. The syllabus includes
Theory as well as Practical components.
Theory
The total number of theory complementary courses is four [ZOL1C01T, ZOL2C02T,
ZOL3C03T and ZOL4C04T], one in each semester. All the four courses have a
credit of 2 each with a total of 8 credits.
Practical
The practical related to theory courses, (I*A, I*B, I*C and I*D) are to be conducted
in the four semesters. External university practical examinations will be held only
at the end of the 4th semester [ZOL4C05P; 4 credits]. Record: A candidate who
appears for the practical examination must submit an authentic record of work
done by him/her. Hand-drawn sketches of whole animals/ mountings/
sections/dissections are compulsory. The record should contain the scientific
name, phylum and class (for vertebrates order also) of the specimens with notes on
identifying features and zoological importance, if any.

Table 1

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 B.Sc. ZOOLOGY (COMPLEMENTARY) PROGRAMME
Structure of complementary course
Course code, Title, Instructional hours, Credits, Marks and Duration of
Examinations in four semesters

Total Credit: 12 (External 80% and Internal 20%)

(2019 Admission onwards)

Instructional hours/ week

Duration of Exam (hrs)

Instructional hours

External Marks

Internal marks
in a semester

Total marks
Semesters

Credits
Comple
mentary Code Course title
Course

Animal Diversity and

Theory I ZOL1C01T Wildlife Conservation
2 36 2 60 15 75 2
I
Practical related to theory
Practical I*A -- course ZOL1C01T
2 36 * --
Theory II ZOL2C02T Economic Zoology 2 36 2 60 15 75 2
II Practical related to the
Practical I*B -- theory course ZOL2C02T
2 36 * --
Theory III ZOL3C03T Physiology and Ethology 3 54 2 60 15 75 2
III Practical related to theory
Practical I*C -- course ZOL3C03T
2 36 * --
Theory IV ZOL4C04T Genetics and Immunology 3 54 2 60 15 75 2
Practical related to theory
Practical I*D -- course ZOL1C01T & 2 36 * --
ZOL4C04T
Zoology Complementary
IV Practical I*A+ Practical
ZOL4C05P (Practical I*A, I*B, I*C &
-- 144 4 80 20 100 4
I*B+ I*C+ I*D
I*D)
TOTAL 12 320 80 400

Total credits for the B.Sc. Zoology Complementary Programme = 12

credits
Scheme of evaluation: External 80 % + Internal 20 %
* Practical examinations for1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th semesters will be held at the end of
4th semester.
 Theory examinations are of 2 hours duration
 Practical examination is of 4 hrs duration.
 A panel of two examiners (one internal and one external) will evaluate the
University practical examination at the end of semester IV.

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 COMPLEMENTARY COURSE: SCHEME OF EVALUATION

Zoology Complementary courses comprise 4 theory courses (one each in first 4

semesters (Total 8 credits) and 1 practical course (4 credits) at the end of fourth
semester. Total credits for the complementary course is 12.
THEORY: EVALUATION SCHEME
The scheme of evaluation for complementary course contains two parts: viz.,
internal evaluation (20% marks) and external evaluation (80% marks).
1. INTERNAL EVALUATION
The internal evaluation will be a continuous process. It will be done by the faculty
members of the department of Zoology of the institution where the candidate is
pursuing the study. The internal assessment shall be based on a transparent
system involving student’s attendance, performance in class tests, assignments
and seminars in respect of theory examinations. The colleges shall send the marks
obtained for internal examination to the university. Internal evaluation carries 20%
(15 marks) of the total marks (75). The distribution of marks shall be as follows.
Table 2. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Complementary course [15 marks]
Sl. No. Criteria Marks
1 Test paper (1) 6
2 Assignment 3
3 Seminar 3
4 Classroom Participation (CRP) (Attendance) 3
Total Marks 15

Table 2.1.Pattern of Test paper [30 Marks]

Total Number of
Marks for
number of questions Ceiling of
Duration Pattern each
questions can be Marks
question
answered
Short answer 6 6 2 10
1 Hour Paragraph 3 3 5 10
Essay 2 1 10 10
Total marks 30

Table 2.a. Split up of internal marks for Test Paper [40%]

Out of 6
Range of Marks in test
Sl. No. [Maximum internal
paper
marks 15]
1 85 to 100% 6
2 65 to below 85% 5
3 55 to below 65% 4
4 45 to below 55% 3
5 35 to below 45% 2
6 Below 35% 1

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 Table 2.b. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Assignment [20%]
Out of 3
Sl. No. Criteria
1 Submission in time 1
2 Content 2
3 Total Marks 3

Table 2.c. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Seminar [20%]

Out of 3
Sl. No. Criteria
1 Excellent 3
1 Good 2
2 Average 1
3 *Total Marks 3
*Based on way of presentation, content, answer to questions etc.

Table 2.d. Split up of internal marks for Attendance [20%]

Range of CRP Out of 3
Sl. No.
(Attendance)
1 85 and above 3
2 75 to below 85% 2
3 50 to below 75% 1
4 below 50% 0

2. EXTERNAL EVALUATION

External evaluation carries 80% (60 marks) of the total marks (75). University
theory examination will be conducted at the end of each semester. The pattern of
question papers for external examination is as given below. The students can
answer all the questions in Sections A & B. But there shall be ceiling (maximum
marks that can be scored) in each section.
Table 3. Pattern of Question Paper for Complementary course [Theory]
questions can be

Ceiling of Marks
Total number of

Each question
Number of
questions

Marks for
answered

Duration Pattern

Section A: Short answer 12 12 2 20

2 Hours 7 7 5 30
Section B: Paragraph
Section C: Essay 2 1 10 10

Total Marks 60

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 PRACTICAL [COMPLEMENTARY]: EVALUATION SCHEME
Practical corresponding to each complementary course will be conducted during
the corresponding semesters. Internal evaluation of complementary Practical
course will be conducted at 4th semester (End semester). Internal evaluation
carries 20% [20 marks] of the total marks (100) in each practical. The colleges shall
send only the marks obtained for internal examination to the university. External
evaluation carries 80% [80 marks] of the total marks (100).

1. INTERNAL EVALUATION
Table 4. Criteria of Evaluation for Complementary Practical [20 marks]
Sl. No. Criteria Marks
1 Attendance 4
2 Lab involvement, 4
Performance & punctuality
3 Class test (1 No.) 8
4 Record 4
Total Marks 20
Table 4.a. Attendance
Sl. No. Attendance (%) Marks
1 85 and above 4
2 75 to below 85% 2
3 50 to below 75% 1
4 below 50% 0
Table 4.b. Lab involvement, Performance & Punctuality
Sl. No. Criteria Marks
1 Excellent 4
2 Very Good 3
3 Good 2
4 Average 1
5 Below Average 0
Table 4.c. Class Test [One]
Sl. No. Criteria Marks
1 85 to 100% 8
2 65 to below 85% 6
3 55 to below 65% 4
4 45 to below 55% 3
5 35 to below 45% 2
6 Below 35% 1
Table 4.d. Record
Sl. No. Criteria Marks
1 Punctuality in submission 1
2 Contents 2
3 Scientific accuracy and neatness 1
Total Marks 4

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2. EXTERNAL EVALUATION

Practical corresponding to each complementary course will be conducted during

the corresponding semesters. A combined University practical examination related
to the first four complementary theory courses (Practical I*A, I*B, I*C and I*D) will
be held at the end of fourth semester. External evaluation carries 80% of (80
marks) the total marks (100 marks). External evaluation will be done by a team
consisting of one internal examiner and one external examiner. Practical
examination is of 4 hours duration.

Any candidate, who turns up for a practical examination, must submit a

certified and bonafide record / report of work done by him/ her duly attested by
the Teacher- in- charge and the Head of the Department at the time of practical
examinations.
Table 5. Scheme of question paper for Complementary Practical

Total no. of
questions

Marks for

Duration
question

Marks
each
Questio
Nature of questions
n Nos.

Spotters: from various sections of

I : Q 1-6 courses: Identification/ sketches/ 6 3 18
descriptions/ reasons /importance/
significance/ from Non chordata,
Chordata, Histology, Osteology,
Economic zoology etc.
Minor expt.: from various courses - 1
results/explanation/ sketches etc. (as per 9 9
II: Q 7 4
choice)
hours
Minor expt.: from various sections –
(Non chordata/ Chordata/ 1 12 12
III: Q 8 physiology/ Immunology etc.) (as per
results/ explanation/ sketches etc. choice)
Major expt: from Non chordata/ 1 22 22
IV: Q 9 Chordata/Physiology, Immunology (as per
etc. choice)
Viva-voce #3
V:Record - - 16
-
Total Marks 80
# Viva voce – Examiner may ask questions based on the principles/methodology/concepts
of the experiments performed during the practical examinations.

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FIRST SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Theory Course- I
ANIMAL DIVERSITY AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
Code: ZOL1C01T
[36 hrs] [2 hours/week] [3 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Describe the general characters of protists and salient features of phylum –
Rhizopoda, Ciliophora, Dinoflagellata and Apicomplexa (2 hrs)
CO2 Enumerate the salient features and examples of Phylum – Porifera, Coelenterata,
Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Onychophora, Mollusca and
Echinodermata, and the structural organization of Peneaus sp. (14 hrs)
CO3 Describe the characteristic features and classification of phylum Chordata with
examples and, structural organization of Oryctolagus cuniculus (14 hrs)
CO4 Explain levels of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, biodiversity hotspots, importance
and strategies for conservation of wildlife and sustainable development (6 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module: 1 Short answer 2x2=4marks
Module: 2 Short answer 3x2 = 6marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks; Essay1x10=10 marks
Module: 3 Short answer 3x2= 6 marks; Paragraph 3x5=15 marks; Essay1x10=10 marks
Module: 4 Short answer 4x2=8 marks, Paragraph 1x5=5marks]
Section A: PROTISTA
MODULE 1. Kingdom Protista (2 hrs)
General characters.
Salient features of protozoans.
Phylum Dinoflagellata: e.g. Noctiluca
Phylum Ciliophora: e.g. Vorticella
Phylum Rhizopoda: e. g. Amoeba
Phylum Apicomplexa: e.g. Plasmodium (exclude life cycle)
[Short answers]

Section B: Animal Diversity

MODULE 2: Animal diversity-Part I Nonchordata (14 hrs)
Salient features of phyla, classification down to classes (8 hrs)
Phylum Porifera: e.g. Leucosolenia
Phylum Coelenterata: e.g. Obelia, Aurelia, Sea anemone
Phylum Platyhelminthes: e.g: Fasciola, Schistosoma
Phylum Aschelminthes: e.g. Ascaris, Enterobius
Phylum Annelida: e.g: Arenicola, Hirudinaria, Megascolex
Phylum Arthropoda: e.g: Limulus, Sacculina, Eupagurus,
Phylum Onycophora: e.g: Peripatus
Phylum Mollusca: e.g. Perna, Teredo, Sepia, Pinctada
Phylum Echinodermata: e.g. Asterias, Holothuria, Sea urchin
Type: Penaeus sp. (Exclude details of larval stages) (6 hrs)
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 3. Animal diversity-Part II Chordata (14 hrs)
Phylum Chordata: Salient features, Mention classes (6 hrs)
Sub phylum Urochordata e.g. Ascidia
Subphylum Cephalochordata e.g. Branchiostoma
Subphylum Vertebrata:
Div I. Agnatha e.g. Petromyzon, Myxine
Div II: Gnathostomata
Super class: Pisces
Class: Chondrichthyes: e.g. Narcine
Class: Osteichthyes: e.g. Echeneis, Hippocampus, Heteropneustes,
Scomberomorus, Pomfret
Super class: Tetrapoda
Class Amphibia: e.g. Ichthyophis, Salamandra, Rhacophorus,
Duttaphrynus, Mention - Nasikabatrachus
sahyadrensis
Class Reptilia: e.g. Chamaeleo, Chelone, Naja, Bungarus, Daboia
Class Aves e.g. Columba
Class Mammalia e.g. Pteropus
Type: Oryctolagus cuniculus (8 hrs)
External features, skeletal system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory
system, sense organs and nervous system. [Exclude skin, skull bones, arterial
system, venous system, lymphatic system, autonomous nervous system and
endocrine system].
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Section C: Conservation Biology

MODULE 4. Conservation Biology (6 hrs)
I. Biodiversity, Levels of biodiversity (brief), significance and uses of biodiversity,
threats to biodiversity- (fragmentation, invasive species, over exploitation,
poaching, climate change), extinction of species, concept of threatened species.
II Biodiversity hot spots, brief notes on hot spots that include Indian region
(Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo Burma, Himalayas and Sundaland);
endemism.
III Wild life management and conservation- Importance of wild life, strategies of
conservation (Ex situ and In situ), mention Protection Acts- The Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972.
IV Sustainable development (concept)
V. Red Data Book, IUCN, WWF (Brief account)
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
Topics for Assignments/Seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Project Tiger
2. Project Elephant

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3. Operation Rhino
4. Ramsar sites

REFERENCES

 Ahluwalia, V. K. and Sunitha Malhotra (2009) Environmental Science, ISBN

10: 8180522113, Ane Books
 Ekambraanatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1993) Manual of Zoology,
Chordata, Vol. II (Part II), ISBN-10: 8187156384, S. Viswanathan, Madras, 882 pages
 Ekambraanatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (2009) Manual of Zoology,
Chordata, Vol. II (Part I), ISBN-10: 8187156384, S. Viswanathan, Madras.
 Jordan E.L. & Verma, P.S. (2010)Chordate Zoology, ASIN: B00QUYL0ZY,Kindle
Edition, S. chand & Co.1092 pages
 Jordan E.L. & Verma, P.S.(2009) Invertebrte Zoology, 15th Edition, ISBN-
10: 9788121903677, S. Chand & Co., 1127 pages
 Kotpal, R.L.(2014) Modern Text Book of Zoology – Invertebrates, ISBN, 10: 9350780402,
Rastogi
 Rajesh Gopal (2011)Fundamentals of Wild Life Management; ISBN-10: 8181581628,
Natraj Pub.,1288 pages
 Soper R.,D.J. Taylor N.P.O. Green G.W. Stout (2005) Biological Science 3rd Edn., ISBN-
10: 9780521684170, Cambridge University Press.

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SECOND SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Theory Course- II
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY
Code: ZOL2C02T
[36 hrs] [2 hours/week] [3 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]
COs Course Outcome Statements
CO1 Explain parasitism and the major protist, cestode, trematode and nematode parasites
of man and major insect vectors of human diseases and their control (11 hrs)
CO2 Understand major beneficial and harmful insects, damages caused to host plants and
their control measures (14 hrs)
CO3 Understand pisciculture, prawn, mussel and pearl culture (11 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1 Short answer 4x2=8 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks
Module 2 Short answer 5x2 = 10 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks; Essay1x10=10 marks
Module 3 Short answer 3x2=6 marks; Paragraph 2x5=10 marks; Essay1x10=10 marks]
MODULE 1: Parasitism in relation to man (11 hrs)
Introduction, classification of parasites and hosts (2 hrs)
Obligatory, facultative, external, internal, hyperparasites. Definitive, intermediate,
carrier and reserve hosts. Infection and infestation - Mention Hyper infection and
Auto infection. Modes of infection - Inoculative, contaminative, direct and
retroinfection, zoonotic diseases
Human Parasites (5 hrs)
Parasitic Protists – Plasmodium vivax, Entamoeba histolytica
Cestodes – Taenia solium, mention T. saginata and Echinococcus granulosus
Trematodes (Flukes) – Schistosoma haematobium
Nematodes – Ancylostoma duodenale, Wuchereria bancrofti and Enterobius
vermicularis
Vectors of human diseases (4 hrs)
Insect vectors of human diseases and their control. Anophales, Culex, Aedes,
Xenopsylla, Cimex, Pediculus and Pthirus (Diseases like malaria, filariasis, yellow
fever, typhus fever, dengue, plague, chikungunya, kala azar).
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 2. Useful Insects, Insect Pests and their control (14 hrs)
Insect Pests (9 hrs)
Definition of Pests, Kinds of Pests, Causes of pest outbreak.
Nature of damage to host plants and control measures of the following pests.
(Exclude structure and Life history of Pests).
a) Spodoptera sp. (rice swarming caterpillar)
b) Leptocorisa sp. (rice bug)
c) Rhynchophorus sp. (red palm weevil)
d) Opisina sp. (Black headed caterpillar, mention biological control)
e) Aceria sp. (Coconut mite)
f) Helopeltis sp. (tea bug)
g) Cosmopolites sp. (Banana rhizome weevil)
h) Bactrocera sp. (Fruit fly)

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 i) Batocera sp. (mango stem borer)
j) Sitophilus sp. (rice weevil)
Insect control (2 hrs)
Basic principles of chemical control and biological control. Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) (Brief notes).
Useful Insects (3 hrs)
Apiculture, Sericulture & Lac culture: Economic importance. Predatory insects,
insect parasitoids.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 3. Aquaculture and Fishery Biology (11 hrs)
Brief Introduction mentioning its scope in Kerala. (1 hr)
Pisciculture (5 hrs)
Egg collection and hatching, induced spawning. Nursery ponds, manuring, feeding
and harvesting, Ornamental fish farming (brief account). Mention common species.
Fish utilization
Prawn culture. (2 hrs)
Breeding and spawning of prawns, seed collection and culture, types of prawn
farms, mention common species.
Mussel farming (2 hrs)
Seed collection, artificial collection of seeds, induced spawning, rearing of larvae,
farming methods and harvesting.
Pearl Culture (1 hr)
Preparation of nuclei, preparation of host and graft tissue, implantation and
nursing.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Topics for Assignments/Seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Callosobruchus chinensis (Pulse beetle).
2. Eomenacanthus stramineus (Chicken louse).
3. Hippobosca maculata (house fly).
4. Tabanus striatus (horse fly).
5. Pediculus humanus (head louse)
REFERENCES
 Atuar Rahman (2017) Bee Keeping In India, ISBN-10: 9788171641659, ICAR, India, 270p.
 Borajah, G. (1994) Lecturers on Sericulture, 2nd Edition, SBS Pub., Banglaore.
 David B and Ananthakrishnan T. (2004) General and Applied Entomology, 2nd Edition,
ISBN-10: 9780070434356, McGraw Hill Education, 877 pages
 K K Nayar; T N Ananthakrishnan; B Vasantharaj David (1976) General & Applied
Entomology, TMH., 589 pages
 Madan Mohan Rao M. (2019) An Introduction to Sericulture, 2nd Edition, ISBN-
10: 9387593975, BS Publications, 201 pages
 Shukla, G.S. & Upadhyay, V.B.(2014) Economic Zoology, ISBN-10: 9350780461, Rastogi Pub
 Sougata Ghosh (2013) Panicker’s Textbook of Medical Parasitology, 7th Edition, ISBN-
10: 9350905345, Jaypee Brothers , 280 pages
 Srivastava, C.B.L. (2006) Fishery Science and Indian Fisheries, ISBN-10: 8122500293, Kitab
Mahal.

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 THIRD SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Theory Course- III
PHYSIOLOGY AND ETHOLOGY
Code: ZOL3C03T
[54 hrs] [3 hours/week] [2 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Describe the structure of plasma membrane and the various trans-membrane
transport mechanisms (3 hrs)
CO2 Enumerate the constituents of normal diet and the mechanism of digestion and
absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids and the regulation of
gastrointestinal function (4 hrs)
CO3 Explain the mechanism of transport of respiratory gases, control of respiration,
respiratory problems and artificial ventilation (6 hrs)
CO4 Explain the structure and working of human heart and mechanism of regulation of
heart beat; constituents of human blood and blood transfusion and cardiovascular
problems (7 hrs)
CO5 Illustrate the structure of human kidney, the mechanism of urine formation,
hormonal control of kidney function and kidney disorders; osmoregulation and
urea cycle (6 hrs)
CO6 Enumerate the structure of myofibrils and myofilaments; muscle contractile and
regulatory proteins and mechanism of muscle contraction (7 hrs)
CO7 Explain different types of nerve cells and glial cells, maintenance of resting
membrane potential, generation and propagation of action potential and synaptic
transmission (7 hrs)
CO8 Describe innate behavior, learned behavior, patterns of behavior and factors that
affect behavior (8 hrs)
CO9 Enumerate biological rhythms, communication in animals and social organization
in mammals (6 hrs)
Question paper pattern for external examination
[Module 1-7 Short answer 9x2=18 marks, Paragraph 6x5=30 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks
Module 8-9 Short answer 3x2 = 6 marks, Paragraph 1x5=5 marks; Essay1x10=10 marks]
Section A. PHYSIOLOGY (40 hrs)
MODULE 1. Trans-membrane transport mechanisms (3 hrs)
Structure of Plasma membrane. Fluid mosaic model. Trans-membrane transport -
passive & active mechanisms, vesicular transport
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 2. Nutrition (4 hrs)
Constituents of normal diet. Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
Absorption of nutrients (brief account). Brief account on the neural and hormonal
control of gastrointestinal function. BMR and obesity
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 3. Respiration (6 hrs)
Gas exchange and transport. Respiratory pigment – haemoglobin – properties.
Control of respiration – neural & chemical (brief account). Respiratory problems -
hypoxia, asphyxia, CO poisoning. Respiratory problem of high altitudes.
Physiological adaptive mechanisms of diving mammals. Artificial ventilation; heart
lung machine.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 4. Body fluids and circulation (7 hrs)
Constituents of human blood. Agglutination, coagulation of blood and haemostasis
Haemolysis. Blood transfusion (short notes). Brief account on the structure and
working of human heart. Pacemaker and conducting system of heart. Cardiac cycle
and regulation of heart beat. Blood pressure and pulse. Cardiovascular problems
(brief account) - arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction,
hypertension and thrombosis.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 5. Osmoregulation and Excretion (6 hrs)
Osmoconformers and osmoregulators. Water retention and conservation in desert
animals. Urea cycle. Ammonotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism. Hormonal control
of kidney function. Kidney disorders, renal hypertension, nephritis and renal
failure. Dialysis and kidney transplantation (short notes)
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 6. Muscle Physiology (7 hrs)
EM structure of myofibrils and myofilament. Muscle - contractile proteins and
major regulatory proteins. Chemistry and mechanism of muscle contraction.
Energy for muscle contraction. Muscle twitch and muscle tetanus, isometric and
isotonic contraction. All-or-none law and summation of stimuli. Muscle fatigue and
rigor mortis.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 7. Nerve physiology (7 hrs)
Mention different types of nerve cells and glial cells. Maintenance of resting
membrane potential; generation and propagation of action potential. Threshold
stimulus, all or none response. Synapse, types of synapses, synaptic transmission
and neurotransmitters.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Section B. ETHOLOGY (14 hrs)

MODULE 8. Behaviour (8 hrs)
Innate behaviour
Orientation, taxes and kinesis, simple reflexes and instincts, drive and motivation
Learned behaviour
Habituation, conditioned reflex, trial and error learning, latent learning, imprinting,
insight learning
Patterns of behaviour
Habitat selection, sexual selection, co-operation, territoriality, aggression,
courtship and agonistic behaviour.
Proximate factors
Neurological basis of behaviour, mention hormonal, biochemical, environmental
and genetic factors that influence behaviour.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 9: Biological clocks/rhythms (6 hrs)
Photoperiod, circadian rhythm, migration, navigation and homing instinct,
diapause, hibernation and aestivation. Communication in animals. Social
organization in mammals – Elephant as example
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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Topics for Assignments/Seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Role of enzymes in digestion of Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
2. Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
3. Problems of Alcoholism
4. Common renal problems - Renal hypertension, nephritis, renal failure, edema,
acidosis, uremia, haematuria and calculi.
5. Minamata disease

REFERENCES
 Aubrey Manning and Marian Stamp Dwakins (2012) Animal Behaviour, 6th Edition,
ISBN-10: 0521165148, CUP, 467 pages
 Berry, A.K. (2008) Text Book of Animal Physiology, 8th Edition, ISBN-10: 8185712034,
Emkay Publications, 686 pages
 Chatterjee, C.C. (2016) Human Physiology, 11th Edition, ISBN 10: 8123928726, Medical
Allied Agency.
 Goyal, K.A. & Sastry, K.V. (2006) Animal Physiology, ISBN-10: 817133864X, Rastogi. Pub.,
516 pages
 John E Hall (2015) Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, ISBN-10: 1455770051,
Saunders, 1168 pages
 Kim E. Barret, Susan M.Barman, Scott Boittano and Heddwen L Brooks (2016) Ganong’s
Review of Mwdical Physiology, 25th Edition, ISBN-10: 9789339223281, McGraw Hill
Education
 Mark Ridley (1995) Animal Behaviour: An Introduction to Behavioural Mechanisms,
Development and Ecology, 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 0865423903, Wiley Blackwell, 296 pages
 Purohit, S.S.and Rajiv Ranjan (2009) Ecology, Environment and Pollution, ISBN
10: 8177541692, Agrobios.
 Rastogi, S.C. (2019) Essentials of Animal Physiology, 4th Edition, ISBN-10: 8122420141,
New Age International, 596 pages
 Reena Mather (2016) Animal Behaviour, ISBN-13-9789350780480, Rosthogi Pub.

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FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Theory Course- IV
GENETICS AND IMMUNOLOGY
Code: ZOL4C04T
[54 hrs] [3 hours/week] [2 credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome statements

CO1 Describe human karyotype , chromosomal anomalies and polygenic inheritance
(6 hrs)
CO2 Explain the mechanisms of sex determination (4 hrs)
CO3 Enumerate the concept of genes, gene expression, genetic code, transcription
and translation (8 hrs)
CO4 Illustrate the mechanism of recombinant DNA technology and its practical
applications (13 hrs)
CO5 Explain the types of cancer, causes of transformation and characteristics of
transformed cells (5 hrs)
CO6 Identify the cells and organs of immune system, antigens and antibodies (7 hrs)
CO7 Enumerate antigen-antibody interaction, generation of B-cell and T-cell
response and major immunotechniques (7 hrs)
CO8 Explain primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmune
diseases, vaccination and vaccines (4 hrs)

Question paper pattern for external examination

[Module 1-5 Short answer 8x2=16 marks, Paragraph 5x5=25 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks
Module 6-8 Short answer 4x42= 8 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks; Essay1x10=10 marks]

Section A: GENETICS (36 hrs)

MODULE 1. Human Genetics (6 hrs)
Normal human karyotype: Classification and grouping of human chromosomes
(Patau’s & Denver schemes). Chromosomal anomalies and disorders (short note
only). Autosomal anomalies: Phenyl ketonuria & Sickle cell anemia. X-linked –
Haemophilia and Colour blindness. Y-linked – Y-Chromosome infertility. Polygenic
inheritance - Cleft palate or Cleft lip and diabetes mellitus. Prenatal diagnosis.
Genetic counselling. Eugenics, Euthenics and Euphenics.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 2. Genetic Control of Sex (4 hrs)
Autosomes and sex chromosomes: Mention Barr body and its significance.
Chromosomal mechanism of sex determination: genic balance theory. Control of
sex; hormonal influence of sex determination; sex mosaics; gynandromorphism
[Short answers/Paragraphs}
MODULE 3. Genes and gene expression (8 hrs)
Modern concept of genes, split genes, pseudogenes, overlapping genes and
transposons. Gene expression. Genetic code, transcription and translation (brief
account)
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 4. Genetic Engineering (13 hrs)
Brief account of recombinant DNA technology – role of enzymes (restriction
endonucleases, exonucleases, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase,
alkaline phosphatase, polynucleotide kinase and terminal transferase). Cloning
vectors – plasmid vectors (mention pBR322), phage vectors, cosmids, viruses and
YAC vector. Construction of recombinant DNA (preparation of vector DNA and
donor DNA, joining of vector and donor DNAs, introduction of recombinant DNA
into the host cell and selection of transformants). Methods of gene transfer.
Practical applications, advantages and potential hazards.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 5. Cytogenetics of Cancer (5 hrs)
Types of cancer: brief account of sarcomas, carcinomas, melanomas, leukemia,
lymphomas and blastomas. Characteristics of cancer cells: uncontrolled
multiplication, loss of contact inhibition, metastasis, reduced cellular adhesion,
metaplasia, invasiveness, growth factor secretion, cell surface alterations,
alterations in transcriptome and proteome and protease secretion. Origin of
Cancer: Carcinogens, oncogenic viruses, polygenic basis, hereditary predisposition
to cancer
[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Section B: IMMUNOLOGY (18 hrs)

(Brief account of the following topics)
MODULE 6. Cells and organs of immune system, antigens and antibodies (7
hrs)
Cells and organs of immune system
Innate and adaptive immunity. Cells of immune system- B cell, T cell, NK cell and
Antigen Presenting Cells (dendritic cells, macrophage cells). Organs of the immune
system- Primary lymphoid Organs (Thymus, Bone Marrow), Secondary lymphoid
Organs (Spleen, lymph node, MALT)
Antigens
Antigenicity, Immunogenicity and Haptens. Factors influencing immunogenicity.
Mention human immunoglobulin gene families – λ and κ light chain families and
heavy chain family and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) group of genes.
Antibodies
Structure, different classes and Function. Monoclonal antibodies-Hybridoma
technology and applications.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
MODULE 7. Antigen-Antibody interaction & Generation of B-cell and T-cell
response (7 hrs)
Antigen - antibody interaction
Strength of Antigen-Antibody interaction. Cross reactivity, Precipitation reactions,
and Agglutination reactions. Immunotechniques – Detection of biomolecules using
ELISA, RIA, and Western blot. Southern blot, Northern blot and DNA
Fingerprinting (Brief)

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Generation of B cell and T-cell response:
Humoral and cell-mediated response. Properties of B-cell and T-cell- epitopes.
Activation and differentiation of B and T cells. Cytokines- brief
[Short answers/Paragraphs]
MODULE 8. Immunodeficiency diseases, vaccines & vaccination (4 hrs)
Immunodeficiency diseases
Primary (Bruton’s disease, Di-george syndrome & SCID). Secondary types: AIDS-
Mention Acute, Chronic and Crisis phase, Window period. Autoimmune disease-
Mention Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Grave’s disease, Myasthenia gravis and Systemic
Lupus Erythematosus.
Vaccines and Vaccination
Principle of vaccination; mention Attenuated vaccines, Inactivated vaccines, Toxoid
vaccines and DNA vaccines.
[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]
Topics for Assignments/Seminars
(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal
assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)
1. Human genome
2. DNA tumor viruses
3. Human genome project
4. Structure of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors
REFERENCES
 Darla J. Wise (2002) Immunology, A Comprehensive Review, 8th Edition,
ASIN: B000RG1FTW, Blackwel, 182 pages
 Eldon John Gardner, Michael J. Simmons and Peter Snustad (1991) Principles of
Genetics, 8th Edn, ISBN-10: 0471533971, Wiley, 714 pages
 Gangane, S.D (2012) Human Genetics, 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 8131230228, Elsevier, 312
pages
 Ivan Roitt (1994): Essential Immunology, 8th Edition, ISBN-10: 0632033134, Blackwell
Science, 456 pages
 Jenni Punt, Sharon Stranford, Patricia Jones and Judith A Owen (2018) Kuby
Immunology, 8th Edition, ISBN-10: 1319114709, W.H. Freeman, 944 pages
 Jogchand, S.N.(2016) Gene Biotechnology, ISBN-978-93-5262-087-6, Himalaya Publishing
House, 447 pages
 John Playfair and Gregory Bancroft (2014) Infection and Immunity, 4th Edition, ISBN:
9780199609505, OUP., 400 pages
 Mange, E.J. & Mange, A.P. (1999) Basic Human Genetics, Rastogi Pubs.
 Peter D. Snustad (2015) Principles of Genetics, 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 1119142288, Wiley,
627 pages
 Ricki, L.(2014) Human Genetics: Concepts and Application, 11th Edition, ISBN-
10: 0076701654, McGraw Hill Education, 480 pages
 Scot F. Gilbert (2013) Developmental Biology, 10th Edition, ISBN-10: 0878939784, Sinauer
Associates, 750 pages
 Twyman R M. (2001) Instant notes in Developmental Biology, Viva Books, 421 pages

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 B.Sc. ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
PRACTICAL
Code: ZOL4C05P
[Practical I*A+I*B+I*C+I*D] [4 Credits]
COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome statement

CO1 Identify the salient features of the phylum; taxonomic position, habit, habitat,
adaptations/importance of selected protists, non-chordates and chordates (36
hrs)
CO2 Describe major human parasites and economically important insects, molluscs
and fishes (36 hrs)
CO3 Perform detection of human blood groups and prepare human blood smear as
per laboratory standards; mounting of specialized organs of selected non-
chordates and chordates, and demonstrate the presence of biomolecules in
samples by standard laboratory protocols (36 hrs)
CO4 Illustrate the normal and selected abnormal human karyotypes and mode of
inheritance of selected human genetic disorders and perform the dissection of
earthworm and sardine to demonstrate the alimentary canal and Penaeus to
demonstrate the nervous system (36 hrs)

FIRST SEMESTER COMPLEMENTARY COURSE [PRACTICAL I *A]

[36 hrs] [2 hrs/week]
A. Animal Diversity
Phylum Dinoflagellata : Noctiluca
Ciliophora : Vorticella
Porifera : Leucosolenia
Coelenterata : Obelia, Physalia, Rhizostoma (Any 2).
Platyhelminthes : Fasciola
Aschelminthes : Ascaris
Annelida : Chaetopterus / Arenicola, Hirudinaria.
Arthropoda : Eupagarus, Belostoma, Limulus, Sacculina (Any 3).
Onychophora : Peripatus
Mollusca : Chiton, Sepia/ Loligo, Octopus (Any 2)
Echinodermata : Asterias, Holothuria.
Chordata
Prochordates : Ascidia/ Branchiostoma.
Cyclostomata : Petromyzon.
Superclass: Pisces : Narcine, Echeneis, Hippocampus, Heteropneustes,
Anguilla, Pomfret (Any 3)
Class Amphibia : Ichthyophis, Axolotl larva, Rhacophorus (Any 2)
Class Reptilia : Chamaeleo, Daboia, Bungarus
Class Aves : Columba
Class Mammalia : Pteropus or any other Bat.
B. Histology: Study of the T.S. of Hydra, Ascaris, Earth worm (through
typhlosolic region).
C. Osteology: Dentition (Rabbit), Pectoral and Pelvic girdles, typical vertebra

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REFERENCES
 Jordan E. L. and P S Verma (2013) Chordate Zoology, 14th Edition, ISBN-10: 8121916399,
S. Chand Publishres, 1076 pages
 Jordan E. L. and P S Verma (2009) Invertebrate Zoology, 15th Edition, ISBN-
10: 9788121903677, S. Chand Publishres
 Jayasurya; N.C. Nair; N. Soundara Pandian; N. Arumugam; S. Leelavathy and T.
Murugan: Saras Practical Zoology Vol.1: Invertebrata; ISBN : 9789382459231, Saras
Publication, 424 pages
 Ghose K. C. and B. Manna (2007) Practical Zoology, ISBN-8173811822, New Central
Book Agency 481 pages
 S.S. Lal (2016) Practical Zoology INVERTEBRATE, ISBN-10: 9350780089, Rastogi
Publications
 R.L. Kotpal R. L. (2014) Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates, ISBN-10: 9350780402,
Rastogi Publications
 Verma P S (2010) A Manual of Practical Zoology Invertebrates, ISBN-10: 8121908299, S.
Chand Publishers

SECOND SEMESTER COMPLEMENTARY COURSE [PRACTICAL I *B]

[36 hrs] [2 hrs/week]
Study of the following items
Parasites
Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Schistosoma, Taenia, Ancylostoma, Enterobius,
Wuchereria, Hirudinaria, Cimex (Any 5).
Insect pests
Spodoptera, Leptocorisa, Oryctes, Rhynchophorus, Opisina; Batocera, Termite,
Sitophilus (Any 5).
Useful insects
Apis (worker), Bombyx female (any one)
Ornamental fishes
Poecilia reticulata (guppy), Poecilia sphenops (Black molly), Carassius auratus (Gold
fish), Puntius denisonii, Pterophyllium scalare (Angel fish), Colisa sp. (Gaurami), Betta
sp. (Fighting fish), Danio malabaricus (Giant Danio) (Any three)
Culture fishes
Catla catla (Catla), Labeo rohita (Rohu), Cirrhinus mrigala (Mrigal), Ctenopharyngodon
idellus (Grass Carp) (Any three)
Economically important items
Perna, Pinctada, Teredo, Loligo, Penaeus, Scoliodon, Sardinella, Rastrelliger,
Cybium (Any 5).
REFERENCES
 Dhaliwal G.S., Ram Singh and Chhillar B.S. (2014) Elements of Agricultural
Entomology, ISBN-10: 8127226300, Kalyani Publishers
 John O Donel Alexander (1984) Arthropods and Human Skin, ISBN 978-1-4471-1356-
0, Springer.
 ‘Living Jewels’: A hand book on freshwater ornamental fish, The Marine Products
Export Development Authority, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt. of India.
 “Commercial Fin Fishes and Shell Fishes of India”, The Marine Products Export
Development Authority, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt. of India.

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 THIRD SEMESTER COMPLEMENTARY COURSE [PRACTICAL I *C]
[36 hrs] [2 hrs/week]
Section A: Physiology
1. Blood smear preparation and study of RBC and different types of WBCs.
2. Human blood grouping – ABO and Rh systems.
3. Detection of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, proteins & lipids.
Section B: Mounting
1. Earth worm: Setae in situ (minor), Spermatheca (minor)
2. Penaeus: Appendages (minor)
3. Cockroach: Salivary apparatus (major).
4. Honeybee: Mouth parts (minor).
5. Shark: Placoid scales (minor).

REFERENCES
 Jayasurya; N.C. Nair; N. Soundara Pandian; N. Arumugam; S. Leelavathy and T.
Murugan: Saras Practical Zoology Vol.1: Invertebrata; ISBN : 9789382459231, Saras
Publication, 424 pages
 K.C. Ghose and B. Manna (2007) Practical Zoology, ISBN-8173811822, New Central Book
Agency 481 pages
 S.S. Lal (2016) Practical Zoology Invertebrate, ISBN-10: 9350780089, Rastogi Publications
 Stuart Ira (2013) Human Physiology Laboratory manual, 13th Edition, ASIN: B00E6TJHAK,
Mc Graw Hill Education
 William Lutterschmidt and Deborah Lutterschmidt (2008) Laboratory Excercises in
Human Physiology, 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 0077229738, Mc Graw Hill, 256 pages

FOURTH SEMESTER COMPLEMENTARY COURSE [PRACTICAL I *D]

[36 hrs] [2 hrs/week]
Section A: Dissections
Earthworm: Alimentary canal upto 25th segment (minor)
Penaeus: Nervous system (major)
Sardinella: Alimentary canal (major)
Section B: Genetics
Study of the following (use slides/ models / charts / photographs)
1. Study of sex linked inheritance (haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia, color
blindness)
2. Study of normal human karyotype (male and female) and abnormal karyotypes
– Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turners syndrome, Edwards
syndrome ( Any two)
REFERENCES
 Jayasurya; N.C. Nair; N. Soundara Pandian; N. Arumugam; S. Leelavathy and T.
Murugan: Saras Practical Zoology Vol.1: Invertebrata; ISBN : 9789382459231, Saras
Publication, 424 pages
 Jayesh Sheth and Frenny Sheth (2014) Genetics in Clinical Practice, Ist Edition, ISBN-
10: 9351521532, Jaypee Brothers
 K. C. Ghose and B. Manna (2015) Practical Zoology, ISBN-10: 8173819505, New Central
Book Agency, 642 pages

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 Robin L. Bennett (2010) The Practical Guide to the Genetic Family History, 2nd Edition,
ISBN-10: 0470040726, Wiley Blackwell, 384 pages
 S.S. Lal (2015) Practical Zoology VERTEBRATE, ISBN-10: 935078016X, Rastogi
Publications
 S.S. Lal (2016) Practical Zoology INVERTEBRATE, ISBN-10: 9350780089, Rastogi
Publications

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPERS

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FIRST SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL1B01 - ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NON-CHORDATA PART- I

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. What is cladistics?
2. Explain molecular systematics.
3. Enumerate the eight kingdom classification.
4. What are protostomes? Give examples.
5. Explain mutualism with reference to Trychonympha.
6. Describe the characteristic features of Rhopalura.
7. What is gemmule? Mention its significance.
8. What are comb jellies?
9. Comment on measly pork.
10. Write a short account on the salient features of Phylum Gastrotricha.
11. What is wheel organ?
12. Differentiate between filariasis and elephantiasis.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Write a note on International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
14. Describe the types and mechanisms of coelome formation.
15. Explain the various systems of nomenclature.
16. Write a brief account on the canal system in sponges.
17. Explain metagenesis with reference to Obelia
18. With a labeled diagram explain the digestive system of Dugesia.
19. Explain the salient features of Nemotdes.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Explain the process of conjugation in Paramecium.
21. Write an essay on polymorphism in Cnidarians.
(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
SECOND SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL2B02- ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NON-CHORDATA PART – II

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Comment on heteronereis
2. What is parasitic castration?
3. Write an account on Trilobites.
4. Explain the features of trochophore larva.
5. Write a note on the peculiarities of Troides minos.
6. Comment on Malabar Banded Peacock.
7. Write the branchial formula of Penaeus indicus.
8. What is osphradium? Mention its function.
9. Discuss the salient features of Phylum Phoronida.
10. Explain the peculiarities of Bonellia.
11. Write a note on the salient features of Ectoprocta.
12. What is evisceration?
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Explain the respiratory system of Pila globosa.
14. Write a note on the salient features of class Clitellata
15. Explain the salient features of class Merostomata with a suitable example.
16. Describe the digestive system of Neanthes.
17. Write an account on the affinities of Peripatus.
18. Explain the salient features of Cephalopoda with a suitable example.
19. Describe the affinities of Balanoglossus.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Write an essay on the appendages of Penaeus indicus.
21. With a suitable diagram describe the water vascular system of starfish.
(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
THIRD SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL3B03 - ANIMAL DIVERSITY: CHORDATA PART - I

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Explain retrogressive metamorphosis.
2. What is paedogenesis?
3. Describe the structure of pharynx of Ascidia.
4. Explain the classification of Phylum Chordata down to classes.
5. Write the salient features of Agnatha.
6. Explain the peculiarities of Ammocoetes larva.
7. Illustrate the distribution of lung fishes.
8. Comment on the 9th vertebra of Frog.
9. What is neurotoxic snake venom? Give an example.
10. Describe the distribution of sphenodon.
11. Write a note on synapsida.
12. Give the scientific name of any four venomous snakes of Kerala.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Give an account on urinogenital system of Mullet.
14. Write an account on Latimeria.
15. Describe the respiratory system of Hoplobatrachus tigerinus.
16. Explain the affinity of Urochordates with Cephalochordates and Vertebrates.
17. Give an account on the morphology of Amphioxus.
18. Write the identification key for venomous and non-venomous snakes.
19. Distinguish between Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Give an account on the Arterial system of Calotes.
21. Write the salient features of class Amphibia and classify down to order, giving
specific features with examples.
(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL4B04 - ANIMAL DIVERSITY: CHORDATA PART-II

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60

Marks
Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. List out the characteristic features of Order Monotremata.
2. What is synsacrum? Comment on its composition.
3. Comment on Cursorius bitorquatus
4. What is a brood parasite?
5. Write an account on any two extinct birds.
6. Briefly explain the salient features of super order Paleognathae.
7. What is dental formula? Write the dental formula of Oryctolagus cuniculus.
8. What is coprophagy?
9. Write an account on Golden Mole of South Africa.
10. Distinguish between an Indian and an African elephant.
11. What is metanephric kidney?
12. Write an account on meninges?
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Explain the respiratory system of Columba livia.
14. Write a note on the evolutionary significance of Archaeopteryx lithographica.
15. With a labeled diagram explain the pelvic girdle of Oryctolagus cuniculus.
16. Write notes on the adaptations of Chiropterans.
17. Discuss the peculiarities of Order Marsupialia.
18. Explain the salient features of Order Cetacea with examples.
19. Compare the circulatory systems of Class Amphibia and Reptilia.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Explain the flight adaptations of birds.
21. Describe the digestive system of Oryctolagus cuniculus.
(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL5B06T – CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

Time: 2.5 Hrs Maximum: 80 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. What is camera lucida? Mention its use.
2. Write a note on apoptosis.
3. Explain the significance of membrane fluidity.
4. Write a note on the structural organization of microtubules.
5. Explain the concept of GERL.
6. Describe the biogenesis of mitochondria.
7. How will you demonstrate the presence of proteins in tissue sections?
8. What are modifying genes? Give an example.
9. Write a note on disorders of sexual development.
10. Explain dosage compensation.
11. Write a short note on chromosomal mutations.
12. Explain sex chromosomal mutations with suitable examples.
13. What is gynandromorphism?
14. Comment on eugenics?
15. Explain environmental influence on sex determination with a suitable example.
(Ceiling: 25 marks)
Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

16. Describe the principle and applications of electron microscope.
17. Explain the structural organization of chromatin.
18. You are provided with a tissue sample. How will you process it for light
microscopy.
19. Describe polygenic inheritance with a suitable example.
20. Explain incomplete linkage with an example.
21. What are gene mutations? Comment on different types of gene mutations.
22. Explain the Patau’s scheme of classification of human chromosomes.
23. Illustrate the modifications of plasma membrane.
(Ceiling: 35 marks)
Section C
III. Essay questions. Answer any two questions
24. Explain meiosis with the help of labelled diagrams.
25. Describe the various mechanisms of sex determination.
26. Write an essay on trans-membrane transport.
27. Explain multiple allelism with a suitable example.

(2x10 = 20 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL5B07T – BIOTECHNOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

Time: 2.5 Hrs Maximum: 80 Marks

Section A
I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.
1. Explain the structure of Yeast Artificial Chromosome.
2. Comment on knockout mice.
3. What are molecular markers? Mention their applications.
4. Write an account on viral vaccines.
5. What is Gram staining? Mention its application.
6. Comment on different types of bacterial culture.
7. Write a note on various types of oncogenic viruses.
8. Comment on interferons.
9. Write a note on the normal microflora of the human body.
10. What are adjuvants? Explain Freund’s adjuvant.
11. Comment on cytokines.
12. Explain autoimmune disease with an example.
13. What are transplantation antigens? Mention their role in graft rejection.
14. Write a note on immune response to tumor antigens.
15. Differentiate between primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases.
(Ceiling: 25 marks)

Section B
II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks
16. Explain the steps in the production of monoclonal antibodies.
17. Write an account on the various methods of transfection.
18. Comment on the various methods of sterilization.
19. Differentiate between lysogenic and lytic phages.
20. Write an account on various culture preservation techniques.
21. Add notes on primary organs of the immune system.
22. What is immunization? Add notes on various vaccines.
23. With the help of a labeled diagram explain the structure of HIV.
(Ceiling: 35 marks)
Section C
III. Essay questions. Answer any two questions.
24. Explain the various steps in the construction of recombinant DNA.
25. Give a brief account on the structure of immunoglobulin and mention its
classification.
26. Write an essay on the applications of biotechnology.
27. Explain the industrial applications of microorganisms.
(2x10 = 20 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL5B08T – BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Time: 2.5 Hrs Maximum: 80 Marks

Section A
I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.
1. Write a short note on Hydrogen bonding.
2. What are glycosidic bonds?
3. Enumerate the biological functions of carbohydrates.
4. What are peptide bonds?
5. Explain the clinical significance of lipid profile estimation.
6. Differentiate between glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis.
7. Explain oxidative phosphorylation.
8. Illustrate the central dogma.
9. Explain gene concept.
10. Describe the role of tRNA in translation.
11. What are amino acyl tRNA synthetases? Mention their function.
12. Write an account on the active centers of ribosomes.
13. Explain RNA interference.
14. What is c-value paradox?
15. Explain transduction.
(Ceiling: 25 marks)

Section B
II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks
16. Give an outline classification of carbohydrates.
17. Write an account on the classification of enzymes.
18. Explain the β oxidation of fatty acids.
19. Write a note on amino acid oxidation.
20. Explain the properties of genetic code.
21. Write a note on the post translational modification of the peptide chain.
22. Explain the positive control of trp operon.
23. Briefly explain the life cycle of a temperate phage.
(Ceiling: 35 marks)
Section C
III. Essay questions. Answer any two questions.
24. Write an essay on the hierarchial levels of protein structure.
25. Describe the Watson – Crick model of DNA.
26. Explain the mechanism of replication of DNA.
27. Write an essay on the post transcriptional processing of hnRNA
(2x10 = 20 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL5B09T – METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE, BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS
Time: 2.5 Hrs Maximum: 80 Marks
Section A
I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.
1. Give a short account on Gen Bank.
2. Expand the abbreviations of (1) BLAST & (2) FASTA.
3. What is the principle behind microarray?
4. Define metabolomics.
5. Distinguish cladistics and ontogeny.
6. What is Empiricism?
7. Differentiate auxiliary and adhoc hypothesis.
8. What is virtual testing? Comment on its importance in experiments.
9. Write notes on primary depository of scientific information.
10. Comment on Plagiarism.
11. Differentiate between primary and secondary data.
12. What are the different types of kurtosis?
13. Differentiate between census and sampling.
14. Define standard deviation.
15. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of standard deviation.
(Ceiling: 25 marks)
Section B
II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks
16. Give an account on Database Search Engines.
17. Explain briefly about types of sequence alignment.
18. What is phylogenetics? Give account on phylogenetic tree construction methods.
19. Discuss in detail about Sanger’s method of DNA sequencing.
20. Explain various thought process in developing hypothesis.
21. Write notes on prevention of cruelty to animal act.
22. The average marks secured by 40 students were found to be 100. It was later found
that one figure was wrongly read as 59 instead of the correct value of 67. Find the
correct mean of marks?
23. Calculate Mean and SE of the following data.
Marks x 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
F 3 5 6 7 3 2 1
(Ceiling: 35 marks)
Section C
III. Essay questions. Answer any two questions.
24. Write an essay on Biological databases, highlighting any three biological databases.
25. Discuss in detail about principle and procedure involved in proteomics. What is protein-
protein interaction mapping?
26. Give an account on principles and procedure of designing an experiment. A B C D
27. Certain manure was used on four plots of land A, B, C and D.
6 15 9 8
The output of the crop in the beds of plots A, B, C and D is
given below. Check the difference in crop production by using 8 10 3 12
ANOVA.
10 4 7 1
(2x10 = 20 marks)
8 7 1 3

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology-Open Course
ZOL5D01- REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND SEX EDUCATION
Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. What is Barr body? Mention its significance.
2. What is Turner’s syndrome? Explain.
3. What is spermatogenesis?
4. What are the accessory structures of Male reproductive system?
5. Differentiate GIFT and ZIFT.
6. Distinguish between Vasectomy and Tubectomy.
7. What is POSCO Act 2012?
8. Write a note on Gonorrhea? How it is transmitted?
9. Briefly explain sexual hygiene.
10. What is Gender discrimination?
11. Comment on Trichomonal vaginitis?
12. Give the symptoms of Syphilis.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)
Section B
II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks
13. Discuss various sex determination mechanisms in animals.
14. Explain spermatogenesis.
15. With the help of a neatly labeled diagram explain the structure of Graafian
follicle.
16. What is prenatal diagnosis? Briefly describe amniocentesis and chorionic villus
sampling.
17. Briefly describe the various fertility control methods.
18. Explain how to maintain healthy relationship with opposite sex.
19. Discuss the causes, symptoms, transmission and diagnosis of AIDS.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)

Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Discuss the various technologies used to solve infertility problems.
21. Explain menstrual cycle and its hormonal control in human.

(1x10=10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Open course
ZOL5D02T - NUTRITION, HEALTH AND HYGIENE

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Differentiate between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
2. What is haemotoxic venom? Give examples.
3. Give an outline classification of nutrients.
4. Comment on factors affecting food selection.
5. Explain protein energy malnutrition with a suitable example.
6. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
7. What are essential amino acids? Give examples.
8. Explain the physiological roles of dietary minerals.
9. Explain balanced diet. Mention its significance.
10. Describe the physiological effects of alcohol abuse.
11. What is hygiene? Explain different types of hygiene.
12. Explain the relation between food, nutrients and health.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B
II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks
13. What is BMR? Mention the factors affecting it.
14. Write a note on metabolism of carbohydrates.
15. Explain the physiological roles of vitamins.
16. Write a short note on meal planning and its significance.
17. Describe the dietary management of peptic ulcer and diarrhea.
18. Write an account on STDs with suitable examples
19. Explain the first aid for road accidents and drowning.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C
III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.
20. Write an essay on the mechanism of digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and
fats.
21. Give a short account on various communicable bacterial, viral and protozoan
diseases of man.
(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Open course
ZOL5D03T – APPLIED ZOOLOGY

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Write a note on Leptocorisa acuta.
2. Review sandflies as vectors of human diseases.
3. Comment on Sitophilus oryzae.
4. Give an account on honey bee products.
5. Comment on the nutritive value of eggs.
6. Explain commensalism with a suitable example.
7. What is kala azar?
8. Write a short note on cycle of Ross.
9. What is foot and mouth disease?
10. Write a note on Indian breeds of cattle.
11. Give an account on embryo transfer technology.
12. What is vermiwash? Mention its significance.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Discuss mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases.
14. Write an account on the nature of damage caused and control measures of
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus.
15. Write a note on rearing of Bombyx mori and the mechanism of extraction of
silk.
16. Explain the various steps in pearl culture.
17. Describe the various breeds of fowl.
18. Discuss Entamoeba histolytica as a human parasite.
19. Explain the life cycle of Taenia solium.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Write an essay on various methods of insect pest management.
21. Describe the methods in lac culture. Add a note on economics of lac products.
(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL6B10- PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. What is balanced diet?
2. Distinguish between neurogenic and myogenic heart.
3. Differentiate osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
4. What is colostrum? Give its significance.
5. What are respiratory pigments? Name the blue coloured respiratory pigment
present in Arthropods and Molluscs.
6. What are neurotransmitters? Give one example each for excitatory and
inhibitory neurotransmitters.
7. Differentiate arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
8. Give any two functions of testosterone.
9. What is diabetes insipidus? How is it caused?
10. Which hormone is called “fight or flight hormone? Name the gland that
secretes it.
11. What is exophthalmic goitre? How is it caused?
12. Differentiate between gonadial hormones and gonadotrophic hormones with
examples.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B
II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks
13. Explain the osmoregulatory mechanisms in fresh water and marine animals.
14. Give a brief notes on coagulation of blood.
15. Explain Oxygen-Haemoglobin dissociation curve and its significance.
16. Write notes on physiology and significance of bioluminescence in organisms.
17. What is ornithine cycle? Explain.
18. Explain the role of sex hormones in menstrual cycle.
19. Describe role of hormones in insect metamorphosis.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Describe the physiology and chemistry of the muscle contraction.
21. What are neurons? Describe the physiology involved in the transmission of
nerve impulses.
(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL6B11- REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Enlist the hormones and their role in lactation.
2. Explain ZIFT and GIFT.
3. What are homeotic genes? Explain their significance.
4. Differentiate between arrehenotoky and thelytoky.
5. Define capacitation of sperm.
6. What is embryonic induction?
7. Mention 4 important functions of Allantois.
8. Explain cell lineage.
9. Describe the process of implantation in man.
10. Define fate map. Draw the fate map of Frog blastula.
11. Define teratogenesis. Explain the effects of nicotine and alcohol.
12. Explain the theory of epigenesis.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)
Section B
II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks
13. Briefly describe barrier methods of fertility control.
14. With the help of a neatly labeled diagram explain the structure of Graafian
follicle.
15. What is prenatal diagnosis? Briefly describe amniocentesis and chorionic villus
sampling.
16. With labelled diagram, describe the salient features of 33 hour chick embryo.
17. Describe the hormonal control of amphibian metamorphosis.
18. Give an account of Spemann’s constriction experiments.
19. With reference to Drosophila, explain the role of genes in development.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C
III. Essay questions. Answer any one question
20. What is cleavage? Write an essay on the different types cleavages with suitable
examples.
21. Describe the development of brain in frog embryo.
(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL6B12 – ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Explain ecotone and edge effect.
2. Write a note on adaptations of animals of rocky shore.
3. Differentiate between primary and secondary productivity.
4. Mention the components of an ecosystem.
5. Enumerate the faunal characteristics of animals of lotic habitats.
6. Write a short account on ecological succession.
7. Explain commensalism with a suitable example.
8. What is proto-cooperation? Give an example.
9. Explain remote sensing and its applications in ecological studies.
10. Write notes on Ramsar convention.
11. Give a short account on various toxicants that cause health hazards.
12. Write a note on Rio convention on biodiversity.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)
Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Give a detailed account on the energy flow in an ecosystem.
14. Explain the different types of population growth forms.
15. Write a note on the properties of a population.
16. Explain habitat destruction and its consequences.
17. Describe the various mechanisms employed for trapping and collection of
insects.
18. Explain the major threats to biodiversity.
19. Write an account on hot spots of biodiversity.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. What are biogeochemical cycles? Explain Nitrogen cycle.
21. Explain the strategies for the conservation of biodiversity.

(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course
ZOL6B13 – ETHOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A
I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.
1. Explain innate behaviour with suitable examples.
2. Describe photoperiodism.
3. What are pheromones? Mention their biological roles.
4. Write a note on navigation and homing.
5. Explain punctuated equilibrium.
6. Describe natural selection with suitable examples.
7. Write a note on Neo-Darwinism.
8. What are living fossils? Give examples.
9. Describe Lamarck’s theory of evolution.
10. Write a brief note on Wallace line.
11. Distinguish between continental and oceanic islands.
12. Write the faunal characteristics of Australian region.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B
II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks
13. Write a note on various patterns of behaviour.
14. Explain the role of hypothalamus in the control of behaviour.
15. Write a brief account on the evolution of man.
16. Explain adaptive radiation with suitable examples.
17. Describe the isolating mechanisms and their role in speciation.
18. Explain Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and the factors that upset it.
19. Give an account of various barriers in animal distribution.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Describe the Oparin-Haldane concept of origin of life on earth.
21. Write an essay on evidences of organic evolution.

(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course (Elective)
ZOL6B14(E)01 – HUMAN GENETICS

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A
I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.
1. Write a note on FISH.
2. Explain non-disjunction of chromosomes.
3. Give an account on Ehler’s Danlos syndrome.
4. Write an account on maternal effect genes.
5. Explain the inheritance of intelligence.
6. Comment on alzheimer’s disease.
7. What is genomic imprinting?
8. Explain genetic counselling.
9. Comment on consanguinity.
10. Describe karyotyping
11. Write a short note on Indian Genome Variation Initiative.
12. What is phenocopy?
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Describe the classification and nomenclature of human chromosomes.
14. Write a note on autosomal recessive human disorders.
15. Explain the construction of pedigree.
16. Briefly explain X- linked dominant and recessive human disorders.
17. Explain the structural modifications of human chromosomes and their
phenotypic effects.
18. Describe the biology of twinning and method of analysis of twin data.
19. Write a note on errors in sexual development.

(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Explain the various chromosome banding techniques.
21. Write an essay on various prenatal diagnostic techniques.

(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course (Elective)
ZOL6B14(E)02 - AQUACULTURE, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND POULTRY
SCIENCE

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Write the names of any four aquarium fishes.
2. Explain pokkali culture
3. Write a note on aquarium management.
4. Comment on mud banks.
5. What is chitosan? Mention its uses
6. Explain white revolution.
7. What is isinglass?
8. Write a note on the adulteration of milk.
9. Give an account on the common diseases of cattle.
10. Explain zoonotic diseases with a suitable example.
11. Describe the formulation of poultry feeds.
12. Enumerate the common diseases of poultry.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Write a short account on various types of aquaculture.
14. Explain the various steps in pisciculture.
15. Describe the biology and culture of Indian major carps.
16. Write an account on fish preservation techniques.
17. Write a short account on the breeds of fowl.
18. Explain the various steps in the processing of milk.
19. Describe the various breeds of cattle.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Explain the various steps in pearl culture.
21. Write an essay on fishing crafts and gears.
(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Core course (Elective)
ZOL6B14(E)03 - APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Explain the pest status of Xylotrechus quadripes.
2. Write a note on types of silkworms.
3. Briefly explain the processing and extraction of silk.
4. Mention the control measures of Saissetia nigra.
5. Write a short account on honey bee products and their uses.
6. Explain the damage caused by Odoiporus longicollis.
7. Write a note on pheromonal control of insects.
8. Name three pests of domestic animals.
9. What is moriculture?
10. Explain the control measures of Raphidopala foveicollis.
11. Name any three insecticide appliances.
12. Discuss the damages caused and control measures of Toxoptera aurantii
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B
II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks
13. Describe the damage caused and control measures of Chilo infuscatellus and
Scirpophaga novella.
14. Write notes on the damage caused by Nilaparvata lugens and Cnaphalocrocis
medinalis.
15. Discuss in detail any three important biological control projects undertaken in
India.
16. Write an account on integrated pest management. Mention its advantages.
17. Give an account on the economic value and ecological services provided by
insects.
18. Discuss the damages and control measures of Tribolium castaneum and
Callasobruchus chinensis.
19. Write a note on lac culture.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C
III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.
20. Write an essay on the life cycle, damage caused and control measures of any
three insect pests of coconut.
21. Describe the chemical control of insect pests. Mention its merits and demerits

(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FIRST SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Complementary course
ZOL1C01 - ANIMAL DIVERSITY AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Describe the salient features of phylum Dinoflagellata with a suitable example.
2. Comment on Plasmodium vivax as a human pathogen.
3. What is gemmule?
4. Explain mutualism with respect to sea anemone.
5. Write a note on biodiversity hotspots.
6. What is Red Data book?
7. Write a short account on pearl formation.
8. Explain the adaptations of Echeneis.
9. Write a note on strategies for conservation.
10. Explain the adaptations of Rhacophorus.
11. What is neurotoxic venom? Give an example
12. Explain sustainable development.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Write a note on the evolutionary significance of Peripatus.
14. Explain metagenesis with respect to Obelia
15. Write a note on the parasitic adaptations of Fasciola.
16. Explain the structure of typical vertebra of Rabbit with labeled diagram.
17. Describe the salient features of subphylum Urochordata with a suitable
example.
18. Write a note on the adaptations of Pteropus.
19. Describe the various threats to biodiversity.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Explain the salient features and classification of phylum Annelida down to
classes with example from each class.
21. With a neat labelled diagram, describe structure of heart of Oryctolagus.

(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
SECOND SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Complementary course
ZOL2C02 – ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. What is ancylostomiasis?
2. Differentiate between infection and infestation
3. What are zoonotic diseases?
4. What is bladder worm?
5. Discuss the damages caused and control measures of coconut mite.
6. What is induced spawning? Mention its application.
7. Discuss the damages caused by Spodoptera sp.
8. What are the different types of prawn farms?
9. Explain the control measures of Cosmopolites sp.
10. What are insect parasitoids?
11. Comment on Sitophilus sp.
12. Name the common cultivable prawn species.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Discuss mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases.
14. Write a note on Wuchereria bancrofti.
15. Comment on Plasmodium vivax as a human pathogen.
16. Write a short note on integrated pest management.
17. Give an outline classification of pests and the causes of pest outbreak.
18. Write a short account on pearl culture.
19. Comment on common cultivable ornamental fishes.
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Explain the various insect pest management strategies.
21. Describe the various steps in pisciculture.
(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
THIRD SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Complementary course
ZOL3C03 - PHYSIOLOGY & ETHOLOGY

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. What is circadian rhythm.
2. Write a note on social organization in elephants.
3. Differentiate between hibernation and aestivation.
4. Explain the mechanism of absorption of nutrients.
5. What is BMR? Mention the factors affecting it.
6. Differentiate between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
7. Write a note on respiratory problems of high altitudes.
8. Explain cardiac cycle.
9. What is summation of stimuli?
10. Differentiate between osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
11. Write a note on hormonal control of kidney function.
12. Explain all or none law.
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Explain briefly the mechanism of muscle contraction.
14. Write a short account on the structure of the human heart.
15. Describe urea cycle.
16. Explain the neural and chemical control of respiration.
17. Briefly explain the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
18. Describe the fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane.
19. Give an account on communication behavior in animals.

(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Describe the mechanism of nerve impulse transmission.
21. Explain the different kinds of behavior.

(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION
(CBCSS –UG)
Zoology: Complementary course
ZOL4C04 – GENETICS AND IMMUNOLOGY

Time: Two Hours Maximum: 60 Marks

Section A

I. Short answer questions. Each question carries 2 marks.

1. Write a note on cytokines.
2. What are haptens?
3. Mention the various cells of the immune system.
4. What is adaptive immunity?
5. Write a note on viral origin of cancer.
6. What are cosmids?
7. Comment on pseudogenes.
8. Explain the practical applications of genetic engineering.
9. What are transposons?
10. Explain genic balance theory.
11. Comment on gynandromorphism.
12. Explain polygenic inheritance
(Ceiling: 20 marks)

Section B

II. Paragraph questions. Each question carries 5 marks

13. Explain the Patau’s scheme of classification of human chromosomes.
14. Describe the features of genetic code.
15. Write a note on various gene transfer methods.
16. Write a note on the process of transcription.
17. Describe the structure of immunoglobulin.
18. Explain the characteristics of cancer cells.
19. Write a note on ELISA
(Ceiling: 30 marks)
Section C

III. Essay questions. Answer any one question.

20. Explain the steps in the construction of recombinant DNA.
21. Write an essay on immunodeficiency diseases.
(1x10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME (CBCSS-UG) CORE PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION
PRACTICAL I: ANIMAL DIVERSITY [Non chordata and Chordata]
[ZOL4B05 P]: [Practical I* A, I* B, I *C, & I *D]

(Digital versions of the mountings and dissections are to be done as per UGC guide lines if the
software is available)

Time: 4 hours Max: 80 Marks

I. Q. 1-6. Spotters: Do as directed. 6 items (6 x 3 =18 Marks)

(Non-chordata - 2; Chordata – 2; Histology/Key – 1; Osteology – 1)
II. Q. 7. Minor: Mount one of the following (9 Marks)
Earthworm: Mount a few setae on a clean slide.
OR
Honey bee/ Plant bug: Mount the mouth parts on a clean slide.
III. Q. 8. Minor: Mount one of the following. Sketch and label
(Mounting-9 + Sketch-3 =12 marks)
Nereis: Mount the parapodium on a clean slide. Sketch and label
OR
Mullet/Sardine: Mount a few cycloid scales on a clean slide. Sketch and label
IV. Q .9. Major: One of the following. Dissections (18 Marks) & Display (4 Marks).
(22 Marks)
Prawn: Dissect and display the Nervous system.
OR
Shark: Digitally dissect/dissect and display the Heart and ventral aorta with
branches on both sides.
Viva voce (3 marks)

V. Record: (14+2=16 Marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME (CBCSS-UG)
CORE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
PRACTICAL II: Cell Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Microbiology, Immunology,
Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Methodology in Science, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
[ZOL6B15 P]: [Practical II* A+ II* B]
Time: 4 hours Max: 80 Marks
I. Q. 1-6. Spotters: Do as directed. (6 items) (6 x 3 =18 Marks)
(Cell Biology & Genetics (2) – polytene chromosome, mitotic/meiotic stages,
tissues, Barr body, micrometry, pedigree charts, karyotypes, male or female
Drosophila, genetic traits; Biotechnology, Microbiology & Immunology (2) –
electrophoretic apparatus, PCR, Southern blotting, milk quality, bacterial
motility, blood grouping, section of spleen, thymus or lymph node, ELISA,
western blotting; Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Methodology in Science,
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (2) paper chromatography, colorimeter,
electrophoretic apparatus, preparation of solutions of various normality/molarity
or serial dilutions, phylogenetic tree, sequence similarity search, multiple
sequence alignment).

II. Q. 7. Minor: Any one of the following (9 Marks)

Stain the buccal epithelial cells (striated muscle cells provided) with methylene
blue. Submit the slide for valuation. Write down the principle of methylene blue
staining of tissues/cells and the staining procedure.
(Slide - 6, Principle - 2, Procedure -1)
OR
Detect biochemically the presence of reducing disaccharides/monosaccharides in
the given sample. Conduct appropriate confirmatory tests also. Report the results
in tabular form.
(Expt. - 6, Report of the results in tabular form - 3)
OR
Retrieve sequence of the beta-lactamase OXA gene for the organism Escherichia
coli and Pseudomonas taiwanensis from NCBI in fasta format. Generate pairwise
alignment for the sequences using BLAST. Analyze the result and note down the
e-value and percentage identity. Write down the procedure.
(Procedure - 5, Sequence retrieval - 2, e-value -1, % identity -1)
OR
Identify the group of your own blood. Write down the principle and
procedure.
(Experiment and result - 5, Principle and procedure - 4)
OR
Demonstrate the effect of colchicine on cell division using Allium cepa. Write the
principle and procedure.
(Experiment and result – 5, Principle and Procedure - 4)
III. Q. 8. Minor: Any one of the following. (3+9=12 Marks)
a) Genetics Problem-(Monohybrid, dihybrid crosses; blood groups; sex-linked
inheritance) (3 marks)
b) Measure the length of the leaves provided. Using the data plot a Frequency
Polygon with mean ± SD and submit it for evaluation. (9 marks)
(Measurement and Preparation of the data in table- 6, Graphical representation- 3)
OR
a) Genetics Problem (3 marks)

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 b) Stain the mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells (insect flight
muscle/yeast) using Janus green B. Observe and submit the preparation for
evaluation. Write the principle and procedure. (9 marks)
(Preparation – 5, Principle and procedure 2, Sketch and label - 2)
OR
a) Genetics Problem (3 marks)
b) Prepare a smear of the fungal sample provided to you. Write down the
principle and procedure (9 marks)
(Preparation 6, Principle and procedure- 3)
OR
a) Genetics Problem (3 marks)
b) Find out the homologous sequences in Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia
albertii, Cronobacter sakazaki, Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri by
performing BLASTp for the sequence given below and save the file as
protein.fasta and execute their MSA using clustal omega and study the
percentage similarity of each pair of sequences. Based on these scores
identify which sequences are the most similar to each other. Also save the
alignment file in fasta format.
>seq
MACKGTGNRTIAVYDLGGGTFDISIIEIDEVDJEKTFEVLATNGDTHL
GGEDFDSRLINYLVEEFKKDQG
IDLRNDPLAMQRLKEAAEKAKIELSSAQQTDVNLPYITADATGPKHMN
IKVTRAKLESLVEDIVNRSIEP
LKVALQDAGLSVSDIDVILVGGQTRMPMVQKKVAEFFGKEPRKDVNP
DEAVAIGAAVQGGVLTKCL (The sequence must be provided on the desktop)
(9 marks)
(Procedure 3, MSA 3, % similarity 2, Identification 1)
IV. Q. 10. Major: Any one of the following. (22 Marks)
Prepare a smear of your buccal epithelium to demonstrate Barr body. Write the
principle and procedure. Comment on your results.
(Experiment and result – 18, Principle & Procedure – 2, Comment 2)
OR
By performing appropriate biochemical tests analyze the given three sample
solutions for the presence of organic constituents, such as monosaccharides,
polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Submit the report in tabular form.
(Expt. and result - 18, Report of the results in tabular form - 4)
OR
Prepare a neatly stained squash preparation of onion root tip. Identify any two
mitotic stages. Sketch and label.
(Expt. and result- 18, Identification - 2, Sketch - 2)
OR
Prepare a squash preparation of onion root tip. Calculate the mitotic/metaphase
index. Write the procedure.
(Expt. and result – 18, Calculation – 4)
OR
Find out the diameter/length of the given object using stage and ocular
micrometer. Write down the principle and procedure.
(Expt. and result – 15, Calculation. 4, Principle and Procedure – 3)
OR
Identify whether the given bacteria is Gram positive or negative by the Gram
staining technique. Write the principle and procedure.
(Expt. and result – 18, Principle and procedure – 4)
Viva-voce (3 marks)
V. Record: (16 Marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME (CBCSS-UG)
CORE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
PRACTICAL III: Physiology, Endocrinology, Reproductive and Developmental Biology,
Environmental and Conservation Biology, Ethology, Evolution, Zoogeography and Elective
course.
[ZOL6B16P] [Practical: III*A+ III*B]
Time: 4 hours Max: 80 Marks
I. Q. 1-6. Spotters: Do as directed. 6 items. (6 x 3 =18 Marks)

(Physiology & Endocrinology (Any 1) – Haemoglobinometer, sphygmomanometer,

osmotic response of RBC, blood cells, sections of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal or
endocrine pancreas, pregnancy detection; Reproductive and Developmental
Biology (Any 2) - embryo/developmental stages/larval forms, placenta, Drosophila
life cycle; Ethology (Any 1) phototaxis, chemotaxis, locomotory behaviour;
Evolution (Any 2) - homologous/analogous organs, vestigial organs, adaptive
radiation, connecting links, evolution of man.

II. Q. 7. Minor: One or two items from elective course. (9 Marks)

(Human Genetics/Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry and Poultry science/ Applied
Entomology)
III. Q. 8. Minor: Any one of the following. (3+9=12 Marks)
a. Mark the Australian realm in the map supplied and comment on its faunal
characteristics. (3 marks)
b. Determine the haemoglobin content of human blood. Write the procedure
(9 marks)
(Expt. and result – 7; Procedure – 2)
OR
a. Mark the Galapogos islands in the map supplied and comment on its faunal
characteristics. (3 marks)
b. Determine the pH of the two samples provided by using pH indicator paper/pH
meter. Write the procedure. Comment on its significance. (9 marks)
(Expt. and result – 5, Procedure - 3, Comment - 1)
OR
a. Comment on the faunal characteristics of the marked region in the world map
provided to you (3 marks)
b. Detect the presence of starch and urea in the given sample of milk. Write down
the procedure. (9 marks)
(Expt. & Result - 6, Procedure – 3)
OR
a. Comment on the special features of the marked region in the world map
provided to you. (3 marks)
b. Construct a food web with specimens/names of items provided. Define and
add a note on its ecological significance. (Mouse, Snake, Rabbit, Grasshopper,
Grass, Lizard, Hawk Grasshopper) (9 marks)
(Food web - 6, Definition - 1, significance - 2)
OR
a. Mark the distribution of lung fishes in the world map provided. (3 marks)
b. Mount any two marine planktons in glycerin on clean slides. Identify them up
to class and write notes on planktonic adaptations. (9 marks)
(Mountings - 2+2, Identification - 2, Adaptations - 3)

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IV. Q. 9. Major: Any one of the following. (22 Marks)
You are provided with three urine samples. Analyze them for the presence of
glucose, albumin and ketone bodies. Present your results in tabular form.
Comment on your results.
(Experiment results - 18, report of the results in tabular form – 2, Comment - 2)
OR
Prepare a smear of your own blood. Identify any two WBCs. Sketch and label.
(Expt. and result - 18, Identification - 2, Sketch - 2)
OR
Estimate the amount of dissolved oxygen in the given sample using Winkler’s
method. Write down the principle and procedure.
(Expt. and result-16, Principle and procedure - 4, Calculation - 2)
OR
Estimate the amount of dissolved Carbon dioxide in the given sample. Write down
the principle and procedure.
(Expt. and result-16, Principle and procedure - 4,
Calculation - 2)
OR
Estimate the hardness of the given water sample. Write down the principle and
procedure.
(Expt. and result -16, Principle and procedure - 4, Calculation - 2)

Viva-voce (3 marks)
V. Record: (16 Marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY (CBCSS-UG) COMPLEMENTARY PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION
PRACTICAL: Animal diversity, wildlife conservation, Economic zoology, Physiology,
Ethology, Genetics and Immunology
[ZOL4C05P]: [Practical I*A, I*B, I*C & I*D]

(Digital versions of the mountings and dissections are to be done as per UGC guide lines if the
software is available)

Time: 4 hours Max. : 80 Marks

I. Q. 1-6. Spotters: Do as directed. (6 items): 18 Marks
(Non chordata -1; Chordata - 2; Histology/Osteology –1; Economic Zoology-1;
Genetics - 1) (6 x 3 =18 Marks)
II. Q.7. Minor: Any one item from the following: (9 Marks)
Identify your own blood group and submit the slide for valuation. Write down the
principle and procedure involved.
(Expt. and result - 6, principle and procedure – 3)
OR
Detect biochemically the presence of glucose, protein or lipid in the sample
provided Conduct an appropriate confirmatory test also. Submit the result in
tabular form.
(Expt. and result - 6, Report of the results in tabular form – 3)
III. Q.8. Minor: Any one item from the following: (12 Marks)
Honey bee: Mount the mouth parts on a clean slide. Sketch and label.
(10 + 2 = 12)
OR
Shark: Mount a few placoid scales on a clean slide. Sketch and label.
(10 + 2 = 12)
IV. Q.9. Major: One of the following: (22 Marks)
Penaeus: Dissect and display the nervous system.
(18+4 =22)
OR
Make a neatly stained smear of your own blood. Identify any two immunologically
significant cells.
(Preparation - 18, Identification – 2, Sketch and label – 2)

Viva – voce (3 marks)

V. Record: (16 Marks)

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