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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LECTURE NOTES
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77 viewsChapter 11 Ring of Differential Operators
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LECTURE NOTES
Uploaded by
Mat MatttCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 32
Chapterit Ring of differential operators
Resolution of linear differential
Si uation
1. Ring of differential operators
Let _ = ge p 4?
e D= 4) Dis Fak =a ie
\\ dewote
Gven a fun cFion a(t), we wi
e
a(t) sx) by (ap?) (x)
Di=%
We Can
n-l o
Ae op + a,D + --- + OnD = Fo4,.d"
K=o n
Theat means Ax= a,Dr+ a onipily Hee SO,
We Call order of the imear operator A, dencted
by ¥(A)) the greatest power of D appearin
PP 4.
in the expression of A.
E xowple : t ax, + 3 ze _ atx Sint Can be
written (E +ap-2ED)*= sink
or ALs Sint where A= b+ 3d-2tD
of ovdef 2:
“define the Linear differential operator
K
ts a hiner operator
. n
Given: A= aoD +a, D"4 ---4+ OnD= yao"
en wm} Keo 7
B-b D+rHD oath, De Fas"
(a+e)x = ax +B*
108 Example: A= tp+tp ret and B= D+t
then A4B= ED + H)D +etyt
We can easily veri fy that, the addition tn the
sel of differential operators _ is Commutative
_ is assacative
~ admits a neutral
element o which is the
operator whose
coefficients ace all xre-
in n-K
= Any operator A= Zao
Ke
admits a Symmetrical
element (w. tk addition)
denoted by — Ree
Om the other hand, we define (AB)x= A(Bx)
Example: lek A=D and BetD
(AB) x = A(8x) = D(ED) -px+tDx=
AB= D+tDt= tD¥D .
(B.A) = B(AX)= tp(p»= EDx=>
pac ED. We otic. that ABEBA-
Meaning that, the muti plication 1S not
Commutative in the Set of the differential
operators:
But we Can easil prove that, the
mutipli cation in the set of dilferentiel operators
|03 — is aSsociative
- is distributive with respect to the addition
~ admits @ wouttal element which is Del.
Conclusion. The set L of the linear differential
Comcissuee
operators , endowed with + and K, 15 4
ie fing.
Remark: ap- BA if ayecst and by= cst.
Let A ava B be 2 elements of L nnd
Suppo se that (8) 3 Q and R/ A= QB+tR with ¥(R)< ¥(B)
Thus, we divide BhyR so J Q,, 8 /
B= QR+R, with ¥(R) < ¥(R) and so on,
We repeat this ope vation till we reach
then CCD(96,64)=32
2 Cases.
. 3c | R fo woith ¥(Ri)=o, in this Case the
2 operators
primes
[ ¥(Ri)at ana Re divides Ris
this Case , Ric Ge D(A, 8)-
Aand B ave said to be relatively
WW Conclusion:
when A and B are not relatively prime aD,
GOD of Aand B such that Az ALP aad BBD.
2... Application to the study of linear differential eqns
Consider 2 homogeneous Riwear differential
equations (i) axzo and © Bx=o. Aand B
are 2 operators such that ¥(B) < ¥(A).
Thus, bhere exist Q and R/ Ac QB+R with
¥(® < ¥(8)-
Consider the equation ® Rxr=0-
Th ig obvious that if X 1s a& Common Solution
foe 0 avd @, bhus it ls Solution of 8.
By Conti niwma the division, we. will reach
2 Cases.
. 1S case: A and B are relatively prime.
ws Common solution of @ and @ is
Solution of R,xX=0 where ¥(Ri)=0 awe
|
R + Oo => x=0 |
. 2”4 case: Let D be the Cc ef hand B. |
Any Common Solution of @ and @ ts Solution of |
Disco. But sina A= AD and B= B,D |
W2 |
| Then an Solution of Dxr=0 18 Soluti {@
olution o
and @. Hera, only the Solutions of Dacso
ate Common solutions of @ and @.
The orem: Giwew 2 differential eqns @ Ax-o
@ Bx=0
Tf A and B ave relatively prime then the
only Common solution ot oO and Os the
ro Sdution .
, tf A and B® ave not relatively prime, ther
the Common Solution of © ord @ ave
exackty Lhe Solutions of @® Px=% uhere D
-< the GoD of A and B-
oe Tf We consider the, particular Case where
any solution of @ is solution of @, then
bhe Common Solutions of @ and @ ate
the solutions of @. Hence Br Gcpd(A,B).-
So, a necessary, and sufficient Condition
that any solution of @ is a solution fQ,
is that B divides A.
Case where Pp Solutions are Known:
Consider the ? order \ineat differential
equation @A% = 0 where nz X(A)-
M3 Serres ie we. Know P_ pactiesler ealakion
hyp =p Xp (Pen) linearly independet of
OS There exists & differential equation
of order P adwi ting, Lyn Mp OSH un damental
Set of Solutions - That eqn is given by
w(%\, %) 77 xg) 20+ That fast equation
con be written under the form @ Bx=0
with ¥ (8) =P. Any gclution of @ is Solution
of (OF a ®B diwides A-
A= Qs with ¥(Q)=E WP:
The eqn @ Con be written (QB) x= Q(Bx)=°
Let@y= Bx 2OQ()= °
Equation @ iS a homogeneous differential eqn
of ovder n-Ff- By solving ik we find 4.
By geting 4, 24" ® Boxy is 4 di ffevential
eqn of order f with second member, of
which we Know a undawental set of
homoge neors solutions, which ate %1%.0-°2 7p"
Method of variation of constant allows
us to find the general solution of:
- ly Example:
Consider the followin
4 differential equation:
C #s
-v (E+3) ae + 2b (t+3) 4x dx _2(t+3)x=00
) a that Q@ adwits 2 linearly dependent
Solutions of the form " where 1S an
integer.
ii) Using Ene se solutions , ceduce the otder awd
Cond khe general solution of @
Solution. , .
i) Let Xp ak ) Xp 0 5 deanna) ;
ai: T (aed(ne
By tes lacing in “a we ablain:
n(n-ylr- ay ie (nye (t+3) LE” a
o abtteaye. epee
= a (o-a{n-2)-n(n-l) (E43) + 2" (b+3)-2(t3)=°
ter”
a5 n(-1) (9-2) + (n-)(- n+2)(t43)=0
0 (m-1) (n-2)— (n-) (4 2) (t+3)=0
(n- \) (w- 2) (- 3) = (n-)(¥- 2)t=o
x n=l or n= 2
Co }
n clusion. zk and x, zt are 2 parhicalar
sduttave, of on
- WS. W(X) %2) = £
(4%) =] t Apae
) 2k
de peodent :
thus x, and 2, ave linearly im
ti) let us find the eqn @ Bx=°, such that
X= & and X= & form a Landamental
set of salution of @.
aie = ©
px ) 2tb| =
px o 2
ft | -o|t ue
2 , 2k
°
Ww (*) %1) %2) =°
Oe?
*\ | - DL
° 2
pty 2b Dx + 2%= Beso. @
Any solution of @ is a Solution of @ thxs
B dwides A. Leb us find the operator
Q Such Hhat B= QB.
a. Pp (t+) px2t(t+s)D- 2(t+s) |UDe 2'D+2
a> 2 2.
~ (Ops 2b DY_ 2 DY 2ED +2tD) [ED -(E+9)
- t(t +3) D+ 2t(t+3)D _2 (£43)
— (oer (ers vo 2t (t+3)D -2(t+3))
Oo
- We- So Q= ED- (643)
@MAx=o = Q(Bx)=0 5 Let Se Bx @
=> Qly)=0 @
EDY- (t+3) 4 =° =F
Ede (Es) y-0 5
dg - Exe dt =>
d : :
ag. | Ets dt =
{4 j 3 dé = (4g) k
a> Ln al = k+ 3ln\t\ 2 Ln ef Laltl”
ee 2 lw etfel?
\sl- K |e} eo sy York ret chet
¥ where Cis an arbitrary constant.
Now , we have to solve 8 Bc fe
(tb D'_2tD+2)x< cle
The homoqencous eqn assotialed to is@) Bez.
But we Know that x= and x, 24" form a
fu damental sek o solutions of G).
ion of 6) is eS cb ect
ig X22 (EE +
2, (6)
Thus, the general solut
Then) the general Solution of @
Z, and Z, bo be ound , using the
method of Variation of Constant.
- 12- Zk + zs, t*=0 > vez
3
3 4 nbz WW. chet ctet <5
ao t=
2 b+2tZ,= ctet
1 2 Cebas Z,= cet 4 Ky
2.
zZ--Z,b= wkCe hte
t bet c a CeeK,
-t@¢*
Ligie®
Oo
oO
Finally, the 4e
¥2 zb+%te-
neval solution of Q 1s
chet cte EL Kt+
chet + KE
xa KE + Ke + Cte® where K,) Ky and C
ove arbitrary constants.
- 8- Case where One Solution 15 Known
Consider the equation @ Ax= b(1). Suppose
Phat we Known & parti cular gelation x, of the
assouated homogeneous eqn @ AxX=0.
thus Consider the substitution x= %Z ushere,
zis Whe new function to be found. Wwe get
A\2 = blk) @. The assocated howe eneous
equation ¥ @ fz=e- the coefficient of 2
in @ iS equal bo yero.
az = bo by nae bz = bWO
By taking zisu, we obtain a di {ferential eqn
of order nl which is
br GO, a bee b(t).
Exow ple: Solve (1- Ba" atx! 4 axe 0 O given
that x,et is a Solution.
let x= x,2=6235 nie BEEZ X= z'+2'¢ tz":
g2'+t2"
The equation @ becomes:
(1-2) (22'+t2") _2t(z2+b2') + 2tZ =0
zy | Leyta "s+ 2 (1-20) zgizo (2)
A, = ce (1-t) Dv 2(1-2)D
Let u=z’; © becomes £(i_elaa(i-2t ure
-W9- By Separation of the Variables, we cbtam
-2(1-24) ge a> fate -2[ rent at |
a
du =
uw tG-t*) £(1-#4)
2
1-20, Op by oS aeigbs-Ly cel.
TO Ee ye) Ses
dt _ (dt
= \ de .-2)% +i ives
Lwjul < -2\lt\— Ln fyb] - brf(i+e)) +
Ln jul = - 2b le] - ta ft-e
Hint’ tw) |B) +k
aleyce
- a
a ees S aCe)
=>u- G& =2!
U-t)
Fn | & des le + Ly dt
byt) E 1-8
z:- -S Co ml itt) 4 C
Go Goleta
eneval Solution of @ is given
Thus the
b
tel + Gt
by ne Zs -c, + GE bw
where Cy and C, ave arbitrary Constants.
«a 264 y_ Linear “a with Constant Coefficients
vf
Let A= al = apnea, O -H (0-4)
po(e*) = e*!(p_a)x
-\2\-
function of t D*( (ex) = en aif
We Con prove by recurrence that
) rLetsj= vat (p- ax
We Can use this identity te solve equations
of type (D- ajcso => oe" '(p-a)ra0>
p'( ety) 20
=> Pa is oO polynowial in E of degree SP
éex= a) => X= ett P
x-é€ othe ~ t+, eet
Cave arbi trav Constants.
Cy Pet
mo ae
Examples:
Solve 1-20 => (pD-\)*=° (%215 P=)
Solve xe x) 44xz0
The characteristic paynowial r+ 920
(r-syeo 2 Te 4e3 and Pe?
2
(ot cp +aye= (9-59 ©
xa Fh et. (arktye et
- \22- x Consider the eqn Ax=o where
Az Soy De with ay ave Constants.
Ke
r, he d
A= a0o(D-%)""(D-as) = -— (D-at,) *
The solution of (D- &) Lo 15 also solut
of Axc=0- find this is true wie fimo
But for each Le}nz---yf, (p-a, x0
X= ge F.@ where Re isa polynomial Wn
t of deqres a
The yen Solution of Axso ts gives by.
xz 2 et pm.
i=! ayt
Exowple : Solve ran xt x! X= 0 Qa
@ can be weitlen (D+ pD'-D-1)x=0
=> (D*(D+1)- (+i) L=0
(Dv) (Dire => (+) (p-)t=°
(D-l)x-20 = x= cet
2
(Da)x=0 => x2 (G4Gbe°
Thus the general Solution of o 1s gives by:
Xa Ce + (c,4ahHet (€,, Cas arbitrary
Constants) «
ion
Ks
-\23- * Contribution of a Complex foot and its Con\ugate
Yook to the general Solution of the differentia)
ans ‘
Consider Ax=0 and suppose that among, the.
Toots of the polynomial A(r) , there exists a
Complex foot k= A+tib of wultiplictty d.
K- a-ib is also a Yooh of multiplicity d for
the chavack evistic paynovsial A(r).
The Contribution of X in the Solution of Ax=o
ig 9 bs (arib)t
aiven 4 Spa Rw -
The Contribution ° Mm is wen b
pot 3 3
X,< Q,
Thus khe Contribution of the 2 Toots Lond &
1S a ivew by:
Xz H+%= é( Rk, (H cosbt + St
t
Pe ura)
Example Solve x, rt a axle ax'-x=0 QO
Q) Can be writen
(pig 2pi+3D 4 2D+I)x=° &
(p't D+!) x=°
(ror \yz0 = C+reiso=>
b) sinbt)
~124- The coots of ety alco ave the _—
A> -L- me and AL Lie
2 za zZ2
So, the solution of @ Can bewriten
he gv (8, cos iB t a4 Rosin Ge)
“yt
2 ¢€ (Gt se coBl + (Cgte€ ) sini b)
Solve (0%) (pen) x= o Oo
(p-n (D+) (o- ) (DE DH)X= 9
(p+i) (p-') (D* +D+i)eee
(Dr) x=0 => X= cet
(D- ay xe => X= (C 46 ate
(p+D+!) groom Me e*(c, co B t + CgsinBb)
Solution of O ts written as:
inl,
m2 CE be (c+ Cot ere Kc, Cor Bt CgS'Z 3)
Consider A(X) = ELE) O
Suppose that b is writen b= babe
Consider @ Ax- b,
Consider @) Axt=b,.
-\25- Let x, be @ particular solution of @
let £, be ow particular solution of B)
lek x= %\ 4 Fe
Sina A 15 @ linear then Ax= A(x, 4%, )= AX FAX,
1 t
. * = by rk
Conclusion: X,+%z 1S a particslar solution af
Axe be b +b, -
Remark:
Lek @ Ax= bE) - To Sind the gene Cal solution
of O, Wwe solve Ax=0 by Using the.
\denkities of the preceeding paragraph:
Then, We arly wethod of variation of
Constonts to find the general Solution f@.
Determination of oO pac ticular solutions in
Lhe Porm €
Consider OA x 2 wet 3 Az Soypy “aith oy
ate Loastonts:
Let yyy ---) oy be the foots of the.
polynomial Alr) and Ret dy Avy ra AK bE
theit Corres ponding mali plicities .
- 126- Th BHA Y ce, 2,3) --9 K4
Then, We fook for petite? solution of O
° so Foren Le te wohete C is de termine
by identi ification.
a“ { Bie oly and »i is the mu ki plicaty. of ot,
then, we Rook Lor a pia Solution ai
YQ Ax= yet of the orm cv 2 E ere C
16 determined y identification.
t it
Solve x! Mes alex = fete ©
Example :
the assotiated Nunta eneioies eqn is
@) x" x! a © & (D+) (d- x20
yz CE (a4 be
ii) Let us Look fora patti calar Solution for
5 Be2 £ocef-oih.
uM u 1 2k
HX. -X4+m = ¢
f
bhen x, = ce; Xp 20e a yc et
ond ye gcet
x= Xp ~ pam e C (3-4-24)¢'- ety
Cer « Thas tere
itt) Let “ took ‘for oa parkicul at Solution for
x xyes eg
~ 12 Sw@ -| is a Sim ple. toot of Poe ceico then
Ret us find the particular Solution under
the oe hi che
xo Lt ee c(i- vet
Po
xn=¢ fe ty tee p= BO ae"
xp c(e EL (bane a}: c(3- ber
= = Of bss (k- 2)-(1-t) Des e
=<» Gear sThes a
ip Xp -Xp +%
xD) Let us find a pennies solution of
x" Mae under the few Xp cket
—~ x —-e+ vot
2
(since }is a doulsle rook rice ratze)
xp? c (tee et 5 a - = c(atuese ye
p= c(¢ cack be
eer (2ratel)-[ et)
ut __ oe Be a
xe "Kp ans -
Cy et e et => Cet
Lo Z + fet /
Conclusion: the general solution of @ is given
by: we Fyr mat oe, +% %
x2 GE Baty e*+,te False tLtéta ve
where Cy Cr and C ave acleitary toda
_128- Second order linear differential eqn with constant
coeffidents and with particular SeCond Wwember,
Let a.x + a,x 4 4,X= b(t) (a,,4,,4, are Constants) .
@ blb)=k we look fora particular solution
of the form p= C-
Remark: «tf a,=°)
for a pat
p= Cl.
TE a,24,=95 a t'= kK = Xe
“ 1
aX + ayes K we look
brosGar Ssofution of the fora
eck.
Example: xa tax 22
eo gat = 3
2
Kye Ce + Cle
!
=C 5 Xp= Xp
Kee? Fee
xz Fr Xe ce 2b
® b(t) 2 RO) where Pp, (4) is @ paynomial of
deacee n. NE look for a particular solution
of the forms Xo= Q, (¢)
Remark: -T £ %2=°) ae ae= Rb). We
\ooK for a partionlar solution of the.
(orem x(t) = 2,66)
eT( dyed=0 5 aox'= RE) => Xr RD
Example Solve. +X = ak.
xitXeO 5 crleo = C= ES
X,= C, cost + Cz sit
oI28~ tee at+b, Xp = a & Xp=0
opat+b=ut => a<43 bro > Xpout
Cy Cost + Gsink +4E
_ We look for Xp= C& if B is rola
Coot of the chavacterishe
tar+a,=0
Me Ly+ Xp=
@ b(t) = Ket
pol gowital af
sWe look Cor X, = ck et if Rise
simple ook of a,r t+ +4, =o:
sWe look for Xp = ck "ifs isa
double coot of af 4 O,f +4a,=%
Bt
@ b(t) = RIDE . we Jook for tp = Q,(§) oa
Bis nok & foot of the-
characteristic polynomial
aot t+ Ar+42.=° pt
° We look for Xp = awe if
” po TAH
8 15 a Simple- foot of
Oo + Ayr +0,=0 t
. We |ook for Ker 0,4Oe if
8 is a double took of
ag ht Art Or=?°
Example: Solve gel’ ax! ax <4
x ax'-3% <0
py 2b eo = (,e-15 <3
kin St ecce™
-t
Xy= Ce + C, 2
XY gt as! 3xe YES
= 130 Ape atte, xXp2a5 xp=0
_aa-3(at+b)eut-S =
_sat—-3b-2a = 4ub-s
az-4 5 _3b-2ae-5
—sb + =-5 => abe Stk:
b= 23
Fy gb S: 3
: 3
wil ex) -3% = ct et it
= no f-) at oe tp =(ct+d)e
fee ae taa(ctrd et = eect vo)
xo Et (act +r) te ¥ (2)
x'ps 2 (ta 20)
a ats
tae se ‘pet ote fede
maiee 5 opie dbs Ce) d- .
f_2-2te yet
te Fy + 4 * he
=e 46,0 wk
“
-\3l- ® blt)= (i sinSt) + h cos (gt)
» We look Loc Lee Cc, si4 (Bt) + C, cos (6) if
2 LB \S not o Yoot of ante Age a ge
| We look for tee E[c, sin (Bt) + heodBt)) if
+ i® \S oO Coot °
age AC + =O
{ the chavacke rishic
polynomial
Exow ple Solve y+ 44
CH2rt
4" 444 = 0 , C, .
268 ¢ 412 then ‘de? Acosx + Bs\
4 = =if sine + & coSx ame
‘ B gin t
Jee
ber y de
4g Bene +4
=> B=0
= 2 co$sX
Cs sin 2X
=
_ ace -
« 2coSt
A cos xt BSin®% = 2C0sx
- ACS
ZAc2 5 3%=2
2&
3
. bcos
2 CCH 2>* C, sine + ze cos
J= Ot oF
-132- © «b(t = &*[ vm (BE) + h cos(Be)]
«We look {or Xp e*(c, sinBt)+ bh celt)) if
ig not a Coat for Age + O\f +Ao=°
pet B
. We look for Xe = rétLk sift) +h cor (t)}
cf \ribisa coot Lor AoC + Art aez0
Exom ple! Solve xp = cost
rr v= (eri) =° => K= 0 A=
we-) Meet
ot : .
&,- {e+ Gbe + cok Gtatr SE
adhe jeu ts pot a foot of Cx Peo Vhen
Spe e (A cole) + sin(St))= et(pce £4 Bsint)
x'p2 ef (fcort + B sint) + et(—asint sie BCet)
Xe? et (@xa)cort + (B-A) si")
th- e (Carsyent* (o-#) sint) +
e (-(arerent (B-8) col)
4 _2f sink
ths oe lr = in é (-spseh-ane)
=) et (2(g-Aert 2 2(atB)s
xb + Xp = es —2A)emt _ (4942-8) sint _teost
~ (oe* Bg identification: YB-2A=1 5 YA+2Bz0
4 A+2ZBcos> 2A+Beo> B--2A
4B-202 -8A-2A =) => As-L
16
i. =a te) ~
Xe Xy+ tes C+ Cok a cet et(-L sinteen)
@ bl) = Fi) sin(Bb) + Q, (8) co BE
. we. JooK Sor Xp = Rnlt) sin B+ Sy lt) coat)
if xi®B 15 not a oot of As + Ar 40=9-
L we Wok fr = Ry) Si) + 49°60
tf FiB is a oot of Ag+ At Ao=0-
Exam ple » Solve xb 4%X= cost
cipyrco 5, Crea 2 cetiz
2 C,ca2t+r& sin zt
so #tin> Xp = (atrb)eest + (ste 4) sant
= ateok + (atest) + csiata(ckrd ert
x
Po
Xp G@+d)cat + (- b) sint -atsint + cteest
xp = (a+d) sink + (c- b) Coot - a asint — ah cost
xh let et Se 4) sink — atcost —ctsink
r -134- y
x -
pt 4%p= (2c-b) Cert — (2a +d) sint ~ at Coot
—ct sink + gattot+4 bart + uctsint
+ Gdsint = -eest
= (2c% a Yert x (34- 2a) gint ~3zatcost
4 actsiat =
By identi fication: 204 3b=0 4,
t cost
gd-2azo 5 sacl
3C<0
ad-2a2 3d-420>
ede
34-4 >
d- kh
3
O2eb 4 OHO 4 b=0 5
Lee J, tet +e atak
2 C,cmrt +O sinzt 4 A beak
oo Lyr 4
’ 4 Zsint.
3
1 5- Evlec’s equations:
A di fferential equation is called Euler's equation
wher its Taesagencen’ _assoasled equation of
the form at pDx+t at Dx oO, Drayed
where the a, ave Constants.
St wethod:
We seek to determine pasticslar solutions of
the owogen® oS equation under the form
fe By fe placing ww
will veach 2 equality
where Pir) 19 0 pelynomio
Theat wwekhod anes q particular solutions
q \s the number
dhe equation, Wwe
of \he form Flr) a
\in ¢ of deq ree n.
lmearly independent where
of Johinct real roots of P(0).
Example: Solve tly txtieax= BO
Th iS Euler's equation. Ths associated
homogeneous equation is @) ex" gtx! UX =o:
Let us find particular selutions of «@) under
the Loco 5 ee is it's oo ; es c(r-E
By replacing n® we obtain
te (7) ery te pre ytiso
-|3b= (o(e-i * (r-w)) Ee 8 => (8) E05 po 2 or rent
This, & gwd ave 2, pacticlar homogeneous
inearly independent meaning thot the geretl
Solution a’) we Kye Cc, bo CQ pe
Use the meth od of
Variation of Constant io
order lo
determine the general solution of QO.
-t
yz 2, rZel
gtagbeco = genet
pat -22,t = bit). Het
\ 2 a i?
atk 22 pe 226 - 2% bt
y
_ot, -2%2? t
_ytizt!
4y
2, 2 at =>.
4
5
Zr- - e+ Db
\ “4 °
a
E and D ave arbitrars Constants.
-13t- Second method :
ler's equation by \etting tee
We solve Ev
lee De 4 ond Be
Mean D= "bh (+)
pix = p(Dx) = D(a) = ea (e“ay)
- en (-e "aes eto)
2 &* [e*(e- ax]
=< e&“[Le*(o-) ax)
= oo pn (p-)*
By yeccuvenG We prove that
De =. eon (4-\)[ A-2)
eke
pr=e (a-\)--- (s- pri)
By this change of variable , Euler's eqn is
reduced to one with Constanl coeffi cients.
SolveO Ux" 4 ta -Ve
Example:
let teu. (epts ED-4) te E
The eq (1) becomes:
““w-4u)re ee
(e™ een (o-!)* eX es
- 138- (o-4)* = et (a)
The assoaated homogeneous equation is
(d-4) x22 5 rysto = faae
Ly 2 Ce Ce eo
Let us find a particular solution of eqn (+)
under the form X= ce (s+ })
hee ace, Hp = 4Ce
By fe placing in (4) We alorais :
aCe yCe = eae sCa1>Ceb
” -Leé*
the he te e
the general Solution of eqn (#) is
L(wy= H+ %pe Ce
but et=t then
3
(=e GEA GEe LE.
2u 3u
+ Ce +Ee
