Basic Calculus: Application of Antidifferentiation To Differential Equations
Basic Calculus: Application of Antidifferentiation To Differential Equations
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Module
8
Quarter 4
Application of Antidifferentiation
to Differential Equations
Introductory Message
This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.
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module.
EXPECTATION
Learning Objective:
PRETEST
2. It pertains to the highest order of the derivative that appears in the differential
equation.
A. Differential Equation C. solution
B. order D. separable
B. order D. separable
B. integrable D. separable
LESSON
Examples:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
• 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1 is a solution to = 2𝑥 + 5 is a solution to = 2𝑥 + 5 since
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑦) = (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1 ) = 2𝑥 + 5.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
• The relation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 is a solution to = − because if we differentiate the
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
relation implicitly, we get 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0⇒ =− .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
• 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 solves the differential equation 𝑦" + 𝑦 = 0 since 𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑥 and 𝑦" =
−sin 𝑥, and therefore 𝑦" + 𝑦 = (−sin 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 = 0.
Solving a differential equation means finding all possible solutions to the DE.
If f(x) and g(y) are functions in terms of x and y, respectively, then
𝑑𝑦
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
which is a first-order differential equation that can be solved using a technique called
separation of variables. Thus, it is called separable differential equation. Usually,
the general solution of a separable differential equation requires putting all the terms
involving the variable y on the left side and those involving the variable x on the right
side. Then, the equation is integrated both sides.
𝑑𝑦
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥) ⇔ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
⇔ ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 1
Example 1: Find the general solution = 𝑦.
𝑑𝑡 4
Solution: Separate the variables by combining all the y-terms on the left side and
the x-terms in the right side.
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥𝑦 2 ⇔ = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
1
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
1
⇔ ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇔ ∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
⇔ − = 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑦
−1
⇔ 𝑦=
2𝑥 3 +𝐶
1 1
⇔ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇔ ln 𝑦 = ln|1 + 𝑥 | + 𝐶
⇔ 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln|1+𝑥|+𝐶
Example 4: Find the particular solution of the following given their corresponding
initial conditions:
𝑑𝑦 1
A. = 𝑦; when 𝑦 = 100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 4
𝑑𝑦
B. = 4𝑥𝑦 2 ; when 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑥
Solution: We will use the general solutions from the previous examples.
1
A. The solution to Example 1 is 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 4𝑡 . Using the conditions 𝑦 = 100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 0, we
1
get 100 = 𝐴𝑒 0 . Hence, 𝐴 = 100 and therefore the particular solution is 𝑦 = 100𝑒 4𝑡 .
−1
B. The solution to Example 2 is 𝑦 = . Using the conditions 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1, we get
2𝑥 3 +𝐶
−1 −1
1= ⇒1= ⇒ 2 + 𝐶 = −1 ⇒ 𝐶 = −3.
2(1)3 +𝐶 2+𝐶
−1
Hence, 𝐶 = −3 and therefore the particular solution is 𝑦 = .
2𝑥 3 −3
ACTIVITIES
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 3
1. 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑦
2
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑦 3
3. 𝑑𝑦 = (6𝑒 3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2
1. 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑦−5
if 𝑦(1) = 2
2
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑦 3 if 𝑦(0) = 8
VALUING
𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑒 −2𝑥
3. (𝑥 2 + 5)𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 if 𝑦(−1) = 2
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑒 −2𝑥 if 𝑦(1) = 3
REFERENCES
BOOK
Pelias, John Gabriel P. Basic Calculus. Rex Book Store, Sampaloc, Manila.
2016