Chapter 2

PROBLEM 2.1
2.1 A steel rod is 2.2 m long and must not stretch more than 1.2 mm when a 8.5 kN load is applied to
it. Knowing that E = 200 GPa, determine (a) the smallest diameter rod which should be used, (b)
the corresponding normal stress caused by the load.

SOLUTION

PL PL d
8.5 ¥ 10 3 2.2 ia f = 77.92 ¥ 10–6 m2
d id i
(a) d = \ A= =
AE Ed 200 ¥ 10 9 1.2 ¥ 10 -3

p 2 4A ( 4 ) ( 77.92 ¥ 10 -6 )
A= d \ d= = = 9.96 ¥ 10–3 m
4 p p
= 9.96 mm
p 8.5 ¥ 10 3
(b) s = = -6
= 109.1 ¥ 106 Pa = 109.1 MPa
A 77.92 ¥ 10

PROBLEM 2.2
2.2 A 1.5 m long steel wire of 6 mm diameter steel wire is subjected to a 3.4 kN tensile load. Knowing
that E = 200 GPa, determine (a) the elongation of the wire, (b) the corresponding
normal stress.

SOLUTION

p 2 p
(a) L = 1.5 m = 1500 mm A= d = (6)2 = 28.27 mm2
4 4
PL (3.4 ¥ 1000 N ) (1500 mm)
d= = = 0.902 mm = 0.902 mm
AE ( 28.27 mm 2 ) (200 ¥ 1000 N / mm 2 )

P 3400 N
(b) s = = = 120.26 N/mm2 = 120.26 MPa
A 28.27 mm 2
74 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.3
2.3 Two gage marks are placed exactly 250 mm apart on a 12 mm diameter aluminium rod with
E = 70 GPa and an ultimate strength of 110 MPa. Knowing that the distance between the gage
marks is 250.230 mm after a load is applied, determine (a) the stress in the rod, (b) the factor of
safety.

SOLUTION

(a) d = 250.230 – 250 = 0.230 mm

d s ES ( 70000 N / mm 2 ) (0.230 mm)

= \ s= = = 64.4 N/mm2
L E L 250 mm

= 64.4 MPa

sU 110
(b) F.S. = = = 1.708
s 64.4

PROBLEM 2.4
2.4 A control rod made of yellow brass must not stretch more than 3 mm when the tension in the wire
is 4 kN. Knowing that E = 105 GPa and that the maximum allowable normal stress is 180 MPa,
determine (a) the smallest diameter that can be selected for the rod, (b) the corresponding maxi-
mum length of the rod.

SOLUTION

P P 4 ¥ 10 3
(a) s = \ A= = = 22.222 ¥ 10–6 m2
A s 180 ¥ 10 6

A=
p 2
d \ d=
4A
=
d
( 4) 22.222 ¥ 10 -6 i = 5.32 ¥ 10 –3
4 p p
= 5.32 mm

(b) d =
PL
\ L=
AEd
=
d id id
22.222 ¥ 10 -6 105 ¥ 10 9 3 ¥ 10 -3 i
AE P 4 ¥ 10 3
= 1.750 m

PROBLEM 2.5
2.5 A 9 m length of 6 mm diameter steel wire is to be used in a hanger. It is noted that the wire
stretches 18 mm when a tensile force P is applied. Knowing that E = 200 GPa, determine (a) the
magnitude of the force P, (b) the corresponding normal stress in the wire.
 Chapter 2 75

SOLUTION

p 2 p
(a) A = d = (0.006)2 = 28.274 ¥ 10–6 m2
4 4

d=
PL
\ P=
AEd
=
d i d
28.274 ¥ 10 -6 (200 ¥ 10 9 ) 18 ¥ 10 -3 i
AE L 9
= 11.31 ¥ 103 N = 11.31 kN

P 11.31 ¥ 10 3
(b) s = = -3
= 400 ¥ 106 Pa = 400 MPa
A 28.274 ¥ 10

PROBLEM 2.6
2.6 A 1.4 m aluminum pipe should not stretch more than 1.2 mm when it is subjected to a tensile load.
Knowing that E = 70 GPa and that the allowable tensile strength is 96 MPa, determine (a) the
maximum allowable length of the pipe, (b) the required area of the pipe if the tensile load is 560 kN.

SOLUTION

(a) d =
PL
\ L=
EAd
=
Ed
=
d id
70 ¥ 10 9 Pa 1.2 ¥ 10 -3 m
= 0.875 m
i
AE P s 96 ¥ 10 6 Pa
P P 560 ¥ 103 N
(b) s = \ A= = = 5833.3 mm2
A s 96 N / mm 2

PROBLEM 2.7
2.7 A nylon thread is subjected to a 8.5 N tension force. Knowing that E = 3.3 GPa and that the length
of the thread increases by 1.1%, determine (a) the diameter of the thread, (b) the stress in the
thread.

SOLUTION

d 11
. L
(a) = \ = 90.909
L 100 d
PL PL (8.5) (90.909)
d= \ A= = = 234.16 ¥ 10–9 m2
AE Ed 3.3 ¥ 10 9
p 2 4A
A= d \ d= = 0.546 ¥ 10–3 m = 0.546 mm
4 p
P 8.5
(b) s = = = 36.3 ¥ 106 Pa = 36.3 MPa
A 234.16 ¥ 10 -9
76 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.8
2.8 A cast-iron tube is used to support a compressive load. Knowing that E = 70 GPa and that the
maximum allowable change in length is 0.025 percent, determine (a) the maximum normal stress
in the tube, (b) the minimum wall thickness for a load of 7 kN if the outside diameter of the tube
is 50 mm.

SOLUTION

d 0.025
(a) = = 0.00025
L 100
Ed
s= = (70 ¥ 109) (0.00025) = 17.5 ¥ 106 Pa = 17.5 MPa
L
P P 7000
(b) s = \ A= = = 400 mm2
A s 17.5
A=
p
4
d i
do2 - di2

4A ( 4 ) ( 400 )
di2 = do2 – = 502 – = 1990.7 mm2 \ di = 44.6 mm
p p
1 1
t = (do – di) = (50 – 44.6) = 2.7 mm
2 2

PROBLEM 2.9
2.9 A block of 250 mm length and 45 ¥ 40 mm cross section is to support a centric compressive load
P. The material to be used is a bronze for which E = 95 GPa. Determine the largest load which
can be applied, knowing that the normal stress must not exceed 124 MPa and that the decrease in
length of the block should be at most 0.12 percent of its original length.

SOLUTION
Considering allowable stress s = 124 MPa = 124 N/mm2
P
A = (45)(40) = 1800 mm2 s=
A
P = s A = (124)(1800) = 223.2 kN
d 0.12
Considering allowable deformation = = 0.0012
L 100

PL d
d= \ P = AE = (1800)(95 ¥ 109) (0.0012) = 205.2 kN
AE L
Smaller value governs P = 205.2 kN
 Chapter 2 77

PROBLEM 2.10
2.10 A 9 kN tensile load will be applied to a 50 m length of steel wire with E = 200 GPa. Determine the
smallest diameter wire which can be used, knowing that the normal stress must not exceed
150 MPa and that the increase in the length of the wire should be at most 25 mm.

SOLUTION

Considering allowable stress s = 150 ¥ 106 Pa

P P 9 ¥ 10 3
s= \ A= = = 60 ¥ 10–6 m2
A s 150 ¥ 10 6
Considering allowable elongation d = 25 ¥ 10–3 m

PL PL d
9 ¥ 10 3 50 ia f
= 90 ¥ 10–6 m2
d id i
d= \ A= = 9 -3
AE Ed 200 ¥ 10 25 ¥ 10
–6 2
Larger area governs A = 90 ¥ 10 m

p
A = d2 d=
4A
=
d
( 4) 90 ¥ 10 -6 i = 10.70 ¥ 10 –3
m
4 p p
= 10.70 mm

PROBLEM 2.11
2.11 The 4-mm-diameter cable BC is made of a steel with E = 200 GPa. B
Knowing that the maximum stress in the cable must not exceed 2.5 m
P
190 MPa and that the elongation of the cable must not exceed
6 mm, find the maximum load P that can be applied as shown.
3.5 m
SOLUTION A C

LBC = 6 2 + 4 2 = 7.2111 m
4.0 m
Use bar AB as a free body
F 4 F I =0
S MA = 0 3.5 P – (6)
H 7.2111 K BC
P
FBC
P = 0.9509 FBC
Considering allowable stress s = 190 ¥ 106 Pa
p 2 p Ax
A= d = (0.004)2 = 12.566 ¥ 10–6 m2
4 4 Ay
FBC
s= \ FBC = sA = (190 ¥ 106)(12.566 ¥ 10–6) = 2.388 ¥ 103 N
A
78 Mechanics of Materials

Considering allowable elongation d = 6 ¥ 10–3 m

Fµ LBC
d=
AB

\ FBC =
AES
=
d id
12.566 ¥ 10 -6 200 ¥ 10 9 6 ¥ 10 -3 id i
LBC 7.2111
= 2.091 ¥ 103 N
Smaller value governs FBC = 2.091 ¥ 103 N
P = 0.9509 FBC = (0.9509)(2.091 ¥ 103) = 1.988 ¥ 103 N = 1.988 kN
P= 580 kN
PROBLEM 2.12
2.12 Rod BD is made of steel (200 GPA) and is used to brace the axially
compressed member ABC. The maximum force that can be developed in A
member BD is 0.02 P. If the stress must not exceed 124 MPa and the 1.8 m
maximum change in length of BD must not exceed 0.001 times the length of D
ABC, determine the smallest diameter rod that can be used for member BD. B

1.8 m
SOLUTION
C
FBD = 0.02 P = (0.02) (580) = 11.6 kN
Considering stress s = 124 MPa = 124 ¥ 106 N/m2 or 124 N/mm2
1.35 m
F F 11.6 ¥ 10 3
d = BD \ A = BD = = 93.54 mm2
A s 124
Considering deformation d = (0.001)(3.6 ¥ 103) = 3.6 mm
FBD LBD
d=
AE
FBD LBD d
11.6 ¥ 10 3 1.35 ¥ 10 3id i
ia f
= 21.75 mm2
d
\ A = = 9 6
Ed 200 ¥ 10 /10 3.6
2
Larger area governs A = 93.54 mm
p 2 4A ( 4) ( 93.54)
A= d \ d= = = 10.91 mm
4 p p

PROBLEM 2.13 30 mm
d
2.13 A single axial load of magnitude P = 58 kN is applied at end C of
the brass rod ABC. Knowing that E = 105 GPa, determine the A
diameter d of portion BC for which the deflection of point C will B P
1.2 m
be 3 mm. C
0.8 m
 Chapter 2 79

SOLUTION
Pi Li RS L + L UV
P AB BC

TA A W
dC = Â =
Ai E E AB BC

LBc
=
Ed C L
- AB =
d105 ¥ 10 i d3 ¥ 10 i -
9 -3
1.2
= 3.7334 ¥ 103 m–1
ABC P AAB 58 ¥ 10 3 p 2
( 0.030 )
4
LBC 0.8
ABC = 3
= = 214.28 ¥ 10–6 m2
3.7334 ¥ 10 3.7334 ¥ 10 3

p 2 4ABC ( 4 ) (214.28 ¥ 10 -6 )
ABC = d BC \ dBC = = = 16.52 ¥ 10–3 m
4 p p
= 16.52 mm

PROBLEM 2.14 30 mm

2.14 Both portions of the rod ABC are made of an aluminum for d
which E = 73 GPa. Knowing that the diameter of portion BC is A
d = 20 mm, determine the largest force P that can be applied if B
1.2 m P
sall = 160 MPa and the corresponding deflection at point C is C
0.8 m
not to exceed 4 mm.

SOLUTION
p
AAB = (0.030)2 = 706.86 ¥ 10–6 m2
4
p
ABC = (0.020)2 = 314.16 ¥ 10–6 m2
4
Considering allowable stress s = 160 ¥ 106 Pa
P
s= \ P = As
A
Portion AB P = (706.86 ¥ 10–6)(160 ¥ 106) = 113.1 ¥ 103 N
Portion BC P = (314.16 ¥ 10–6)(160 ¥ 106) = 50.3 ¥ 103 N
Considering allowable deflection dC = 4 ¥ 10–3 m
FL I
dC = Â
PLi
AE
=
P
E
GH A
AB

AB
+
LBC
ABC JK
FL I -1
F 1.2
)G
IJ -1

P = EdC GH A
AB

AB
L
+ BC
ABC
JK 9
= (73 ¥ 10 ) (4 ¥ 10 –3
H 706.86 ¥ 10 -6
+
0.8
314.16 ¥ 10 -6 K
= 68.8 ¥ 103 N
Smallest value for P governs P = 50.3 ¥ 103 N = 50.3 kN
80 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.15
38 mm diameter
P'
2.15 The specimen shown is made from a 25 mm diameter A
cylindrical steel rod with two 38 mm outer-diameter sleeves 25 mm diameter
B
bonded to the rod as shown. Knowing that E = 200 GPa, 38 mm diameter
determine (a) the load P so that the total deformation is 0.05 C
mm, (b) the corresponding deformation of the central 50 mm
D
portion BC. 75 mm
P
SOLUTION 50 mm

PL P L F LI
P = Ed G Â J
-1
p 2
H AK
i
(a) d = Â i i = Â i Ai = di
Ai Ei E Ai i 4
L, mm d, mm A, mm2 L /A, mm–1
AB 50 38 1134 0.04409
BC 75 25 491 0.1527
CD 50 38 1134 0.04409
0.2409

10 9 –1
P = (200 ¥ 6 )(0.05)(0.2409) = 41.511 kN = 41.5 kN
10
PL BC P LBC 41.5 ¥ 10 3
(b) dBC = = = (0.1527) = 0.0317 mm
ABC E E ABC 10 9
200 ¥ 6
10
P
PROBLEM 2.16
A
2.16 Both portions of the rod ABC are made of an aluminum for which E
= 70 GPa. Knowing that the magnitude of P is 4 kN, determine (a)
the value of Q so that the deflection at A is zero, (b) the
corresponding deflection of B. 0.4 m 20-mm diameter

SOLUTION
B
p 2 p
(a) AAB = d AB = ( 0.020 ) 2 = 314.16 ¥ 10–6 m2
4 4
p 2 p
ABC = d BC = ( 0.060 ) 2 = 2.8274 ¥ 10–3 m2 Q
4 4 0.5 m
60-mm diameter
Force in member AB is P tension
PLAB d
4 ¥ 10 3 0.4 ia f
d id i
Elongation dAB = = C
EAAB 70 ¥ 10 9 314.16 ¥ 10 -6
= 72.756 ¥ 10–6 m
 Chapter 2 81

Force in member BC is Q – P compression

(Q - P) LBC (Q - P)(0.5)
Shortening dBC = =
EABC ( 70 ¥ 10 9 )(2.8274 ¥ 10 -3 )
= 2.5263 ¥ 10–9 (Q – P)
For zero deflection at A dBC = dAB
2.5263 ¥ 10–9 (Q – P) = 72.756 ¥ 10–6 \ Q – P = 28.8 ¥ 103 N
Q = 28.3 ¥ 103 + 4 ¥ 103 = 32.8 ¥ 103 N = 32.8 kN
(b) dAB = dBC = dB = 72.756 ¥ 10–6 m = 0.0728 mm

PROBLEM 2.17
P
2.17 The rod ABC is made of an aluminum for which E = 70 GPa.
Knowing that P = 6 kN and Q = 42 kN, determine the deflection of A
(a) point A, (b) point B.

SOLUTION
0.4 m 20-mm diameter
p 2 p
(a) AAB = d AB = (0.020)2 = 314.16 ¥ 10–6 m2
4 4
B
P p 2 p
ABC = d AC = (0.060)2 = 2.8274 ¥ 10–3 m2
4 4
PAB = P = 6 ¥ 103 N Q
0.5 m
60-mm diameter
PBC = P – Q = 6 ¥ 103 – 42 ¥ 103 = – 36 ¥ 103 N
LAB = 0.4 m LBC = 0.5 m

d ia f
C
PAB L AB 6 ¥ 10 3 0.4
d id i
dAB = =
AAB E A 314.16 ¥ 10 -6 70 ¥ 10 9

= 109.135 ¥ 10–6 m

ia f
Q
PBC LBC d
-36 ¥ 10 3 0.5
= – 90.947 ¥ 10–6 m
d id i
d BC = =
ABC E 2.8274 ¥ 10 -3 70 ¥ 10 9

PBC
d A = dAB + dBC = 109.135 ¥ 10–6 – 90.947 ¥ 10–6 m = 18.19 ¥ 10–6 m
= 0.01819 mm
(b) d B = dBC = – 90.9 ¥ 10–6 m = – 0.0909 mm
82 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.18
A
2.18 The 36-mm-diameter steel rod ABC and a brass rod CD of the
same diameter are joined at point C to form the 7.5-m rod 2m
ABCD. For the loading shown, and neglecting the weight of
Steel: E = 200 GPa B
the rod, determine the deflection of (a) point C, (b) point D.

SOLUTION 50 kN
3m
p p
A = d2 = (0.036)2 = 1.01787 ¥ 10–3 m2
4 4
Portion Pi Li Ei Pi Li /AEi C

AB 150 kN 2m 200 GPa 1.474 ¥ 10–3 m

BC 100 kN 3m 200 GPa 1.474 ¥ 10–3 m 2.5 m
Brass: E = 105 GPa
CD 100 kN 2.5 m 105 GPa 2.339 ¥ 10–3 m

D
(a) d C = dAB + dBC = 1.474 ¥ 10–3 + 1.474 ¥ 10–3
= 2.948 ¥ 10–3 m = 2.95 mm 100 kN
–3 –3
(b) dD = dC + dCD = 2.948 ¥ 10 + 2.339 ¥ 10
= 5.287 ¥ 10–3 m = 5.29 mm

PROBLEM 2.19
P
2.19 The brass tube AB (E = 103 GPa) has a cross-sectional
area of 142 mm2 and is fitted with a plug at A. The tube
is attached at B to a rigid plate which it itself attached
at C to the bottom of an aluminum cylinder (E = 72 1.2 mm
D A
GPa) with a cross-sectional area of 258 mm2. The
cylinder is then hung from a support at D. In order to
close the cylinder, the plug must move down through
1.2 mm. Determine the force P that must be applied to
the cylinder.
375 mm
SOLUTION

Shortening of brass tube AB

LAB = 375 + 1.2 = 376.2 mm, AAB = 142 mm2
EAB = 72 ¥ 109 Pa = 72000 MPa
PLAB P(376.2)
dAB = = = 2.572 ¥ 10–5 P B
EAB AAB (103 ¥ 10 3 )(142) C
Lengthening of aluminum cylinder CD
LCD = 375 mm, ACD = 258 mm2, ECD = 72000 ¥ 106 Pa
 Chapter 2 83

PLCD P(375)
dCD =
ECD ACD
=
( 72000) 258 a f
= 2.02 ¥ 10–5 P

Total deflection dA = dAB + dCD

1.2 = (2.57 ¥ 10–5 + 2.02 ¥ 10–5)P \ P = 26.14 kN = 26.14 kN

PROBLEM 2.20
B
2.20 A 1.2-m section of aluminum pipe of cross-sectional area
1100 mm2 rests on a fixed support at A. The 15-mm-diameter
steel rod BC hangs from a rigid bar that rests on the top of the
1.2 m
pipe at B. Knowing that the modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa for
steel and 72 GPa for aluminum, determine the deflection of point
C when a 60 kN force is applied at C. A

SOLUTION 0.9 m

C
Rod BC: LBC = 2.1 m, EBC = 200 ¥ 109 Pa
p 2 p P
ABC = d = (0.015)2 = 176.715 ¥ 10–6 m2
4 4

PLBC d
60 ¥ 10 3 2.1 ia f
= 3.565 ¥ 10–3 m
d id i
dC/B = =
E BC ABC 200 ¥ 10 9 176.715 ¥ 10 -6
9 2 –6 2
Pipe AB: LAB = 1.2 m, EAB = 72 ¥ 10 Pa, AAB = 1100 mm = 1100 ¥ 10 m

PLAB d
60 ¥ 10 3 1.2 ia f
= 909.1 ¥ 10–6 m2
d id i
dB/A = = 9 -6
EAB AAB 72 ¥ 10 1100 ¥ 10
dC = dB/A + dC/B = 909.1 ¥ 10 + 3.565 ¥ 10–3 = 4.47 ¥ 10–3
–6

= 4.47 mm

PROBLEM 2.21 P
B C
2.21 The steel frame (E = 200 GPa) shown has a diagonal brace
BD with an area of 1920 mm2. Determine the largest
allowable load P if the change in length of member BD is
not to exceed 1.6 mm. 6m

SOLUTION

dBC = 1.6 ¥ 10–3 m, ABD = 1920 mm2 = 1920 ¥ 10–6 m2

A D
2 2 9
LBC = 5 +6 = 7.810 m, EBC = 200 ¥ 10 Pa
5m
84 Mechanics of Materials

FBC L BC
dBC =
EBC ABC

E BC ABCd BC ( 200 ¥ 109 ) (1920 ¥ 10 -6 ) (1.6 ¥ 10 -3 )

FBC = =
LBC 7.81
= 78.67 ¥ 103 N P
Use joint B as a free body: Æ S Fx = 0
+

5 FBC
FBC – P = 0
7.810
FAB
5 ( 5)( 78.67 ¥ 10 3 )
P= FBC =
7.810 7.810
= 50.4 ¥ 103 N = 50.4 kN

PROBLEM 2.22
2.22 For the steel truss (E = 200 GPa) and loading shown, 228 kN
determine the deformations of members AB and AD,
knowing that their cross-sectional areas are 2400 mm2 and B
1800 mm2, respectively. 2.5 m
A D C
SOLUTION
Statics: Reactions are 114 kN upward at A and C. 4.0 m 4.0 m
Member BD is a zero force member
LAB = 4.0 2 + 2.52 = 4.717 m
2.5
Use joint A as a free body: +≠SFy = 0 114 – FAB = 0
4.717 FAB

FAB = 215.10 kN
A FAD
4
+
Æ S Fx = 0 FAD – FAB = 0
4.717
( 4) ( 215.10 ) 114 kN
FAD = = 182.4 kN
4.717
FAB L AB . ¥ 103 ) ( 4.717)
( 21510
Member AB: dAB = =
E AAB ( 200 ¥ 10 9 ) (2400 ¥ 10 -6 )
= 2.11 ¥ 10–3 m = 2.11 mm
FAB L AB (182.4 ¥ 10 3 ) ( 4.0)
dAD = = = 2.03 ¥ 10–3 m = 2.03 mm
E AAD ( 200 ¥ 10 9 ) (1800 ¥ 10 -6 )
 Chapter 2 85

PROBLEM 2.23 1.8 m 1.8 m

B C
2.23 Members AB and BC are made of steel (E = 200 GPa) with
cross-sectional areas of 516 mm2 and 412 mm2, 1.5 m
respectively. For the loading shown, determine the
elongation of (a) member AB, (b) member BC. A
D E
SOLUTION 125 kN 240 kN

(a) LAB = 1.82 + 1.5 2 = 2.34 m = 2340 mm

FAB
Use joint A as a free body
1.5
+≠ SFy = 0 FAB – 125 = 0 A FAD
2.34
FAB = 195 kN
125 kN
F L (125 ¥ 10 3 ) (2340)
dAB = AB AB = = 2.83 mm
E AAB (200 000) (516)
(b) Use joint B as a free body

+ SF = 0 1.8
Æ x FBC – FAB = 0 B
FBC
2.34
(1.8) (195)
FBC = = 150 kN FAB
2.34 FBD

FBC LBC (150 ¥ 10 3 )(1800)

dBC = = = 3.27 mm
E ABC (200 000)( 412)

PROBLEM 2.24
2.24 Members AB and CD are 28-mm-diameter steel rods, and B C
members BC and AD are 22-mm-diameter steel rods. When the
turnbuckle is tightened, the diagonal member AC is put in
tension. Knowing that E = 200 GPa and h = 1.2 m, determine
h
the largest allowable tension in AC so that the deformations in
members AB and CD do not exceed 1.0 mm.

SOLUTION A D

dAB = dCD = 1.0 mm h = 1.2 m = LCD

0.9 m
p p
ACD = d 2 = (28)2 = 615.8 mm2
4 4
86 Mechanics of Materials

FCD LCD
dCD =
EACD
E ACDd CD ( 200 000 )(615.8)(1.0 )
FCD = =
LCD 1200
= 102.63 kN
FBC C
Use joint C as a free body
5
4 5 4 FCD
+≠S Fy = 0: FCD – FAC = 0 \ FAC = FCD 3
5 4 FAC
5
FAC = (102.63) = 128.29 kN
4

PROBLEM 2.25
2.24 Members AB and CD are 28-mm-diameter steel rods, and members B C
BC and AD are 22-mm-diameter steel rods. When the turnbuckle is
tightened, the diagonal member AC is put in tension. Knowing that
E = 200 GPa and h = 1.2 m, determine the largest allowable ten- h
sion in AC so that the deformations in members AB and CD do not
exceed 1.0 mm.
2.25 For the structure in Prob. of 2.24, determine (a) the distance h so
that the deformations in members AB, BC, CD and AD are all equal A D
to 1.0 mm, (b) the corresponding tension in member AC.

SOLUTION 0.9 m

(a) Statics: Use joint B as a free body

FBC
B

FAB FBD FAB FBD h LBD

FBC b
Force triangle Geometry

From similar triangles

FAB F F
= BC = BD
h b LBC
h
FAB = FBC
b
 Chapter 2 87

For equal deformations

FAB h F b b AAB
dAB = dBC \ = BC FAB = FBC
E AAB E ABC h ABC
Equating expressions for FAB
p 2
d AB
h b AAB h2 AAB d2
FBC = FBC 2 = = 4 = AB
b h ABC b ABC p 2 2
d BC
d BC
4
h d 28
= AB = = 1.273 b = 0.9 m
b d BC 22
h = 1.273 b = 1.273 (0.9) = 1.146 m
(b) Setting dAB = dBC = 1.0 mm
p
E ABC d BC ( 200 000) ( 22)(1.0)
F b 4
dBC = BC \ FBC = =
E ABC b 900
= 84.473 kN
h
FAB = FBC = 1.273 (84.473) = 107.535 kN
b
From the force triangle
2 2
FBD = FAC = FBC + FAB = 136.746 kN

PROBLEM 2.26
C F
2.26 Members ABC and DEF are joined with steel links (E =
180 mm
200 GPa). Each of the links is made of a pair of 25 ¥ 35-mm
plates. Determine the change in length of (a) member BE,
B E
(b) member CF.
260 mm
SOLUTION
C A D
FCF
Use member ABC as a free body 18 kN 18 kN
240 mm

S MB = 0
B
FBE
(0.260) (18 ¥ 103) – (0.180) FCF = 0

A ( 0.260)(18 ¥ 10 3 )
FCF = = 26 ¥ 103 N
18 kN 0.180
88 Mechanics of Materials

S MC = 0 (0.440) (18 ¥ 103) + (0.180) FBE = 0

( 0.440)(18 ¥ 103 )
FBE = – = – 44 ¥ 103 N
0.180
Area for link made of two plates
A = (2)(0.025) (0.035) = 1.75 ¥ 10–3 m2

FBE LBE ( - 44 ¥ 10 3 )(0.240)

(a) dBE = = = – 30.2 ¥ 10–6 m = – 0.0302 mm
EA ( 200 ¥ 10 9 )(1.75 ¥ 10 –3 )

FCF LCF (26 ¥ 10 3 )(0.240)

(b) dCF = = = 17.83 ¥ 10–6 m = 0.01783 mm
EA ( 200 ¥ 10 9 )(1.75 ¥ 10 –3 )

PROBLEM 2.27
2.27 Each of the links AB and CD is made of aluminum (E =
75 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 125 mm2. A D
Knowing that they support the rigid member BC, determine P = 5 kN
the deflection of point E. 0.36 m
E
SOLUTION
Use member BC as a free body B C
0.44 m
0.20 m
FAB FCD

B C

5 ¥ 103 N

S MC = 0 – (0.64)FAB + (0.44)(5 ¥ 103) = 0 FAB = 3.4375 ¥ 103 N

S MB = 0 (0.64)FCD – (0.20)(5 ¥ 103) = 0 FCD = 1.5625 ¥ 103 N

For links AB and CD A = 125 mm2 = 125 ¥ 10–6 m2

FAB L AB (3.4375 ¥ 10 3 )(0.36)

dAB = = 9 -6
= 132.00 ¥ 10–6 m = dB
EA ( 75 ¥ 10 )(125 ¥ 10 )

FCD LCD (1.5625 ¥ 10 3 )(0.36)

dCD = = = 60.00 ¥ 10–6 m = dC
EA ( 75 ¥ 10 9 )(125 ¥ 10 -6 )
 Chapter 2 89

dB - dC 72.00 ¥ 10 -6 B E C
Slope q = = = 112.5 ¥ 10–6 rad
l BC 0.64
dC
dB dE
dE = dC + lEC q C¢
q
–6 –6
= 60.00 ¥ 10 + (0.44) (112.5 ¥ 10 )
E¢
= 109.5 ¥ 10–6 m = 0.1095 mm B¢
Deformation diagram

PROBLEM 2.28
2.28 Link BD is made of brass (E = 103 GPa) and has a cross-
sectional area of 258 mm2. Link CE is made of aluminum (E = D
72 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 322 mm2. Determine
the maximum force P that can be applied vertically at point A if 225 mm

the deflection of A is not to exceed 0.35 mm.

C

SOLUTION A B
150 mm
P
Use member ABC as a free body. E

FBD
225 mm
A C 125 mm

P FCE

S MC = 0, 350 P – 225 FBD = 0, FBD = 1.5556 P

S MB = 0, 125 P – 225 FCB = 0, FCB = 0.5556 P

FBD LBD (1.5556 P)(225)

dB = dBD = = = 13.17 ¥ 10–6 P Ø
EBD ABD (103000)(258)
FCE LCE ( 0.5556 P)(150)
dC = dCE = = = 3.5 ¥ 10–6 P ≠
ECE ACE ( 72000)(322)
SC
From the deformation diagram SA SB q

dB + dC 16.67 ¥ 10 -6 P
Slope q= = = 0.074 ¥ 10–6 P
lBC 225
dA = dB + lAB q
= 13.17 ¥ 10–6 P + (125)(0.074 ¥ 10–6) P = 22.42 ¥ 10–6 P
Apply displacement limit dA = 0.35 mm = 22.42 ¥ 10–6 P
0.35
P= = 15.611 kN
22.42 ¥ 10 -6
90 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.29
2.29 A homogenous cable of length L and uniform cross section is suspended y
from one end. (a) Denoting by r the density (mass per unit volume) of the P
cable and by E its modulus of elasticity, determine the elongation of the
cable due to its own weight. (b) Assuming now the cable to be horizontal, L
determine the force that should be applied to each end of the cable to obtain
the same elongation as in part a. L–y

SOLUTION
(a) For element at point identified by coordinate y W
P = weight of portion below the point
= rg A (L – y)

Pdy rgA( L - y)dy r ¢g( L - y)

dd = = = dy
EA EA E

z F Ly - 1 y I
L L
rg ( L - y) rg
H 2 K
2
d= dy =
E E 0
0

rg FG L L2 IJ = 1 rgL2
H K 2
2
= -
E 2 E

rL EAd EA rgL2 1 1
(b) For d = P= = = rgL = W
EA L L 2E 2 2

PROBLEM 2.30
2.30 Determine the deflection of the apex A of a homogenous circular cone of height h, density r, and
modulus of elasticity E, due to its own weight.

SOLUTION
A
Let b = radius of the base and
r = radius at section with
y
h coordinate y.
h
Element
r b
r= y
h
b

1 1 b2
Volume of portion above element V= p r 2y = p 2 y3
3 3 h
 Chapter 2 91

prgb 2 y 3 p b2 2
P = rgV = A = pr2 = y
3h 2 h2

z z
h h h
P Dy P dy p r gb 2 y 3 h2 rgy
d=Â
EA
=
0
EA
= Ú 3 h2
◊
E p b2 y 2
dy =
3E
dy
0 0

h
rg y 2 rgh 2
= =
3E 2 0
6E

PROBLEM 2.31
2.31 The volume of a tensile specimen is essentially constant while plastic deformation occurs. If the
initial diameter of the specimen is d1, show that when the diameter is d, the true strain is
Œt = 2 ln (d1/d).

SOLUTION
p 2 p 2
If the volume is constant dL= d1 L0
4 4

L d2 d F I 2

L0
= 12 = 1
d d H K
L d F I 2
d1
et = ln
L0
= ln 1
d H K = 2 ln
d

PROBLEM 2.32
2.32 Denoting by e the “engineering strain” in a tensile specimen, show that the true strain is
et = ln (l + e).

SOLUTION
L L +d
et = ln = ln 0
L0 L0

FG d IJ = ln (1 + e)
= ln 1 +
H L0 K
Thus et = ln (1 + e)

PROBLEM 2.33
2.33 An axial force of 60 kN is applied to the assembly shown by means of rigid end plates. Determine
92 Mechanics of Materials

(a) the normal stress in the brass shell, (b) the corresponding 5 mm 5 mm
20 mm
deformation of the assembly. 20 mm
5 mm 5 mm

SOLUTION
Steel core
Let Pb = portion of axial force carried by brass shell E = 200 GPa

Ps = portion of axial force carried by steel core

Brass shell
E = 105 GPa 250 mm
PL E Ad
d= b Pb = b b
Ab Eb L

Ps L Es Asd
d= Ps =
As Es L

d
P = Pb + Ps = (Eb Ab + Es As)
L

d P
=e=
L Eb Ab + Es As

As = (0.020) (0.020) = 400 ¥ 10–6 m2

Ab = (0.030) (0.030) – (0.020) (0.020) = 500 ¥ 10–6 m2

d 60 ¥ 10 3
=e= = 452.83 ¥ 10–6
L (105 ¥ 10 9 )(500 ¥ 10 –6 ) + (200 ¥ 10 9 )(400 ¥ 10 -6 )

(a) sb = Ebe = (105 ¥ 109) (452.83 ¥ 10–6) = 47.5 ¥ 106 Pa

= 47.5 MPa

(b) d = Le = (250 ¥ 10–3) (452.83 ¥ 10–6) = 113.2 ¥ 10–6 m

= 0.1132 ¥10–3 m

= 0.1132 mm

PROBLEM 2.34
2.34 The length of the assembly decreases by 0.15 mm when an axial force is applied by means of rigid
end plates. Determine (a) the magnitude of the applied force, (b) the corresponding stress in the
steel core.
 Chapter 2 93

5 mm 5 mm
20 mm
20 mm
5 mm 5 mm

Steel core
E = 200 GPa

Brass shell
E = 105 GPa 250 mm

SOLUTION

Let Pb = portion of axial force carried by brass shell.

Ps = portion of axial force carried by steel core.

Pb L Eb Ab d
d= Pb =
Ab Eb L

Ps L Es Asd
d= Ps =
As Es L

d
P = Pb + Ps = (Eb Ab + Es As)
L

As = (0.020) (0.020) = 400 ¥ 10–6 m2

Ab = (0.030) (0.030) – (0.020) (0.020) = 500 ¥ 10–6 m2

0.15 ¥ 10 -3
(a) P = [(105 ¥ 109) (500 ¥ 10–6) + (200 ¥ 109) (400 ¥ 10–6)]
250 ¥ 10 -3
= 79.5 ¥ 103 N = 75.9 kN

E sd ( 200 ¥ 10 9 )( 0.15 ¥ 10 -3 )
(b) ss = Ese = = -3 = 120 ¥ 106 Pa
L 250 ¥ 10

= 120 MPa
94 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.35 P

2.35 The 1.35 m concrete post is reinforced with six steel bars, each with a
28 mm diameter. Knowing that Es = 200 GPa and Ec = 29 GPa,
determine the normal stresses in the steel and in the concrete when a 0.45 m
1560 kN axial centric force P is applied to the post.
1.35 m
SOLUTION

Let Pc = portion of axial force carried by concrete

Ps = portion carried by the six steel rods

Pc L Ec Acd
d= Pc =
Ec Ac L

Ps L Es Asd
d= Ps =
Es As L

d
P = Pc + Ps = (Ec Ac + Es As)
L

d P
e= =
L Ec Ac + Es As

p 2 6p
As = 6 ds = (28)2 = 3694.5 mm2
4 4

p 2 p
Ac = dc – As = (450)2 – 3694.5 = 155348.6 mm2
4 4
L = 1.35 m = 1350 mm

-1560 ¥ 10 3
FG 29 ¥ 10 IJ (155348.6)FG 200 ¥ 10 IJ (3694.5) = –297.48 ¥ 10
–6
e= 9 9

H 10 K 6
H 10 K 6

FG 200 ¥ 10 IJ (– 297.48 ¥ 10 ) = – 59.5 N/mm = – 59.5 MPa

9

H 10 K
–6 2
s s = E se = 6

F 10 IJ (– 297.48 ¥ 10 ) = – 8.627 N/mm = – 8.627 MPa

= E e = G 29 ¥
9

H 10 K
–6 2
sc c 6
 Chapter 2 95

PROBLEM 2.36 Brass core

(E = 105 GPa)
2.36 An axial centric force of magnitude P = 450 kN
Aluminum plates P Rigid
is applied to the composite block shown by end plate
(E = 70 GPa)
means of a right end plate. Knowing that h =
10 mm, determine the normal stress in (a) the
brass core, (b) the aluminum plates.

SOLUTION
300 mm
Let Pb = portion of axial force carried by
brass core

Pa = portion carried by two aluminum plates

Pb L Eb Abd
d= Pb =
Eb Ab L 60 mm
h
40 mm
Pa L Ea Aad h
d= Pa =
Ea Aa L

d
P = Pb + Pa = (Eb Ab + Ea Aa)
L

d P
e= =
L Eb Ab + Ea Aa

Ab = (60) (40) = 2400 mm2 = 2400 ¥ 10–6 m2

Aa = (2) (60) (10) = 1200 mm2 = 1200 ¥ 10–6 m2

450 ¥ 10 3
e= 9 -6 9 –6
= 1.3393 ¥ 10–3
(105 ¥ 10 )(2400 ¥ 10 ) + ( 70 ¥ 10 )(1200 ¥ 10 )

(a) sb = Ebe = (105 ¥ 109) (1.3393 ¥ 10–3) = 140.6 ¥ 106 Pa = 140.6 MPa

(b) sa = Ea e = (70 ¥ 109) (1.393 ¥ 10–3) = 93.75 ¥ 106 Pa = 93.75 MPa

PROBLEM 2.37
2.37 For the composite block shown in Prob. 2.36, determine (a) the value of h if the portion of the load
carried by the aluminum plates is half the portion of the load carried by the brass core, (b) the
total load if the stress in the brass is 80 MPa.