UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

Introduction

By the turn of the century, information, including access to the Internet, will be the basis for personal, economic, and
political advancement. The popular name for the Internet is the information superhighway. Whether you want to find
the latest financial news, browse through library catalogs, exchange information with colleagues, or join in a lively
political debate, the Internet is the tool that will take you beyond telephones, faxes, and isolated computers to a
burgeoning networked information frontier.

The Internet supplements the traditional tools you use to gather information, Data Graphics, News and correspond with
other people. Used skillfully, the Internet shrinks the world and brings information, expertise, and knowledge on nearly
every subject imaginable straight to your computer.

What is Internet?

The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together
globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both
connected to the Internet. Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as
protocols.

Some common ways of connecting to the Internet include:

 Internet service provider (ISP) by modem

 Internet ready cable
 digital subscriber line (DSL)
 simply turning on your computer which is on a network at work or school connected to the Internet
 Wireless Network (WiFi)
 Mobile Broadbands

What Can I Do on the Internet?

 Send and receive email messages.

 Download free software with FTP (File Transfer Protocol).
 Post your opinion to a Usenet newsgroup.
 Chat
 Surf the World Wide Web.
 There is no charge for most services.

Father of Internet
 Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf is an American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of "the fathers of the
Internet", sharing this title with American computer scientist Bob Kahn.

History of the Internet

 1957: The United States Department of Defense formed a small agency called ARPA (Advanced Research Projects
Agency) to develop military science and technology.
 1961-1965: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started to research sharing information in small, phone-
linked networks. ARPA is one of their main sponsors.
 1966: The first ARPANET plan is unveiled by Larry Roberts of MIT. Packet switching technology is getting off the
ground, and small university networks are beginning to be developed.
 1969:The Department of Defense commissions the fledgling ARPAnet for network research. The first official network
nodes were UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah. The first node to node message was
sent from UCLA to SRI.
 1971: more nodes join the network, bringing the total to 15. These new nodes include Harvard and NASA.
 1973: ARPAnet goes global when the University College of London and Norway's Royal Radar Establishment join up.
 1974: Network intercommunication is becoming more sophisticated; data is now transmitted more quickly and
efficiently with the design of TCP (Transmission Control Program).
 1976: UNIX is developed at AT&T; Queen Elizabeth sends out her first email message.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

 1979: USENET, the mother of all networked discussion groups, is developed.

 1982: Internet technology protocols are developed, commonly known as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol). This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" being a connected set of networks.
 1984: Number of hosts is now up to 1000, with more being added every day.
 1985: The first registered domain is Symbolics.com.
 1987: Number of hosts breaks the 10,000 mark.
 1988: First large-scale Internet worm affects thousands of Internet hosts.
 1991: Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web.
 1993: The World Wide Web's annual growth is now at a staggering 341,634%.
 1994: ARPAnet celebrates 25th anniversary.
 1995-1997: RealAudio introduces Internet streaming technology, dial-up systems emerge (America Online,
Compuserve), the Internet backbone continues to be strengthened with the addition of MCI, Microsoft and Netscape
fight for WWW browser supremacy, and there are now more than 70,000 mailing lists.
 1998-present: The Internet continues to experience staggering growth. More people use the Internet to get
connected to others, find information, conduct business, and share information than ever before in history.

People behind Internet and the World Wide Web

Lawrence G. Roberts was born in 1937 in Connecticut, USA; he spearheaded the systematizing of formulas for routing
and locating servers on data networks. He was also CEO of Telenet, the first packet data communications carrier, which
went on to develop the X25 Protocol that became the basis of the EUNet European network. He is now the president of
Caspian Networks, one of the United State's premier applied research centers.

Robert Kahn was born in 1938 in New York, is the joint inventor of the TCP/IP protocols, and was responsible for setting
up the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) Internet program. He also developed the concept of a digital
object infrastructure as a middleware component for the National Information Infrastructure, providing a framework for
the interoperability of heterogeneous computer systems. At present he leads the Corporation for National Research
Initiatives. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and of the assessment committee on information
technologies for the President of the United States.

Vinton Cerf was born in 1943 in Connecticut, USA, graduated in Mathematics at the University of Stanford, and earned a
PhD in Computer Sciences at California University. Together with Robert Kahn he designed the TCP/IP computer
protocols to link computers regardless of their type of connection -radio stations, satellites and telephone lines- for the
military´s ARPANET. He designed MCI MAIL, the first Internet-linked e-mail service, between 1982 and 1986. His most
recent work includes an interplanetary Internet project, called InterPlanetNet for short. At present he is vice president of
Internet Architecture and Technology at Worldcom Corporation.

Leonard Kleinrock was born June 13, 1934 in New York is an engineer and computer scientist, and a computer science
professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, who made several important
contributions to the field of computer networking, in particular to the theoretical side of computer networking. He also
played an important role in the development of the ARPANET at UCLA.

His most well-known and significant work is his early work on queueing theory, which has applications in many fields,
among them as a key mathematical background to packet switching, the basic technology behind the Internet.

Tim Berners-Lee was born in 1955 in the U.K. and graduated in Physics in 1976 from Queen´s College, Oxford. Whilst
working as a research fellow at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory, in Geneva, he conceived the idea of a
global hypertext project, which years later was to become the World Wide Web. He created a prototype in 1990, and in
1991 the Web began to exert far-reaching changes on the Internet environment of the time, to the point where the
world's population can now access it. Berners-Lee moved to the United States in 1994 and set up W3C, which he
manages at present. This organization is linked to the M.I.T., and works not only as a Web information storage point but
also as a safeguard, defending the open Web in the face of private concerns wishing to bring in software that is subject
to ownership rights.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

What is World Wide Web?

 The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an
information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the
languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to
communicate in order to exchange business logic, use the Web to share information. The Web also utilizes
browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked to
each other via hyperlinks. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video.
 The World Wide Web was created in 1989 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, working at the European Organization for
Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland and released in 1992.

Network Benefits
1. Provide Convenience
Computers on a network can back up files over the network.
2. Allow sharing
Networked computers can share resources such as disks and printers.
3. Facilitate communication
Sending and receiving email, transferring files and video conferencing are examples of how network promote
communication.
4. Generate savings
Networked computers can provide more computing power for less money. Since resources can be shared, not
everyone needs their own peripherals, which can result in a substantial cost savings.
5. Provide reliability
If one part of a network is down, useful work may still be possible using a different network path.
6. Simplify scalability
It is relatively easy to add more computers to an existing network.

Physical Component of Internet

1. Servers = a computer on a network that manages network resources.
Kinds of Servers
a. File Server = is a computer dedicated in storing files.
b. Print server = is a computer that manages one or more printers.
c. Network Server = is a computer that manages network traffic.
d. Database server = is a computer system that processes database queries.
2. Router = is a special –purpose computer that directs data packets along the network.
3. Copper wires = it transmit messages as electrical impulses.
4. Fiber optic cable = it uses light waves to transmit messages.
5. Radio wave, microwave, infrared light, visible light = it carry messages through air.

Network Connection
1. Modem/Dial-up connection
• Stands for MOdulator/DEModulator
• Comes from different speed and are measured in bps or bits per second.
• It can be installed inside the computer (internal modem) or connected to computer serial port (external
modem)
2. Broadband = it is a services that is asymmetric.
Benefits of Broadband
1. Save Time = Broadband operates 10 to 20 times faster than a dial up connection.
2. Save Money = broadband subscriber usually pay a flat monthly fee or hourly usage.
3. Convenience = it is a 24/7 internet access.
4. New Services = once you have internet access, a new world of possibilities opens to you, such as
telecommunicating, video-conferencing and internet telephony. You can also listen to online radio and
watch videos or movies.
Types of Broadband
1. Cable
• It is a high speed internet access via cable TV.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

• SKYCable
2. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
MyDSL from PLDT
3. Satellite
4. Wireless

Advantages & Disadvantages of Internet

Advantages:

1. Communication

The foremost target of internet has always been the communication. And internet has excelled beyond the
expectations. Still; innovations are going on to make it faster, more reliable.

Now we can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. Today for
better communication, we can avail the facilities of e-mail; we can chat for hours with our loved ones. There are plenty
messenger services in offering. With help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global
friendship where you can share your thoughts, can explore other cultures of different ethnicity.
2. Information

Information is probably the biggest advantage internet is offering. The Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information.
Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google, yahoo is
at your service on the Internet. You can almost find any type of data on almost any kind of subject that you are looking
for.
There is a huge amount of information available on the internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging
from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support,
the list is end less.

Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that
students should use the Internet for research for the purpose of gathering resources. Teachers have started giving
assignments that require research on the Internet. Almost every coming day, researches on medical issues become
much easier to locate.

3. Entertainment

Media of internet has become quite successful in trapping multifaceted entertainment factor. Downloading games,
visiting chat rooms or just surfing the Web are some of the uses people have discovered. There are numerous games
that may be downloaded from the Internet for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal
attention by game lovers. Chat rooms are popular because users can meet new and interesting people.

4. Services

Many services are now provided on the internet such as online banking, job seeking, purchasing tickets for your favorite
movies, guidance services on array of topics engulfing the every aspect of life, and hotel reservations. Often these
services are not available off-line and can cost you more.

5. E-Commerce

Ecommerce is the concept used for any type of commercial maneuvering, or business deals that involves the transfer of
information across the globe via Internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of shopping, almost
anything. You name it and Ecommerce with its giant tentacles engulfing every single product and service will make you
available at your door steps. It has got a real amazing and wide range of products from household needs, technology to
entertainment.

Disadvantages:
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

1. Theft of Personal information

If you use the Internet, you may be facing grave danger as your personal information such as name, address, credit card
number etc. can be accessed by other culprits to make your problems worse.

2. Spamming

Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire
system. Such illegal activities can be very frustrating for you, and so instead of just ignoring it, you should make an effort
to try and stop these activities so that using the Internet can become that much safer.

3. Virus threat

Virus is nothing but a program which disrupts the normal functioning of your computer systems. Computers attached to
internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing your whole hard disk, causing you
considerable headache.

4. Pornography

This is perhaps the biggest threat related to your children’s healthy mental life, a very serious issue concerning the
Internet. There are thousands of pornographic sites on the Internet that can be easily found and can be a detrimental
factor to letting children use the Internet.

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)

 The uniform resource locator (URL) is the unique identifier of a web page.
 The location window displays the URL of the current page.
 You can go directly to a web page if you know its URL: click once in the location window and type it in.

A URL looks something like this: http:// www.wow.net /www/www-intro.php3

Let's take a closer look at this address:

 http:// indicates that we want browse the web using the HTTP protocol, the default protocol for browsing the
Web. There are other protocols for other uses of the Internet.
 www.wow.net corresponds to the address of the server that hosts the web pages. By convention, web servers
have a name that begins with WWW, to make it clear that they are dedicated web servers and to make
memorizing the address easier.
 /www/www-intro.php3 indicates where the document is located on the machine.

Structure of an URL

The following is an outline of the most common form of a URL:

http://www.address.edu:1234/path/subdir/file.ext
| | | | |
|service | | | |
|____ host ______| | |
| | |
|port| |
| file and |
|_ resource details _|

Some common extensions are:

 .com (commercial)
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

 .edu (educational institution)

 .gov (government)
 .mil (military)
 .net (network)
 .org (organization)

You might also see foreign addresses that add a country code as the last several digits of the address, such as:

 .au (Australia)
 .ca (Canada)
 .fr (France)
 .it (Italy)
 .us (United States of America)

IP
Internet Protocol, typically refers to the Internet Protocol number, such as 127.0.0.1, which is much like a house
address or phone number. When you request information such as a web page, or send e-mail, this IP is recorded
along with it. In addition, IP's are used to track crackers (computer hackers who break the law.)
ISP
Internet Service Provider. Someone you typically pay in order to be connected to the Internet. Usually provides
you with an e-mail address and a phone number to dial into with your modem.

Browsing the Web

 A web page is a document on the World Wide Web.

 A web browser is the computer program you use to retrieve and view web pages.
 The most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.

Serving the Web

 Web pages are stored in computers called web servers.

 Any organization can setup a web server.
 A web site is a collection of web pages.
 The starting point for a web site sometimes is called a home page.

Hyperlinks

 Hyperlinks typically appear as highlighted (underlined and colored) phrases.

 Your mouse cursor will turn to a "pointing finger" when you've found a hyperlink.
 Click once to follow a hyperlink.
 Graphics can be hyperlinks.

Web Site

A site or area on the World Wide Web that is accessed by its own Internet address is called a Web site. A Web site can
be a collection of related Web pages. Each Web site contains a home page and may also contain additional pages. Each
Web site is owned and updated by an individual, company, or organization. Because the Web is a dynamically moving
and changing entity, many Web sites change on a daily or even hourly basis.

Home Page

The term home page has a couple of meanings. It is the Web page that your browser uses when it starts, and also the
Web page that appears every time you open your browser. Clicking the home page icon on your browser screen will take
you to the specific page you have set as your browser's home page.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

Home page also refers to the main Web page out of a collection of Web pages. On each site, often you will see home
page as a choice on a Menu Bar. Clicking on the word Home on a Web page will take you to the home or main page of
that particular Web site.

How to browse the Internet?

For the most part, there are three ways to browse:

1. If you know the address of the site you wish to visit, all you need to do is type the address into the browser's
address bar and approve it by pressing the Enter key or by clicking on the browser's "go" or "enter" button.
2. If you are looking for information without knowing beforehand which site you might find it on, you will need to
use a search engine, which lets you find information you are searching for with the help of keywords.
3. If you wish to surf the Internet without any real goal in mind, all you need to do is start from a Web page and
follow links as you browse.

Browsing vs. Searching

Browsing

Exploration of the World Wide Web by following one interesting link to another, usually with a definite objective but
without a planned search strategy. In comparison 'surfing' is exploration without a definite objective or search strategy,
and 'searching' is exploration definite in both objective and strategy.

Searching

Exploration of the World Wide Web by following one interesting link to another, usually with a definite objective and a
planned search strategy. In comparison surfing is exploration definite in objective but not in strategy, and browsing is
exploration without a definite objective or search strategy.

Search engine

A search engine (sometimes called a Searchbot) is a tool (using both hardware and software) which indexes Web pages
so that they can be retrieved by entering keywords into a search form.

How a search engine works

Robots (a kind of software) called spiders go around the Web, indexing its content in vast databases so that they can be
queried.

Since no search engine can reach all pages in one day (the whole process generally takes several weeks), each engine
adopts its own strategy, with some going so far as to calculate how frequently certain sites are updated.

Using a search engine

When the search engine's user fills out the form, he or she picks the words to be searched (and sometimes those not to
be searched), with the help of Boolean operators like "and," "or," and "not" (symbolized by +, -, etc.).

The request is sent to the search engine, which checks its databases for each of these words, then refines the search by
removing the pages which don't fit the criteria.

Examples of Search Engines:

 Ask.com (formerly Ask Jeeves)

 Bing (formerly MSN Search and Live Search)
 Google
 Yahoo! Search
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

Web Crawler

A web crawler is a relatively simple, automated program, or script, that methodically scans or "crawls" through Internet
pages to create an index of the data it's looking for. Alternative names for a web crawler include web spider, web robot,
bot, crawler and automatic indexer.

A web crawler can be used for many purposes. Probably the most common use associated with the term is related to
search engines. Search engines use web crawlers to collect information about what is out there on public web pages.
Their primary purpose is to collect data so that when Internet surfers enter a search term on their site, they can quickly
provide the surfer with relevant web sites.

Web crawling is an important method for collecting data on, and keeping up with the rapidly expanding, Internet. A vast
amount of web pages are continually being added every day and information is constantly changing. A web crawler is a
way for the search engines and other users to regularly ensure that their databases are up to date.

Bookmarks

While surfing the Web, you'll often come across an interesting website or page and want to record its address so that
you can return to it later. This is what bookmarks (sometimes called favorites) are used for.

Downloading

The term "downloading" refers to copying onto a local storage device a resource found on a network.

The broader term file transfer refers to copying a file over a network. There are two types of file transfers:

 Downloading- receiving a file over a network; and

 Uploading- sending a file over a network.

Netiquette

“Netiquette" is network etiquette, the do's and don'ts of online communication. Netiquette covers both common
courtesy online and the informal "rules of the road" of cyberspace.

Core Rules of Netiquette

What is Netiquette? It is a network etiquette - that is the etiquette of cyberspace. And "etiquette" means "the forms
required by good breeding or prescribed by authority to be required in social or official life". In other words,
Netiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly online.

The Core Rules:

Rule 1: Remember the human

The golden rule your parents and your kindergarten teacher taught you was pretty simple: “Do unto others as you'd
have others do unto you”. Imagine how you'd feel if you were in the other person's shoes. Stand up for yourself, but try
not to hurt people's feelings.

In cyberspace, we state this in an even more basic manner: Remember the human.

When you communicate electronically, all you see is a computer screen. You don't have the opportunity to use facial
expressions, gestures, and tone of voice to communicate your meaning; words -- lonely written words -- are all you've
got. And that goes for your correspondent as well.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life

In real life, most people are fairly law-abiding, either by disposition or because we're afraid of getting caught. In
cyberspace, the chances of getting caught sometimes seem slim. And, perhaps because people sometimes forget that
there's a human being on the other side of the computer, some people think that a lower standard of ethics or personal
behavior is acceptable in cyberspace.

The confusion may be understandable, but these people are mistaken. Standards of behavior may be different in some
areas of cyberspace, but they are not lower than in real life.

Be ethical

Don't believe anyone who says, "The only ethics out there are what you can get away with". This is a book about
manners, not about ethics. But if you encounter an ethical dilemma in cyberspace, consult the code you follow in real
life. Chances are good you'll find the answer.

Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace

Netiquette varies from domain to domain

What's perfectly acceptable in one area may be dreadfully rude in another. For example, in most TV discussion groups,
passing on idle gossip is perfectly permissible. But throwing around unsubstantiated rumors in a journalists' mailing list
will make you very unpopular there.

And because Netiquette is different in different places, it's important to know where you are. Thus the next corollary:

Lurk before you leap

When you enter a domain of cyberspace that's new to you, take a look around. Spend a while listening to the chat or
reading the archives. Get a sense of how the people who are already there act. Then go ahead and participate.

Rule 4: Respect other people's time and bandwidth

It's a formula that people today seem to have less time than ever before, even though (or perhaps because) we sleep
less and have more labor-saving devices than our grandparents did. When you send email or post to a discussion group,
you're taking up other people's time (or hoping to). It's your responsibility to ensure that the time they spend reading
your posting isn't wasted.

The word "bandwidth" is sometimes used synonymously with time, but it's really a different thing. Bandwidth is the
information-carrying capacity of the wires and channels that connect everyone in cyberspace. There's a limit to the
amount of data that any piece of wiring can carry at any given moment -- even a state-of-the-art fiber-optic cable. The
word "bandwidth" is also sometimes used to refer to the storage capacity of a host system. When you accidentally post
the same note to the same newsgroup five times, you are wasting both time (of the people who check all five copies of
the posting) and bandwidth (by sending repetitive information over the wires and requiring it to be stored somewhere).

You are not the center of cyberspace

Presumably, this reminder will be superfluous to most readers. But I include it anyway, because when you're working
hard on a project and deeply involved in it, it's easy to forget that other people have concerns other than yours. So don't
expect instant responses to all your questions, and don't assume that all readers will agree with -- or care about -- your
passionate arguments.

Rule 5: Make yourself look good online

Take advantage of your secrecy

 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

I don't want to give the impression that the net is a cold, cruel place full of people who just can't wait to insult each
other. As in the world at large, most people who communicate online just want to be liked. Networks -- particularly
discussion groups -- let you reach out to people you'd otherwise never meet. And none of them can see you. You won't
be judged by the color of your skin, eyes, or hair, your weight, your age, or your clothing.

You will, however, be judged by the quality of your writing. For most people who choose to communicate online, this is
an advantage; if they didn't enjoy using the written word, they wouldn't be there. So spelling and grammar do count.

Rule 6: Share expert knowledge

Finally, after all that negativity, some positive advice.

The strength of cyberspace is in its numbers. The reason asking questions online works is that a lot of knowledgeable
people are reading the questions. And if even a few of them offer intelligent answers, the sum total of world knowledge
increases. The Internet itself was founded and grew because scientists wanted to share information. Gradually, the rest
of us got in on the act.

Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control

"Flaming" is what people do when they express a strongly held opinion without holding back any emotion. It's the kind
of message that makes people respond, "Oh come on, tell us how you really feel." Tact is not its objective.

Does Netiquette forbid flaming? Not at all. Flaming is a long-standing network tradition (and Netiquette never messes
with tradition). Flames can be lots of fun, both to write and to read. And the recipients of flames sometimes deserve the
heat.

Rule 8: Respect other people's privacy

Of course, you'd never dream of going through your colleagues' desk drawers. So naturally you wouldn't read their email
either.

Unfortunately, a lot of people would. This topic actually rates a separate section. For now, here's a cautionary tale. I call
it

The case of the snoopy foreign correspondent

In 1993, a highly regarded foreign correspondent in the Moscow bureau of the Los Angeles Times was caught reading his
coworkers' email. His colleagues became suspicious when system records showed that someone had logged in to check
their email at times when they knew they hadn't been near the computer. So they set up a sting operation. They planted
false information in messages from another one of the paper's foreign bureaus. The reporter read the notes and later
asked colleagues about the false information. Bingo! As a disciplinary measure, he was immediately reassigned to
another position at the paper's Los Angeles bureau.

The moral: Failing to respect other people's privacy is not just bad Netiquette. It could also cost you your job.

Rule 9: Don't abuse your power

Some people in cyberspace have more power than others. There are wizards in MUDs (multi-user dungeons), experts in
every office, and system administrators in every system.

Knowing more than others, or having more power than they do, does not give you the right to take advantage of them.
For example, system administrators should never read private email.

Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people's mistakes

 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

Everyone was a network newbie once. And not everyone has had the benefit of reading this book. So when someone
makes a mistake -- whether it's a spelling error or a spelling flame, a stupid question or an unnecessarily long answer --
be kind about it. If it's a minor error, you may not need to say anything. Even if you feel strongly about it, think twice
before reacting. Having good manners yourself doesn't give you license to correct everyone else.

If you do decide to inform someone of a mistake, point it out politely and preferably by private email rather than in
public. Give people the benefit of the doubt; assume they just don't know any better. And never be arrogant or self-
righteous about it. Just as it's a law of nature that spelling flames always contain spelling errors, notes pointing out
Netiquette violations are often examples of poor Netiquette.

Prepared by:

CELY BETH S. BACUD, MIT

Instructor
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology

First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021