Faraday
s Law (Induced emf)

Reading - Shen and Kong – Ch. 16

Outline

• Magnetic Flux and Flux Linkage

• Inductance
• Stored Energy in the Magnetic Fields of an Inductor
• Faraday
s Law and Induced Electromotive Force (emf)
• Examples of Faraday
s Law

1
 due to macroscopic
Magnetic Flux Φ [Wb] (Webers) & microscopic
Magnetic Flux Density B [Wb/m2] = T (Teslas)
Magnetic Field Intensity H [Amp-turn/m]
due to macroscopic
currents
Φ = ∫ B ⋅ dA

2
Flux Linkage of a Solenoids
FOR A SUFFICIENTLY LONG SOLENOID…

Ni
Hinside =
h
Ni
Binside = μo
h
Ni
Φinside = μo A
h
B B = Magnetic flux density
inside solenoid
A = Solenoid cross
S sectional area
N = Number of turns
around solenoid
N 2i
In the solenoid the individual flux λ = N Φ = N BA = μo A
h
lines pass through the integrating
surface S more than once … flux linked by solenoid
3
 Inductors
… is a passive electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field
created by the electric current passing through it. (This is in equivalence to
the energy stored in the electric field of capacitors.)
IN GENERAL: λ = Li
N 2i A 2
FOR A LINEAR COIL: λ = N Φ = μo A = Li ⇒ L = μo N
h h

The magnetic permeability of the vacuum: μo = 4π × 10−7 H/m [henry per meter]

An inductor's ability to store magnetic energy is measured by its inductance, in

units of henries. The henry (symbol: H) is named after Joseph Henry (1797–1878),
the American scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction independently of
and at about the same time as Michael Faraday (1791–1867) in England.

EQUIVALENCE OF UNITS: N 2i
λ = N2Φ = N2 BA = μo2 A
Wb V·s J J/C · s J·s m · kg m · khg
H= = =Ω·s= 2 = = 2 = 2 =
A A A C/s C C s2 · A2
4
 Stored Energy in an Inductor

di(t)
FROM 8.02: v(t) = L
voltage over an inductor
dt

If L is not a function of time …

… where E is energy stored in the field of the inductor any instant in time

A 2
FOR A LINEAR COIL: L = μo N
h
5
 Calculation of energy stored in the inductor

dλ 1 λ02
Ws = ∫ vi dt = ∫ i dt = ∫ i d λ =
dt 2 L

Note that flux is λ = Nφ = NAμ0 H z

A 2
And that inductance is L = μ0 N
h
2
1 ( NAμ0 H z ) 1
Energy stored is Ws = = μ0 H z2 Ah
2 μ A N2 2
0
h
2
Ws 1 ( NAμ0 H z ) 1
Energy stored per volume = = μ0 H z2
Volume 2 μ A N 2 2
0
h

6
 General: Stored Energy in the Coil

di(t)
FROM 8.02: v(t) = L
voltage over an inductor
dt

dλ(t)
Since λ = Li then v(t) =
dt
 Change in the magnetic flux within the inductor generates voltage

λ
λ

… where Ws is energy stored in the field of the inductor any instant in time

7
 Induced electromotive force (emf)

Michael Faraday in 1831 noticed that

time-varying magnetic field produces
an emf in a solenoid

from Chabay and Sherwood, Ch 22

8
 THEREFORE, THERE ARE
TWO WAYS TO PRODUCE ELECTRIC FIELD

(1) Coulomb electric field is produced by electric charges according

to Coulomb
s law:

1 q =0
E= 2
r̂
4πε 0 r

(2) Non-Coulomb electric field ENC

is associated with time-varying
magnetic flux density dB/dt

For a solenoid, ENC

- curls around a solenoid
- is proportional to -dB/dt through the solenoid
- decreases with 1/r, where r is the
radial distance from the solenoid axis

9
 What is the Direction of
Magnetically Induced
(non-Coulomb) Field, ENC ?
Find the change in the magnetic flux density
as a basis for determining the direction of
B out, increasing B out, decreasing
dB dB ΔB
− into page − out of page −
ΔB
Δt
dt dt ΔB
B(t)
B(t) ΔB
−
Δt
B(t + Δt) B(t + Δt)

Lenz
s Rule
The induced electric field would drive the
B in, increasing B in, decreasing current in the direction to make the magnetic
field that attempts to keep the flux constant
dB dB
− out of page − into page
dt dt
10
 Magnetically Induced
(non-Coulomb) ENC
Drives Current in a Loop
Surrounding the Solenoid
METAL RING IS PLACED AROUND A SOLENOID

END VIEW: The non-Coulomb electric field This pattern of surface charge is
drives a current I2 in the ring impossible, because it would imply
a huge E at the marked location,
and in the wrong direction !

11
emf = ∫ E NC ⋅ d l = E NC (2πr2 )
BB inside solenoid
increasing with time
I 2 = emf / R where R is the
ring resistance

Integral of ENC along a path

that does not encircle the
solenoid is zero since ENC ~ 1/r

What if we double the value of r2 ?  Still get the same emf around the loop

emf in a ring encircling the solenoid is the same for any radius

12
Will Current Run in these Wires ?

Wire

13
 Example
An ammeter measures current in a loop
surrounding the solenoid. Initially
I1 is constant, so B1 is constant, and
no current runs through the ammeter.

Vary the solenoid current I1 and

observe the current I2 that runs in the
outer wire, through the ammeter

from Chabay and Sherwood, Ch 22

14
 Peculiar Circuit – Two Bulbs Near a Solenoid

… Add a thick copper wire.

Loop 1: emf - R1I1 – R2I2 = 0

Two light bulbs connected around a

Loop 2: emf - R1I1 = 0
long solenoid with varying B. Loop 3: R2I2 = 0 (no flux enclosed)

15
Question:
If we use a solenoid with twice the cross-sectional area, but the same
magnetic flux density (same magnitude of I1), what is the magnitude of I2 ?

We can build the solenoid with the

larger cross-sectional area, 2*A, out
of two solenoids with the initial cross-
sectional area, A. Each of the smaller
solenoids would induce current I2,
so by superposition, for the twice-as-
big solenoid the current would be
twice-as-big !

16
 Faraday
s Law

The induced emf along a round-trIp path is equal to the rate of change of the
magnetic flux on the area encircled by the path.

17
 Faraday
s Law and Motional emf
What is the emf over the resistor ?

In a short time Δt the bar

moves a distance Δx = v*Δt,
and the flux increases by
ΔФmag = B (L v*Δt)

There is an increase in flux through the circuit

as the bar of length L moves to the right
(orthogonal to magnetic field H) at velocity, v.

18
Terminal Voltages & Inductance

Assume:
•  Perfectly conducting wire
•  Stationary contour C
•  Negligible magnetic flux at the terminals

emf = dλ/dt

If the current i created the

magnetic flux density B, then
the flux linkage is given by λ = Li.
In this case, emf = L di/dt.
L is the self inductance of the coil.

19
 Faraday’s Law for a Coil
The induced emf in a coil of N turns is equal to
N times the rate of change of the magnetic flux on one loop of the coil.

Moving a magnet towards a coil produces a

time-varying magnetic field inside the coil

Rotating a bar of magnet (or the coil)

produces a time-varying magnetic field Will the current run
inside the coil CLOCKWISE or ANTICLOCKWISE ?

20
A long solenoid passes
through a loop of wire…

21
Electric Fields Magnetic Fields

GAUSS GAUSS

FARADAY AMPERE

22
Next …
•  MAGNETIC MATERIALS
•  MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

Image is in the public domain

23
 KEY TAKEAWAYS
FOR A SUFFICIENTLY LONG SOLENOID… INDUCTANCE: UNITS of INDUCTANCE:

N 2i A 2 Wb V·s
λ = N Φ = μo A = Li ⇒ L = μo N H=
A
=
A
h h
Ni ENERGY STORED in an INDUCTOR:
Hinside =
h 1 2
Ni Ws = Li
2
Binside = μo
h Ws 1
Ni = μo H 2
Φinside = μo A V olume 2
h

THERE ARE TWO WAYS TO PRODUCE ELECTRIC FIELD

(1) Coulomb electric field is produced by electric charges according to Coulomb
s law
(2) Non-Coulomb electric field ENC is due to time-varying magnetic flux density dB/dt

Faraday
s Law: The induced emf along a round-trIp path is equal to the rate
of change of the magnetic flux on the area encircled by the path.
Lenz
s Rule:
The induced electric field would drive the
current in the direction to make the magnetic
field that attempts to keep the flux constant
24
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6.007 Electromagnetic Energy: From Motors to Lasers

Spring 2011

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