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IMPROVEMENT OF THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN

POBLACION BULA

A Capstone Project Proposal

Presented to the
Faculty of the College of Engineering
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

BERMIDO, LESTER AVE D.

HUGO, JOH HARVEY C.
JACOB, JAMES HAROLD P.
PETALIO, RUSELLE H.
PILI, MARK NELSON C.

ENGR. HENRY P. TURALDE

Faculty Adviser
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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

All projects are planned for the future. And the planner is uncertain as to the precise conditions

to which the works will be subjected. The structural engineer knows the intended loads for the structure

but has no assurance that these loads will not be exceeded. He or she does not know what wind or

earthquake loads may be exerted on the structure but the uncertainty is countered by making

reasonable assumptions and allowing generous factor of safety. Likewise, the water resources engineer

is less certain on the flow that will affect the project. The hydrologic uncertainties are by no means the

only ones in hydraulic design-future requirement, benefits, and costs are all uncertain to some degree.

Those uncertainties are affected by natural calamity and the major flood is one of the most influential

factors to be considered. Engineers have tried to invent ways to minimize the drainage that flood can

cause, and much progress has been made in reducing their hazards.

Of all Natural calamities that beset humanity, major flood is one of the most destructive

phenomena. Humanity has always tried to avoid damage by one method or another, but increase in

population and property values in flood-threatened and has brought the problem into sharper focus in

recent years. One can help to fight a fire, earthquake reconstruction can start quickly, typhoons passes

and cause a great damage but life settles back to normal routine. But to see a great river burst through

its bank and floodwater creeping over higher and higher with nothing to be done until the peak is pass,

these tries the endurance of even the most stoic among men.

Drainage System is one of the most important aspects to be considered in engineering works

nowadays. This is an effective system to eliminate the problem of flood in such area during rainy
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seasons. The design of storm water drainage system most is effectively planned and well-constructed so

that people where there is frequent flooding can protect their properties belongings and businesses.

Drainage systems have been installed and operated with open unmanaged outlets that allow free

and unrestricted discharge of any water that reaches the drainage conduit or channel.

Drainage system is not a new technology to us because even in the earliest age, man has always

a premium on sewage management and drainage system. The principle of waste management was

always “let flowing water take their course”.

In cities, storm water is usually collected in the streets and conveyed through inlets to bury

conduct that carry it to a point where may be used to convey the storm water to a point of disposal as

close to its source as possible. The engineer’s way of mitigating flood is through the construction of

drainage system by looking at the topography of excess water by canals, drains, ditches, culvert, and

other structures to collect and transform water either by gravity or by pumping.

The Municipality of Bula is one of the low lying lands in the Philippines. Most of its lands has

very low elevation which is approximately 11.8 meters (38.7 feet) above sea level and these lands are

frequently flooded when typhoons and heavy rains occurs particularly the poblacion area which is prone

to flooding during rainy seasons. Even though that there’s an existing drainage system, people from the

area is always claiming that the design is poor and cannot sustain to drain the flood easily.

The municipality if Bula was one of the most affected areas during the super typhoon “Rolly”

which hit Bicol region last October 2020. This typhoon brought heavy rains and accompanied with a very
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strong wind that destroy some establishments, properties and some newly constructed roads in the

municipality of Bula. Many residents were affected by this typhoon; the flood caused by the typhoon

was the main hindrance to the residents in their transactions. The passenger vehicles can’t directly pass

on poblacion area roads because it’s submerged with flood that takes 5-8 days before the water will

totally subside.

The situation of the existing storm drainage system caught the attention of the researchers that

got very much interested in determining the condition of drainage system in Bula in order this to

rehabilitate as perceive respondents they conducted the study. People may never be able to prevent

floods completely but can do certain measures to take them control and lessen the amount of damage

they can cause.

Capstone Project Objectives

This research paper seeks to achieve its general objective of improving the drainage system in

Poblacion Bula by focusing on the following specific objectives, such us determining the condition of the

existing drainage system of Poblacion Bula. To design a drainage system to address storm flood issues.

And to determine the cost of the newly improved drainage system.

General Objective

To contribute efforts that aim at improving the water drainage system in Poblacion area of Bula

that causes flooding.

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Specific Objectives

The research will be conducted in order to design an improved drainage system in Poblacion

area of Bula Camarines Sur. This particular study aims to answer the following questions:

1.) What is the condition of the existing drainage system in Poblacion bula in terms of;

 Runoff/Discharge Flow Capacity

 Drainage Network

 Dimension of Drainage conveyance

 Structural Integrity

 Maintenance

 Flood Levels

2.) What is the design of the improved drainage system?

3.) What is the cost of improving the drainage system?

Assumption of the Study

1.) That the condition of drainage system in poblacion area of Bula in terms of:

 Runoff/Discharge flow capacity of the existing is insufficient.

 The dimension of the drainage conveyance is narrow.

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 There is a lot off silt and garbage stacked in the drainage system.

2.) The design of the improved drainage system is efficient.

3.) The cost of improving the drainage system will be determined.

Significance of the study

The findings of this study will provide different pointers to have a sustainable drainage system in

poblacion Bula. Specifically, it will have a great importance to the following:

Community – the residents will be safe and their lives will not be disrupted whenever there is a storm

that cause floods.

Government – This study will serve as a reference or guide for the future projects that they will propose

in improving the drainage system in Poblacion Bula.

Business Community – Through efficient drainage system there will be continuous operation of business

and there will be no things, equipment, and properties that will be damaged by the flood.

Students – There are two schools in Poblacion are in Bula, the Bula central school and Bula parochial

school. Conducting this study will prevent the disruption of classes due to storm water flood.

Engineers – This study will be their basis if they’ll planning in improving the drainage system in

Poblacion area of Bula.

Researchers – This study will be their guide if they’re planning in doing a research the same as this

research but different location.

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Future Researchers. This study will help the future researchers in seeking relevant knowledge and

perspectives on research. This will provide insights regarding the study that will be conducted.

Scope and Delimitations

The researchers will focus on the drainage problem in the municipality of Bula that causes

frequent flooding during storm along the streets and roads and in areas where most affected by flood.

Researchers will also aim to improve the drainage system specifically in Poblacion area which composed

of Barangay Salvacion and Barangay San Roque. The researchers will assess the present condition of the

existing drainage system and will propose an improved design to solve the frequent flooding in Bula. The

cost analysis will also be conducted in this research.

Definition of Terms

Drainage System. A system by which water is drained on or in the soil to enhance production.

Sustainable Drainage System. A drainage system designed to reduce the potential impact of

development.

Alternatives. A different or temporary ways to provide solutions for the problems.

Urban Areas. A human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment.

Canal. An artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey

water for irrigation. (Oxford Languages)

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Phenomena. a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or

explanation is in question. (Oxford Languages)

Mitigating. having the effect of making something bad less severe, serious, or painful. (Oxford Languages)

Inlets. an indentation of a shoreline, usually long and narrow, such as a small bay or arm, that often

leads to an enclosed body of salt water, such as a sound, bay, lagoon, or marsh. (Meriam Webster)

Hindrance. a thing that provides resistance, delay, or obstruction to something or someone.

Topography. a detailed description or representation on a map of the natural and artificial features of

an area.

Stoic. a person who can endure pain or hardship without showing their feelings or complaining.

Ditches. a narrow channel dug in the ground, typically used for drainage alongside a road or the edge of

a field.

Silt. Fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment, especially

in a channel or harbor.

Precise. Exactly or sharply defined or stated.

Structural Engineer. Create drawings and specifications, perform calculations, review the work of other

engineers, write reports and evaluations, and observe construction sites.

Water resource Engineer. Fulfill a wide variety of roles in designing and managing water-based systems.

Flood. A rising and overflowing of a body of water especially onto normally dry land.
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Hazard. A source of danger. Beset. to set or stud with or as if with ornaments.

Sewage. Refuse liquids or waste matter usually carried off by sewers.

Covey. To impart or communicate by statement, suggestion, gesture, or appearance.

Drains. To carry away the surface water.

Culvert. A drain or pipe that allows water to flow under a road or railroad.

Poblacion. Is the common term used for the central, downtown, old town or central business district

area of a Philippine city or municipality, which may take up the area of a single barangay or multiple

barangays.

Submerge. Under the surface of water or any other enveloping medium.

Subside. To sink to a low or lower level.

Disrupt. To cause to separate into pieces usually suddenly or forcibly.

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End Notes.

Bula, Camarines Sur Profile – PhilAtlas. (1960, February 15). Philatlas.

https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r05/camarines-sur/bula.html

April 10, & Denchak, 2019 M. (n.d.). Flooding and Climate Change: Everything You Need to Know. NRDC.

https://www.nrdc.org/stories/flooding-and-climate-change-everything-you-need-

know#:~:text=Flooding%20also%20brings%20contamination%20and%20disease.%20Floodwaters%20cn

8-1 Reducing Damage from Localized Flooding: A Guide for Communities Drainage Improvements . (n.d.).

Retrieved May 29, 2021, from https://www.fema.gov/pdf/fima/FEMA511-09-ChaptFlood Causes and

Effects with Control Measures. (2020, September 14). Earth Reminder.

https://www.earthreminder.com/flood-causes-and-effects-with-control-measures/er8.pdf

Flood Causes and Effects with Control Measures. (2020, September 14). Earth Reminder.

https://www.earthreminder.com/flood-causes-and-effects-with-control-measures/

‌Bula, Camarines Sur Profile – PhilAtlas. (n.d.). Www.philatlas.com. Retrieved May 29, 2021, from

https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r05/camarines-sur/bula.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/drainage-systems,

N.R. Fausey, in Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section reviewed and presented literature and studies relevant to the presented study.

These were drawn from books, journals, publications, and published/unpublished materials such as

thesis papers.

Flood

Floods are caused by a variety of factors. According to the DPWH technical paper on flood

control measures and economic limitations and their application, floods are caused primarily by the

diversity of rain and the topography of areas. They may arise as a result of tributaries and main rivers

carrying flow much in excess of their limits as a result of high concentrations of run-off, severe rainfall,

and insufficient waterways on highways and railways, and silting of river beds. Frequent changes in the

courses of river that flood in the lower reaches due to severe silting in the estuary, and a lack of

adequate regulatory structures to manage water distribution in the various channels (DPWH technical

study, DPWH Bulletin, 1993).

Floods cannot be prevented because they are the result of nature's abundance of water in the

form of rain. Flooding cannot be stopped or controlled, but the state may always provide the required

construction of dikes, channels, and flood control systems to divert the rush of water to a bigger basin,

such as the oceans, as it is in most European countries. (Benjamin Robinson, 1995)

Montoya (1987:24) found out that water discharged from storm drainage system was not
directly attributed to precipitation. Sources of some of the water can be identified and accounted from
permit for permitted industrial wastewater that discharges to the storm drainage system. However,
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[DOCUMENT
most of the waste comes from other sources, TITLE]
including illicit and or inappropriate entries to the storm
drainage system. These entries can account for significant amount of pollutants discharge from storm
and domestic sewerage system (Piit and Mclean,1996).

Bayag (1997) conducted a study entitled “A Proposed Drainage System for the University of San
Carlos – Talamban Campus” that discussed about establishing a reasonably adequate storm sewage
drainage system at the university that will incorporate in the future physical expansion and
development of the said university. The goal was to regulate storm water runoff that may cause flood in
the university area during heavy downpour so that the safety, health and general well-being of the
students, employees and clients of the university can be ensured, and so as not to hamper and disrupt
the daily activities and services of the university even during heavy downpour or storm. The University
of San Carlos - Talamban Campus has an existing drainage system but is inadequate to convey the
rainwater into its point of discharge. The main streamline, which is the point of discharge, is also
deficient to accommodate and convey the storm water from the university sub catchment. The sizes of
the sewer pipes the existing drainage system use are insufficient. The flooding at the two gates of the
university during heavy downpour is the evidence of this deficiency and inadequacy. Based from the
findings of the study, the researcher has derived the following recommendations:

A study by Monisit (1997) entitled “The Status of Danao City Main Drainage with its Implications
to Sewerage System of the Local Government Unit: Measures for Improvement” discussed about the
need of the existing drainage system in Danao City to be improved and developed. Residents of the city
have experienced major problems about health and water supply.

The advantages of regular flooding were recognized in ancient Egypt, where the Nile's flood

waters brought fertile silt and much-needed water to the fields each year. Recognizing that a flood

meant prosperity, the pharaohs imposed higher taxes after the flood. As a result, the Nile has the oldest

records of stream levels. Flooding has probably more intensely studied and more carefully recorded

than any natural phenomenon since the birth of civilization (V.R Baker, Flood Geomorphology, 1998)

According to Smith and Ward (1998), there is more evidence that the flood problem is getting

worse in terms of the damage caused by flooding. Despite massive expenditure on flood defence, flood

damage losses continue to rise in many countries. Although most floods are more or less natural
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phenomena, the flood hazard is largely of[DOCUMENT TITLE]

human origin. Most floods results from moderate to large

events, occurring within the expected range of stream flow. Floods constitute a “hazard” only where

human encroachment into flood prone areas has occurred.

Rashid (2000) described the 1998 floods that hit Bangladesh as the worst in the last century.

Almost two-thirds of the country was submerged under water and millions were affected. A total of 33

million people were marooned of whom 18 million needed emergency food and health services in 52

districts. The floods continued for more than 65 days. Those floods destroyed basic infrastructure like

roads and bridges as well as houses, crops, animals and cattle. The most damaging aspect of the flood

was the destruction 18 of people’s means of livelihood. The response to the floods included distribution

of food, medicine and clothing for the poor.

A study of Perante (2001) entitled “Sewerage System in Tacloban City: Basis for a Proposed
Centralized Sewerage System” discussed about the existing sewerage system in Tacloban City and how
to develop a new system. Tacloban City experiences flooding even at small rain and other associated
environmental problems. This was because the existing drainage system in Tacloban City doesn’t
function according to its purpose. Problems were encountered in the existing sewerage system such as
the presence of solid wastes on the sewerage canal, no monitoring and maintenance program and the
people of Tacloban were not aware of the purpose of the sewerage system. Highly felt problems by the
residents of Tacloban City were the solid wastes and its other forms being indiscriminately discharged to
the canals, and the lack of inspection and monitoring programs for household sewer to the common
sewer. Moderately felt problems encountered were the absence of city ordinance that regulates waste
materials that may be discharged to the canal, sewers were not covered which proved harmful to the
health and life of the residents, and building sewers were not connected to the common sewer. The
study came up with several recommendations to solve or minimize the problems encountered. Some of
which are:
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In summer 1999, torrential downpours TITLE] killed over 950 people and displaced
and flooding

millions in South Korea, China, Japan, the Philippines, and Thailand. In October, mudslides and

floodwaters in south Mexico killed at least 360 people. In November and December, a devastating flood

caused $285 million in damage and killed over 700 people in Vietnam, and on December 15-16, heavy

rain caused catastrophic flooding and landslides in northern Venezuela, killing an estimated 5,000 to

20,000 people and marking the country's worst modern-day natural disaster. In July 2002, continuous

monsoon rains influenced by two storms slammed Metro Manila and provinces in the final four days,

killing 28, injuring 14, and leaving two people missing. Thousands of affected families were evacuated,

and an estimated 296 million pesos in palay, corn, and other crops, fishery, and livestock were

destroyed. In the last two weeks, 24,554 hectares of palay were damaged in regions I, II, IV, XII, and the

autonomous province Muslim Mindanao. (Manila Times, 2002)

In a study of south Asian region Bank off (2003) states that, in Philippines, flooding is not a

recent hazard but one that has occurred throughout the recorded history. On the one hand, it is related

to a wider global ecological crisis to do with climate change and rising sea levels but on the other hand,

it is also the effect of more-localized human activities. A whole range of socio-economic factors such as

land use practices, living standards and policy responses are increasingly influencing the frequency of

natural hazards such as floods and the corresponding occurrence of disasters. He also mentioned in his

study that, Municipality has its basis in a complex risk of inter-relating factors that emphasize how the

nature of vulnerability is constructed through the lack of mutuality between environment and human

activity over time. Statistical trends suggest that floods have become more numerous and more

devastating in recent years. Certainly the frequency of events and the number of people affected have
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[DOCUMENT
increased steadily as human related activities TITLE]
such as deforestation; overgrazing and urbanization

aggravate environmental conditions, making communities more vulnerable (Bank off, 2003)

In a study of Know Risk (2005), it is observed that the economic impact of natural disasters

shows a marked upward trend over the last several decades worldwide. The hazards tend to hit

communities in developing countries, increasing their vulnerability and setting back their economic and

social growth, sometimes by decades. The floods have led to loss of human life, destruction of social and

economic infrastructure and degradation of already fragile ecosystems and social structures. The study

indicates that social impacts include changes in people’s way of life, their culture, community, political

systems, environment, health and wellbeing, their personal and property rights and their fears and

aspirations. In this study it was suggested in the results that, social impacts are linked to the level of well

being of individuals, communities and society. It includes aspects related to the level of literacy and

education, the existence of peace and security, access to basic human rights, systems of good

governance, social equity, positive traditional values, knowledge structure, customs and ideological

beliefs and overall collective organizational systems.

According to Nott (2006), the causes of floods can be broadly divided into physical, such as

climatologically forces, and human influences such as vegetation clearing and urban development. The

most common causes of floods are climate related, most especially rainfall. Prolonged rainfall events are

the most common cause of flooding worldwide. These events are usually associated with several days,

weeks or months long of continuous rainfall. Human impacts on river catchments influence flood

behaviour. Land use changes in particular have a direct impact on the magnitude and behaviour of
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[DOCUMENT
floods all over the world. Deforestation results TITLE] run-off and often a decrease in channel
in increased

capacity due to increased sedimentation rates.

Douben (2006) states that since early times, people have settled in flood prone areas due to

favourable geographic conditions which facilitate economic growth, such as accessibility (transportation)

and food production (fertile land). This fact forces societies all over the world to protect vulnerable

assets against flooding. Nevertheless, flooding is still the most damaging of all natural disasters and

more than half of all victims are flood related. Flood mitigation policies and measures should therefore

be implemented in order to enable societies to increase their resilience to flood hazards.

Hanson, et al. (2007) state that, reduce poverty is one of the great challenges faced all over the

world. Over half of the world’s poor live in rural areas. Poverty worsens when natural hazards destroy

vital rural infrastructure. Asia is struck by 70% of all floods in the world and the average annual cost of

floods over the past decade is approximately 15 Billion USD. Economic losses and impacts have

remained high and constitute a large developmental burden. It was suggested from this study that there

is a need for new types of strategies in order to cope with the financial burden from hazardous events.

One of the largest deltas in Vietnam is seriously threatened by floods. Lives and property are threatened

by annual flood events which impose a substantial burden on the community. The area has experienced

increased flooding due to its dense ad increasing population and its location in a low land.

In July 2002, continuous monsoon rains influenced by two storms slammed Metro Manila and

provinces in the final four days, killing 28, injuring 14, and leaving two people missing. Thousands of

affected families were evacuated, and an estimated 296 million pesos in palay, corn, and other crops,
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[DOCUMENT
fishery, and livestock were destroyed. In the TITLE]24,554 hectares of palay were damaged in
last two weeks,

regions I, II, IV, XII, and the autonomous province Muslim Mindanao.

A super typhoon dubbed "Reming" slammed the Philippines in November 2007. This

typhoon's power was concentrated on the Bicol Region, particularly in the province of Albay. “Reming”

devastated many lives, properties, and significant means of income. This typhoon triggered a massive

landslide and flash floods. Almost all of the communities and municipalities in the Rinconada were hit by

a severe flashflood. The major highways and collector roads were flooded, with a height of 0.30 to 0.50

m. in the main roads and 0.70 to 1.2 m. in certain lowered elevation routes, particularly in Nabua. The

flood damaged many passenger vehicles.

Drainage System

Dezar (1990) prepared a technical study on urban flood protection and drainage projects in

Indonesia. The papa disclosed that the rapid urbanization in the late 1980 required that greater

attention be paid to urban infrastructure improvement. It also stressed the need for local government to

assume the greater responsibility for urban development in their respective regions. Thus, reversing the

trend and shifting the responsibility from the Central Government to Local Government for planning,

financing, and development for urban infrastructure.

Burian et al. (2000) described the necessity of the proper and efficient urban drainage system.

Their paper compared the drainage system of past and present, which without any doubt points in the

facts that for a healthy environment especially in cities the proper design and planning of drainage

system is inevitable.
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Lee (2003) describe by hydrologic [DOCUMENT TITLE]

conditions i.e, the natural cycle of water, are disrupted and

altered when natural land is developed. Rainfall that once seeped into the ground now runoff the

surface. The addition of buildings, streets and roads, parking lots and other surfaces that are impervious

further reduces infiltration and increases runoff. Depending on the magnitude of changes to the land

surface, the total runoff can increase considerably. These changes not only increase the rate at which

runoff flows across the land. This effect is furthered intensified by drainage system such as gutters and

storm sewers that are designed to quickly convey runoff to rivers and streams, thereby providing safe

drainage and avoiding problems of local flooding. This traditional conveyance approach leads to

problems with high downstream discharges and decreasing groundwater levels.

Heal et al. (2004) first introduced the term Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) in

Scotland as a concept to include source control, water quality aspects and socioeconomic factors in the

design and promotion of BMPs. By the SUDS concept they recognized that the need of flood control and

pollution control must be combined and together if the environment is to be adequately protected. And

if the resulting storm water facilities are to acceptable for adoption and maintenance, they must also be

attractive structures and cost –effective.

Mesolas et al. (2005) investigated the drainage system in Iriga City's business district. The study

was based on a questionnaire survey that intended to characterize the state of the drainage system in

the region, the reasons of flooding, and the measures in place to avoid it. The community is aware of the
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[DOCUMENT in
drainage system's current state and its effectiveness TITLE]
protecting lives, property, and commodities

while also facilitating business activities.

The study of Bravante, et. al (2006) evaluated a research focused on the status of storm water

drainage that can be proposed to minimized flooding in the Poblacion area of Baao. The primary goal

was to develop a solution to frequent flooding caused by typhoon and severe rainfall. The factors were

determined through gathered data based on the questionnaire and informal interview given in the

region.

Belete (2011) carried out a study on road and urban storm water drainage network integration

in Addis ababa, Addis Ketema sub-city. According to him inadequate integration between road and

urban storm water drainage lines follow by blockage of drains by solid wastes are the major causes of

flooding in the study area. Sewerage connection and solid waste dumping reduce the effective carrying

capacity of drains. To safely discharge the flood generated within the study area (Addis Ketama sub-city)

the urban storm water drainage facilities should be revised and designed. Urban storm water drainage

facilities should be contracted with roads for timely accomplishing and good work man ship. The budget

allocated for the last and coming three years for road and urban storm water drainage provision has

created a wider integration gap

Bhadiyadra et al. (2015) conducted a study on storm water drainage problem of Surat City. Their

research showed that the storm water back flow problem under high flood situation in river Tapi is the

major storm water drainage problem, when drainage outlets are closed for Surat city. It Indicates that

storm water drainage system of Surat City during flooding condition is not much effective at some low
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[DOCUMENT
lying areas of Surat City.the feasible solution TITLE]is achieved in this case study by designing
of this problem

some general as well as systematic drainage solution and also appropriate design of storm water

drainage system of desire working objective. In current situation if storm water logging from drain takes

places it leads traffic on roadways, inflection, and obstruction to routine life of general public etc.

Currently during storm water back flow problem pumping systems are used for disposal of excess storm

water from low lying area of Surat City. But pumping system not sufficient to pump large amount of

water from at any location also in economical manner it was very costly in purchasing or hiring both. So,

current pumping system needed some improvements which resulted permanent solution of storm

water drainage system. Hence, it was concluded for this problem that storm water back flow needs

permanent solution, better storm water drainage facility in any urban area which leads better facility in

transportation and routine life of habitants. In other hand to solve this problem improvement existing

storm water drainage system is required. Such as instead of provision of high capacity pump at low lying

areas this water is divert to the river bank and then at this location we can provide moderate capacity

pump which pump storm water continuously at river bank.

Asfaw (2016) made a study on assessment of storm water drainage system in Kemise town.

According to the result obtained, the storm drainage facility was inadequate to convey the peak

discharge for required design period and drainage system filled by sediment and other rubbish

materials, based on the result those problem were; due to the drainage design and construction practice

adopted by ignoring of hydrology and hydraulic analysis, type of drainage system provided and

managing problems from concerned body and unawareness of the community. Based on the result of

this study, open drainage ditch type was practiced, because of the drainage system were opened it is
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simply filled by solid materials and storm [DOCUMENT TITLE] aligned drainage system this was caused
water for improper

for different negative impacts for the community during rainy season like malaria and other water born

disease. In addition, the managing problems form concerned body (municipality) and also the

community was disposed their waste into drainage, because according to study area observation there

was lack of awareness on the on the concerning the impact of disposing solid material on drainage

system. The existing drainage alignment was not properly aligned, based on the results this was due to

improper design and construction practice. Due to nature of location of Kinese the runoff was

contributed from top of mountain area.

The drainage system's capacity is determined by the size of the area to be drained, the runoff

coefficient, and the amount of water to be drained during the most severe storm utilized in the design.

The system is frequently designed for 25-year storms; other times, a 10-year storm is employed. When

dealing with large-scale drainage, it is critical to improve the discharge capacity of natural channels in

order to safeguard surrounding properties, as well as to update the ditches and channels that transport

run-off from the drainage system to the improved channels. Connecting, for example, follows the

natural surface run-off that occurs during periods of heavy rainfall.

The essential principle of any type of land drainage is to provide an open, adequate, and

readily accessible channel through which the surface or subsoil water can flow. For this purpose, open

ditches are sometimes used, but these are not always satisfactory because they may become choked

with sediment and vegetation. Underground drains usually employed, particularly on land that is to be

flowed of the different types of closed drains, the most efficient is the so-called tile drain, which is

composed of pipes made of sections of hallow earthenware or concrete tiles that are buried at a depth
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about 1 to 2 meter (about 3 to 6 feet). [DOCUMENT

Excess waterTITLE]
in the soil flows into the pipes via the tiles'

apertures. Extensive, particularly on the Mississippi, where the river has been limited to a tight channel

to give the required depth for navigation. Maintaining depth has necessitated frequent dredging of the

channels, which has added to the already high cost of maintaining the levee system. Floods in the

Mississippi Valley have proved that levees alone do not provide adequate protection against flooding on

a large river, and other flood control technologies, such as dams and floodways, are now in use on the

Mississippi.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The study of Mesolas, et. Al (2005) is similar to the present study in the area of study. They were

both dealt on the drainage system but different in scope and coverage. The previous is on the status of

the drainage system in the Business Center based on surveys while the later is on the status of storm

water drainage in the poblacion area based on both survey and actual analysis of the drainage system.

The study of Bravante, et. al (2005) is the same to the present study in terms of scope and

objective. The only difference is the setting of the study. Bravante, et. al focused on the status of storm

water drainage system and measure that can be proposed to minimized flooding in the City of Iriga.

While the present study focused on the improvement of the existing structure and measures to prevent

frequent flooding in the poblacion area of Bula.

The review materials definitely show the interest in controlling floods and improvement. The

related studies presented and analyzed in this chapter show that each researcher has its own distinct
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opinions, knowledge and strategies used [DOCUMENT TITLE]

in dealing with studies about environment protection and

conservation like waste management population and ecological control. The present study will focus on

the drainage system in the poblacion area of Bula. Through differences are presented it guided so much

the present study to proposed measures in improving the existing drainage system.
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[DOCUMENT TITLE]
End Notes

Smith, K .and Ward, R. 1998. Floods: Physical processes and Human Impacts. John Wiley and son.

England.

Flood plain Management (1998), In Disaster risk Management Study Guide for DIM 605: Module 2,

Bloemfontein: University of the Free State.

Rashid, F.S. 2000. The Urban Poor in Dhaka City: Their Struggles and coping strategies during the floods

of 1998. Journal, 24 (3): 240-253.

Bankoff, G., 2003, Constructing Vulnerability: The Historical, Natural and Social Generation of Flooding in

Metropolitan Manila. Journal, 27 (3): 224-238.

Living with Risk (2002): A global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives, Geneva Switzerland.

Known Risk, 2005, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.

Nott, J., 2006, Extreme Events: A Physical Reconstruction and Risk Assessment, Cambridge University

Press, New York.

Douben, J.K. 2006. Characteristics of River floods and Flooding: A Global Overview, 1985-2003. Journal,

59:59-521.

Hanson, k., Danielson, M. and Ekenberg, L. 2007. A Framework for Evaluation of Flood Management

Strategies. Journal, 86 (3):465-480.

 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

Burian, S,J., Nix, S.J., Pitt, R.E. and Durran, S.R.(2000) Urban waste water managementin the United

States: past, present, and future. Journal of Urban Technology, 7(3), pp. 33-62 .

Mclean, N.,D’ Archy, B. and Heal, K (2004). SUDS and sustainability. 26 th Meeting of the standing Conf.

on the Storm Water Source Control, Dunfermline.

Balete,A.D. (2011). Road and Urban Storm Water Drainage Network Integration in Aldis Ababa: Addis

Ketema Sub-city. Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3(7), pp 217-255

Asfaw, B (2016). Assessment of Storm water Drainage System in Kemise Town. M.E. Thesis, School of

Graduate studies Addis, Ababa Instituteof Technology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.

Bhadiyadra, J.K., Goyani, V.C., DObariya, T.M., Vaghani, C.R and Gajera, D.J. (2015) Study of Storm Water

Drainage Problem of Surat City & its Solutions Due to Flood in River in River Tapi. International Journal of

Civil and Structural Engineering Research, 3(1), pp. 61-89

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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research method used by the researchers to conduct this

study. It covers the research design, research setting for the improvement of the existing drainage

system in Poblacion Bula.

Research Method

Ary (2010: 426) states that, research method is the researcher’s plan of how to proceed to gain

an understanding of some group or some phenomenon in its context. Based on that theory, the research

design used in this study is descriptive and developmental method of research. Gillaco (2014) discussed

that descriptive method seeks the real facts in relation to a current situation. Descriptive research is

scientific research that describes about event, phenomena or fact systematically dealing with certain

area or population. This research method involved more than just gathering and tabulating data; it also

included proper analysis, interpretation, comparisons, and the identification of phenomena and

correlations (Aggarvel, 2008). Through this method, the researchers were able to describe the status of

the drainage system as it exists at the time of the study and to investigate the causes of frequent

flooding.

The purpose of the developmental research method was to assess changes over an extended

period of time according to Heffner (2014). The systematic study of designing, developing, and

evaluating instructional programs, processes, and products that must meet internal consistency and

effectiveness criteria has been defined as developmental research. The most common types of

developmental research involve situations in which the product – development process is analysed and
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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

described, and the final product – development process is evaluated. A fundamental distinction was

made between reports of actual development or evaluation processes as a whole or as components.

Developmental research contributed much to the growth of the field as a whole, often serving as a basic

model construction and theorizing (Richey, 1994). In this study, the researchers used this method in

analysing data gathered to develop and improve an existing drainage system providing the theories,

principles and techniques. This method supported the researchers to re-design the drainage system in

Poblacion Bula if necessary.

Research Procedure

The researcher will conduct a site inspection and analyzation of the blue print of the existing

drainage system in poblacion Bula. Developmental method is one of the method that the researcher will

use in order to interpret all the data that will gathered and to design the appropriate drainage system

according to the data. The researcher will follow all the rules and codes according to plumbing codes.

Researcher will distribute survey form to the specific two barangays inside the poblacion Bula. The

improved drainage system will be align to all the data and analyzation that the researcher will gather.

Cost analysis will be considered by the researcher in order to identify if their research study is

economical. Throughout the study researcher will identify all the factors and problems that the existing

drainage system encountered.

Data Gathering

The main data-gathering instrument will use in this study is a questionnaire and informal

interview. However, site inspection will be conducted to support the information gathered.
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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

Research Setting

Figure 3 shows the location where the drainage system is located and in figure 4 shows the

Flood Susceptibility Map. Bula is one of the coastal municipalities in Camarines Sur. The municipality is

located about 76.1 kilometers from Legazpi City, 24.7 kilometers from Naga City and 14.8 kilometers

from Nabua. It is bounded on the north by the municipalities of Pili and Ocampo, on the east by the

municipality of Baao, on the southeast by the Municipality of Nabua, on the south it is bounded by the

Municipality of Balataan, on the southwest by Ragay Gulf, and on the west by the Municipality of

Minalabac. The Poblacion Bula is composed of Barangay Salvacion and Barangay San Roque. Barangay

San Roque has a land area of 380 hectares and Barangay Salvacion has a land area of 458 hectares. The

researchers focused on these areas because it was found out that these two Barangay are mostly

affected of flash flood caused by a typhoon and severe rainfall. And according to the flood susceptibility

map of LGU Bula, it can be concluded that Barangay San Roque and Barangay Salvacion are classified as

high flood susceptibility.

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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

sit SITE
e

Figure 3: LOCATION OF THE STUDY

site

Figure 4: FLOD SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP

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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

APPENDIX A

DIAGRAMS AND OTHER DOCUMENTATION TOOLS

Problem Collect Problem Literature

identification relevant data statement rivew

Data entry Hyphothesis Methodology

Data
collection
Data Improve
Cost
analysis design
analysis

interpretation
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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

APPENDIX B

THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS

The purpose of this chapter is to present a theoretical and conceptual framework which

will be employed by this study. The theoretical and conceptual framework is based on the

findings presented in the literature reviewed. This provides the framework for the research

design and analysis.

Theoretical Framework

The fundamentals and principles of creating visualization of all types of art are covered in design

theory. It is concerned with how humans view and perceive visuals. The concepts also explain how and

why the design works. While the theory of construction is the process of formulating and

assembling components of theories into coherent wholes, or the process of revising and

expanding theories in light of logical, semantic, and empirical analyses. In other hand innovation

is the practical outcome of all ideas

Figure 1 shows the project framework of the study. Flood is the number one enemy now a day.

Having efficient storm water drainage will eventually be contributor to the health of Bulae ńos. It would

guarantee to control health treat if the Bulaeńos are healthy and safe. Improving its function will be a

great help in discharging the flood water. Moderate or heavy rain fall can cause a flood if the drainage

system does not design properly and well study. Flood occurrence leads to destroy business

establishment and agricultural land area. Improving its function can help the economy grow, stay away

the Bulaeńos safe from health treats and lead to fresh environment.
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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

Thoery of Thoery of
IS 1742
design construction

IMPROVEMENT
OF THE
R.A 1383
R.A 6613 DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
Figure 1

Thoery of Article VII Thoery of

innovation Flood
adaptation

Figure 1

THEORETICAL PARADIGM
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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

Conceptual Framework

The study was conceptualized to determine how to improve the function of existing drainage

water system in Poblacion Bula. The system concept can be made even more useful by referring to

additional components, feedback and steady state, which will be maintained continuously through

FEEDBACK. The system approach which serves as the model of the presentation was used, input,

process, and output, shown in figure 2.

The INPUT block consists all the tools that can help the researcher to improve the existing

drainage system. Status of the drainage system, blueprint, codes and survey system. The research

PROCESS includes the activities to be conducted in this study as follow: site inspection, gathering and

collection of data through: questionnaire and informal interview and analysis and interpretation of

gathered data. The OUTPUT block is the proposed recommendation in improving the existing drainage

system in Bula, which is the output of the present study. The FEEDBACK loop provides mechanism for

the continuing development of the study for further use to achieve the identified goals. It is vital to keep

the evidence-based program on track. If the feedback loop indicates needed changes, then the system

needs to be adjusted to improve effectiveness and efficiency.

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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

INPUT
- Status of
the existing PROCESS
drainage
- Site inspection of
system drainage system OUTPUT
-Blue print - Gathering and
of the collection of data:
existing a. Questionnaire Improved
drainage
b. Informal Interview drainage
-Codes system
-Analysis and
-Survey Interpretation of
system Gathered Data

FEEDBACK
Figure 2

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM
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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

References

Bula, Camarines Sur Profile – PhilAtlas. (1960, February 15). Philatlas.

https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r05/camarines-sur/bula.html

April 10, & Denchak, 2019 M. (n.d.). Flooding and Climate Change: Everything You Need to Know. NRDC.

https://www.nrdc.org/stories/flooding-and-climate-change-everything-you-need-

know#:~:text=Flooding%20also%20brings%20contamination%20and%20disease.%20Floodwaters%20cn

8-1 Reducing Damage from Localized Flooding: A Guide for Communities Drainage Improvements . (n.d.).

Retrieved May 29, 2021, from https://www.fema.gov/pdf/fima/FEMA511-09-ChaptFlood Causes and

Effects with Control Measures. (2020, September 14). Earth Reminder.

https://www.earthreminder.com/flood-causes-and-effects-with-control-measures/er8.pdf

Flood Causes and Effects with Control Measures. (2020, September 14). Earth Reminder.

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‌Bula, Camarines Sur Profile – PhilAtlas. (n.d.). Www.philatlas.com. Retrieved May 29, 2021, from

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N.R. Fausey, in Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005

 Republic of the Philippines
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[DOCUMENT TITLE]

Smith, K .and Ward, R. 1998. Floods: Physical processes and Human Impacts. John Wiley and son.

England.

Flood plain Management (1998), In Disaster risk Management Study Guide for DIM 605: Module 2,

Bloemfontein: University of the Free State.

Rashid, F.S. 2000. The Urban Poor in Dhaka City: Their Struggles and coping strategies during the floods

of 1998. Journal, 24 (3): 240-253.

Bankoff, G., 2003, Constructing Vulnerability: The Historical, Natural and Social Generation of Flooding in

Metropolitan Manila. Journal, 27 (3): 224-238.

Living with Risk (2002): A global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives, Geneva Switzerland.

Known Risk, 2005, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.

Nott, J., 2006, Extreme Events: A Physical Reconstruction and Risk Assessment, Cambridge University

Press, New York.

Douben, J.K. 2006. Characteristics of River floods and Flooding: A Global Overview, 1985-2003. Journal,

59:59-521.

Hanson, k., Danielson, M. and Ekenberg, L. 2007. A Framework for Evaluation of Flood Management

Strategies. Journal, 86 (3):465-480.

Burian, S,J., Nix, S.J., Pitt, R.E. and Durran, S.R.(2000) Urban waste water managementin the United

States: past, present, and future. Journal of Urban Technology, 7(3), pp. 33-62 .
 Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

[DOCUMENT TITLE]

Mclean, N.,D’ Archy, B. and Heal, K (2004). SUDS and sustainability. 26 th Meeting of the standing Conf.

on the Storm Water Source Control, Dunfermline.

Balete,A.D. (2011). Road and Urban Storm Water Drainage Network Integration in Aldis Ababa: Addis

Ketema Sub-city. Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3(7), pp 217-255

Asfaw, B (2016). Assessment of Storm water Drainage System in Kemise Town. M.E. Thesis, School of

Graduate studies Addis, Ababa Instituteof Technology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.

Bhadiyadra, J.K., Goyani, V.C., DObariya, T.M., Vaghani, C.R and Gajera, D.J. (2015) Study of Storm Water

Drainage Problem of Surat City & its Solutions Due to Flood in River in River Tapi. International Journal of

Civil and Structural Engineering Research, 3(1), pp. 61-89

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