Solution 3.

Using Fig. 3.50, design a problem to help other students to better understand nodal
analysis.
R1 R2

Ix
+ +
12 V − 9V −
R3

Figure 3.50
For Prob. 3.1 and Prob. 3.39.

Solution

Given R 1 = 4 kΩ, R 2 = 2 kΩ, and R 3 = 2 kΩ, determine the value of I x using nodal
analysis.

Let the node voltage in the top middle of the circuit be designated as V x .

[(V x –12)/4k] + [(V x –0)/2k] + [(V x –9)/2k] = 0 or (multiply this by 4 k)

(1+2+2)V x = 12+18 = 30 or V x = 30/5 = 6 volts and

I x = 6/(2k) = 3 mA.

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Solution 3.2

At node 1,

− v1 v1 v − v2
− = 6+ 1 60 = - 8v 1 + 5v 2 (1)
10 5 2

At node 2,
v2 v − v2
= 3+6+ 1 36 = - 2v 1 + 3v 2 (2)
4 2

Solving (1) and (2),

v 1 = 0 V, v 2 = 12 V

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Solution 3.3

Applying KCL to the upper node,

v0 vo vo v
−8+ + + + 20 + 0 = 0 or v 0 = –60 V
10 20 30 60

v0 v
i1 = = –6 A , i 2 = 0 = –3 A,
10 20
v v
i 3 = 0 = –2 A, i 4 = 0 = 1 A.
30 60

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Solution 3.4

v1 3A v2
i1 i2 i3 i4
20 Ω 10 Ω 40 Ω 40 Ω 2A
6A

At node 1,

–6 – 3 + v 1 /(20) + v 1 /(10) = 0 or v 1 = 9(200/30) = 60 V

At node 2,

3 – 2 + v 2 /(10) + v 2 /(5) = 0 or v 2 = –1(1600/80) = –20 V

i 1 = v 1 /(20) = 3 A, i 2 = v 1 /(10) = 6 A,
i 3 = v 2 /(40) = –500 mA, i 4 = v 2 /(40) = –500 mA.

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Solution 3.5

Obtain v o in the circuit of Fig. 3.54.

+ −

+ 120 V
60 V − +
120 kΩ 120 kΩ
vo
30 kΩ −

Figure 3.54
For Prob. 3.5.

Step 1. First you need to pick a reference, so we place a ground at the bottom of the
circuit. Then we identify the unknown node and then write our nodal equations.
Next we apply a constraint equation to solve for v o .

v1
+ −

+ 120 V
60 V − +
120 kΩ 120 kΩ
vo
30 kΩ −

At node 1, [((v1–60)–0)/30k] + [(v1–0)/120k] + [((v1–120)/120k] = 0 and

v o = (v 1 –120)–0.

Step 2. [(1/30k)+(1/120k)+(1/120k)]v 1 = (60/30k)+(120/120k) = 0.002+0.001 =

0.003 = (6/120k)v 1 or v 1 = 0.003x20k = 60 volts.

Therefore,
v o = 60–120 = –60 V.

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Solution 3.6

Solve for V 1 using nodal analysis.

10 Ω
10 Ω

+
5Ω +
10 V
–
V1 10 Ω 20 V −
+
–

Figure 3.55
For Prob. 3.6.

Step 1. The first thing to do is to select a reference node and to identify all the unknown
nodes. We select the bottom of the circuit as the reference node. The only unknown
node is the one connecting all the resistors together and we will call that node V 1 . The
other two nodes are at the top of each source. Relative to the reference, the one at the top
of the 10-volt source is –10 V. At the top of the 20-volt source is +20 V.

Step 2. Setup the nodal equation (there is only one since there is only one
unknown).
(V1 − (−10)) (V1 − ( −10 )) (V1 − 0) (V1 − 20)
+ + + =
0
5 10 10 10

Step 3. Simplify and solve.

1 1 1 1  10 10 20
 + + +  V1 = − − +
 5 10 10 10  5 10 10
( 0.2 + 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1)V1 =0.5V1 =
−2 − 1 + 2 =
−1

or
V 1 = –2 V.

The answer can be checked by calculating all the currents and see if they add up to zero.
The top two currents on the left flow right to left and are 0.8 A and 1.6 A respectively.
The current flowing up through the 10-ohm resistor is 0.2 A. The current flowing right to
left through the 10-ohm resistor is 2.2 A. Summing all the currents flowing out of the
node, V 1 , we get, +0.8+1.6 –0.2–2.2 = 0. The answer checks.

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Solution 3.7

Apply nodal analysis to solve for V x in the circuit in Fig. 3.56.

+
Vx 30 Ω
2A 60 Ω 0.05 Vx
_

Figure 3.56
For Prob. 3.7.

Step 1. First we identify all of the unknown nodes and in this case, we only have
one and that is V x . Next we write one nodal equation.

Vx − 0 Vx − 0
−2+ + + 0.05Vx = 0 .
60 30

Step 2. [0.05+(1/60)+(1/30)]V x = [0.05+0.05]V x = 0.1V x = 2 or V x = 20 V.

Substituting into the original equation for a check we get, –2 + (20/60) + (20/30) +
(0.05)(20) = 0 = –2 + 0.33333 + 0.66667 + 1 = 0. The answer checks!

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Solution 3.8
6Ω i1 v1 i3 20

i2

+ 60V +
V0 4Ω –
+ 5V0
– –
20Ω

v1 ( v1 − 60) − 0 v1 − 5v 0
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0 + + =0
10 20 20
2
But v0 = v1 so that 2v 1 + v 1 – 60 + v 1 – 2v 1 = 0
5
or v 1 = 60/2 = 30 V, therefore v o = 2v 1 /5 = 12 V.

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Solution 3.9

Let V 1 be the unknown node voltage to the right of the 250-Ω resistor. Let the ground
reference be placed at the bottom of the 50-Ω resistor. This leads to the following nodal
equation:

V1 − 24 V1 − 0 V1 − 60I b − 0
+ + =0
250 50 150
simplifying we get
3V1 − 72 + 15V1 + 5V1 − 300I b = 0

24 − V1
But I b = . Substituting this into the nodal equation leads to
250

24.2V1 − 100.8 = 0 or V 1 = 4.165 V.

Thus, I b = (24 – 4.165)/250 = 79.34 mA.

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Solution 3.10

v1 v2 v3

At node 1. [(v 1 –0)/8] + [(v 1 –v 3 )/1] + 4 = 0

At node 2. –4 + [(v 2 –0)/2] + 2i o = 0

At node 3. –2i o + [(v 3 –0)/4] + [(v 3 –v 1 )/1] = 0

Finally, we need a constraint equation, i o = v 1 /8

This produces,
1.125v 1 – v 3 = –4 (1)

0.25v 1 + 0.5v 2 = 4 (2)

–1.25v 1 + 1.25v 3 = 0 or v 1 = v 3 (3)

Substituting (3) into (1) we get (1.125–1)v 1 = –4 or v 1 = –4/0.125 = –32 volts. This leads
to,

i o = 32/8 = –4 amps.

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Solution 3.11

Find V o and the power absorbed by all the resistors in the circuit of Fig. 3.60.

12 Ω Vo 6Ω

+ –
60 V 12 Ω 24 V
_ +

Figure 3.60
For Prob. 3.11.

Solution
Vo − 60 Vo − 0 Vo − (−24)
At the top node, KCL produces + + =0
12 12 6

(1/3)V o = 1 or V o = 3 V.

P 12Ω = (3–60)2/1 = 293.9 W (this is for the 12 Ω resistor in series with the 60 V source)

P 12Ω = (V o )2/12 = 9/12 = 750 mW (this is for the 12 Ω resistor connecting V o to

ground)

P 4Ω = (3–(–24))2/6 = 121.5 W.

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Solution 3.12

There are two unknown nodes, as shown in the circuit below.

20 Ω 10 Ω
V1 Vo

Ix
+
40 V _ 20 Ω 10 Ω
4 Ix

At node 1,
V1 − 40 V1 − 0 V1 − Vo
+ + = 0 or
20 20 10
(0.05+0.05+.1)V 1 – 0.1V o = 0.2V 1 – 0.1V o = 2 (1)

At node o,
Vo − V1 V −0
− 4I x + o = 0 and I x = V 1 /20
10 10
–0.1V 1 – 0.2V 1 + 0.2V o = –0.3V 1 + 0.2V o = 0 or (2)

V 1 = (2/3)V o (3)

Substituting (3) into (1),

0.2(2/3)V o – 0.1V o = 0.03333V o = 2 or

V o = 60 V.

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Solution 3.13

Calculate v 1 and v 2 in the circuit of Fig. 3.62 using nodal analysis.

10 Ω 600 V

50 Ω 30 Ω 15 A

Figure 3.62
For Prob. 3.13.

Solution

Step 1. We note that the 10 ohm resistor is in series with the 50 ohm resistor which can
be replaced by a 60 ohm resistor. The then gives us a circuit with one unknown
node and we can write one nodal equation to let us solve for v2.

Once we have v2 we can use voltage division to solve for v1.

( v2 + 600 ) − 0 + v2 − 0 − 15 =
0 and v = [(v 1 +600)–0](50/60).
2
60 30

Step 2. [(1/60)+(1/30)]v 2 = –(600/60)+15 = 5 = 0.05v 2 or v 2 = 100 V.

Now v1 = 700(50/60) = 583.3 V.

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Solution 3.14

Using nodal analysis, find v o in the circuit of Fig. 3.63.

12.5 A

8Ω

1Ω 2Ω
+
–
4Ω 50 V
+
vo
100 V +
– −

Figure 3.63
For Prob. 3.14.
12.5 A
Solution

8Ω
v0
v1
1Ω 2Ω
+
–
4Ω 50 V
+
vo
100 V +
– −

At node 1,

[(v 1 –100)/1] + [(v 1 –v o )/2] + 12.5 = 0 or 3v 1 – v o = 200–25 = 175 (1)

At node o,

[(v o –v 1 )/2] – 12.5 + [(v o –0)/4] + [(v o +50)/8] = 0 or –4v 1 + 7v o = 50

(2)

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Adding 4x(1) to 3x(2) yields,

4(1) + 3(2) = –4v o + 21v o = 700 + 150 or 17v o = 850 or

v o = 50 V.

Checking, we get v 1 = (175+v o )/3 = 75 V.

At node 1,

[(75–100)/1] + [(75–50)/2] + 12.5 = –25 + 12.5 + 12.5 = 0!

At node o,

[(50–75)/2] + [(50–0)/4] + [(50+50)/8] – 12.5 = –12.5 + 12.5 + 12.5 – 12.5 = 0!

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Solution 3.15
5A

8Ω
v0
v1
1Ω 2Ω
–
4Ω 20 V
+
40 V +
–

Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode so that v 1 = v 2 + 10 (1)

At the supernode, 2 + 6v 1 + 5v 2 = 3 (v 3 - v 2 ) 2 + 6v 1 + 8v 2 = 3v 3 (2)

At node 3, 2 + 4 = 3 (v 3 - v 2 ) v3 = v2 + 2 (3)

Substituting (1) and (3) into (2),

− 56
2 + 6v 2 + 60 + 8v 2 = 3v 2 + 6 v2 =
11
54
v 1 = v 2 + 10 =
11

i 0 = 6v i = 29.45 A

2
v12  54 
P 65 = = v12 G =   6 = 144.6 W
R  11 
 − 56 
2

P 55 = v G=
2
2  5 = 129.6 W
 11 

P 35 = (v L − v 3 ) G = (2) 2 3 = 12 W
2

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Solution 3.16
2S

v1 v2 8S
v3
i0
+ 13 V +
2A 1S v0 4S –
–

At the supernode,

2 = v 1 + 2 (v 1 - v 3 ) + 8(v 2 – v 3 ) + 4v 2 , which leads to 2 = 3v 1 + 12v 2 - 10v 3 (1)

But
v 1 = v 2 + 2v 0 and v 0 = v 2 .

Hence
v 1 = 3v 2 (2)
v 3 = 13V (3)

Substituting (2) and (3) with (1) gives,

v 1 = 18.858 V, v 2 = 6.286 V, v 3 = 13 V

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Solution 3.17 v1
i0
4Ω 2Ω
10 Ω
60 V v2 8Ω

60 V + 3i0
–

60 − v1 v1 v1 − v 2
At node 1, = + 120 = 7v 1 - 4v 2 (1)
4 8 2
60 − v 2 v1 − v 2
At node 2, 3i 0 + + =0
10 2

60 − v1
But i 0 = .
4

Hence

3(60 − v1 ) 60 − v 2 v1 − v 2
+ + =0 1020 = 5v 1 + 12v 2 (2)
4 10 2

60 − v1
Solving (1) and (2) gives v 1 = 53.08 V. Hence i 0 = = 1.73 A
4

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Solution 3.18

Determine the node voltages in the circuit in Fig. 3.67 using nodal analysis.

300 V

40 Ω 40 Ω

20 Ω 15 A 40 Ω

Figure 3.67
For Prob. 3.18.

Step 1. First we identify the unknown nodes and find that there really are only two
unknown nodes, v 1 and v 2 since v 3 = v 1 + 300 V (essentially a supernode).

v1 − 0 v1 − v2 ( v1 + 300 ) − v2 ( v1 + 300 ) − 0
+ + + =
0 and
20 40 40 40

v2 − v1 v − ( v1 + 300 )
− 15 + 2 =
0. Finally we need, v 3 = v 1 + 300.
40 40

Step 2. (0.05+0.025+0.025+0.025)v 1 – (0.025+0.025)v 2 = –15 or

0.125v 1 – 0.05v 2 = –15 and –(0.025+0.025)v 1 + (0.025+0.025)v 2 = 22.5 or
–0.05v 1 + 0.05v 2 = 22.5. Adding the two equations together we get,
0.075v 1 = 7.5 or v 1 = 100 V. Since 0.05v 2 = 0.05v 1 + 22.5 = 27.5 or v 2 = 550 V.

Finally v 3 = v 1 + 300 = 400 V.

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Solution 3.19

At node 1,

V1 − V3 V1 − V2 V1
5 = 3+ + + 
→ 16 = 7V1 − V2 − 4V3 (1)
2 8 4
At node 2,

V1 − V2 V2 V2 − V3
= + 
→ 0 = −V1 + 7V2 − 2V3 (2)
8 2 4
At node 3,

12 − V3 V1 − V3 V2 − V3
3+ + + =0 
→ − 36 = 4V1 + 2V2 − 7V3 (3)
8 2 4
From (1) to (3),

 7 − 1 − 4  V1   16 
    
 − 1 7 − 2 V2  =  0  
→ AV = B
 4 2 − 7  V   − 36 
  3   
Using MATLAB,

 10 
V = A− 1 B =  4.933  
→ V1 = 10 V, V2 = 4.933 V, V3 = 12.267 V
12.267 

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Solution 3.20

For the circuit in Fig. 3.69, find v 1 , v 2 , and v 3 using nodal analysis.

240 V
+ −

20i
v2 20 Ω
v1 + − v3

40 Ω 10 Ω 40 Ω

Figure 3.69
For Prob. 3.20.

Step 1. This is an interesting problem, once we choose, say v 1 , the other two nodes are
really known i.e. v 2 = v 1 – 20i and v 3 = v 1 – 240 volts.

Obviously we have one supernodes. Additionally we need the constraint

equation, i = (v 3 –0)/40 = (v 1 –240)/40.

[(v 1 –0)/40] + [((v 1 –20i)–0)/10] + [((v 1 –240)–0)/40] = 0

Step 2. (0.025+0.1+0.025)v 1 – 0.05v 1 + 12 – 6 = 0 or

0.1v 1 = –6 or v 1 = –60 V. Now v 3 = –60–240 = –300 V. This leads to i = –
300/40 = –7.5 and v 2 = –60+150 = 90 V.

Checking with PSpice we get,

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Solution 3.21

For the circuit in Fig. 3.70, find v 1 and v 2 using nodal analysis.
Io
5Ω

2Io
20 Ω
v1 v2

5Ω

10 Ω
+ −

30 V

Figure 3.70
For Prob. 3.21.

Step 1. We start by writing the nodal equations. Then we need a constraint equation.
This then will allow us to solve for v1 and v2.
Io
5Ω

2Io
20 Ω
v1 v2

5Ω

10 Ω
+ −

30 V

Node 1. [(v 1 –0)/5] – 2Io + [(v 1 –v 2 )/5] = 0 or (0.2+0.2)v 1 – 0.2v 2 – 2Io = 0

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 Node 2. [(v 2 –v 1 )/5] + 2Io + [(v 2 +30–0)/10] = 0 or –0.2v 1 + 0.3v 2 + 2I o = –
3

Constraint equation, I o = [(v 1 –v 2 )/5].

Step 2. 2I o = 0.4(v 1 –v 2 ) or (0.2+0.2)v 1 – 0.2v 2 – 0.4(v 1 –v 2 ) = 0 or

0v 1 + 0.2v 2 = 0 or v 2 = 0. Now, –0.2v 1 + 0.3v 2 + 0.4v 1 – 0.4v 2 = 0.2v 1 – 0.1v 2 =

0.2v 1 = –3 or v 1 = –15 volts. Therefore,

v 1 = –15 V and v 2 = 0 V.

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Solution 3.22

Determine v 1 and v 2 in the circuit in Fig. 3.71.

10 Ω

10 Ω

10 Ω
10 V 20 Ω
Figure 3.71 5vo
For Prob. 3.22.

Solution

Step 1. We have two unknown so we end up with two nodal equations,

[(v 1 –10)/10] + [(v 1 –0)/20] + 3 + [(v 1 –v 2 )/10] = 0 and
[(v 2 –v 1 )/10] – 3 + [(v 2 –(–5v o ))/10] = 0. We now have two equations with three
unknowns so we need a constraint equation, v o = 10–v 1 or 5v o = 50–5v 1 .

Step 2. (0.1+0.05+0.1)v 1 – 0.1v 2 = –2 = 0.25v 1 – 0.1v 2 and

–0.1v 1 + (0.1+0.1)v 2 + 5 – 0.5v 1 = 3 or –0.6v 1 + 0.2v 2 = –2. Now we can
combine the two equations after having multiplied the first one by 2.

0.5v 1 –0.2v 2 = –4 and

–0.6v 1 + 0.2v 2 = –2 or –0.1v 1 = –6 or v 1 = 60 V and 0.2v 2 = 0.6v 1 – 2 = 34 or
v 2 = 170 V.

Checking with PSpice we get,

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Solution 3.23

Use nodal analysis to find V o in the circuit of Fig. 3.72.

3Vo
60 Ω 30 Ω
+ –

+
+
30 V _ 30 Ω Vo 60 Ω
3A
_

Figure 3.72
For Prob. 3.23.

Solution

Step 1. We apply nodal analysis to the circuit shown below.

3Vo
60 Ω 30 Ω
Vo V1
+ –

+
+
30 V _ 30 Ω Vo 60 Ω
3A
_

Vo − 30 Vo − 0 Vo − (3Vo + V1 )
At node o, + + = 0 and at node 1, we get,
60 30 30
(3Vo + V1 ) − Vo V1 − 0
+ −3 = 0
30 60

Step 2. [(1/60)+(1/30)+(1/30)–(3/30)]V o – (1/30)v 1 = 0.5 or

(0.08333–0.1)V o – 0.033333V 1 = –0.0166667V o – 0.033333V 1 = 0.5 and

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 (0.1–0.033333)V o + 0.05V 1 = 0.06667V o + 0.05V 1 = 3. To find V o all we need to do
is to multiply the first equation by 3 and multiply the second equation by 2 and then
combine them.

–0.05V o – 0.1V 1 = 1.5 and 0.13333V o + 0.1V 1 = 6 which leads to

0.083333V o = 7.5 or V o = 90 V.

Checking with PSpice we get,

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Solution 3.24

Consider the circuit below.

8Ω

+ Vo _
2A
4A 4Ω
V2 V3
V1 V4

1Ω 2Ω 2Ω 1Ω

V1 − 0 V − V4
−4+ 1 = 0 → 1.125V1 − 0.125V4 = 4 (1)
1 8
V − 0 V2 − V3
+4+ 2 + = 0 → 0.75V2 − 0.25V3 = −4 (2)
2 4
V3 − V2 V3 − 0
+ + 2 = 0 → −0.25V2 + 0.75V3 = −2 (3)
4 2
V − V1 V4 − 0
−2+ 4 + = 0 → −0.125V1 + 1.125V4 = 2 (4)
8 1

 1.125 0 0 − 0.125 4

 0 0.75 − 0.25 0    − 4
 V= 
 0 − 0.25 0.75 0   − 2
   
− 0.125 0 0 1.125  2

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Now we can use MATLAB to solve for the unknown node voltages.

>> Y=[1.125,0,0,-0.125;0,0.75,-0.25,0;0,-0.25,0.75,0;-0.125,0,0,1.125]

Y=

1.1250 0 0 -0.1250
0 0.7500 -0.2500 0
0 -0.2500 0.7500 0
-0.1250 0 0 1.1250

>> I=[4,-4,-2,2]'

I=

4
-4
-2
2

>> V=inv(Y)*I

V=

3.8000
-7.0000
-5.0000
2.2000

V o = V 1 – V 4 = 3.8 – 2.2 = 1.6 V.

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 Solution 3.25

Consider the circuit shown below.

20
4
 

10
1 10
1   3 
2
  

 30
8
4 20

At node 1.
V1 − V2 V1 − V4
=4 + →= 80 21V1 − 20V2 − V4 (1)
1 20
At node 2,
V1 − V2 V2 V2 − V3
= + → 0= −80V1 + 98V2 − 8V3 (2)
1 8 10

At node 3,
V2 − V3 V3 V3 − V4
= +  → 0 = −2V2 + 5V3 − 2V4 (3)
10 20 10
At node 4,
V1 − V4 V3 − V4 V4
+ =  →= 0 3V1 + 6V3 − 11V4 (4)
20 10 30
Putting (1) to (4) in matrix form gives:

80   21 −20 0 −1   V1 
    
 0  =  −80 98 −8 0  V2 
0  0 −2 5 −2  V3 
    
0  3 0 6 −11 V4 

B =A V V = A-1 B

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Using MATLAB leads to

V 1 = 25.52 V, V 2 = 22.05 V, V 3 = 14.842 V, V 4 = 15.055 V

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Solution 3.26

At node 1,

15 − V1 V − V3 V1 − V2
= 3+ 1 + → − 45 = 7V1 − 4V2 − 2V3 (1)
20 10 5
At node 2,
V1 − V2 4 I o − V2 V2 − V3
+ = (2)
5 5 5
V1 − V3
But I o = . Hence, (2) becomes
10
0 = 7V1 − 15V2 + 3V3 (3)
At node 3,
V − V3 − 10 − V3 V2 − V3
3+ 1 + + =0 → 70 = −3V1 − 6V2 + 11V3 (4)
10 15 5
Putting (1), (3), and (4) in matrix form produces

 7 − 4 − 2  V1   − 45 
    
 7 − 15 3  V2  =  0  → AV = B
 − 3 − 6 11  V   70 
  3   
Using MATLAB leads to
 − 7.19 
 
V = A −1B =  − 2.78 
 2.89 
 
Thus,
V 1 = –7.19V; V 2 = –2.78V; V 3 = 2.89V.

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Solution 3.27

At node 1,

2 = 2v 1 + v 1 – v 2 + (v 1 – v 3 )4 + 3i 0 , i 0 = 4v 2 . Hence,

2 = 7v 1 + 11v 2 – 4v 3 (1)
At node 2,

v 1 – v 2 = 4v 2 + v 2 – v 3 0 = – v 1 + 6v 2 – v 3 (2)

At node 3,
2v 3 = 4 + v 2 – v 3 + 12v 2 + 4(v 1 – v 3 )

or – 4 = 4v 1 + 13v 2 – 7v 3 (3)

In matrix form,

7 11 − 4  v 1   2 
1 − 6 1   v  =  0 
  2   
4 13 − 7  v 3   − 4

7 11 −4 2 11 − 4
∆ = 1 − 6 1 = 176, ∆ 1 = 0 − 6 1 = 110
4 13 − 7 − 4 13 − 7

7 2 −4 7 11 2
∆2 = 1 0 1 = 66, ∆ 3 = 1 − 6 0 = 286
4 −4 −7 4 13 − 4

∆ 1 110 ∆ 66
v1 = = = 0.625V, v 2 = 2 = = 0.375V
∆ 176 ∆ 176

∆3 286
v3 = = = 1.625V.
∆ 176

v 1 = 625 mV, v 2 = 375 mV, v 3 = 1.625 V.

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Solution 3.28

At node c,
Vd − Vc Vc − Vb Vc
= + → 0 = −5Vb + 11Vc − 2Vd (1)
10 4 5
At node b,
Va + 90 − Vb Vc − Vb Vb
+ = 
→ − 90 = Va − 4Vb + 2Vc (2)
8 4 8
At node a,
Va − 60 − Vd Va Va + 90 − Vb
+ + =0 → 60 = 7Va − 2Vb − 4Vd (3)
4 16 8
At node d,
Va − 60 − Vd Vd Vd − Vc
= + 
→ 300 = 5Va + 2Vc − 8Vd (4)
4 20 10
In matrix form, (1) to (4) become
 0 − 5 11 − 2  Va   0 
    
 1 − 4 2 0  Vb   − 90 
 7 − 2 0 − 4  V  =  60   → AV = B
   
c

    
 5 0 2 − 8  Vd   300 
We use MATLAB to invert A and obtain

 − 10.56 
 
−1  20.56 
V=A B=
1.389 
 
 − 43.75 
 
Thus,
V a = –10.56 V; V b = 20.56 V; V c = 1.389 V; VC d = –43.75 V.

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Solution 3.29

At node 1,
5 + V1 − V4 + 2V1 + V1 − V2 = 0 
→ − 5 = 4V1 − V2 − V4 (1)
At node 2,
V1 − V2 = 2V2 + 4(V2 − V3 ) = 0 
→ 0 = −V1 + 7V2 − 4V3 (2)
At node 3,
6 + 4(V2 − V3 ) = V3 − V4 → 6 = −4V2 + 5V3 − V4 (3)
At node 4,
2 + V3 − V4 + V1 − V4 = 3V4 
→ 2 = −V1 − V3 + 5V4 (4)
In matrix form, (1) to (4) become
 4 − 1 0 − 1 V1   − 5 
    
 − 1 7 − 4 0 V2   0 
 0 − 4 5 − 1 V  =  6  → AV = B
    
3
 − 1 0 − 1 5 V   2 
  4   
Using MATLAB,

 − 0.7708 
 
−1  1.209 
V = A B=
2.309 
 
 0.7076 
 
i.e.
V1 = −0.7708 V, V 2 = 1.209 V, V 3 = 2.309 V, V 4 = 0.7076 V

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Solution 3.30

–+
40 Ω
i0
96 V

v1 20 Ω v0

10 Ω 1 2

+
80 V 4v0 + 2i0
– – 80 Ω

At node 1,

[(v 1 –80)/10]+[(v 1 –4v o )/20]+[(v 1 –(v o –96))/40] = 0 or

(0.1+0.05+0.025)v 1 – (0.2+0.025)v o =
0.175v 1 – 0.225v o = 8–2.4 = 5.6 (1)

At node 2,

–2i o + [((v o –96)–v 1 )/40] + [(v o –0)/80] = 0 and i o = [(v 1 –(v o –96))/40]
–2[(v 1 –(v o –96))/40] + [((v o –96)–v 1 )/40] + [(v o –0)/80] = 0
–3[(v 1 –(v o –96))/40] + [(v o –0)/80] = 0 or
–0.0.075v 1 + (0.075+0.0125)v o = 7.2 =
–0.075v 1 + 0.0875v o = 7.2 (2)

Using (1) and (2) we get,

 0.175 − 0.225  v1  5.6

− 0.075 0.0875  v  = 7.2 or
  o   
0.0875 0.225 0.0875 0.225
 v1    
0.075 0.175 5.6  0.075 0.175 5.6

v  = 0.0153125 − 0.016875 7.2 = − 0.0015625 7.2
 o    

v 1 = –313.6–1036.8 = –1350.4

v o = –268.8–806.4 = –1.0752 kV

and i o = [(v 1 –(v o –96))/40] = [(–1350.4–(–1075.2–96))/40] = –4.48 amps.

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Solution 3.31
1Ω

+ v0 –
v1 v2 2v0 v3 2Ω

i0
1A 10 V +
4Ω 1Ω 4Ω –

At the supernode,

v1 v 2 v1 − v 3
1 + 2v 0 = + + (1)
4 1 1

But v o = v 1 – v 3 . Hence (1) becomes,

4 = -3v 1 + 4v 2 +4v 3 (2)

At node 3,
v3 10 − v 3
2v o + = v1 − v 3 +
4 2

or 20 = 4v 1 + 0v 2 – v 3 (3)

v3
At the supernode, v 2 = v 1 + 4i o . But i o = . Hence,
4

v2 = v1 + v3 (4)

Solving (2) to (4) leads to,

v 1 = 4.97V, v 2 = 4.85V, v 3 = –0.12V.

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Solution 3.32

Obtain the node voltages v 1 , v 2 , and v 3 in the circuit of Fig. 3.81.

Figure 3.81
For Prob. 3.32.

Step 1. and 2. This is an interesting problem. Clearly we have one supernode and that all
the node voltages are known! From the circuit, v 2 = 120 V; v 1 = v 2 – 50 = 70 V;
and v 3 = v 2 – 75 = 45 V.

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Solution 3.33

(a) This is a planar circuit. It can be redrawn as shown below.

5Ω

3Ω 1Ω

2Ω 4Ω
6Ω

2A

(b) This is a planar circuit. It can be redrawn as shown below.

4Ω

3Ω

5Ω
12 V + 2Ω
–

1Ω

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Solution 3.34

(a) This is a planar circuit because it can be redrawn as shown below,

7Ω

2Ω
1Ω 3Ω
6Ω

10 V + 5Ω
–
4Ω

(b) This is a non-planar circuit.

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Solution 3.35

30 V + 20 V +
– –
+
i1 i2 v0 4 kΩ
2 kΩ 5 kΩ –

Assume that i 1 and i 2 are in mA. We apply mesh analysis. For mesh 1,

-30 + 20 + 7i 1 – 5i 2 = 0 or 7i 1 – 5i 2 = 10 (1)

For mesh 2,

-20 + 9i 2 – 5i 1 = 0 or -5i 1 + 9i 2 = 20 (2)

Solving (1) and (2), we obtain, i 2 = 5.

v 0 = 4i 2 = 20 volts.

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Solution 3.36

Use mesh analysis to obtain i a , i b , and i c in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.84.

ia 20 Ω 5Ω ic
ib 10 Ω

+ – 15 Ω
30 V − 45 V +

Figure 3.84
For Prob. 3.36.

Step 1. Establish two unknown loop currents and write the mesh equations. Then solve
the mesh equations for the two unknown loop currents which will allow us to
solve for the unknown branch currents.

ia 20 Ω 5Ω ic
ib 10 Ω

+ i1 – i2 15 Ω
30 V − +
45 V

Loop 1. –30 + 20i 1 + 10(i 1 –i 2 ) – 45 = 0 or 30i 1 – 10i 2 = 75

Loop 2. 45 + 10(i 2 –i 1 ) + 5i 2 + 15i 2 = 0 or –10i 1 + 30i 2 = –45

Finally i a = –i 1 ; i b = i 1 – i 2 ; and i c = i 2 .

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Step 2. The matrix equation is,
30 10 
 
 30 −10   i1   75   i1  10 30   75 
 −10= =
30  i 2   −45 i 2  900 − 100  −45
or


i 1 = (2250–450)/800 = 2.25 A and i 2 = (750–1350)/800 = –750 mA.

Finally, i a = –2.25 A; i b = 3 A; and i c = –750 mA.

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Solution 3.37
6Ω 20Ω

60 V +
+ – 5v0
v0 4Ω i1 i2 +
– –
20Ω

Applying mesh analysis to loops 1 and 2, we get,

30i 1 – 20i 2 + 60 = 0 which leads to i 2 = 1.5i 1 + 3 (1)

–20i 1 + 40i 2 – 60 + 5v 0 = 0 (2)

But, v 0 = –4i 1 (3)

Using (1), (2), and (3) we get –20i 1 + 60i 1 + 120 – 60 – 20i 1 = 0 or

20i 1 = –60 or i 1 = –3 amps and i 2 = 7.5 amps.

Therefore, we get,
v 0 = –4i 1 = 12 volts.

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Solution 3.38

Consider the circuit below with the mesh currents.

4Ω 3Ω

+ I3 I4
60 V 1Ω
_ 10 A

2Ω 2Ω

Io
1Ω
+
1Ω I1 I2 _ 22.5V

4Ω
5A

I 1 = –5 A (1)

1(I 2 –I1 ) + 2(I 2 –I4 ) + 22.5 + 4I 2 = 0

7I2 – I 4 = –27.5 (2)

–60 + 4I 3 + 3I 4 + 1I 4 + 2(I 4 –I2 ) + 2(I 3 – I1 ) = 0 (super mesh)

–2I2 + 6 I 3 + 6I 4 = +60 – 10 = 50 (3)

But, we need one more equation, so we use the constraint equation –I 3 + I 4 = 10. This
now gives us three equations with three unknowns.

7 0 − 1 I 2  − 27.5
− 2 6 6   I  =  50 
  3   
 0 − 1 1  I 4   10 

We can now use MATLAB to solve the problem.

>> Z=[7,0,-1;-2,6,6;0,-1,0]

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 Z=

7 0 -1
-2 6 6
0 -1 0
>> V=[–27.5,50,10]'

V=
–27.5
50
10
>> I=inv(Z)*V

I=
–1.3750
–10.0000
17.8750

I o = I 1 – I 2 = –5 – 1.375 = –6.375 A.

Check using the super mesh (equation (3)):

–2I2 + 6 I 3 + 6I 4 = 2.75 – 60 + 107.25 = 50!

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Solution 3.39

Using Fig. 3.50 from Prob. 3.1, design a problem to help other students to better
understand mesh analysis.

Solution

Given R 1 = 4 kΩ, R 2 = 2 kΩ, and R 3 = 2 kΩ, determine the value of I x using mesh
analysis.
R1 R2

Ix
+ I1 I2 +
12 V − 9V −
R3

Figure 3.50
For Prob. 3.1 and 3.39.

For loop 1 we get –12 +4kI1 + 2k(I 1 –I2 ) = 0 or 6I 1 – 2I2 = 0.012 and at

loop 2 we get 2k(I 2 –I 1 ) + 2kI2 + 9 = 0 or –2I 1 + 4I 2 = –0.009.

Now 6I 1 – 2I2 = 0.012 + 3[–2I1 + 4I 2 = –0.009] leads to,

10I2 = 0.012 – 0.027 = –0.015 or I 2 = –1.5 mA and I1 = (–0.003+0.012)/6 = 1.5 mA.

Thus,

I x = I 1 –I 2 = (1.5+1.5) mA = 3 mA.

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Solution 3.40

2 kΩ 6 kΩ
6 kΩ i2
2 kΩ
56V + i1
–
i3
4 kΩ 4 kΩ

Assume all currents are in mA and apply mesh analysis for mesh 1.

–56 + 12i 1 – 6i 2 – 4i 3 = 0 or 6i 1 – 3i 2 – 2i 3 = 28 (1)

for mesh 2,

–6i 1 + 14i 2 – 2i 3 = 0 or –3i 1 + 7i 2 – i 3 =0 (2)

for mesh 3,

–4i 1 – 2i 2 + 10i 3 = 0 or –2i 1 – i 2 + 5i 3 =0 (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3) using MATLAB, we obtain,

i o = i 1 = 8 mA.

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Solution 3.41
10 Ω

i1
6V
2Ω
+–

1Ω
i2
4Ω i3 5Ω
8V +
–

i
i2 i3
0

For loop 1,
6 = 12i 1 – 2i 2 3 = 6i 1 – i 2 (1)
For loop 2,
-8 = – 2i 1 +7i 2 – i 3 (2)
For loop 3,

-8 + 6 + 6i 3 – i 2 = 0 2 = – i 2 + 6i 3 (3)

We put (1), (2), and (3) in matrix form,

6 − 1 0  i1   3
 2 − 7 1  i  =  8 
  2   
0 − 1 6 i 3  2

6 −1 0 6 3 0
∆ = 2 − 7 1 = −234, ∆ 2 = 2 8 1 = 240
0 −1 6 0 2 6

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 6 −1 3
∆ 3 = 2 − 7 8 = −38
0 −1 2

∆3 − ∆2 − 38 − 240
At node 0, i + i 2 = i 3 or i = i 3 – i 2 = = = 1.188 A
∆ − 234

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Solution 3.42

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Determine the mesh currents in the circuit of Fig. 3.88.

Figure 3.88

Solution

For mesh 1,
− 12 + 50 I 1 − 30 I 2 = 0 → 12 = 50 I 1 − 30 I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
− 8 + 100 I 2 − 30 I 1 − 40 I 3 = 0 
→ 8 = −30 I 1 + 100 I 2 − 40 I 3 (2)
For mesh 3,
− 6 + 50 I 3 − 40 I 2 = 0 → 6 = −40 I 2 + 50 I 3 (3)
Putting eqs. (1) to (3) in matrix form, we get

 50 − 30 0  I 1  12 
    
 − 30 100 − 40  I 2  =  8  
→ AI = B
 0 − 40 50  I 3   6 

Using Matlab,

 0.48 
−1
 
I = A B =  0.40 
 
 0.44 

i.e. I1 = 480 mA, I 2 = 400 mA, I 3 = 440 mA

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Solution 3.43

20 Ω
a

80 V + 30 Ω
i1 +
–

i3 30 Ω Vab
20 Ω

80 V + i2 30 Ω –
–

20 Ω b

For loop 1,

80 = 70i 1 – 20i 2 – 30i 3 8 = 7i 1 – 2i 2 – 3i 3 (1)

For loop 2,

80 = 70i 2 – 20i 1 – 30i 3 8 = -2i 1 + 7i 2 – 3i 3 (2)

For loop 3,

0 = -30i 1 – 30i 2 + 90i 3 0 = i 1 + i 2 – 3i 3

(3)

Solving (1) to (3), we obtain i 3 = 16/9

I o = i 3 = 16/9 = 1.7778 A

V ab = 30i 3 = 53.33 V.

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Solution 3.44

Use mesh analysis to obtain i o in the circuit of Fig. 3.90.

100 Ω
4 amp io

+
− 50 Ω
200
50 Ω 100 Ω

+ −

50 V

Figure 3.90
For Prob. 3.44.

Step 1. We need to redraw the circuit using a supermesh. Next we identify our unknown
loop currents. Then we write our mesh equations and write the equation
incorporating the current from the current source.

4 amp i2 100 Ω
i1 io 50 Ω
+
−
400
i3 100 Ω
50 Ω

+ −

50 V
Supermesh (loop 1 and 2), –400 + 100i 2 + 50(i 2 –i 3 ) + 50(i 1 –i 3 ) = 0; loop 3
produces 50(i 3 –i 1 ) + 50(i 3 –i 2 ) + 100i 3 – 50 = 0; and i 2 – i 1 = 4. We have three
equations and three unknowns. Finally we note that i o = i 3 – i 2 .

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Step 2. Since we need i 2 and i 3 let us use the constraint equation, i 1 = i 2 –4, to allow us to
solve for i 2 and i 3 .

Using the first two equations we get,

100i 2 + 50(i 2 –i 3 ) + 50((i 2 –4)–i 3 ) = 400 or 200i 2 – 100i 3 = 600 and

50(i 3 –( i 2 –4)) + 50(i 3 –i 2 ) + 100i 3 = 50 or –100i 2 + 200i 3 = –150. Thus,

 200 100 
100 200   600 
 200 −100  i2   600  i2   
 −100=   = or  
200  i3   −150  i3  40, 000 − 10, 000  −150 
   .


Finally, i 2 = [(120,000–15,000)/30,000] = 3.5 amps and i 3 = [(60,000–

30,000)/30,000] = 1 amp. Now we get,

i o = i 3 – i 2 = 1–3.5 = –2.5 amps.

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Solution 3.45

4Ω 8Ω

i3 i4

2Ω 6Ω

30V +
– i1 3Ω i2 1Ω

For loop 1, 30 = 5i 1 – 3i 2 – 2i 3 (1)

For loop 2, 10i 2 - 3i 1 – 6i 4 = 0 (2)

For the supermesh, 6i 3 + 14i 4 – 2i 1 – 6i 2 = 0 (3)

But i 4 – i 3 = 4 which leads to i 4 = i 3 + 4 (4)

Solving (1) to (4) by elimination gives i = i 1 = 8.561 A.

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Solution 3.46

Calculate the mesh currents i 1 and i 2 in Fig. 3.92.

10 Ω 10 Ω

+ vo −

+ + 2vo
40 V − i1 10 Ω i2 −

Figure 3.92
For Prob. 3.46.

Step 1. Loop 1 –40 + 10i 1 + 10(i 1 –i 2 ) = 0 and for loop 2 10(i 2 –i 1 ) + 10 i 2 + 2v o =0.

We now have two equations but three unknowns so we need a constraint equation or
v o = 10i 1 .

Step 2. We now have 20i 1 –10i 2 = 40 and –10i 1 + 20i 2 + 2(10i 1 ) = 0 = 10i 1 + 20i 2 or
i 1 = –2i 2 which leads to 20(–2i 2 ) – 10i 2 = –50i 2 = 40 or i 2 = –800 mA. Now we get
i 1 = –2(–0.8) = 1.6 A.

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Solution 3.47

First, transform the current sources as shown below.

- 6V +
2Ω

I3
V1 8Ω V2 4Ω V3

4Ω
8Ω
I1 2Ω I2
+ +
20V 12V
- -

For mesh 1,

− 20 + 14 I 1 − 2 I 2 − 8 I 3 = 0 →
 10 = 7 I 1 − I 2 − 4 I 3 (1)
For mesh 2,

12 + 14 I 2 − 2 I 1 − 4 I 3 = 0 →
 − 6 = − I1 + 7 I 2 − 2I 3 (2)
For mesh 3,

− 6 + 14 I 3 − 4 I 2 − 8 I 1 = 0 
→ 3 = −4 I 1 − 2 I 2 + 7 I 3 (3)
Putting (1) to (3) in matrix form, we obtain

 7 − 1 − 4  I 1   10 
    
 − 1 7 − 2  I 2  =  − 6  
→ AI = B
 − 4 − 2 7  I   3 
  3   

Using MATLAB,

 2 
I = A B = 0.0333
−1
→ I 1 = 2.5, I 2 = 0.0333, I 3 = 1.8667

1.8667 

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But
20 − V
I1 = →
 V1 = 20 − 4 I 1 = 10 V
4

V 2 = 2( I 1 − I 2 ) = 4.933 V

Also,
V3 − 12
I2 = 
→ V3 = 12 + 8I 2 = 12.267 V.
8

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Solution 3.48

We apply mesh analysis and let the mesh currents be in mA.

3k Ω

I4

4k Ω 2k Ω 5k Ω

Io
1k Ω I3 -
I1 I2 3V
+ +
6V + 10k Ω
- 4V
-

For mesh 1,
− 6 + 8 + 5I1 − I 2 − 4I 4 = 0  → 2 = 5I1 − I 2 − 4I 4 (1)
For mesh 2,
− 4 + 13I 2 − I1 − 10I 3 − 2I 4 = 0 → 4 = −I1 + 13I 2 − 10I 3 − 2I 4 (2)
For mesh 3,
− 3 + 15I 3 − 10I 2 − 5I 4 = 0 → 3 = −10I 2 + 15I 3 − 5I 4 (3)
For mesh 4,
− 4 I 1 − 2 I 2 − 5 I 3 + 14 I 4 = 0 (4)
Putting (1) to (4) in matrix form gives
 5 −1 0 − 4  I1   2 
    
 − 1 13 − 10 − 2  I 2   4 
 0 − 10 15 − 5  I  =  3  
→ AI= B
    
3
 − 4 − 2 − 5 14  I   0 
  4   
Using MATLAB,

 3.608 
 
−1  4.044 
I=A B= 0.148
3.896 
 
 3 
 
The current through the 10k Ω resistor is I o = I 2 – I 3 = 148 mA.

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Solution 3.49

Find v o and i o in the circuit of Fig. 3.94.

54 V

Figure 3.94
For Prob. 3.49.

Step 1. First we note that we have three unknown loop currents but we can only write two
mesh equations (one is a supermesh). So we will need a constraint equation or i o
= –i 1 and i 2 –i 1 = 2i o = –2i 1 = i 2 – i 1 or i 2 = –i 1 . Now we have three equations
and three unknowns.

3Ω

i3

1Ω 2Ω

2Ω i1 i2 54 V +
–
2i0

i1 i2
0
(a)
The supermesh gives us 2i 1 + 1(i 1 –i 3 ) + 2(i 2 –i 3 ) + 54 = 0 and loop 3 produces
1(i 3 –i 1 ) + 3i 3 + 2(i 3 –i 2 ) = 0. Finally v o = 2(i 2 –i 3 ) + 54 = –2(i 1 +i 3 ) + 54.

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Step 2. 3i1 + 2i2 – 3i3 = –54 = (3–2)i1 – 3i3 or i1 – 3i3 = –54.

Next –i1 – 2i2 + 6i3 = 0 = (–1+2)i1 + 6i3 = i1 + 6i3 = 0. This leads to i1 = –6i3 and

–6i3 – 3i3 = –54 or i3 = 6 and i1 = –36 or io = 36 A. Finally, vo = –2(–36+6) + 54

= 60 + 54 = 114 V.

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Solution 3.50

Use mesh analysis to find the current i o in the circuit in Fig. 3.95.

52 V

Figure 3.95
For Prob. 3.50.

Step 1. We note that we have three unknown loop currents but only two mesh equations
(one is a supermesh). So we need a two constraint equations, one for i 2 and i 3 and
io i1.

4Ω i1 2Ω
i3
10 Ω

8Ω
52 V +
– i2

3i0

i2 i3

For loop 1, 16i 1 – 10i 2 – 2i 3 = 0 which leads to 8i 1 – 5i 2 – i 3 = 0 (1)

For the supermesh, –52 + 10i 2 – 10i 1 + 10i 3 – 2i 1 = 0

or –6i 1 + 5i 2 + 5i 3 = 26 (2)

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Also, 3i 0 = i 3 – i 2 and i 0 = i 1 which leads to 3i 1 = i 3 – i 2 (3)

Using i 3 = 3i 1 + i 2 we get 8i 1 – 5i 2 – 3i 1 –i 2 = 0 or 5i 1 = 6i 2 or i 1 = 1.2i 2 and

–6i 1 + 5i 2 + 5i 3 = 26 becomes –6(1.2i 2 ) + 5i 2 + 5(3.6i 2 +i 2 ) = 26 = (–7.2+5+23)i 2 or
i 2 = 1.25; i 1 = 1.2x1.25 = 1.5; and i 3 = 3x1.5+1.25 = 5.75. Finally,

i o = 1.5 A.

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Solution 3.51

Apply mesh analysis to find v o in the circuit in Fig. 3.96.

vo

10 Ω
+
400 V −
10 Ω 10 Ω
+ −

100 V

10 Ω

10 A

Figure 3.96
For Prob. 3.51.

Solution continued on the next page...

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Step 1. First we identify the unknown loop currents and write the mesh equations.
vo

i1 10 Ω
+ i2
400 V −
10 Ω 10 Ω
+ −

100 V

–10A
10 Ω

10 A

For loop 1 we get –400 + 10(i 1 –i 2 ) + 10i 1 = 0 or 20i 1 – 10i 2 = 400.

For loop 2 we get 10(i 2 –i 1 ) – 100 + 10(i 2 –(–10)) = 0 or –10i 1 + 20i 2 = 0.

Finally we need v o . Clearly v o = 10(i 1 –i 2 ) + 10(10).

Step 2. From –10i 1 + 20i 2 = 0 we obtain i 1 = 2i 2 and from 20i 1 – 10i 2 = 400 we obtain
40i 2 – 10i 2 = 30i 2 = 400 or i 2 = 13.333 amps and i 1 = 26.67 amps. Now,

v o = 133.33 + 100 = 233.3 volts.

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Solution 3.52

+
v0 2 Ω i2 8Ω
–
3A i2
VS +
– i1 i3

4Ω i3 + 2V0
–

For mesh 1,

2(i 1 – i 2 ) + 4(i 1 – i 3 ) – 12 = 0 which leads to 3i 1 – i 2 – 2i 3 = 6 (1)

For the supermesh, 2(i 2 – i 1 ) + 8i 2 + 2v 0 + 4(i 3 – i 1 ) = 0

But v 0 = 2(i 1 – i 2 ) which leads to -i 1 + 3i 2 + 2i 3 = 0

(2)

For the independent current source, i 3 = 3 + i 2 (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3), we obtain,

i 1 = 3.5 A, i 2 = -0.5 A, i 3 = 2.5 A.

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Solution 3.53

Applying mesh analysis leads to;

–12 + 4kI 1 – 3kI2 – 1kI3 = 0 (1)
–3kI1 + 7kI 2 – 4kI4 = 0
–3kI1 + 7kI 2 = –12 (2)
–1kI1 + 15kI 3 – 8kI4 – 6kI5 = 0
–1kI1 + 15kI 3 – 6k = –24 (3)
I4 = –3mA (4)
–6kI3 – 8kI 4 + 16kI 5 = 0
–6kI3 + 16kI 5 = –24 (5)
Putting these in matrix form (having substituted I4 = 3mA in the above),

 4 − 3 − 1 0   I1   12 
− 3 7
 0 0  I 2   − 12 
k =
 − 1 0 15 − 6  I 3  − 24
     
0 0 − 6 16   I 5  − 24

ZI = V

Using MATLAB,

>> Z = [4,-3,-1,0;-3,7,0,0;-1,0,15,-6;0,0,-6,16]

Z=

4 -3 -1 0
-3 7 0 0
-1 0 15 -6
0 0 -6 16

>> V = [12,-12,-24,-24]'

V=

12
-12
-24
-24

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We obtain,

>> I = inv(Z)*V

I=
1.6196 mA
–1.0202 mA
–2.461 mA
3 mA
–2.423 mA

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Solution 3.54

Let the mesh currents be in mA. For mesh 1,

− 12 + 10 + 2 I 1 − I 2 = 0 → 2 = 2I1 − I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
− 10 + 3I 2 − I 1 − I 3 = 0 → 10 = − I 1 + 3I 2 − I 3 (2)
For mesh 3,
− 12 + 2 I 3 − I 2 = 0 → 12 = − I 2 + 2 I 3 (3)
Putting (1) to (3) in matrix form leads to

 2 − 1 0  I 1   2 
    
 − 1 3 − 1 I 2  = 10  
→ AI = B
 0 − 1 2  I  12 
  3   
Using MATLAB,

 5.25 
I = A B =  8.5 
−1

→ I 1 = 5.25 mA, I 2 = 8.5 mA, I 3 = 10.25 mA
10.25

I 1 = 5.25 mA, I 2 = 8.5 mA, and I 3 = 10.25 mA.

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Solution 3.55
10 V
I2
b + c

1A
i1 I2
4A 6Ω
1A
d I3 2Ω
I1
i2
I4 i3
I3
4A
12 Ω 4Ω

a +– 0
I4
8V
It is evident that I 1 = 4 (1)

For mesh 4, 12(I 4 – I1 ) + 4(I 4 – I3 ) – 8 = 0 (2)

For the supermesh 6(I 2 – I1 ) + 10 + 2I 3 + 4(I 3 – I 4 ) = 0

or -3I 1 + 3I 2 + 3I 3 – 2I4 = -5 (3)

At node c, I2 = I3 + 1 (4)

Solving (1), (2), (3), and (4) yields, I 1 = 4A, I 2 = 3A, I3 = 2A, and I 4 = 4A

At node b, i 1 = I2 – I1 = -1A

At node a, i 2 = 4 – I4 = 0A

At node 0, i 3 = I4 – I3 = 2A

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 Solution 3.56

Determine v 1 and v 2 in the circuit of Fig. 3.101.

20 Ω

10 Ω
+
v1 10 Ω
+
100 V − −

10 Ω 10 Ω

+
v2
20 Ω
−

Figure 3.101
For Prob. 3.56.

Step 1. First we redraw the circuit and establish the unknown loop currents. Next we
write the three mesh equations and put them into matrix form.

We will have a three by three matrix which we can invert and solve for the
unknown loop currents. Finally we can solve for v 1 (= 10i 2 ) and v 2 (= 20i 3 ).

20i 1 + 10(i 1 –i 2 ) +100 + 10(i 1 –i 3 ) = 0 or 40i 1 – 10i 2 – 10i 3 = –100

–100 + 10(i 2 –i 1 ) + 10i 2 + 10(i 2 –i 3 ) = 0 or –10i 1 + 30i 2 – 10i 3 = 100
20i 3 + 10(i 3 –i 1 ) + 10(i 3 –i 2 ) = 0 or –10i 1 – 10i 2 + 40i 3 = 0 which leads to,

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 20 Ω

10 Ω
i1 i2
+
v1 10 Ω
+
100 V − −

10 Ω 10 Ω

+
v2 i3
20 Ω
−

Step 2.
 40 −10 −10   i1   −100 
     100  using MATLAB we get,
 −10 30 −10  i2  =  
 −10 −10 40   i3   0 

>> R=[40,-10,-10;-10,30,-10;-10,-10,40]

R=

40 -10 -10
-10 30 -10
-10 -10 40

>> V=[-100;100;0]

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 V=

-100
100
0

>> I=inv(R)*V

I=

-1.7143
2.8571
0.2857

Thus, i 1 = –1.7143 A, i 2 = 2.8571 A and i 3 = 0.2857 A which leads to,

v 1 = 10i 2 = 28.57 V and v 2 = –20i 3 = –5.714 V.

Checking with PSpice we get,

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Solution 3.57

In the circuit in Fig. 3.102, find the values of R, V 1 , and V 2 given that i o = 20 mA.

10 kΩ io

6 kΩ V1
−
10 kΩ +
60 mA
6 kΩ R V2
−

Figure 3.102
For Prob. 3.57.

Step 1. Since i o = 0.02 A, V 1 = 6,000x0.02. By current division we get V 2 /R =

0.02[6k/(6k+R)] and 0.04x10,000 = 0.02[10k + 6k + 6kxR/(6k+R)]. We can now
solve for R, V 1 , and V 2 .

Step 2. 400 = 200 + 120 + 120R/(6k+R) or R/(6k+R) = 80/120 = (2/3) or

1.5R = 6k + R or R = 12 kΩ. V 1 = 120 V. Now we can find V 2 .

V 2 = R{0.02[6k/(6k+12k)]} = 12k{120/18k} = 80 V.

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Solution 3.58
30 Ω

i2

10 Ω 10 Ω
30 Ω 30 Ω

i1 +
i3
–
120 V

For loop 1, 120 + 40i 1 – 10i 2 = 0, which leads to -12 = 4i 1 – i 2 (1)

For loop 2, 50i 2 – 10i 1 – 10i 3 = 0, which leads to -i 1 + 5i 2 – i 3 = 0 (2)

For loop 3, -120 – 10i 2 + 40i 3 = 0, which leads to 12 = -i 2 + 4i 3 (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3), we get, i 1 = -3A, i 2 = 0, and i 3 = 3A

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Solution 3.59
40 Ω
–+

I0 i2 96 V
10 Ω

20 Ω
+
80V + i1 i3 v0 80 Ω
4v0 +
– – –

2I0

i2 i3

For loop 1, -80 + 30i 1 – 20i 2 + 4v 0 = 0, where v 0 = 80i 3

or 4 = 1.5i 1 – i 2 + 16i 3 (1)

For the supermesh, 60i 2 – 20i 1 – 96 + 80i 3 – 4 v 0 = 0, where v 0 = 80i 3

or 4.8 = -i 1 + 3i 2 – 12i 3 (2)

Also, 2I0 = i 3 – i 2 and I 0 = i 2 , hence, 3i 2 = i 3

(3)

 3 − 2 32   i1   8 
From (1), (2), and (3),  − 1 3 − 12 i  = 4.8
   2  
 0 3 − 1  i3   0 

3 − 2 32 3 8 32 3 −2 8
∆ = − 1 3 − 12 = 5, ∆ 2 = − 1 4.8 − 12 = −22.4, ∆ 3 = − 1 3 4.8 = −67.2
0 3 −1 0 0 −1 0 3 0

I 0 = i 2 = ∆ 2 /∆ = -28/5 = –4.48 A

v 0 = 8i 3 = (-84/5)80 = –1.0752 kvolts

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Solution 3.60

Calculate the power dissipated in each resistor in the circuit in Fig. 3.104.

280 V

Figure 3.104
For Prob. 3.60.

Step 1. First we identify all of the unknown nodes of which we find two. Next we write
two nodal equations. Since we have three unknowns but only two equations we
need a constraint equation, i o = (v 1 –0)/1 = v 1 .
0.5i0

4Ω 280 V 8Ω
v1 v2

1Ω 280 V + 2Ω
–

i0

At node 1, [(v 1 –0)/1] + [(v 1 –280)/4] + 0.5i o = 0 and at node 2,

[(v 2 –280)/8] – 0.5i o + [(v 2 –0)/2] = 0. Finally P 1 = (v 1 )2/1; P 4 = (v 1 –280)2/4;
P 8 = (v 2 –280)2/8; and P 2 = (v 2 )2/2.

Step 2. (1+0.25)v 1 + 0.5v 1 = 1.75v 1 = 70 or v 1 = 40 V. (0.125+0.5)v 2 = 35+20 = 55 or

v 2 = 55/0.625 = 88 V. Finally,

P 1 = 1.6 kW; P 4 = 14.4 kW; P 8 = 4.608 kW; and P 2 = 3.872 kW.

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Solution 3.61

Calculate the current gain i o /i s in the circuit of Fig. 3.105.

50 Ω 60 Ω

io
+
–
vo 9vo 90 Ω
is 75 Ω +
−

Figure 3.105
For Prob. 3.61.

Step 1. Since we wish to calculate the gain of this circuit we need to find i o in terms of i s .
We can do this by using nodal analysis. First we identify the unknown nodes of
which there is really only one. We can then write one nodal equation but we end
up with two unknowns so we need a constraint equation, v o = v 1 .

50 Ω 60 Ω
v1 –9vo

i0
is +
–
v0 75 Ω + 9vo 90 Ω
–

At node 1 we get, –i s + [(v 1 –0)/75] + [(v 1 –(–9v o ))/50] = 0. Finally we can find i o
= (–9v o –0)/150 = –3v o /50.

Step 2. (0.013333+0.2)v 1 = i s or v 1 = 4.688i s and i o = –3(4.688i s )/50 = –0.2813i s which

leads to,
i o /i s = –0.2813.

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Solution 3.62

4 kΩ 8 kΩ 2 kΩ
A B

100V + +
– i1 i2 i3 – 40 V

We have a supermesh. Let all R be in kΩ, i in mA, and v in volts.

For the supermesh, -100 +4i 1 + 8i 2 + 2i 3 + 40 = 0 or 30 = 2i 1 + 4i 2 + i 3 (1)

At node A, i1 + 4 = i2 (2)

At node B, i 2 = 2i 1 + i 3 (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3), we get i 1 = 2 mA, i 2 = 6 mA, and i 3 = 2 mA.

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Solution 3.63

Find v x , and i o in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.107.

io

+
0.8io 2Ω vx
− 5 amp 10 Ω

5Ω
0.25vx 3A

Figure 3.107
For Prob. 3.63.

Solution

Step 1. First we need to redraw the circuit to reflect the unknown currents.

A B C

5Ω
10 Ω
i1 i2

For the supermesh, 5i 1 + 10i 2 = 0.

At A, –i 1 – 0.8i o + I AB = 0. At B, –I AB – 0.25v x – 3 +I BC = 0. Finally, at C,

–IBC – 5 + i 2 = 0.

Our constraint equations are v x = 2(–0.25v x –3) and i o = –I BC . We now have 5

unknowns and 5 equations.

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Step 2. From v x = 2(–0.25v x –3) we get v x = –6/1,5 = –4 volts.

From 5i 1 + 10i 2 = 0, i o = –IBC , and –I BC – 5 + i 2 = 0 we get i 2 = 5 – i o and

i 1 = –2i 2 = 2i o – 10.

From –i 1 – 0.8i o + I AB = 0, –I AB – 0.25v x – 3 +I BC = 0 or I AB = –2 – i o , and

i o = –I BC or IBC = –i o , i 1 = 2i o – 10, and v x = –4 we get
–(2i o – 10) – 0.8i o + (–2–i o ) = 0 or
–(2i o – 10) – 0.8i o + (–2 – i o ) = 0 = –3.8i o +10 – 2 or i o = 2.105 A.

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Solution 3.64

i1 50 Ω A i2 10 Ω
+ −
v0
i0

10 Ω i2 + 4i0
i1 –
i3 40 Ω

250V +
–

5A
0.2V0

i1 B i3

For mesh 2, 20i 2 – 10i 1 + 4i 0 = 0 (1)

But at node A, i o = i 1 – i 2 so that (1) becomes i 1 = (16/6)i 2

(2)

For the supermesh, –250 + 50i 1 + 10(i 1 – i 2 ) – 4i 0 + 40i 3 = 0

or 28i 1 – 3i 2 + 20i 3 = 125

(3)

At node B, i 3 + 0.2v 0 = 2 + i 1 (4)

But, v 0 = 10i 2 so that (4) becomes i 3 = 5 + (2/3)i 2 (5)

Solving (1) to (5), i 2 = 0.2941 A,

v 0 = 10i 2 = 2.941 volts, i 0 = i 1 – i 2 = (5/3)i 2 = 490.2mA.

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Solution 3.65

For mesh 1,
–12 + 12I 1 – 6I2 – I 4 = 0 or
12 = 12 I 1 − 6 I 2 − I 4 (1)
For mesh 2,
–6I1 + 16I 2 – 8I 3 – I4 – I 5 = 0 (2)
For mesh 3,
–8I2 + 15I 3 – I 5 – 9 = 0 or
9 = –8I 2 + 15I 3 – I5 (3)
For mesh 4,
–I1 – I 2 + 7I 4 – 2I5 – 6 = 0 or
6 = –I 1 – I2 + 7I 4 – 2I 5 (4)
For mesh 5,
–I2 – I 3 – 2I4 + 8I 5 – 10 = 0 or
10 = − I 2 − I 3 − 2 I 4 + 8 I 5 (5)
Casting (1) to (5) in matrix form gives
 12 − 6 0 1 0  I1  12 
    
 − 6 16 − 8 − 1 − 1  I 2   0 
 0 − 8 15 0 − 1  I  =  9  →
 AI = B
  3   
 −1 −1 0 7 − 2  I 4   6 
 0 − 1 − 1 − 2 8  I  10 
  5   

Using MATLAB we input:

Z=[12,-6,0,-1,0;-6,16,-8,-1,-1;0,-8,15,0,-1;-1,-1,0,7,-2;0,-1,-1,-2,8]
and V=[12;0;9;6;10]

This leads to
>> Z=[12,-6,0,-1,0;-6,16,-8,-1,-1;0,-8,15,0,-1;-1,-1,0,7,-2;0,-1,-1,-2,8]

Z=

12 -6 0 -1 0
-6 16 -8 -1 -1
0 -8 15 0 -1
-1 -1 0 7 -2
0 -1 -1 -2 8

>> V=[12;0;9;6;10]

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V=

12
0
9
6
10

>> I=inv(Z)*V

I=

2.1701
1.9912
1.8119
2.0942
2.2489

Thus,
I = [2.17, 1.9912, 1.8119, 2.094, 2.249] A.

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Solution 3.66

The mesh equations are obtained as follows.

−12 + 24 + 30I1 − 4I2 − 6I3 − 2I4 =

0
or
30I1 – 4I 2 – 6I3 – 2I 4 = –12 (1)
−24 + 40 − 4I1 + 30I2 − 2I4 − 6I5 =0
or
–4I1 + 30I 2 – 2I 4 – 6I5 = –16 (2)

–6I1 + 18I 3 – 4I 4 = 30 (3)

–2I1 – 2I 2 – 4I3 + 12I 4 –4I5 = 0 (4)

–6I2 – 4I 4 + 18I 5 = –32 (5)

Putting (1) to (5) in matrix form

 30 − 4 − 6 − 2 0   − 12 
− 4 30 0 − 2 − 6  − 16 
   
 − 6 0 18 − 4 0  I =  30 
   
− 2 − 2 − 4 12 − 4  0 
 0 − 6 0 − 4 18  − 32

ZI = V

Using MATLAB,

>> Z = [30,-4,-6,-2,0;
-4,30,0,-2,-6;
-6,0,18,-4,0;
-2,-2,-4,12,-4;
0,-6,0,-4,18]

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 Z=

30 -4 -6 -2 0
-4 30 0 -2 -6
-6 0 18 -4 0
-2 -2 -4 12 -4
0 -6 0 -4 18

>> V = [-12,-16,30,0,-32]'

V=

-12
-16
30
0
-32

>> I = inv(Z)*V

I=

-0.2779 A
-1.0488 A
1.4682 A
-0.4761 A
-2.2332 A

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Solution 3.67

Consider the circuit below.

5A

V1 4Ω 2Ω
V2 V3

+ Vo -

3 Vo
10 Ω 5Ω 10 A

 0.35 − 0.25 0  − 5 + 3Vo 

− 0.25 0.95 − 0.5 V =  0 
   
 0 − 0.5 0.5   15 

Since we actually have four unknowns and only three equations, we need a constraint
equation.

Vo = V2 – V3

Substituting this back into the matrix equation, the first equation becomes,

0.35V 1 – 3.25V 2 + 3V 3 = –5

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This now results in the following matrix equation,

 0.35 − 3.25 3  − 5
− 0.25 0.95 − 0.5 V =  0 
   
 0 − 0.5 0.5   15 

Now we can use MATLAB to solve for V.

>> Y=[0.35,-3.25,3;-0.25,0.95,-0.5;0,-0.5,0.5]

Y=

0.3500 -3.2500 3.0000

-0.2500 0.9500 -0.5000
0 -0.5000 0.5000

>> I=[–5,0,15]'

I=

–5
0
15

>> V=inv(Y)*I

V=

–410.5262
–194.7368
–164.7368

V o = V 2 – V 3 = –77.89 + 65.89 = –30 V.

Let us now do a quick check at node 1.

–3(–30) + 0.1(–410.5) + 0.25(–410.5+194.74) + 5 =

90–41.05–102.62+48.68+5 = 0.01; essentially zero considering the
accuracy we are using. The answer checks.

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Solution 3.68

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Find the voltage V o in the circuit of Fig. 3.112.

3A

10 Ω 25 Ω

+
4A 40 Ω Vo 20 Ω _ 24 V

Figure 3.112
For Prob. 3.68.

Solution

Consider the circuit below. There are two non-reference nodes.

3A

10 Ω 25 Ω

V1 + Vo

+
4A 40 Ω Vo 20 Ω _ 24 V

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 0.125 − 0.1  +4+3   7 
 − 0.1 0.19  V = − 3 + 24 / 25 = − 2.04
     

Using MATLAB, we get,

>> Y=[0.125,-0.1;-0.1,0.19]

Y=

0.1250 -0.1000
-0.1000 0.1900

>> I=[7,-2.04]'

I=

7.0000
-2.0400

>> V=inv(Y)*I

V=

81.8909
32.3636
Thus, V o = 32.36 V.
We can perform a simple check at node V o ,

3 + 0.1(32.36–81.89) + 0.05(32.36) + 0.04(32.36–24) =

3 – 4.953 + 1.618 + 0.3344 = – 0.0004; answer checks!

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Solution 3.69

For the circuit in Fig. 3.113, write the node voltage equations by inspection.

20 kΩ

50 mA

10 kΩ 5 kΩ
v1 v2
v3

100 mA 5 kΩ 10 kΩ 40 mA

Figure 3.113
For Prob. 3.69.

Step 1. Assume that all conductance's are in mS, all currents are in mA, and all voltages
are in volts.

G 11 = (1/5) + (1/10) + (1/20) = 0.35, G 22 = (1/10) + (1/10) + (1/5) = 0.4,

G 33 = (1/5) + (1/20) = 0.25, G 12 = –1/10 = –0.1, G 13 = –0.05,
G 21 = –0.1, G 23 = –0.2, G 31 = –0.05, G 32 = –0.2

i 1 = 100, i 2 = 50, and i 3 = 30–50 = –10.

Step 2. The node-voltage equations are:

 0.35 − 0.1 − 0.05  v1   100 

 − 0.1
 0.4 − 0.2  v 2  =  50 
− 0.05 − 0.2 0.25  v3  − 10

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Solution 3.70

3 0  4I x + 20 
0 5  V =  − 4 I − 7 
   x 

With two equations and three unknowns, we need a constraint equation,

I x = 2V 1 , thus the matrix equation becomes,

 − 5 0  20 
 8 5 V =  − 7 
   

This results in V 1 = 20/(–5) = –4 V and

V 2 = [–8(–4) – 7]/5 = [32 – 7]/5 = 5 V.

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 Solution 3.71

 9 − 4 − 5  30 
− 4 7 − 1 I = − 15
   
 − 5 − 1 9   0 

We can now use MATLAB solve for our currents.

>> R=[9,–4,–5;–4,7,–1;–5,–1,9]

R=

9 –4 –5
–4 7 –1
–5 –1 9

>> V=[30,–15,0]'

V=

30
–15
0

>> I=inv(R)*V

I=

6.255 A
1.9599 A
3.694 A

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Solution 3.72

By inspection, write the mesh-current equations for the circuit in Fig. 3.116.
20 Ω

i2
40 V 15 V
30 Ω
− + − +

20 Ω 10 Ω i3 20 Ω i4 + 20 V
i1 −

Figure 3.116
For Prob. 3.72.

Step 1. First we write the resistance equations by inspection.

R 11 = 20 + 10 = 30, R 22 = 20 + 30 = 50, R 33 = 10 + 20 = 30, R 44 = 20 + 30 = 50,

R 12 = 0, R 13 = –10, R 14 = 0, R 21 = 0, R 23 = 0, R 24 = –30, R 31 = –10,
R 32 = 0, R 34 = –20, R 41 = 0, R 42 = –30, R 43 = –20, we note that R ij = R ji for
all i not equal to j. Finally v 1 = 40; v 2 = –15; v 3 = 15; and v 4 = –20.

Step 2. Hence the mesh-current equations are:

 30 0 − 10 0   i1   40 
 0
 20 0 − 30 i2   − 15 
=
− 10 0 30 − 20 i3   15 
    
 0 − 30 − 20 50  i4  − 20

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Solution 3.73

Write the mesh-current equations for the circuit in Fig. 3.117.

10 Ω 10 Ω
+ −

10 V

+
15 V −
i1 10 Ω
10 Ω i2

10 V
10 Ω 10 Ω
+ −

10 Ω
i3 i4 10 Ω
+ 10 Ω
15 V −

10 Ω
+ −

10 V

Figure 3.117
For Prob. 3.73.
Solution

Loop 1. –15 + 10i 1 + 10(i 1 –i 2 ) + 10(i 1 –i 3 ) = 0 or 30i 1 – 10i 2 – 10i 3 = 15

Loop 2. 10(i 2 –i 1 ) + 10 + 20i 2 – 10 + 10(i 2 –i 3 ) = 0 or –10i 1 + 40i 2 – 10i 3 =

0

Loop 3. –10 + 20i 3 – 15 + 10(i 3 –i 1 ) + 10(i 3 –i 2 ) + 10(i 3 –i 4 ) = 0 or

–10i 1 – 10i 2 + 50i 3 – 10i 4 = 25

Loop 4. 10(i 4 –i 3 ) + 10 + 10i 4 = 0 or –10i 3 + 20i 4 = –10

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  30 −10 −10 0   i1   15 
 −10 40 −10 0  i   0 
Thus,   2 =  .
 −10 −10 50 −10   i3   25 
    
 0 0 −10 20  i4   −10 

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Solution 3.74

R 11 = R 1 + R 4 + R 6 , R 22 = R 2 + R 4 + R 5 , R 33 = R 6 + R 7 + R 8 ,
R 44 = R 3 + R 5 + R 8 , R 12 = -R 4 , R 13 = -R 6 , R 14 = 0, R 23 = 0,
R 24 = -R 5 , R 34 = -R 8 , again, we note that R ij = R ji for all i not equal to j.

 V1 
− V 
The input voltage vector is =  2

 V3 
 
 − V4 

 R 1 + R4 + R6 − R4 − R6 0   i1   V1 
 − R4 R2 + R4 + R5 0 − R5  i   −V 
  2 =  2
 − R6 0 R6 + R7 + R8 − R8   i3   V3 
    
 0 − R5 − R8 R3 + R5 + R8  i4   −V4 

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Solution 3.75

* Schematics Netlist *

R_R4 $N_0002 $N_0001 30

R_R2 $N_0001 $N_0003 10
R_R1 $N_0005 $N_0004 30
R_R3 $N_0003 $N_0004 10
R_R5 $N_0006 $N_0004 30
V_V4 $N_0003 0 120V
v_V3 $N_0005 $N_0001 0
v_V2 0 $N_0006 0
v_V1 0 $N_0002 0

i3

i2
i1

Clearly, i 1 = –3 amps, i 2 = 0 amps, and i 3 = 3 amps, which agrees with the answers in
Problem 3.44.

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Solution 3.76

* Schematics Netlist *

I_I2 0 $N_0001 DC 4A
R_R1 $N_0002 $N_0001 0.25
R_R3 $N_0003 $N_0001 1
R_R2 $N_0002 $N_0003 1
F_F1 $N_0002 $N_0001 VF_F1 3
VF_F1 $N_0003 $N_0004 0V
R_R4 0 $N_0002 0.5
R_R6 0 $N_0001 0.5
I_I1 0 $N_0002 DC 2A
R_R5 0 $N_0004 0.25

Clearly, v 1 = 625 mVolts, v 2 = 375 mVolts, and v 3 = 1.625 volts, which agrees with
the solution obtained in Problem 3.27.

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Solution 3.77

As a check we can write the nodal equations,

 1.7 − 0.2 5

− 1.2 1.2  V =  − 2
   

Solving this leads to V 1 = 3.111 V and V 2 = 1.4444 V. The answer checks!

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Solution 3.78

The schematic is shown below. When the circuit is saved and simulated the node
voltages are displayed on the pseudo components as shown. Thus,

V1 = −3V, V2 = 4.5V, V3 = −15V,

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Solution 3.79

The schematic is shown below. When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain the
node voltages as displayed. Thus,

V a = –10.556 volts; V b = 20.56 volts; V c = 1.3889 volts; and V d = –43.75 volts.

1.3889 V

R3 R4 R5
10 5 4

R1 R2
–43.75 V 20.56 V
20 8

R6
4 R7 R8
16 8

V1
V2 90Vdc
60Vdc

–10.556 V

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Solution 3.80

* Schematics Netlist *

H_H1 $N_0002 $N_0003 VH_H1 6

VH_H1 0 $N_0001 0V
I_I1 $N_0004 $N_0005 DC 8A
V_V1 $N_0002 0 20V
R_R4 0 $N_0003 4
R_R1 $N_0005 $N_0003 10
R_R2 $N_0003 $N_0002 12
R_R5 0 $N_0004 1
R_R3 $N_0004 $N_0001 2

Clearly, v 1 = 84 volts, v 2 = 4 volts, v 3 = 20 volts, and v 4 = -5.333 volts

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Solution 3.81

Clearly, v 1 = 26.67 volts, v 2 = 6.667 volts, v 3 = 173.33 volts, and v 4 = –46.67 volts
which agrees with the results of Example 3.4.

This is the netlist for this circuit.

* Schematics Netlist *

R_R1 0 $N_0001 2
R_R2 $N_0003 $N_0002 6
R_R3 0 $N_0002 4
R_R4 0 $N_0004 1
R_R5 $N_0001 $N_0004 3
I_I1 0 $N_0003 DC 10A
V_V1 $N_0001 $N_0003 20V
E_E1 $N_0002 $N_0004 $N_0001 $N_0004 3

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Solution 3.82
2i0

+ v0 –

3 kΩ
2 kΩ 2 3v0 3 6 kΩ 4
1 – +
4A
4 kΩ 8 kΩ 100V +
–

This network corresponds to the Netlist.

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Solution 3.83

The circuit is shown below.

20 Ω 70 Ω
1 2 3

20 V + 50 Ω 2A 30 Ω
–

When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain v2 = –12.5 volts

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Solution 3.84

From the output loop, v 0 = 50i 0 x20x103 = 106i 0 (1)

From the input loop, 15x10-3 + 4000i 0 – v 0 /100 = 0 (2)

From (1) and (2) we get, i 0 = 2.5 µA and v 0 = 2.5 volt.

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Solution 3.85

The amplifier acts as a source.

Rs

+
Vs RL
-

For maximum power transfer,

RL = Rs = 9Ω

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Solution 3.86

Let v 1 be the potential across the 2 k-ohm resistor with plus being on top. Then,

Since i = [(0.047–v 1 )/1k]

[(v 1 –0.047)/1k] – 400[(0.047–v 1 )/1k] + [(v 1 –0)/2k] = 0 or

401[(v 1 –0.047)] + 0.5v 1 = 0 or 401.5v 1 = 401x0.047 or

v 1 = 0.04694 volts and i = (0.047–0.04694)/1k = 60 nA

Thus,

v 0 = –5000x400x60x10-9 = –120 mV.

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Solution 3.87

For the circuit in Fig. 3.123, find the gain v o /v s .

3.5 kΩ 500 Ω

+ +
+ −
vs − v1 500 Ω + 80v1 500 Ω vo

− −

Figure 3.123
For Prob. 3.87.

Step 1. We can solve this using mesh analysis with two unknown mesh currents.

For the loop on the left we get, –v s + 3,500i 1 + 500i 1 = 0 and v 1 = 500i 1 .
For the loop on the right we get, 80v 1 + 500i 2 + 500i 2 and v o = 500i 2 .

Step 2. i 1 = v s /4,000 and v 1 = 500v s /4,000 = v s /8. i 2 = –80(v s /8)/1,000 and v o = 500(–10v s )/1,000 = –
5v s . Therefore,

v o /v s = –5.

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Solution 3.88

Determine the gain v o /v s of the transistor amplifier circuit in Fig. 3.124.

2 kΩ 4 kΩ io

+
+ +
vs 4 kΩ –vo/1,000 10 kΩ vo
− – 50io
−

Figure 3.124
For Prob. 3.88.

Solution

Step 1. The loop on the right gives us v o = –10k(50i o ). We have two loops in the left hand
circuit which produces –v s +2ki 1 + 4k(i 1 –i o ) = 0 and 4k(i o –i 1 ) + 4ki o – (v o /1000) = 0.

Step 2. 8ki o – 4ki 1 – (–500ki o /1000) = 0 or 8.5ki o = 4ki 1 or i 1 = 2.125i o and

(2k+4k)i 1 – 4ki o = v s = 2.125(6k)i o – 4ki o = 8.75ki o or i o = v s /8.75k.

Now we have v o = –500kv s /8.75k = –57.14v s or

v o /v s = –57.14.

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Solution 3.89

Consider the circuit below.

C 15 V
0.7 V | |
_ + 100 kΩ
+ IC
VCE
_
1 kΩ
+
2.25 V _

For the left loop, applying KVL gives

–2.25 – 0.7 + 105IB + V BE = 0 but V BE = 0.7 V means 105IB = 2.25 or

I B = 22.5 µA.

For the right loop, –V CE + 15 – I C x103 = 0. Addition ally, I C = βI B = 100x22.5x10–6 =

2.25 mA. Therefore,

V CE = 15–2.25x10–3x103 = 12.75 V.

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Solution 3.90

Calculate v s for the transistor in Fig. 3.126, given that v o = 6 V, β = 90, V BE = 0.7V.

Figure 3.126
For Prob. 3.90.
1 kΩ

10 kΩ IB i2
+
+ VCE
+ VBE –
vs – +
18V
- i1 + -
500 Ω
v0
IE –

For loop 1, –v s + 10k(I B ) + V BE + IE (500) = 0 = –v s + 0.7 + 10,000I B + 500(1 + β)IB

which leads to v s – 0.7 = 10,000IB + 500(91)I B = 55,500IB

But, v 0 = 500IE = 500x91IB = 6 which leads to I B = 1.318680x10-4

Therefore, v s = 0.7 + 55,500IB = 8.019 volts.

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Solution 3.91

For the transistor circuit of Fig. 3.127, find I B , V CE , and v o . Take β = 150, V BE = 0.7V.

Figure 3.127
For Prob. 3.91.

Solution

We first determine the Thevenin equivalent for the input circuit.

R Th = 6||2 = 6x2/8 = 1.5 kΩ and V Th = 2(3)/(2+6) = 0.75 volts

5 kΩ

IC
1.5 kΩ IB i2
+
+ VCE
+ VBE –
– +
0.75 V 9V
- i1 + -
400 Ω
V0
IE –

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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
For loop 1, –0.75 + 1.5kI B + V BE + 400I E = 0 = –0.75 + 0.7 + 1,500I B + 400(1 + β)I B or
(1,500 + 400x151)I B = 61,900I B = 0.05 or

I B = 0.05/61,900 = 0.8078 µA.

v 0 = 400I E = 400(1 + β)I B = 400(151)0.8078 = 48.49 mV

For loop 2, –400I E – V CE – 5kI C + 9 = 0, but, I C = βI B and I E = (1 + β)I B

V CE = 9 – 5kβI B – 400(1 + β)I B = 9 – 0.60585 – 0.04879 = 9 – 0.6546 =

V CE = 8.345 volts.

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Solution 3.92

Using Fig. 3.28, design a problem to help other students better understand transistors. Make sure
you use reasonable numbers!

VCC

R2 R3

R1
vS

R4

Figure 3.28
For Prob. 3.92.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is just one example that could qualify
as a solution.

Problem

Given the circuit shown in Fig. 3.28 and R 1 = 100 kΩ, R 2 = 1 kΩ, R 3 = 1 kΩ, R 4 = 100 Ω, β=
100, V CC = 30 V, v s = 20 V, and V BE = 0.7. Determine V CE .

Solution continued on the next page...

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written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution
VCC

R2 R3

R1 i2 +
vS
VCE i3
–

i1
R4

Loop 1, –v s + R 1 i 1 + V BE + R 4 (i 1 –i 3 ) = 0.
Loop 2, R 2 i 2 + V CB = 0
Loop 3, R 4 (i 3 –i 1 ) – V CE + R 3 i 3 + V CC = 0.

We also have some constraint equations, I B = i 1 – i 2 , IC = i 2 – i 3 = βIB , and V CE = V BE + V CB .

100.1ki 1 – 0.1ki 3 = 20–0.7 = 19.3

1ki 2 + V CB = 0
–0.1ki 1 + 1.1ki 3 – V CE = –30
i 2 – i 3 = 100(i 1 –i 2 ) or 100i 1 – 101i 2 + i 3 = 0 or i 3 = –100i 1 + 101i 2
V CB = V CE – 0.7

Substituting for values of i 3 and V CB we get

100.1ki 1 + 10ki 1 – 10.1ki 2 = 19.3 or 110.1ki 1 – 10.1ki 2 = 19.2 or i 1 = 0.091735i 2 + 0.17439/k
1ki 2 + V CE = 0.7 or i 2 = –[(V CE )/k] + 0.7/k
–0.1ki 1 – 110ki 1 + 111.1ki 2 – V CE = –30
= –110.1ki 1 + 111.1ki 2 – V CE = –10.1ki 2 – 19.2 + 111.1ki 2 – V CE = 101ki 2 – 19.2 – V CE
= –101V CE + 70.7 – 19.2 – V CE = –30 or 70.7 + 30 – 19.2 = 102V CE or
V CE = 81.5/102 = 799 mV.

Solution continued on the next page...

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 I1 5 kΩ
10 kΩ
VC

IC
IB
+
+ VCE
VBE –
– +
12V
4 kΩ
+ -
V0
IE –

I 1 = I B + I C = (1 + β)IB and I E = I B + I C = I 1

Applying KVL around the outer loop,

4kIE + V BE + 10kIB + 5kI1 = 12

12 – 0.7 = 5k(1 + β)IB + 10kIB + 4k(1 + β)IB = 919kIB

I B = 11.3/919k = 12.296 µA

Also, 12 = 5kI 1 + V C which leads to V C = 12 – 5k(101)I B = 5.791 volts

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Solution 3.93

1Ω
4Ω v1 i 3v0 v2 i3 2Ω 3v0
+ +
i1 2Ω i
i2
+ + +
24V + 2Ω 8Ω
– 4Ω v0 v1 v2
– – –

(a) (b)

From (b), -v 1 + 2i – 3v 0 + v 2 = 0 which leads to i = (v 1 + 3v 0 – v 2 )/2

At node 1 in (a), ((24 – v 1 )/4) = (v 1 /2) + ((v 1 +3v 0 – v 2 )/2) + ((v 1 – v 2 )/1), where v 0 = v 2

or 24 = 9v 1 which leads to v 1 = 2.667 volts

At node 2, ((v 1 – v 2 )/1) + ((v 1 + 3v 0 – v 2 )/2) = (v 2 /8) + v 2 /4, v 0 = v 2

v 2 = 4v 1 = 10.66 volts

Now we can solve for the currents, i 1 = v 1 /2 = 1.333 A, i 2 = 1.333 A, and

i 3 = 2.6667 A.

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