W253-20 This Publication Supercedes All Previous Issues

North Dakota
Weed
Control
Guide
Compiled by
Joe lkley, Extension Weed Science
Contributors
Mike Christoffers, Research Weed Science, Weed Genetics
Caleb Dalley, Research Weed Science, Hettinger REC
Greg Endres, Extension Agronomist, Carrington REC
Greta Gramig, Research Weed Science, Weed Ecology
Kirk Howatt, Research Weed Science, Small Grains/Minor Crops
Brian Jenks, Research/Extension Weed Science, NCREC
Clair Keene, Extension Agronomist, Williston REC
Mike Ostlie, Research Weed Science, Carrington REC
Tom Peters, Extension Weed Science, Sugarbeet, NDSU/U of MN
Andy Robinson, Extension Agronomist, Potato, NDSU/U of MN
Andrew Thostenson, Extension Pesticide Programs
Harlene H. Valenti, Research, High Value Crops Specialist

NDSU NORTH DAKOTA

STATE UNIVERSITY
NDSU Extension
NDSU North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station

North Dakota State University

Fargo, North Dakota
 Index
Table Narrative
Crops (Pages) (Pages) (Paragraph)
Alfalfa, Legume forages 66-67 67 P1
Barley 9-16 20-21 C1-13
Canola / Herbicide resistant, Mustard 54-55 56 L1-2
Chickpea / Garbanzo bean 46-47 48 H1
Corn / Herbicide resistant 24-30 31 D1-8
Dry bean 42-43 48 F1-6
Flax 53 56 K1-2
Lentil 46-47 48 H2-3
Oat 17
Pea, Field 44-45 48 G1-4
Potato / Vine kill 62-63 63 N1-5
Safflower 52
Small acreage crops: Buckwheat, Juneberry, Millet, Mint, Onion, Rye, Sorghum, Triticale - page 23
Soybean / Herbicide resistant 32-39 40-41 E1-13
Sugarbeet / Herbicide resistant 58-59 60-61 M1-18
Sunflower / Herbicide resistant 50-51 56 J1-4
Wheat, Spring, Durum, Winter 9-16 20-21 C1-13
Wheat, Barley PRE/POST-Harvest 19

Noncropland Weed Control

Chemical fallow 68-69
CRP 70-71
CRP breakout 71 72 R1
Grass establishment 72
Lawn herbicides 72
Shelterbelt 86
Total Vegetation Control 87

Special Weed Problems 73-84

Amaranth, Palmer 84
Annual weed control 98-101 S1-14
Bindweed, Field 74-75 102 T1
Brome, Downy and Japanese 98 S2
Buckwheat, Wild 98 S1
Cinquefoil, Rough 102 T4
Curly dock 102 T2
Dandelion 102 T5
Foxtails (pigeongrass) 98 S3
Hawksbeard, Narrowleaf 98 S4
Horseweed (Marestail) 98 S5
Knapweed: Diffuse, Spotted, Russian 75-76
Kochia 98-99 S6
Lambsquarters 99 S7
Milkweed, Common 102-103 T6
Nightshade 99-100 S8
Noxious weeds 73
Oat, Wild 101 S13
Perennial weed control 74-84 102-105 T1-21
Purple loosestrife or Lythrum 76 105 T21
Quackgrass 77
Ragweed, Common, Giant 100 S9-10
Saltcedar 77
Spurge, Leafy 78-79 105 T20
Starthistle, Yellow 75
Thistles, Biennial: Bull, Musk, Plumeless 82
Thistle, Canada 80-81 102 T3
Toadflax, Dalmatian and Yellow 83
Troublesome weeds in cropland and other areas 89
Troublesome weeds in pasture / rangeland 88
Volunteer Roundup Ready Crops 128
Waterhemp 100 S11
Weed of the Year 150
Wormwood, Absinth 83
Wormwood, Annual or Biennial 100-101 S12

2
 Index (cont.)
Table Narrative Table Narrative
General (pages) (Pages) (P-graph) General (Pages) (Pages) (P-graph)
Abbreviations Used 4 Names, Herbicide 134-145
Adjuvants 146-148 94-95 A5 Noxious Weeds of ND 73
Air Temperature Inversions 119-121
Annual Weed Control 98-101 S1-14 Organic Matter Test 90 A2

Backpack Sprayer Calibration 97 A11

Bioassay Instructions 111 Y6 Mixing Order/Instructions 96
Biological Weed Control 105 T20-21 Mode of Action, Herbicides 108-109
Breakdown, Herbicide 110 Y1-4
Perennial Weed Control 74-84 102-105 T1-21
Plant Back Interval (crops) 6
Calibrating Sprayers 97 A11 POST-Applied Herbicides 90 A3
Carryover and Residues 110-111 Y1-14 POST-Grass Herbicide Table 34
Corn Herbicides 24-30 Programs, Herbicide-Corn 28-30
Crop Plant Back Interval 6 -Soybean 38-39
Crop Rotation Restrictions 112-114 Prices, Herbicide 134-145

Delta T 122-124
Drift, Spray and Vapor 96 A7 Rain-Free Interval 91
Ratings, Weed Control 128-134
Soil Applied 129-130
Emergency Information 5 Back pg POST Applied 131-134
Environment, Effect on Herbicides 90 A3 RR Volunteer 128
Resistant Weeds 106-107 X1
Fall-Applied Herbicides 6 7-8 B1-12 Residues, Herbicide 110-111 Y1-14
Feeding Restrictions 125-127 Residue Laboratories 116
Field Bioassay Instructions 111 Y6 Rotation Restrictions (crops) 112-114
Formulations, Herbicide 134-145 RR crops, Volunteer Control 128

Glyphosate 91-93 A4 Soybean Herbicide Premixes 38-39

Grasses, POST Herbicide Chart 34 Spray Drift 96 A7
Grazing Restrictions 125-127 Sprayer Cleanout 96 A8
Sprayer Water Quality 95 A6
Hand-Held Sprayer Calibration 97 A11-12 Surfactants 146-148 94-95 A5
Hard Water Antagonism 95,149 A6 Surfactants allowed in water 146
Haying Restrictions 125-127
Herbicide Breakdown, Factors 110 Y1-4 Volunteer control, RR crops 128
Herbicide Carryover 110-111 Y1-14
Herbicide Compendium 134-145
Herbicide Formulations 134-145 Water Quality 95, 149 A6
Herbicide Incorporation 90 A1 Weed Control, Annual Weeds 98-101 S1-15
Herbicide Mode of Action 108-109 Weed Control, Perennial Weeds 74-84 102-105 T1-21
Herbicide, POST Grass Chart 34 Weed Control Ratings 129-134
Herbicide – Corn 24-30 Soil Applied 129-130
- Soybeans 32-39 POST Applied 131-134
Herbicide Prices 134-145 RR Volunteer Crops 128
Herbicide Rain-Free Interval 91 Weed of the Year 150
Herbicide Resistant Weeds 106-107 X1 Weed Resistance 106-107 X1
Herbicide Storage Temps 90 (Web) Weed Guide–How to Use 4
Weed Guide–General Information 4-5, 90
Incorporation of Herbicides 90 A1 Wick Application 96-97 A10
Inversions, Air Temperature 119-121

Laboratories for herbicide residue 116 2020 Updates 151

Laboratories for Water Quality 149

3
 WEED GUIDE INFORMATION
The information in this guide provides a summary of What is the difference between ai and ae? The ai of glyphosate is the
herbicide uses in crops grown in North Dakota and is based weight of both glyphosate acid plus the salt formulated with the glyphosate
on federal and state herbicide labels, research at North molecule. The acid equivalent (ae) of glyphosate is only the weight of
Dakota Ag. Experiment Stations, and information from the glyphosate without the salt. The label of commercial products list both
North Dakota Department of Agriculture. active ingredient (ai) and inert ingredients. Inert ingredients are not
phytotoxic but are used to create stable formulations and to aid in
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS. application, herbicide retention, deposition, and absorption. The active
Instructions for registered uses of herbicides are given on ingredient of some herbicides are formulated with salts or esters (See
container labels. The label is the final guide and should be Herbicide Compendium). Glyphosate is formulated at different
strictly followed. The information in this guide only applies concentrations, as pure acid, and with five salts, isopropyl amine (ipa),
to North Dakota because some herbicide uses are allowed dimethyl amine (dma), ammonium, diammonium (2(NH3), and potassium
only by supplemental or specific ND labeling. Label (K). The salt formulated with herbicide molecules does not contribute to
possession is required at the time of application. weed control. Glyphosate formulated at different concentrations and with
different salts require using acid equivalent (ae) when calculating rates.
This bulletin is provided for your information. North Dakota The following table gives the relationship between ae and active
State University or its officers or employees make no ingredient (ai).
claims, representations, or guarantees as to product
performance nor accept responsibility for results from using Table. Glyphosate product rates based on ae and ai formulation
herbicides. See legal disclaimer on the next page. concentrations.
Rate as acid equivalent (lb ae)
Below is information to aid in using this guide:
0.75 1.125 1.5 2.25
Herbicides. Herbicides in tables are listed by trade name lb ae or ai/gallon ------------------- fl oz/A -----------------
followed by common name in parenthesis except where 3 lb ae = 4 lb ai = 32 48 64 96
several brands are available. Contact chemical suppliers 3.75 lb ae = 5 lb ai = 25.6 38.4 51.2 76.8
and the ND Dept of Ag for new label information. 4 lb ae = 5.4 lb ai = 24 36 48 72
4.17 lb ae = 5.1 lb ai = 23 34.5 46 69
Rates. Rates in tables are based on broadcast application
and are expressed according to formulated product per 4.5 lb ae = 5.5 lb ai = 21.3 32 42.6 64
acre with active ingredient (ai) or acid equivalent (ae) per 4.72 lb ae = 6.3 lb ai = 20.3 30.5 40.7 61
acre given in parentheses. Commercial formulations of the 5 lb ae = 6.1 lb ai = 19.2 28.8 38.4 57.6
same ai may vary in concentration.
Weed Control Ratings. Herbicide effectiveness ratings listed in tables
For example, a pint of 4 lb ae/gal 2,4-D contains 0.5 lb show general comparative ratings based on field observations. Weed
while a pint of 6 lb ae/gal 2,4-D contains 0.75 lb or control may be equal or greater than what is indicated in the table under
a quart of 3 lb ae/gal glyphosate contains 0.75 lb while a favorable conditions or may be reduced and unsatisfactory in unfavorable
quart of 4.5 lb ae/gal glyphosate contains 1.125 lbs. conditions.

Abbreviations Used
Units of Measurement Types of Formulation
oz = ounce (16 oz/lb) DF = Dry flowable
fl oz = fluid ounce (128 fl oz/gal) EC = Emulsifiable concentrate
pt = pint (8 pt/gal) F = Flowable
gal = gallon G = Granule
ae = acid equivalent ME = Micro-encapsulated
ai = active ingredient OD = Oil dispersion
conc = concentration S/SL = Solution/Soluble Liquid
v/v = volume/volume SC = Suspension “Suspo” concentrate
lb, lb/gal = pound, pounds/gallon SE = Solution emulsion
gpa = gallons per acre SG = Soluble granule
WDG/XP = Water dispersible granule
Type of Application ZC = Suspension of microcapsules and solid fine particles
EPP = Early preplant
PPI = Preplant incorporated Miscellaneous
PRE = Preemergence ACCase = Acetyl CoA carboxylase
EPOST = Early postemergence ALS = Acetolactate synthase
POST = Postemergence AMS = Ammonium sulfate
POST Directed = Postemergence directed DAA = Days after application
IMI = Imidazolinone
= Aerial application prohibited MSO = Methylated seed oil
NIS = Nonionic surfactant
Herbicide Group Numbering OM = Organic matter
Herbicide namenumber 1-30 = herbicide site of action group - PHI = Preharvest interval
see pages 108-109 RUP = Restricted Use Pesticide
SU = Sulfonylurea
UAN = Urea ammonium nitrate

4
 GENERAL INFORMATION
LEGAL DISCLAIMER Supplemental labeling must be provided for each SLN registration.
Applicators must have the SLN label and federal label in their possession
The weed control suggestions presented in this guide are at application. These registrations are legal only in the state or local area
based on Federal label clearance, on information obtained specified in the labeling.
from the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, and
reports in North Dakota Weed Control Research. Section 18 “Emergency” and “Crisis” exemptions from FIFRA allows
the unregistered use of a pesticide to address an emergency pest
CAUTION: Instructions for registered uses of herbicides are situation and are used when a crisis pest situation:
given on container labels. Read and follow label - is an emergency and non-routine
instructions carefully. Pesticide labels supersede - has no or ineffective alternative management tools and
recommendations given in this guide. Weed control sugges- - is severe and can be documented to cause yield or economic loss
tions in this guide are based on the assumption that all (>20%) on the specified crop.
herbicides mentioned will continue to have a registered Both types of exemptions from registration allows use of a pesticide for a
label with the Environmental Protection Agency. This guide non-registered purpose for a specified period of time. ND “Emergency”
may contain recommendations for herbicides that are Section 18 exemptions are registrations initiated by the NDDA, are
labeled only for North Dakota. The user of any pesticide approved by the EPA, and can be declared if both federal and SLN
must possess a copy of the label at the time of application. registrations are not or cannot be enacted in time to prevent the condition.
State labels can be obtained from chemical dealers or In rare occasions, when time is critical and the emergency is acute,
distributors or found on the NDDOA web site at: NDDA can declare a "Crisis" exemption without written approval of EPA.
http://www.kellysolutions.com/nd The NDDA informs EPA of the condition prior to the action and allows
EPA to support the state action. This process usually takes 10 to 14 days
Use pesticides only on registered crops. Some to complete. The duration of a “Crisis” exemption (14 to 21 days) is
formulations of an active ingredient may not be labeled for shorter than an “Emergency” exemption. If an “Emergency” exemption is
certain uses. Federal law makes liable for seizure any raw being reviewed by the EPA at the time the “Crisis” exemption is declared
agricultural commodity that possesses a pesticide residue the EPA may elect to grant the “Emergency” exemption and increase the
for which no exemption or tolerance has been established period of duration. An applicator must possess federal labels and Section
or that exceeds the tolerances established by the Food and 18 exemption labeling at application.
Drug Administration. Persons using pesticides in a manner
contrary to label instructions are subject to penalty under RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDES (RUP)
federal and state laws. North Dakota State University or its EPA categorizes pesticides as either unclassified (general use) or
officers or employees makes no claims or representations restricted. Restricted-Use Pesticides (RUP) are pesticides that can
that the chemicals discussed will or will not result in cause harm to humans or environment and must be applied by certified
residues on agricultural commodities and assume no applicators. Only certified dealers may sell RUPs and only certified
responsibility for results from using herbicides. applicators may purchase, or apply an RUP. Private and
commercial/public applicators must record certain information for all
USE PESTICIDES ONLY AS LABELED. pesticide applications.

Pesticide Labeling and Registration RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDES:

No pesticide may be sold or used in the United States until All products and premixes containing the active ingredients listed below
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has are restricted use pesticides. See Mode of Action table in Section X1.
registered and approved the product use and the labeling. Atrazine = Mode of Action 5
Canadian and other foreign labeled pesticides may not be Isoxaflutole = Mode of Action 27
used in the United States until registered by the EPA. Paraquat = Mode of Action 22
Picloram = Mode of Action 4
TYPES OF PESTICIDE REGISTRATIONS Sulfuric acid
Federal EPA Registrations, also known as 3e and 2ee Brand names of other RUP:
labels, are the most common and widely used type of Amitrole-T, Cytrole (amitrole)
pesticide registration. Product labels of pesticides being Dicamba: Engenia, Fexapan, Tavium, XtendiMax = Mode of Action 4
applied must be at the application site during the time of Huskie Complete = Mode of Action 2, 6, 27
application. Aerial applicators must have the label at the Kerb 50W (pronamide)
loading site.
SAFETY AND EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBERS:
Section 24(c) Registrations, also known as (SLN) State ND Poison Control Line: 800 222-1222
Local Needs registrations: ND Emergency Assistance Line: 800 472-2121
- are state-specific registrations issued by states Report pesticide incident to NDDA: 701 328-2232
- are used to address a special local need
- must prove there is an existing or imminent pest problem
for which a federally registered pesticide is not available
- can be used to address pest resistance management.
SLN registrations can be used to register additional uses or
add limitations for a federally registered pesticide, like
adding application sites, pests, or alternate control methods
to those listed on federally registered labeling. SLN labels
are initiated by the ND Department of Ag and must be
approved by EPA.

5
CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL FOR FIELD CROPS
Plant-back Interval for Fall, Pre-Plant, and PRE Herbicides

HRS / Durum Wheat

Chick pea / Lentil
See paragraph

Sugarbeet

Sunflower
Safflower
Field pea
Dry bean

Soybean
Canola

Potato
Barley
Alfalfa

Corn

Flax

Oat
Rate/Aa
------------------------------------- months before planting (d = days) ----------------------------------
2,4-D4 amine 0.5 lb ai B3 1 0 1 1 7d 1 1 1 1 1 1 15d 1 1 0
1 lb ai B3 1 0 1 1 14d 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
2,4-D4 ester 0.5 lb ai B3 1 0 1 1 7d 1 1 1 1 1 1 7d 1 1 0
1 lb ai B3 1 0 1 1 14d 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
E-99 / Weedone 6504 1 lb ai B3 1 0 1 1 14d 1 1 1 1 1 1 15d 1 1 0
Aim14 0.5 to 1 fl oz B4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/R 0 N/R 0 0
Afforia2,2,14*a 2.5 - 3.75 oz 3-4 3-4 4-12 4-12 .5-1 3-4 3-4 3-4 4-5 4-12 3-4 1-7d 4-10 45d 1-2
Alluvex2,2 1.5 oz 18 9 18 18 0 10 10 10 9 1 18 10 18 10 9
Anthem Flex14,15 2.5 - 4.5 fl oz D6 10 11 18 6 0 11 6 18 11 4 18 0 12 4 1
Autumn Super2,2 0.5 oz B5 Apply post-harvest in fall and plant only corn the next spring.
Banvel/DMA4*a 1 pt B6 NCS 3d/oz NCS NCS 0a NCS NCS NCS 3d/oz NCS NCS 45 d NCS NCS 3d/oz
1 to 2 pt B6 NCS NCS NCS NCS 0a NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS 90 d NCS NCS 3d/oz
Boundary 5,15 2 - 3.5 pt 4.5 8 12 8 12 12 12 8 12 0 12 0 18 12 8
Clarity/DGA4*a 8 fl oz B6 4 22 d 4 4 0a 4 4 4 22 d 4 4 4 4 4 22 d
16 fl oz B6 6 44 d 6 6 0a 6 6 6 44 d 6 6 6 6 6 44 d
Dual Magnum 15 1 - 2 pt 4 4.5 12 0 0 0 0 12 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 4.5
Elevore 1 fl oz 9 14d 14d 9/15 14d 9 9 9 14d 15 9 14d 15 14d 14d
Express / tribenuron2* Labeled rates 1.5 0 2 1.5 .5-2a 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 7dac 2 0-2ae 0
Facet 4L4,26 22 fl oz B10 24b 10 10 24b 10 24b 24b 24b 10 24b 24b 24b 24b 24b 0
Fierce14,15 3 oz 10 11 18 11/6a 7d-1a 11 6 18 11 4 18 0 15 4 1
Glyphosate9* 0.75 - 3 lb ae B2,8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Harmony/thifensulfuron2*Label rates E5 1.5 0 1.5 1.5 0 1.5 1.5 1.5 0 1.5 1.5 0 1.5 1.5 0
Liberty10 32 - 43 fl oz B9 6 70d 0 6 0 6 6 6 70d 70d 6 0 0 6a 70d
Paraquat22* - RUP Label rates B11 0 0 N/R N/R 0 0 0 N/R N/R 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pre-Pare2 0.3 oz C7 24 9 9 24 11 9 11 9 11 9 9 9 9 9 0/4
Quelex 0.55 - 0.75 oz 9 0 9 9/15 3 9 9 9 3 15 9 3 15 3 0
Select/clethodim1* 4 - 16 fl oz E2 0 1 0 0 6d-1a 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Sequence9,15 2.5 - 3.5 pt A4 4 4.5 NCS 0 0 0 0 0 4.5 0 NCS 0 NCS 0 4.5
Sharpen14 1 fl oz B12 4 0 4 0 0 4 0 4 0 4 4 0f 4 4 0
1.5 fl oz B12 5 0 5 0/1 0 5 0 5 0 5 5 14df 5 5 0
2 fl oz B12 5 0 5 0/1 0 5 0 5 0 5 5 1f 5 5 0
3 fl oz B12 6 0 6 2/3 0 6 2 6 0 6 6 2f 6 6 NR
Spartan Charge14,14 3 - 10.2 fl oz E11 12 4 24 0 4 0 0 12 12 4 12 0 24b 0 4
Valor14 + tillage 2 oz E12 4 3 4 3/6 7d-1a 3 3 3 4 4 3 0 4 1a 14-1da
- tillage 2 oz E12 8 3 8 3/6 7d-1a 3 3 3 8 8 3 0 8 1a 14-1da
+ tillage 3 oz E12 5 4 6 4/7 14d- 4 4 4 5 5 4 0 5 2a 2a
- tillage 3 oz E12 10 4 12 4/7 14d- 4 4 4 10 10 4 0 10 2a 2a
Verdict 14,15 5-18 fl oz B12 NCS NCS NCS NCS 0 NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS 0-4 NCS NCS NCS
Zidua SC15 1.75 fl oz D6 10 11 12 1 0 11 1 2 11 4 1 0 12 1 1
3.25 fl oz D6 10 11 12 1 0 11 1 4 11 4 1 0 12 2 1
5.00 fl oz D6 10 11 15 1/2 0 11 1 6 11 4 1 0 15 3 4
6.50 fl oz D6 10 18 18 2/4 0 11 2 8 18 4 2 4 15 3 6
*= Or generic equivalent. Actual glyphosate product rates based on acid equivalent (ae) and active
Herbicide namenumber 1-30 = herbicide site of action - see ingredient (ai) formulation concentrations - Refer to page 4 for more information.
pages 108-109. 0.75 lb ae 1.125 lb ae 1.5 lb ae 2.25 lb ae 3 lb ae
a = Refer to label for approved rates and restrictions. lb ae lb ai ------------------------------ fl oz/A ------------------------------
b = bioassay 3 = 4 = 32 48 64 96 128
c = Soybean = 1 day before planting at 0.25 oz SG 3.75 = 5 = 25.6 38.4 51.2 76.8 102.4
= 7 days before planting at 0.3 to 0.5 oz SG 4 = 5.4 = 24 36 48 72 96
d = days before planting 4.17 = 5.1 = 23 34.5 46 69 92.1
e = ExpressSun sunflower = 0 days at 0.25 to 0.5 oz SG 4.5 = 5.5 = 21.3 32 42.6 64 85
f = Soils must be medium to fine texture with >2% OM. 4.72 = 6.3 = 20.3 30.5 40.7 61 81.4
NCS = Next Cropping Season; NR = Not Registered 5 = 6.1 = 19.2 28.8 38.4 57.6 76.8
6
Fall-Applied / Early Preplant Herbicides Refer to the Valor label for crop rotation guidelines for fall
applications. Most crops can be planted in the spring following
B1. FALL APPLICATION - HERBICIDES fall-applied Valor.
Several herbicides may be applied in the fall. Some include
acetochlor, Eptam, Far-Go, S/metolachlor*, Ro-Neet, Prowl, B3. 2,4-D plus glyphosate applied as a preplant application up to
Sonalan, Spartan, and Treflan*. Optimum activity occurs when emergence of small grains has been considered safe as shown
herbicides are applied in late fall during consistent cold by university research. Within 29 days after an application of
temperatures (below 50 F) to reduce degradation and winter 2,4-D, plant only those crops listed on the 2,4-D label. Most 2,4-
moisture provides adequate activation for residual spring weed D labels list corn, soybean and small grains as registered.
control. Application after October 15, when soil temperature is However, corn and soybean have more specific limitations for
cold, minimizes herbicide loss by volatilization and microbial and preplant use. Labeled crops may be at risk of crop injury or loss if
chemical degradation. Many labels recommend application after planted soon after application, especially during the first 14 days.
October 1 or 15. Some herbicides, such as Eptam, Far-Go, and Risk is greater if higher rates of product were applied and soil
Ro-Neet, require immediate tillage for incorporation while many temperatures have been cold and/or soils have been excessively
do not require tillage for incorporation. Some herbicides, such as wet or dry in the days following application. Under normal
Sonalan, can be incorporated with a V-blade plow or undercutter. conditions, any crop can be planted without risk of injury if at
Acetochlor, S/metolachlor, Eptam, and Spartan fall-applied may least 90 days of above freezing soil temperatures have elapsed
give poor weed control in spring because of warmer than normal since application. Amine formulations have a longer residue and
weather between application and spring seeding which causes are more water soluble than ester formulations. As a
insufficient residual activity. consequence, amine residue will last longer in the soil and can
leach with rain injuring germinating seedlings of broadleaf crops.
Both granular and liquid formulations of herbicides are registered
for use in fall. Fall applied, granular herbicides usually give more For soybean, delay planting:
effective weed control than the liquid formulations, especially 7 days for 1 pt (0.5 lb ai)/A 2,4-D ester
under heavy crop residue situations. Research at NDSU with fall 15 days for 1 pt (0.5 lb ai)/A of 2,4-D amine
application of Far-Go indicates that, at similar rates, granular 30 days for 2 pt (1 lb ai)/A of 2,4-D amine or ester
formulations performed more effectively than the liquid 15 days for 1.33 pt (1 lb ai)/A of E-99 2,4-D ester
formulation but fall surface-applied Far-Go gave less consistent 15 days for 1.33 pt (1 lb ai)/A of Weedone 650 2,4-D ester
weed control than when fall incorporated.
2,4-D applied with glyphosate improves broadleaf weed control,
B2. FALL APPLICATION - WEED CONTROL reduces resistant weeds, and may antagonize grass control
Fall is an effective time to control winter annual weeds, simple depending rates, formulation, and timing of application.
perennials such as curly dock and dandelion, biennials such as
biennial wormwood, and in some cases cool-season perennial Plant soybean seed at least 1.5 inches deep. Planter press
weed species. This is especially true for no-tillage fields, but also wheels should completely cover seed and separate seed from
for those fields receiving tillage other than moldboard plowing. herbicide layer. Risk of soybean injury from preplant 2,4-D will
For fields in which tillage is planned, apply POST herbicides at depend on weather, rainfall, amount of weed vegetation, and
least 5 days prior to tillage. Herbicides may be applied within a previous crop residue. 2,4-D should not be applied if risk of injury
few days of crop harvest or until the soil is frozen. The most and possible stand and yield loss cannot be accepted. Use only
consistent and effective control of dandelions is obtained with fall 2,4-D products registered for preplant application prior to planting
herbicide applications. Seed production of winter annual species soybean. Always read and follow 2,4-D label directions.
can be prevented with fall herbicide applications or effective fall
tillage. Apply herbicides in the fall under less than ideal B4. Aim (carfentrazone) is a non-residual, contact herbicide, that
conditions will give greater weed control, including dandelion requires thorough coverage and controls some small broadleaf
rather than postpone until spring. weeds. Oil adjuvant increases weed control. Aim applied with
glyphosate improves control of many small broadleaf weeds but
The most effective fall and spring herbicide treatment with the the rapid contact action may antagonize control from glyphosate
most cropping flexibility is glyphosate at 0.75 pound ae/A + 2,4-D on larger and less susceptible weeds. Aim requires an adjuvant
ester* at 0.5 lb ai/A + Express at 0.33 oz DF/A or 0.5 oz SG/A. when applied alone. Refer to Aim label for adjuvant use when
The addition of 2,4-D* is most important for dandelion control but mixing with glyphosate.
will antagonize Canada thistle and perennial grass weed control
from glyphosate. B5. Autumn Super (iodosulfuron & thiencarbazone) contains
two long-residual herbicides. Apply post-harvest in the fall for
Another herbicide option is the addition of Valor (flumioxazin) at control of many grass and broadleaf weeds, including dandelion.
2 to 4 oz/A to the glyphosate plus 2,4-D* mixture. Valor is a Plant only corn the following spring after application. Most crops
residual PRE herbicide that controls many broadleaf weeds. can be planted the year following the corn crop - refer to label.
Valor applied with glyphosate improves control of many small
broadleaf weeds but the rapid contact action may antagonize B6. Dicamba is an effective and residual herbicide. Dicamba
control from glyphosate on larger and less susceptible weeds. applied alone controls many broadleaf weeds but usually is
applied with other herbicides such as 2,4-D, MCPA, glyphosate,
Fall applications that include Valor will be most beneficial west of and SU herbicides to reduce the rate of dicamba and increase
the Red River Valley where spring rains may not be sufficient to control of wild mustard and annual and perennial broadleaf
activate Valor. Fall and winter moisture will activate Valor even in weeds.
the drier areas of the state. Preliminary studies with fall-applied
Valor have shown potential to control or suppress weeds such as Dicamba applied with glyphosate improves control of many
kochia, seedling dandelion, canola, and chamomile. annual and perennial broadleaf weeds. See label for crop
Valor should only be applied in no-tillage fields and any rotation restrictions. Exclude months that soil is frozen.
substantial soil movement next spring during planting will reduce
the effectiveness of Valor on spring emerging weed species. *Or generic equivalent.
7
B7. DNA herbicides (Prowl*, Sonalan*, Treflan*) must be FALL-APPLIED / EARLY PREPLANT HERBICIDES - B7-12
thoroughly and uniformly mixed in the top 2 to 3 inches of soil.
The number of incorporation passes differ depending on B10. Facet L (quinclorac) plus MSO adjuvant controls green and
formulation. For Treflan*, incorporation must be performed within yellow foxtail, barnyardgrass, cleavers/bedstraw, volunteer flax,
24 hours after application. Sonalan must be incorporated within and may suppress small kochia and Russian thistle. Facet is the
48 hours after application. Prowl incorporation may be delayed 7 most effective herbicide for field bindweed control in fallow,
days. The second incorporation of liquid DNA herbicides can be postharvest, and preplant in spring prior to seeding wheat
done anytime after the first, but the second incorporation of including durum. Wheat and sorghum have a 0 hour plant back
trifluralin 10G granules must be done no sooner than 5 days after restriction. Apply in fall prior to a killing frost to bindweed at least
the first. The second incorporation of Sonalan 10G must be done 4 inches long. For best long-term bindweed control, make yearly
no sooner than 3 to 5 days after the first. Delay between first and fall applications of Facet at 22 to 32 fl oz/A. Use the higher rates
second incorporation of 10G formulations allows the active for dense populations or large plants. Apply with MSO adjuvant
ingredient to release from granules. The first incorporation is to at 1 to 1.5 pt/A plus UAN at 1 gal/A to bindweed at least 4 inches
cover the granule and the second is to thoroughly mix the soluble long.
active ingredient in the soil. The second incorporation can also
be done in the spring. B11. Paraquat*is a non-selective, non-residual, contact
herbicide that can be used as a crop desiccant or as a substitute
Treflan* may be fall applied for foxtail control on ground to be for tillage applied alone or with residual herbicides. Apply in 5 to
planted to wheat or barley the following spring. Some crop stand 10 gpa by air or 10 to 20 gpa of water by ground before crop
reduction may occur from fall applied Treflan* but generally no emergence. NIS will enhance paraquat more than other adjuvant
yield loss occurs. Granular formulations may be applied to types. Oil adjuvants are least effective. Other contact type
standing stubble; liquid or granular formulations may be used herbicides can enhance paraquat activity. Paraquat may not
when residue will not interfere with incorporation. Seed wheat or control tall lambsquarters. Paraquat + metribuzin or Sharpen is
barley no more than 2 inches deep into a moist seedbed. Refer effective for both burndown and residual weed control. 2,4-D or
to the chemical fallow section for information on Treflan* applied dicamba applied with paraquat will improve control of larger
in the fallow year for foxtail control in small grains the next year. annual broadleaf weeds. However, the rapid contact action of
paraquat may antagonize systemic herbicides if mixed together.
B8. Glyphosate is a non-selective, non-residual, systemic The antagonism will be most pronounced on larger, less
(translocated) herbicide that can be in the fall, preplant, and susceptible broadleaf weeds. Paraquat does not require
preemergence. Glyphosate can be applied with most herbicides acidification or adjustment of spray solution pH. AMS may
labeled for fall or preplant use. However, glyphosate used improve paraquat activity when sprayed with high levels of hard
multiple times per year (e.g., prior to planting, preemergence, in water (>1,000 ppm hardness). Paraquat* is corrosive to
resistant crops, PRE-harvest, POST-harvest, in fallow fields) aluminum spray equipment and aircraft structures requiring
greatly increases the risk of weed resistance. Refer to pages immediate rinsing after use. Paraquat* is toxic and can be fatal if
28-30, 35-39, and 106 for strategies to delay resistance. Refer to swallowed or from excessive exposure. Avoid contact with skin.
pages 90-94 for information to improve herbicide activity of Paraquat* is a Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP).
glyphosate and many other herbicides.
B12. Sharpen (saflufenacil) provides contact burndown and rate
B9. Liberty (glufosinate) is a non-selective, non-residual, contact dependant residual PRE broadleaf weed control in fallow and
(limited translocation) herbicide that can be applied preplant or prior to planting chickpea, corn, field pea, lentil, small grain, and
prior to emergence of canola, corn, soybean, and sugarbeet. soybean. Sharpen at 1 fl oz/A does not provide adequate
Apply in 15 to 30 gpa of spray volume by ground applicator and a residual weed control. Refer to label for rates labeled on each
minimum of 10 gpa of spray volume by aerial applicator. Choose crop. Apply Sharpen with MSO adjuvant at 1% v/v but no less
nozzles and spray pressure to deliver a medium spray droplet. than 1.25 pt/A + AMS at 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal of water or UAN at
Large spray droplets will reduce weed control. Liberty works best 1.25 to 2.5% v/v if weeds have emerged prior to application.
during warm/hot, humid, and sunny conditions. Rate, weed Apply to small weeds. Sharpen applied at water volume of 5 gpa
height, humidity, sunlight/time of day application, and provides less weed control compared to 10 gpa. Do not apply
temperature affects Liberty activity. High RH significantly after crop has emerged or injury or death may result. Residual
increases weed control. Full sunlight greatly enhances Liberty. activity requires rainfall for activation. Sharpen is a PPO-inhibitor
Apply Liberty after dawn and 2 hours before dusk. Liberty should mode of action herbicide and may control weeds resistant to
control most broadleaf weeds but may not control large tillering other herbicides. Sunflower is the most sensitive crop, more than
grasses, lambsquarters or volunteer soybean. Liberty will sugarbeet. Sharpen is registered for pre-harvest desiccation of
desiccate top-growth of biennial and perennial weeds but weeds several crops. Listings on the Crop Rotation Chart do NOT
will regrow due to limited translocation. Allow a 4 hour rainfree include time that soil is frozen. Refer to label for tank-mix
period after application. Apply Liberty at 32 to 43 fl oz/A with options.
AMS at 3.0 lb/A. AMS is more critical for Liberty activity than
glyphosate activity. If Liberty is applied at 32 to 43 fl oz/A *Or generic equivalent.
preplant or prior to emergence of canola, corn, soybean, and
sugarbeet, no additional Liberty may be applied during the
growing season. If Liberty is applied at 32-43 fl oz/A PRE in LL
canola, soybean, and corn, additional Liberty at 29-43 fl oz/A can
be applied in LL corn and soybean and at 29 fl oz/A in LL canola.
Residual and non-residual herbicides may be mixed with Liberty
to provide additional control. The addition of dicamba and/or oil
adjuvants required by tankmix herbicides may antagonize the
activity of Liberty. The addition of a POST grass herbicide
(clethodim) will improve control of grasses, especially perennial
grasses.

8
CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL FOR FIELD CROPS

Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat, Winter Wheat and Barley
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

Refer to page 6 for additional Fall, Early Preplant, and PRE Herbicides.

Soil-Applied Herbicides
Far-Go HRSW & DURUM. Wild oat. Spring: HRSW, Application before seeding: PPI with field cultivator set
(triallate8) 1 qt / 10 lb 10G Durum and Barley. at 4 inches deep.
(1 lb) Apply before or Two pass incorporation is recommended.
BARLEY: after seeding. Application after seeding: Apply before kernel sprouts
1.25 qt/12.5 lb 10G PPI 3 or more days exceed 0.5 inch in length and incorporate with harrows
(1.25 lb) before seeding. set more shallow than seed. C1 C8
Treflan / 1 pt 4EC Foxtail. Spring: FOR BARLEY ONLY.
generic trifluralin3 5 lb 10G PPI. Incorporate twice 2 to 3 inches deep.
(0.5 lb) C1 C13
Not for
4 lb 10G FOR DURUM WHEAT ONLY.
Winter Wheat (0.4 lb) For foxtail suppression only.
C1 C13
3.5 to 4 lb 10G FOR HRSW ONLY. For suppression of foxtail only.
(0.35 to 0.4 lb) Use west of Hwy 3 only.
C1 C13
1 pt 4E Spring: Plant 2 to 2.5 inches deep. Incorporate shallow twice
(0.5 lb) After seeding. with flex-tine or diamond harrow 1 to 1.5 inches deep.
C1 C13
1 pt 4E Fall: Incorporate once in fall within 24 hours after
5 lb 10G After September 1 application. Keep spring incorporation depth more
(0.5 lb) until freeze-up. shallow than fall. Stand reduction may occur.
C1 C13
3.5 to 5 lb 10G FOR HRSW AND DURUM ONLY. For foxtail
(0.35 to 0.5 lb) suppression only. C13
Anthem Flex 2 to 4.5 fl oz SC Pre: Foxtail and PRE to 4th tiller. PRE requires precipitation for activation. Sequential
(pyroxasulfone & (1 to 2.25 oz) pigweed. rain events will improve weed control. Adjust rate for
carfentrazone14,15) POST: Broadleaf soil type. Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal or PO at 1-2 pt/A +
Not for barley or weeds less than 2 UAN or AMS.
durum inches. C1
Olympus HRWW. Japanese and PRE. Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal for control of emerged species.
(propoxy- 0.6 oz WDG downy brome, Maximum propoxycarbazone rate per year allowed
carbazone2) (0.42 oz) mustard and from Olympus or with combined products is 0.84 oz
Not for barley or HRSW. pigweed species. ai/A in winter wheat or 0.28 oz ai/A in spring wheat.
durum 0.2 oz WDG C1 C12
V. Long Residual (0.14 oz)
Pre-Pare HRSW. G. foxtail, mustard Preplant within 10 Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal for control of emerged species.
(flucarbazone2) 0.2 to 0.3 oz WDG and pigweeds. Soil days of planting or Maximum flucarbazone rate per year allowed from Pre-
Not for barley or (0.14 to 0.21 oz) residue may PRE. Pare with combined products is 0.43 oz WDG.
durum control y. foxtail, C7
Short to Long wild oat, Japanese
Residual and downy brome.
Quelex 0.55 to 0.75 oz Pre: Small Preplant until PRE requires precipitation for activation. Add NIS at 1
(halauxifen4 & WDG emerged broadleaf cracking. to 2 qt/100 gal.
florasulam2) Short (0.055 to 0.075 & weeds. C1
to Long Residual 0.055 to 0.075 oz)

9
Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat, Winter Wheat and Barley
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

POST-Applied Herbicides
Prowl H20 1.5 to 3 pt ACS Foxtail and some Wheat: Soil residue provides PRE control of weeds. Does not
(pendimethalin3) (0.7 to 1.4 lb) small-seeded 1- to 3-leaf. control emerged weeds. Adjust rate for soil type.
broadleaf weeds. Allow a 60 day PHI. Refer to label for tank-mixtures.
Not for Barley C1 C13
Zidua SC 1.25 to 4 fl oz SC Some small- Wheat: Soil residue provides PRE control of weeds. Requires 1
(pyroxasulfone15) (0.65 to 2 oz) seeded weeds. Preplant through inch of rainfall for activation. Sequential rain events will
4th tiller. improve weed control. Refer to label for use directions
Not for Barley or and restrictions.
Durum wheat C1
MCPA4 amine 0.5 to 1.33 pt 4SL Broadleaf weeds. Crop: 3-leaf until Follow label directions as MCPA labels vary on
MCPA4 ester 0.5 to 1.33 pt 4EC prior to boot application timing.
(0.25 to 0.66 lb) depending on Use high rate for large or perennial weeds.
label. C1-2
Winter wheat:
2,4-D4 amine 0.5 to 1 pt 4SL Follow label directions as 2,4-D labels vary on
2,4-D4 ester 0.5 to 1 pt 4EC In spring - well application timing.
(0.25 to 0.5 lb) tillered until prior to Do not apply from early boot to dough stage.
boot. C1-2
Do not apply to
winter wheat in fall.
Dicamba4 2 to 4 fl oz 4SL Broadleaf weeds HRSW/Durum: Dicamba must be applied before 6-leaf stage.
1.6 to 3.2 fl oz 5 SL including wild Up to 5-leaf. Use low dicamba rate and high MCPA rate on
(1 to 2 oz) buckwheat, 4-leaf HRSW or durum.
Barley: 2 to 3 fl oz sunflower, Russian Barley: Barley is relatively susceptible to injury from dicamba.
(1 to 1.5 oz) thistle and kochia. Up to 4-leaf. Do not apply dicamba with 2,4-D to barley.
C1-2 C4
HRWW: Pre-joint.
Starane Ultra / 0.67 pt 1.5EC Kochia, volunteer Crop: 2-leaf Refer to label for weeds controlled, registered tank-mix
generic fluroxypyr4 0.35 pt 2.8EC flax, and few other through flag leaf options, and rates. Commercial mixture with MCPA
5 oz 40WDG broadleaf weeds. emergence. ester available as Hat Trick.
(2 oz) Weeds: Small. C5
Curtail M / generic 1.75 to 2.33 pt EC Broadleaf weeds Crop: Apply to Canada thistle at rosette to early bolting stage.
clopyralid4 & (0.09 to 0.12 lb & and Canada 3-leaf until prior to Do not harvest hay from treated fields.
MCPA4 0.5 to 0.68 lb) thistle. boot. C5
Curtail / generic 2 to 2.67 pt SL Crop:
clopyralid4 & 2,4-D4 (0.09 to 0.13 lb & 4-leaf until prior to
0.5 to 0.67 lb) boot.
WideMatch / 1 to 1.33 pt EC Broadleaf weeds Crop: 3-leaf An economical formulation of clopyralid.
generic clopyralid4 (0.09 to 0.125 lb & including kochia, through flag leaf Apply with 2,4-D, MCPA, or thifensulfuron to increase
& fluroxypyr4 0.09 to 0.125 lb) wild buckwheat, emergence. spectrum of broadleaf weed control. Does not
vol. flax, and antagonize POST grass herbicides labeled in small
Canada thistle. Weeds: Up to 4 grains. WideMatch commercial mixture with MCPA
inches tall or ester available as Hat Trick or Weld.
vining. Refer to label for application information.
PerfectMatch 1 pt SE Crop: 3-leaf until C5
(pyroxsulam2 & (0.014 lb & Also controls prior to jointing.
foxtail, wild oat,
clopyralid4 & 0.094 lb & Weeds: Up to 4
fluroxypyr4) 0.094 lb) barnyardgrass, inches tall.
Not for Barley and partial control
of bromes.

10
 Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat, Winter Wheat and Barley
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Bromoxynil6 1 to 2 pt EC Small broadleaf Crop: Contact, non-residual herbicide requiring thorough
(0.25 to 0.5 lb) weeds including Emergence until coverage. Most active in hot and sunny conditions.
small kochia. prior to boot. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
C1-2
Bromoxynil6 & 1 to 2 pt 4EC Small broadleaf Crop:
MCPA4 0.8 to 1.6 pt 5EC weeds including 3-leaf stage until
(0.25 to 0.5 lb & wild buckwheat, prior to boot.
0.25 to 0.5 lb) sunflower, Russian
Bromoxynil6 & 0.75 to 1.5 pt EC thistle and kochia.
2,4-D4 (0.18 to 0.38 lb &
0.25 to 0.5 lb)
Rates vary by label.
Bromoxynil6 & 14 to 21 fl oz EC Crop: Higher rates or a tank-mix partner may be required for
fluroxypyr4 (4 to 6 oz & 3-leaf to flag leaf high weed populations and weeds greater than 4
1 to 1.5 oz) emergence. inches tall.
C1-2 C5
Aim 0.5 fl oz EC Small broadleaf Crop: Contact, non-residual herbicide requiring thorough
(carfentrazone14) (0.128 oz) weeds including Up to jointing coverage. May cause cosmetic speckling on wheat
pigweed and stage. leaves. Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal. Refer to label for tank-
kochia. Weeds: Small. mix options and application information.
Up to 1 inch tall. C1
Huskie Complete 13.7 fl oz OD Wild oat, foxtails, Wheat: 1-leaf to 60 Do not apply to barley. Will control some ACC-ase
(bromoxynil6 & (0.156 lb phenol or barnyardgrass, day PHI. resistant grass biotypes. Refer to label for crop rotation
pyrasulfotole27 & 0.22 lb ester & Persian darnel, Grass weeds: Up restrictions, tank-mix options, and application
thiencarbazone2 & 0.028 lb & and most annual to 2 tillers. information.
mefenpyr safener) 0.072 oz) broadleaf weeds Broadleaf weeds: C1 C11
Up to 4 inches tall.
Not for Barley
RUP
Huskie 11 to 15 fl oz EC Most annual Crop: Up to flag Most crops can be planted the year following
(bromoxynil6 & (0.16 to 0.2 lb & broadleaf weeds leaf emergence. application. Do not plant lentil for 18 months after
pyrasulfotole27 & 0.027 to 0.036 lb) including resistant Weeds: Up to 4 application. Refer to label for tank-mix options and
mefenpyr safener) weeds. inches tall. application information.
Wolverine 1.7 pt EC Annual grass and Wheat: Huskie = C1 C11
Wolverine Advanced = C1 C11
Advanced (0.085 lb & broadleaf weeds. Emergence to 60
(fenoxaprop1 & 0.223 lb & days PHI.
bromoxynil6 & 0.028 lb) Barley: Emergence
pyrasulfotole27 & to 5-leaf.
mefenpyr safener) Grass weeds:
1-leaf to 2-tiller.
Talinor 13.7 to 18.2 fl oz Most annual Crop: 2-leaf to pre- Must include co-pack of CoAct adjuvant and COC at 1
(bromoxynil6 & EC broadleaf weeds boot. gal/100 gal or NIS at 1 qt/100 gal. Do not add oil or
bicyclopyrone27 & (0.156 to 0.208 lb & including resistant Weeds: Up to 4 surfactant if tank mixed with a herbicide containing a
safener) 0.033 to 0.044 lb) weeds. inches tall. built-in adjuvant. Do not add AMS-containing products
or UAN as severe injury may occur.

11
Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat, Winter Wheat and Barley
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Short Residual ALS Herbicides

Orion 17 fl oz SE Some broadleaf Crop: 3-leaf to Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal. May be tank-mixed with grass
(florasulam2 & (0.07 oz & weeds. jointing. herbicides. Allow a 60 day PHI. Refer to label for
MCPA4 ester) 0.31 lb) Weeds: Small. application information. C1-2
Starane Flex 13.5 fl oz EC Crop: 3-leaf to flag May be tank-mixed with Group 1 POST grass
(florasulam2 & (0.07 oz & leaf emergence. herbicides. Allow a 60 day PHI. Has shorter crop
fluroxypyr4) 1.4 oz) Weeds: Small. rotation restrictions than WideMatch. C1 C5
Quelex 0.75 oz WDG Crop: 2-leaf to flag Add NIS at 1 to 2 qt/100 gal. Has not been proven safe
(florasulam2 & (0.075 oz & leaf emergence. to some rotational crops. Allow a 60 day PHI.
halauxifen4) 0.075 oz) Weeds: Small. C1
thifensulfuron2 0.3 to 0.6 oz DF Mustards, Crop: Do not apply higher tribenuron rates with POST Group
0.45 to 0.9 oz SG redroot pigweed, 2-leaf until prior 1 (ACCase) grass herbicides to avoid grass herbicide
(0.225 to 0.45 oz) lambsquarters, to flag leaf antagonism. Tribenuron may enhance control of some
Sentrallas 7 to 14 fl oz OD wild buckwheat, emergence. Group 2 (ALS) herbicides (e.g. flucarbazone) for yellow
(thifensulfuron2 & (0.22 to 0.44 & smartweed, and foxtail.
fluroxypyr4) 1.12 to 2.24) sunflower. Allow a 45 day Addition of MCPA ester or 2,4-D ester improves
PHI. broadleaf weed control and crop safety.
Express / 0.17 to 0.33 oz DF Mustards, Add NIS at 1 pt/100 gal except when adding 2,4-D or
generic tribenuron2 0.25 to 0.5 oz SG marshelder, MCPA at 0.75 pt/A.
(0.125 to 0.25 oz) prickly lettuce, Sentrallis may control kochia.
Russian thistle, No crop rotation restrictions the following year.
Canada thistle. Refer to label for list of registered tank-mixes.
thifen2 & Provides a broader C1
tribenuron2 0.4 to 0.67 oz DF spectrum of control
4:1 ratio 75DF 0.6 to 1 oz SG than either a.i.
Affinity T/M 50SG 0.3 to 0.5 oz DF alone. Choose
3:1 Audit 75DF 0.3 to 0.66 oz DF ratio based on
2:1 ratio 75DF 0.25 to 0.5 oz DF prevalent weeds.
1:1 ratio 75DF 0.4 to 0.8 oz SG
Affinity B/S 50SG
Supremacy 4 to 6 oz WDG Broadleaf weeds Add NIS at 1-2 qt/100 gal except when adding an EC
(fluroxypyr4 & (1 to 1.5 oz ae & including pigweed, or ester formulated herbicide.
thifensulfuron2 & 0.18 to 0.27 oz & buckwheat, kochia, Use higher rates for larger weeds.
tribenuron2) 0.06 to 0.09 oz) mustard, flax, and C1 C5 C9
Canada thistle.
Long Residual ALS Herbicides
Ally / 0.1 oz XP Broadleaf weeds Crop: Addition of 2,4-D ester or MCPA ester improves
generic (0.06 oz) including perennial 2-leaf until prior to broadleaf weed control and crop safety. Add NIS at 1
metsulfuron2 sowthistle. boot. pt/100 gal except when adding 2,4-D or MCPA at 0.75
Partial control of pt/A. Refer to label for crop rotation restrictions.
wild buckwheat. Do not apply within 22 months of last metsulfuron
treatment. Do not apply to soils above pH 7.9.
Ally Extra / generic 0.3 to 0.6 oz DF Broadleaf weeds Crop:
metsulfuron2 & (0.174 to 0.347 oz) including perennial 2-leaf until prior to C1
thifensulfuron2 & sowthistle. flag leaf
tribenuron2 Improved control of emergence.
Travallas 7 fl oz OD wild buckwheat.
(metsulfuron2 & (0.022 &
thifensulfuron2 & 0.22 &
fluroxypyr4) 1.1 oz)
Very Long Residual ALS Herbicides
Amber / generic 0.28 to 0.56 oz DF Broadleaf weeds. Crop: 2-leaf until Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal.
triasulfuron2 (0.21 to 0.42 oz) prior to boot stage. C1
Glean / generic 0.167 to 0.33 oz DF Broadleaf weeds Crop: Add NIS at 1 pt/100 gal except when adding 2,4-D
chlorsulfuron2 (0.125 to 0.25 oz) and suppression of 2-leaf until prior to ester or MCPA ester at 0.75 pt/A.
Finesse / generic 0.2 to 0.4 oz DF foxtail and Canada flag leaf Refer to label for application timings, tank-mix options,
thistle. emergence. weeds controlled, and soil pH restrictions.
chlorsulfuron2 & (0.15 to 0.3 oz)
metsulfuron2 C1

12
 Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat, Winter Wheat and Barley
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
POST-Applied Grass Herbicides
Axial XL 16.4 fl oz EC Foxtail, wild and Crop: 2-leaf to Axial XL, Axial Star and Axial Bold are formulated with
(pinoxaden1 & (0.86 oz) volunteer oat, boot. Adigor adjuvant.
cloquintocet Persian darnel, May be tank-mixed with most broadleaf herbicides.
safener) and annual Grasses: 1-leaf to Refer to label for tank-mix information and restrictions.
Not for Durum ryegrass + 6-leaf + 3 tillers. C1 C3
Axial Star 16.4 fl oz EC Crop: 2-leaf until
fluroxypyr also
(pinoxaden1 & (0.053 lb & prior to boot.
fluroxypyr4) 0.094 lb) controls kochia Foxtail:
with partial control 1- to 3-leaf.
Not for Durum of annual broadleaf Wild oat:
weeds.
1- to 6-leaf.
Axial Bold 15 fl oz EC Foxtail, wild oat, Wheat: Emerge to
(pinoxaden1 & (0.054 lb & 0.027) barnyardgrass, pre-boot. Barley:
fenoxaprop1) Persian darnel Prior to jointing.
P. Darnel, wild oat:
Not for Durum 1- to 6-leaf.
Foxtails, Bygrass:
1- to 5-leaf.
Discover NG 12.8 to 16 fl oz EC Wild oat, green Wheat: 2-leaf until Discover NG is formulated with oil adjuvant.
(clodinafop1 & (0.05 to 0.06 lb) and yellow foxtail, prior to boot. Add MSO adjuvant at 1 qt/100 gal if >10 gpa.
cloquintocet barnyardgrass, Wild oat: Apply higher rates for Persian darnel and ryegrass.
safener) Persian darnel, 1- to 6-leaf. Refer to label for rates and tank-mix information.
and annual Foxtails: C1 C6
Not For Barley ryegrass. 1- to 5-leaf.
Fenoxaprop1 & 0.33 to 0.66 pt EC Wild oat, green Wheat:Emergence Apply 0.33 pt/A for green foxtail, corn and millet.
mefenpyr safener (0.04 to 0.08 lb) and yellow foxtail, to 60 days PHI. Apply 0.4 pt/A for yellow foxtail and proso millet.
millets, corn, and Barley: 1-leaf to Apply 0.66 pt/A for barnyardgrass and wild oat.
barnyardgrass. 4-leaf. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Grass weeds: C1 C9
1-leaf to 2-tiller.
Wolverine 1.7 pt EC Annual grass and Wheat:Emergence Most crops can be planted the year following
Advanced (0.085 lb & broadleaf weeds. to 60 days PHI. application. Do not plant lentil for 18 months after
(fenoxaprop1 & 0.223 lb & Barley:Emergence application.
bromoxynil6 & 0.028 lb) to 5-leaf. C1 C9 C11
pyrasulfotole27 & Grass weeds:
mefenpyr safener) 1-leaf to 2-tiller.
Everest 3.0 1 to 2 fl oz OD Wild oat, green Wheat: Add basic pH blend adjuvant at 2-4 qt/100 gal or NIS at
Sierra 0.5 to 1 fl oz SC foxtail, mustards, Everest: 1-leaf to 1 qt/100 gal + AMS. Apply Everest at 2 fl oz/A or Sierra
(flucarbazone2 & (0.219 to 0.438 oz) and pigweed. 60 days PHI. at 0.75 to 1 fl oz/A for wild oat and other grasses.
safener) Partial control of Sierra: 1-leaf to Everest at 1 to 1.3 fl oz/A can be applied after Pre-
Not for Barley yellow foxtail, prior to jointing. Pare. Apply Sierra at 0.5 fl oz/A for green foxtail or
barnyardgrass, sequentially after Pre-Pare. Do not apply more than a
Short to Long downy brome, Grass weeds: total of 0.438 oz ai/A flucarbazone to the crop.
Residual Japanese brome Up to 4 leaves. Tankmixes with tribenuron improve grass control.
and Persian darnel C1 C7
Varro 6.85 fl oz EC OD Wild oat, foxtails, Wheat: 1-leaf to May control some ACC-ase resistant grass biotypes.
(thiencarbazone2 & (0.072 oz) barnyardgrass, prior to jointing.Varro may be tank-mixed with many broadleaf
mefenpyr safener) Persian darnel, Grass weeds: Up herbicides. Adjuvants are not required with Varro.
and some annual to 2 tillers. AMS is not recommended for durum.
Not for Barley broadleaf weeds. Broadleaf weeds: Refer to label for crop rotation restrictions, tank-mix
Short Residual Up to 3 inches tall.
options, and application information.
Huskie Complete 13.7 fl oz EC OD Wild oat, foxtails, Wheat: 1-leaf to 60 C1 C11
(bromoxynil6 & (0.156 lb phenol or barnyardgrass, day PHI.
pyrasulfotole27 & 0.22 lb ester & Persian darnel, Grass weeds: Up
thiencarbazone2 & 0.028 lb & and most annual to 2 tillers.
mefenpyr safener) 0.072 oz) broadleaf weeds Broadleaf weeds:
Not for Barley including resistant Up to 3 inches tall.
Short Residual weeds.
RUP

13
Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat, Winter Wheat and Barley
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Olympus Winter wheat: Quackgrass, Wheat: Application at high rates may injure spring wheat.
(propoxy- 0.6 to 0.9 oz WDG downy brome, 2-leaf to jointing. Do not apply after wheat jointing begins.
carbazone2) (0.42 to 0.63 oz) Japanese brome, Grasses: Add NIS at 1 to 2 qt/100 gal.
foxtail barley and 2-leaf to 2-tiller. May be applied with liquid fertilizer in winter wheat.
Not For Barley Spring/durum wheat mustard species. Broadleaf weeds: Use high rate for wild oat and brome species.
Very Long 0.2 oz WDG Less than 2 inches Allow a 71 day PHI. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Residual (0.14 oz) tall or in diameter. C1 C12
Osprey 3.2 to 4.75 oz WDG Wild oat, Persian Wheat: Up to Do not use in spring wheat.
(mesosulfuron2 & (0.14 to 0.21 oz) darnel, and jointing. Add MSO adjuvant at 1.5 pt/A.
mefenpyr safener) mustard species. Weeds: Less than May control some ACC-ase resistant wild oat biotypes.
Winter wheat only 2 inches or Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Short Residual 1-tiller. C1 C12
Rimfire Max 3 oz WG Wild oat, Wheat. Spring: Add MSO adjuvant at 1.25 pt/A, or NIS at 2 qt/100 gal
(mesosulfuron2 & (0.057 oz & barnyardgrass, 1-leaf to flag leaf + 28% UAN at 1 to 2 qt/A, or basic pH blend adjuvant
propoxycarbazone2 0.143 oz) seedling foxtail emergence. at 1 gal/100 gal (0.8 to 1.6 pt/A). Do not use petroleum
& mefenpyr barley, bromus Grasses: oil or adjuvants containing organosilicone because wild
safener) grass species, 1-leaf to 2-tiller. oat control will be reduced.
Not For Barley Persian darnel and Broadleaf weeds: Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Short to Long mustard species. Less than 2 inches C1 C12
Residual tall.
PowerFlex HL 2 oz WDG Wild oat, foxtail, Wheat: 3-leaf to May control some ACC-ase resistant wild oat biotypes.
(pyroxsulam2 + (0.26 oz) bromes, prior to jointing. Allow a 60 day PHI.
cloquintocet barnyardgrass, For PowerFlex: Add NIS at 1-2 qt/100 gal + AMS at 1.5
safener) and Persian Grass weeds: lb/A or petroleum oil adjuvant at 0.8 gal/100 gal.
Only for Winter darnel. 2- to 4-leaf. May be applied in a 50% N spray solution.
Wheat Refer to label for application information.
Short Residual C5
Teammate 1 oz WDG
(pyroxsulam2 & (0.21 oz)
safener)
Not for Barley
Short Residual
Registration
Pending
GoldSky 1 pt OD Wild oat, bromes, Wheat: 3-leaf to Add NIS at 1-2 qt/100 gal + AMS at 1.5 lb/A. Do not
(pyroxsulam2 + (0.21 oz & barnyardgrass, prior to jointing. add NIS with tank-mix of EC herbicides.
florasulam2 + 0.04 oz & foxtail, P. darnel, Grass weeds:
fluroxypyr4 + 1.42 oz) and many annual 2- to 4-leaf. Refer to label for tank-mix information and restrictions.
cloquintocet broadleaf weeds. C1 C5 C10
safener) Broadleaf weeds:
Not for Barley Less than 3 inches
Short Residual tall.
Greater kochia
OpenSky Spring wheat: Wheat: 3-leaf to
(pyroxsulam2 + 1 pt SE control. prior to flag leaf
fluroxypyr4 + (0.21 oz & emergence.
cloquintocet 1.9 oz) Grass weeds:
safener) Winter wheat: 2- to 4-leaf.
Not for Barley 1.25 pt SE
Short Residual (0.27 oz & Broadleaf weeds:
2.38 oz) Less than 4 inches
tall.
PerfectMatch 1 pt OD Also controls Crop: 3-leaf until Apply with 2,4-D or MCPA to increase spectrum of
(pyroxsulam2 & (0.014 lb & Canada thistle. prior to jointing. broadleaf weed control. Refer to label for application
clopyralid4 & 0.094 lb & Weeds: Up to 4 information.
fluroxypyr4) 0.094 lb) inches tall. C5
Not for Barley
Long Residual

14
 HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WHEAT

Clearfield Wheat
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Beyond 4 fl oz SL Annual grass and Wheat: 4-leaf to Apply only to Clearfield wheat varieties.
(imazamox2) (0.5 oz) broadleaf weeds prior to jointing. Beyond at 4 to 6 fl oz/A may be used on winter wheat
including wild oat, and Clearfield Plus spring wheat.
Long Residual green and yellow Weeds: 1 to 3 Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal + UAN at 1 to 2 qt/A or AMS at
foxtail, Japanese inches tall. 8.5 lbs/100 gal. PO and MSO at 1 to 2 pts/A may be
and downy brome, used only on Clearfield Plus spring wheat. Will not
and Persian control ALS-resistant kochia and wild oat. Refer to label
darnel. for tank-mix options and application information. Will
suppress feral rye. C1-2

Grass weed control from POST applied herbicides.

Brome, Japanese*

Ryegrass, Annual
Barley, Volunteer

Corn, Volunteer

Brome, Downy*
Barnyardgrass

Persian darnel
Foxtail, Yellow
Foxtail, Green

Foxtail barley
Quackgrass
Wild oat

POST
GRASS
HERBICIDES
Axial XL1/Star1,4/Bold1 E G-E G-E N G-E N N N E E N N
Beyond2/ClearMax2,4 E E G-E E E G-E G-E E E G-E F -
Discover NG1 E E G-E P-G E E N N G-E G-E - N
Everest 3.0 / Sierra2 G-E E P-G P-F P F-G P G-E F-G P-F P-F F
Fenoxaprop1 E E E N E E N N N - N N
GoldSky2,2,4 G-E F-G G-E N G-E G F-G G-E G G-E F F
Huskie Complete2,6,27 G F-G F-G - G-E - P-F F-G F-G - - F
Outrider2** E P-F P-F P-F P - F-G G - P-F G -
Olympus2 G-E P-F P-F P-F G - F-G E N - F-G G
OpenSky2,4 G-E F-G G-E N G-E G F-G G-E G G-E F F
Perfectmatch2,4,4 G-E F-G G-E N G-E G F-G G-E G G-E F F
PowerFlex2 G-E F-G G-E N G-E G F-G G-E G G-E F F
Rimfire Max2,2 G-E P-F P-F P-F G F-G P-F G G - F F-G
Teammate2 G-E F-G G-E N G-E G F-G G-E G G-E F F
Varro2 G G G - G-E N P-F F-G F-G - - F-G
Wolverine Advanced1,6,27 E G-E G-E N E E N N N N N N
*Early fall applications provide better control that late fall or spring. Earlier spring application are more effective than late spring
or mid-season application.

**Suggested for use only in continuous wheat because of crop rotation restrictions.

Weed control ratings are based on the following scale:

E = Excellent = 90 to 99% control
G = Good = 80 to 90% control
F = Fair = 65 to 80% control
P = Poor = 40 to 65% control
N = None = No control
- = insufficient information

15
 Postemergence herbicide Stem Extension Heading
application timing to Boot

HRS, durum and barley Flag leaf

just
from emergence1 visible

First
node
Tillering visible
3 Leaf 4 Leaf 5 Leaf (Jointing)
(1st tiller
appearing) 5
4 3 4
3 3
1st 1½–2 Leaf
Leaf 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 T1
1 T2
2 1 1
Seedling

7-8 14-16 20-22 26-28 31-33 34-36 44 53 58 Early Planting (days)

6-7 11-13 16-18 21-23 25-27 28-31 38 45 49 Late Planting (days)
72 144-215 358 501 644 715 1075 1359 1500 Growing Degree Daya (units)
The lettering on the drawing represents the following: 1=1st leaf on the main stem of the plant; and so forth to 5=5th leaf on the main stem;
and T=Tiller – not counted as a leaf when determining leaf stages.
a
Growing Degree Day Units = (Maximum Day Temperature + Minimum Day Temperature) – 32
                         2
Herbicide
Dicamba*

Aim, Maverick, Osprey, Varro

Bromoxynil*, Fenoxaprop* (wheat),

Huskie Complete, Wolverine Advanced

Prowl H2O*

Fenoxaprop* (barley)
Everest / Sierra
Huskie
Olympus
Express*, Harmony*, Metsulfuron premixes*,
Sentrallas, Starane Flex/NXT, Quelex,
Supremacy, Talinor

Axial Star/XL, Discover, Metsulfuron, Starane Ultra

GoldSky, Orion, PowerFlex, Teammate

OpenSky

2,4-D* (labels vary), Bromoxynil + MCPA*,

Curtail M*, MCPA*, WideMatch*

Beyond

Curtail*

1
Herbicide may have different application
timings for individual crops. Use specific
label information for individual crops. Remember to always follow
* or generic equivalent the label — it’s the law! 11/2017
16
 OAT
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.
Callisto 3 to 6 fl oz Many broadleaf PRE. Callisto PRE requires rain for activation.
(mesotrione27) (1.5 to 3 oz) weeds including For POST application add petroleum oil at 1 qt/A or
those resistant to NIS at 1 qt/100 gal + UAN at 2.5 gal/100 gal or AMS at
3 fl oz POST.
(1.5 oz) other herbicides. Weeds: Up to 5 8.5 lb/100 gal water. Addition of bromoxynil will
Suppresses 2-leaf inches tall. increase risk of oat injury. Allow a 50 day PHI.
foxtail or smaller. A3 A7
Aim 0.5 fl oz EC Small broadleaf Crop: Up to jointing Contact, non-residual herbicide requiring thorough
(carfentrazone2) (0.128 oz) weeds. stage. coverage. May cause cosmetic speckling on oat.
Weeds: Small. Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal.
A3 B4
MCPA4 amine 0.5 to 1 pt 4SL Broadleaf weeds. Oat: Possible oat injury at any stage.
MCPA4 ester 0.5 to 1 pt 4EC 3-leaf until prior to A3 A6 B4
(0.25 to 0.5 lb) boot stage.
Bromoxynil6 1 to 1.5 pt EC Small broadleaf Bromoxynil is a non-residual, contact herbicide
(0.25 to 0.38 lb) weeds including requiring thorough coverage. Most active in hot and
wild buckwheat, sunny conditions. Controls ALS-resistant kochia.
Bromoxynil6 & 1 to 2 pt 4EC Oat:
and volunteer Refer to label for tank-mix options.
MCPA4 0.8 to 1.6 pt 5EC 3-leaf until prior to
sunflower. A3 C1-2
(0.25 to 0.5 lb & boot stage.
0.25 to 0.5 lb)
Dicamba4 + 2 to 4 fl oz 4SL + Broadleaf weeds. Oat: Use the low dicamba rate and high MCPA rate on 5-
MCPA4 0.5 to 0.75 pt 4L 3- through 5-leaf leaf oat. Early application increases crop safety. A3
(0.06 to 0.12 lb + stage. A5-7 B6 C2 C4
0.25 to 0.38 lb)
Curtail M / 1.75 to 2.33 pt Broadleaf weeds Oat: 3-leaf to Apply to Canada thistle at the rosette to early bolting
generic clopyralid4 (0.09 to 0.12 lb & and Canada jointing. stage. A3 C5
& MCPA4 0.5 to 0.68 lb) thistle.
Fluroxypyr4 0.67 pt 1.5EC Kochia including Oat: Non-residual herbicide. Allow a 40 day PHI.
0.35 pt 2.8EC ALS-resistant and 2-leaf through flag Refer to label for tank-mix options. Commercial
5 oz 40WDG volunteer flax. leaf emergence. mixtures with bromoxynil available as Starane NXT and
(2 oz) Weeds: Small. with MCPA as Colt + Sword.
A3 C5
Widematch / 1.33 pt Broadleaf weeds Oat: 3-leaf through An economical formulation of clopyralid.
generic clopyralid4 (0.125 lb & including kochia, flag leaf Addition of 2,4-D, MCPA, or thifensulfuron increases
& fluroxypyr4 0.125 lb) wild buckwheat, emergence. broadleaf weed control. Commercial mixture with
volunteer flax, and Weeds: Up to 4 MCPA ester available as Hat Trick or Weld.
Canada thistle. inches tall or A3 C5 S1
vining.
thifen2 & Provides a broader Oat: Do not use on Ogle, Porter, or Premier oat varieties.
tribenuron2 0.3 to 0.4 oz DF spectrum of control 3- through 5-leaf Addition of MCPA ester at 0.75 pt/A enhances
1:0 75DF 0.45 to 0.6 oz SG than either a.i. stage but before broadleaf weed control and oat safety.
1:0 50SG 0.4 to 0.67 oz DF alone. Choose jointing. Add NIS at 1 pt/100 gal except when adding MCPA at
4:1 ratio 75DF 0.6 to 1 oz SG ratio based on 0.75 pt/A.
Affinity T/M 50SG 0.3 to 0.5 oz DF prevalent weeds. Refer to label for list of tank-mix options.
3:1 Audit 75DF 0.3 to 0.66 oz DF A3 A5-7
2:1 ratio 75DF 0.25 to 0.5 oz DF
1:1 ratio 75DF 0.4 to 0.8 oz SG
7 to 9 fl oz Sentrallas = thifensulfuron & fluroxypyr
Affinity B/S 50SG
Sentrallas
Orion 17 fl oz Some broadleaf Crop: 3-leaf to Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal. Allow a 60 day PHI.
(florasulam2 & (0.07 oz & weeds. jointing. Refer to label for application information.
MCPA4 ester) 0.31 lb) Weeds: Small. A3
Supremacy 4 to 6 oz Broadleaf weeds Wheat: 2-leaf Add NIS at 1-2 qt/100 gal except when adding an EC
(fluroxypyr4 & (1 to 1.5 oz & including pigweed, through flag leaf or ester formulated herbicide.
thifensulfuron2 & 0.18 to 0.27 oz & buckwheat, kochia, emergence. Use higher rates for larger weeds.
tribenuron2) 0.06 to 0.09 oz) mustard, flax, and A3 C5
Canada thistle.

17
RYE
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Sharpen 1 to 2 fl oz SC Broadleaf weeds PRE or PPI. Add MSO at 1 to 1.5 pt/A plus an ammonium source if
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.71 oz) including winter weeds are present. Use 2 fl oz/A for short residual
annuals. control of weeds.

Starane Flex 13.5 fl oz EC Broadleaf weeds Crop: 3-leaf to flag- Adjuvant is not necessary but might aid control under
(florasulam2 & (0.07 oz & up to 4 inches tall. leaf emergence. adverse conditions. Allow a 60 day PHI.
fluroxypyr4) 1.4 oz)
Orion 17 fl oz EC Crop: 3-leaf to Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal. Allow a 60 day PHI.
(florasulam2 & (0.07 oz & jointing.
MCPA4 ester) 5 oz)
MCPA4 amine 0.5 to 1.3 pt 4SL Broadleaf weeds. Crop: 3-leaf until Follow label for specific application timing. Some labels
MCPA4 ester 0.5 to 1.3 pt 4EC Use high end of prior to boot stage, allow higher rates.
(4 to 10.4 oz) rate range for labels vary.
Rates vary by label. larger or perennial
2,4-D amine4 0.5 to 1 pt 4SL weeds. Do not apply 2,4-D
2,4-D ester4 0.5 to 1 pt 4EC to winter rye in fall.
(4 to 8 oz)
Rates vary by label.
Bromoxynil6 & 1 to 2 pt 4EC Small broadleaf Crop: 3-leaf until Follow label for specific application timing. Some labels
MCPA4 0.8 to 1.6 pt 5EC weeds including prior to boot stage, allow higher rates.
(4 to 8 oz & wild buckwheat, labels vary.
4 to 8 oz) sunflower, kochia, Ratios of bromoxynil to MCPA/2,4-D vary by label
Rates vary by label. Russian thistle.
Bromoxynil6 & 0.75 to 1.5 pt EC
2,4-D4 (3 to 6 oz &
4 to 8 oz)
Rates vary by label.
Bromoxynil6 1 to 2 pt 2EC Broadleaf weeds Crop: Emergence Bromoxynil is a non-residual, contact herbicide
0.5 to 1 pt 4EC smaller than 2 until prior to boot. requiring thorough coverage. Most active in hot and
(4 to 8 oz) inches tall sunny conditions. Controls ALS-resistant kochia.
Huskie 11 to 15 fl oz EC Most annual Crop: Up to flag Do not plant lentil for 18 months after Huskie
(bromoxynil6 & (2.4 to 3.3 oz & broadleaf weeds leaf emergence. application.
pyrasulfotole27 & 0.43 to 0.58 oz) including resistant Adjuvants such as AMS, UAN, or NIS might improve
mepenpyr safener) weeds up to 3 herbicidal activity under adverse conditions.
inches tall. Allow a 60 day PHI.
Aim 0.5 fl oz EC Broadleaf weeds Crop: Up to jointing Contact, non-residual herbicide requiring thorough
(carfentrazone14) (0.128 oz) smaller than 2 stage. coverage. May cause cosmetic speckling on rye.
inches tall. Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal.

18
 SMALL GRAIN PRE-HARVEST WEED CONTROL
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9 Up to 0.75 lb ae Annual and Wheat and barley: lb ae/gal lb ai/gal 0.38 ae 0.57 ae 0.75 ae
See Remarks. perennial grass Hard-dough stage, 3 4 = 16 fl oz 24 fl oz 32 fl oz
For HRS, Durum and broadleaf 30% or less grain 4/4.17 5.4/5.1 = 12 fl oz 18 fl oz 24 fl oz
and Winter Wheat weeds including moisture. 4.5 5.5 = 11 fl oz 16 fl oz 22 fl oz
and Feed Barley Canada thistle. 5 6.1 = 10 fl oz 15 fl oz 20 fl oz
Only. Allow a 7 day PHI. Do not apply more than 0.75 lb ae/season.
Do not apply on wheat or barley grown for seed
because reduced germination/vigor may occur.
Apply 0.75 lb ae/A for Canada thistle control.
May be applied with 2,4-D or dicamba for improved
broadleaf weed control.
Add AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lb/100 gal. Refer to label for
adjuvant use and application information.
A3-7 B2 B8
2,4-D4 ester 1.5 to 3 pt 4EC/SL Broadleaf weeds. Wheat and oat: Do not feed straw to livestock. Use only 2,4-D brands
(0.75 to 1.5 lb) Dough stage to labeled for preharvest application.
For HRS, Durum, harvest. Drift to broadleaf crops is especially hazardous at this
and Winter Wheat, time.
Barley, and Rye Allow a 14 day B3
PHI.
Dicamba4 + 2,4-D40.5 to 1 pt 4SL + Wheat: Do not feed treated straw to livestock.
1 to 2 pt 4EC/SL Hard-dough stage Drift to broadleaf crops is especially hazardous at this
For HRS, Durum, (0.25 to 0.5 lb + and green color is time.
and Winter Wheat 0.5 to 1 lb) gone from the A3 A7 B6 C4
Only nodes (joints) of
the stem.

Allow a 7 day PHI.

Sharpen 1 to 2 fl oz Annual broadleaf Wheat: Do not apply Sharpen to cereals grown for seed
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.72 oz) weeds. Hard-dough stage because reduced germination/vigor may occur.
and grain with lessApply with MSO adjuvant at 1.5 pt/A + AMS at 8.5 to 17
For HRS, Durum, than 30% lbs/100 gal or 28% N at 1.25 to 2.5 gal/100 gal. Apply
and Winter Wheat moisture. with glyphosate for additional weed control weed and
Barley and desiccation. Sharpen has no grass activity. Refer to
Triticale Only Allow a 3 day PHI. label for crop rotation intervals.
Caution: MRL’s may change and growers/exporters
are responsible for checking a reliable database to
ensure an MRL is in effect prior to export.
B12

Valor SX 2 oz WDG Annual broadleaf Wheat: Apply with MSO adjuvant at 2 pt/A. Spray grade
Valor EZ + 2 fl oz EZ + weeds. Hard dough stage nitrogen source (AMS at 2.5 lb/A or 28% or 32%
MSO adjuvant 2 pt and grain with less nitrogen solution at 2-4 pt/A) may be added to spray
(flumioxazin14) (1.02 oz) than 30% mixture with MSO. Tank mix with glyphosate to
moisture. increase control of emerged weeds and aid in harvest.
For HRS, Durum,
and Winter Wheat Allow 10 day PHI
Only

19
Small Grains – Spring, Durum and Winter Wheat and barley varieties are tolerance to MCPA and 2,4-D. Oat is
more tolerant to MCPA than to 2,4-D but injury to oat is possible with
Wheat, Barley and Oat either chemical at any growth stage. Use 2,4-D on oat only for such
hard-to-kill weeds as Russian thistle, common ragweed, and redroot
IDENTIFYING LEAF STAGES OF SMALL GRAIN: pigweed and only when the crop is in the 3- to 4-leaf stage. While oat
The plant leaf stage is determined by the number of leaves present injury may occur, greater weed control from 2,4-D may compensate
on the main stem (see page 16). Leaves arise on opposite sides of for any yield loss caused by oat injury. Several brands of 2,4-D are
the stem and develop a collar at the junction of the leaf sheath and available, but there are some differences in application information;
leaf blade. The first leaf has a blunt tip. Position the small grain for example, Hi-Dep allows use at spray volumes as low as 1 gpa by
plant with the first leaf pointing to the left. All leaves on the left side ground or 0.5 gpa by air.
of the main stem are designated with an odd number and those on
the right side with an even number. Count the youngest leaf when C3. Axial XL (pinoxaden & safener) is of a different chemical family
it is at least one-half the length of the leaf below it. Follow this than other ACCase inhibitors. It controls annual grass weeds and is
procedure to properly stage small grain plants. not antagonized by broadleaf tank-mix partners. It controls several
Tillers (stooling) appear at the third to fifth leaf stage. Most tillers ACCase-resistant biotypes, but is an ACCase inhibitor. Some
arise between the main axis (stem) and leaf. A coleoptilar tiller may resistant grass biotypes express resistance to Axial after selection
also be present. The coleoptilar tiller originates below the soil (near with other ACCase inhibitors, and a few biotypes have become more
the seed) and is located on the opposite side of the stem from the resistant to Axial following treatment with Axial.
first leaf. Frequently, tiller leaves are confused with leaves of the
main stem when determining correct leaf stage. Axial Star (pinoxaden & fluroxypyr & safener) includes a growth
regulator herbicide for control of kochia and several weeds in the
Remember to count the leaves on the main stem, but do not composite family. Tankmix with another herbicide for broad-spectrum
include tiller leaves in the leaf stage count. Leaf stage weed control.
determination in the field can be complicated by loss of older
leaves; for example, the first and second leaves may have been Axial Bold (pinoxaden & fenoxaprop) is equivalent to the full rate of
removed by abrasion from wind blown soil, drought, frost, disease, Axial XL and a lower rate of Puma (0.21 pt).
or some other form of weathering. The base of the stem should be
carefully examined for evidence of scars from lower leaves that C4. Dicamba applied alone controls many broadleaf weeds but
have been removed. Such leaves must be counted when making usually is applied with other herbicides such as MCPA, 2,4-D, and
correct leaf stage determination. SU herbicides to increase control of wild mustard and other annual
and perennial broadleaf weeds. Oat is more tolerant than wheat to
Plant growth rate varies considerably and the approximate days dicamba.
after emergence for appearance of a given leaf stage is influenced
mostly by temperature. Daytime highs less than 55 F delay C5. Curtail* (clopyralid & 2,4-D) or Curtail M* (clopyralid & MCPA)
development, while warm temperatures advance development. controls Canada thistle and annual broadleaf weeds. Canada thistle
Days to emergence can vary greatly depending on soil temperature is most susceptible at rosette to early bolting stages. Curtail*/M* will
and moisture. not provide long-term control of Canada thistle with one application
but will reduce populations with repeated use. See herbicide residue
HARROWING FOR WEED CONTROL section for recropping restrictions.
Harrowing a few days after a spring sown crop has sprouted but
before emergence is effective in reducing stands of foxtails, wild WideMatch* (clopyralid & fluroxypyr) controls most broadleaf weeds
oat and other weeds. The weeds should be emerging. Since volunteer flax, and suppresses field bindweed. Apply with MCPA,
foxtails are shallow rooted, set the teeth back on the harrow to 2,4-D, or Affinity* to control mustard, pigweed, lambsquarters, and
minimize crop injury. Also, small grains can be harrowed after they Russian thistle control. Canada thistle is most susceptible at rosette
have 2 or 3 leaves but before tillering. Harrowing should be to early bolting stages and repeat applications are required to reduce
performed when the soil surface is dry so damaged weeds will underground roots. All POST grass herbicides labeled in small grains
desiccate rather than be transplanted. Wheat can be harrowed one can be applied with Widematch*. Allow a 40 day PHI. See label for
to three times but barley only once. Oat normally is not harrowed crop rotation restrictions.
because risk of injury is greater than to wheat or barley.
Starane Utra* (fluroxypyr) controls some broadleaf weed including
HERBICIDE USE IN SMALL GRAINS kochia, cleavers, common mallow, volunteer flax, and suppresses
C1. Weed control in small grains is required to achieve a profitable field bindweed. Starane* is very effective on kochia and has benefits
yield. Applicable cultural control techniques plus use of herbicides over dicamba that include excellent crop safety; a wider application
or mixtures may be required to control all weeds. Normal height window that extends to flag leaf emergence; control of larger kochia;
wheat varieties, rye, and winter wheat are more competitive than and option to tank-mix with all registered POST grass herbicides.
semi-dwarf wheat. Herbicides generally are most effective when Starane Ultra* at 0.5 pt/A controls kochia <4 inches tall and at 0.67
the crop is competitive. Small grains underseeded to sweetclover, pt/A up to 8 inches tall while Buctril* controls small kochia less than 2
alfalfa, or other legumes should not be treated with growth inches tall. Apply Starane* with 2,4-D or MCPA for broad-spectrum
regulator or non-registered herbicides because serious injury or broadleaf weed control. Starane* is labeled with most registered
death of the legumes may result. However, Buctril* is registered for POST grass herbicides. Refer to label of tank-mix partner for mixing
use on small grain/legume mixtures even though some legume options. Starane* is available in several commercial premixes.
injury may occur.
C6. Discover NG (clodinafop & safener) controls grass weeds
C2. Do not apply 2,4-D or MCPA to small grains less than 3 leaf including volunteer corn, giant foxtail, Persian darnel, and annual
stage or small grains in the boot stage. Wheat and barley are more ryegrass. Do not apply to winter wheat in the fall. Discover controls
tolerant to 2,4-D than oat when treated from 5-leaf until prior to the grass weeds over wide environmental conditions and when applied
boot stage. with several broadleaf herbicides. See label for tank-mix options.

*Or generic equivalent.

20
C7. Everest 3.0/Sierra (flucarbazone + safener) can be applied SMALL GRAINS - C7-13
POST to wheat (including durum) at 0.75 to 1 fl oz/A. Use 0.75 fl
oz/A for wild oat and green foxtail control, including ACCase Wolverine Advanced (fenoxaprop & bromoxynil & pyrasulfotole &
resistant grasses, and control of mustards and pigweed. Use 1 fl mefenpyr safener) controls most grass and broadleaf weeds in wheat
oz/A for control of high populations of wild oat, yellow foxtail, and barley fields. Wolverine can be mixed with several fungicides
Persian darnel, barnyardgrass, and Japanese brome and 0.5 fl and insecticides and does not require additional adjuvant. Most crops
oz/A can be used sequentially with Pre-Pare for control of green can be planted the year following application. Do not plant lentil for
foxtail. Everest suppresses downy brome. Add a basic blend 18 months after application. Refer to the label for other information
adjuvant or NIS + AMS. Soil residue of flucarbazone may control and restrictions.
flushes of grass and broadleaf weeds. Addition of tribenuron
increases grass control. Most crops can be planted the year Huskie Complete (bromoxynil & pyrasulfotole & thiencarbazone &
following application. Do not exceed 0.027 lb/A total of mefenpyr safener) is a premix similar to Wolverine except the grass
flucarbazone in all products applied. component is an ALS-inhibitor instead of ACCase-inhibitor. Huskie
Complete at 13.7 fl oz/A combines the broadleaf spectrum of Huskie
PrePare (flucarbazone) can be applied in the fall for fall emerging or Wolverine with control of foxtail, wild oat (including ACCase-
brome species. Winter, spring (including durum) wheat can be resistant), and partial control of downy and Japanese brome and
planted the following season. PrePare is more active on higher pH Persian darnel. Most crops can be planted the year following
soils with lower organic matter. Do not use on soils with OM less application, except for an 18 month restriction for lentil.
than 2 and pH above 7.8. High clay soils can reduce activity.
Varro (thiencarbazone & mefenpyr safener) is the grass component
C8. Far-Go (triallate) can volatilize and must be incorporated of Huskie Complete to control barnyardgrass, foxtails, and wild oat
immediately after application. Spring-applied liquid formulations including some ACCase resistant biotypes. It also gives partial
have given more consistent wild oat control with less crop thinning control of downy and Japanese brome and Persian darnel. Broadleaf
than the granular formulation. Far-Go applied before seeding activity is limited. Most crops, including lentil, can be grown the next
should be incorporated 3 to 4 inches deep. Delay wheat seeding season. Refer to label for more information and restrictions.
for 3 days. Far-Go applied before seeding may injure certain wheat
varieties. Far-Go applied after seeding (PoPI) should be C12. Olympus (propoxycarbozone) gives adequate control of winter-
incorporated less deep than the depth of the crop seed. Spring annual brome grasses but herbicide residue may injure the rotation
PPI Far-Go has greater potential for injury to wheat than applied at crop. Maximum propoxycarbazone rate per year allowed from
other times. Refer to label for varieties that may be susceptible to Olympus or with combined products is 0.84 oz ai/A in winter wheat or
PPI Far-Go. 0.28 oz ai/A in spring wheat.

C9. Fenoxaprop* (fenoxaprop + mefenpyr safener) controls many Rimfire Max (mesosulfuron + propoxycarbazone + safener) contains
grass weeds. Do not apply to jointed barley and to avoid potential a safener for high wheat tolerance and controls several difficult-to-
injury terminate application at 4-leaf barley. Low humidity and high control grass and some broadleaf weeds including volunteer canola
temperature reduces grass weed control. Fenoxaprop is included and mustards. Rimfire Max at 3 oz/ac controls Persian darnel. Refer
in Wolverine - see paragraph on Wolverine for broadleaf to label for tank-mix options. Rimfire Max will control many ACC-ase
components. resistant wild oat populations. Most crops can be planted the year
following application. See label for tank-mix options, crop rotation
C10. GoldSky (pyroxsulam & florasulam & fluroxypyr & safener) restrictions, and application information.
PerfectMatch (pyroxsulam & clopyralid & fluroxypyr) controls
grass and broadleaf weeds. The ALS grass component C13. Treflan* (trifluralin) should be incorporated by harrowing twice
(pyroxulam) may control downy brome. Wild oat control is best at right angles and depth of herbicide incorporation must be above
when applied to plants with less than three leaves. ALS inhibitors the wheat seed. Wheat should be seeded 2 to 2.5 inches deep to
are less effective on foxtail than ACCase products but pyroxsulam permit incorporation above the seed. Some wheat varieties,
provides better yellow foxtail control than most ALS inhibitors. especially semi-dwarfs, emerge poorly from deep seeding so seed
Although all three components contribute to broadleaf activity, should be placed no deeper than 2 to 2.5 inches. A heavy rain or
control of mallow, nightshades, prickly lettuce, and smartweed may irrigation immediately after trifluralin application may cause wheat
be improved with another herbicide. PerfectMatch also controls injury on light and medium textured soils. Treflan* applied in this
Canada thistle. manner does not control wild oat. Prowl is not degraded by the UV
spectrum of sunlight and can be applied without incorporation in
PowerFlex or Teammate (pyroxsulam & safener) have grass wheat. Precipitation after application is required for activation.
activity. The broadleaf spectrum is greatly reduced compared with
GoldSky or PerfectMatch so an effective broadleaf herbicide *Or generic equivalent.
should be added.

C11. Huskie (bromoxynil & pyrasulfotole & mefenpyr safener)

controls most annual broadleaf weeds including false chamomile,
cleavers, cockle species, chickweed, and annual and perennial
sowthistle. Huskie does not control grass weeds. No additional
adjuvants are required. Huskie can be applied with POST grass
herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides but combination with
strobilurin fungicides may cause crop injury. Most crops can be
planted the year following application. Refer to label for other
information. Both bromoxynil and pyrasulfotole act at different sites
in the photosynthetic pathway and will control broadleaf weeds
resistant to other herbicides.

21
22
 HERBICIDES REGISTERED ON SMALL ACREAGE CROPS
The following chart is only an aid to identify registered herbicides on the following crops. Not all labels of similar active ingredients cover
identical crops. Not all formulations are registered in the state of North Dakota. Refer to the ND Dept of Ag web site for formulations
registered in the state. Many products require specific application instructions and not all formulations can be used in-crop with adequate
crop tolerance. For example, glyphosate is registered on most crops listed as a PRE or directed application between rows but glyphosate
applied POST on crop foliage will kill crop plants. Refer to Herbicide Compendium for additional information on products listed. User must
follow label directions. Refer to label of specific product to determine what crops are registered, for application instructions, and for all other
restrictions and use information.

Herbicides registered on small acreage crops:

BUCKWHEAT SORGHUM

Aim (carfentrazone14) - Preplant Poast (sethoxydim1) Sorghum Sudangrass Sorghum-Sudan

ET (pyraflufen14) Glyphosate9* - Preplant Aim Yes No No
Basagran Yes No No
FABABEAN Buctril Yes Yes No
Callisto Yes DO NOT USE DO NOT USE
Assure II (quizalofop1) Spartan Charge (sulf14 + carf14) Dicamba Yes Yes No
Basagran (bentazon5) Spartan Elite (sulf14 + s-meto15) Dual II Magnum Yes No No
Dual Magnum (s-metolachlor15) Treflan (trifluralin3) Facet Yes No No
Glyphosate9* - Desiccant Varisto (bent5 + imazamox2) Huskie Yes No No
Prowl H2O (pendimenthalin3) Paraquat22* - Desiccant Outlook Yes No No
Select (clethodim1) Valor (flumiox9) - Desiccant Paraquat Yes No No
Sonalan (ethalfluralin3) Permit Yes No No
Prowl Yes No No
Sequence Yes No No
JUNEBERRY Sharpen Yes DO NOT USE DO NOT USE
Starane Ultra Yes Yes Yes
Chateau (flumioxazin14) Glyphosate9* - Preplant 2,4-D (varies) Yes Yes Yes
Poast (sethoxydim1) Atrazine Yes No Yes
Yes = specifically listed on label
No = not specifically listed on label
MINT

Assure II / Targa (quizalofop1) Paraquat22* - Preplant TRITICALE

Basagran / bentazon6* Panther (flumioxazin14)
Poast (sethoxydim1) Affinity / thifen2 & triben2* MCPA4*
Buctril / bromoxynil6*
Prowl H2O (pendimethalin3) Aim (carfentrazone14) Olympus (propoxycarbazone2)
Chateau (flumioxazin14)
Glyphosate9* - Preplant Select / clethodim1* Ally Extra (thif & triben & met ) Orion (florasulam2 & MCPA4)
2 2 2

Stinger / clopyralid4* Accurate Extra PerfectMatch(pyrox2&clop&flur)

Goal (oxyfluorfen14)
Karmex / diuron7* Spartan (sulfentrazone14) (thifen &triben &met ) PowerFlex(pyrox2) Wntr-triticale
2 2 2

Dicamba4* Quelex (halauxifen & floras4,2)

Buctril / bromoxynil6* Scorch (2,4-D & dic & flurox4,4,4)
ONION 6 4 Sharpen (saflufenacil14)
DeadBolt (bromx & 2,4-D )
Express / tribenuron2* Starane/NXT/Flex (fluroxypyr4*)
Buctril / bromoxynil6* Paraquat22* - Preplant
Far-Go/Avadex (triallate8) Stealth (pendimethalin3)
Chateau (flumioxazin14) Poast (sethoxydim1)
Goal/Tender (oxyfluorfen14) Voucher (fluroxypyr & MCPA4,4)
Dacthal (DCPA) Prefar (bensulide)
Prowl H2O (pendimethalin3) GoldSky (pyrox &fluras &flurx ) 2,4-D4*
2 2 4
Fusilade DX (fluazifop1)
Select / clethodim1* Huskie (bromox6&pyrasulfatol27)
Glyphosate9* - Preplant
Goal, Collide (oxyfluorfen14) Treflan / trifluralin3* * Or generic equivalent
Nortron (ethofumesate8)
Outlook / dimethenamid15*

23
CORN
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.
Refer to page 28-30 for additional herbicides to use in conventional or herbicide-resistant corn.
Dual/II/Magnum 1 to 2 pt EC Annual grass and Shallow PPI or PRE requires precipitation for activation. Pyroxasulfone
(S/metolachlor15 & (0.95 to 1.9 lb) some broadleaf PRE. may require multiple rain events for activation. Adjust
benoxacor safener) weeds. rate for soil type. Shallow PPI gives more consistent
Harness/Surpass 1.25 to 2.75 pt 7EC weed control than PRE. 3 to 4 weeks residual weed
(acetochlor15 & (1.1 to 2.4 lb) control after activation. Weed control: pyroxasulfone =
dichlormid safener) 1.5 to 3 pt 6.4EC acetochlor > dimethenamid = metolachlor. Outlook may
(1.2 to 2.4 lb) be applied as a single application or sequentially. See
Outlook label for rates allowed per application. Use the
Outlook 10 to 24 fl oz EC Shallow PPI, highest rates allowed for greater and more consistent
(dimethenamid-P15) (0.47 to 1.125 lb) PRE or EPOST to weed control. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
V4 corn. A1-2 B1-2 D1 D5 D6
Zidua SC 1.75 to 6.5 fl oz SC
(pyroxasulfone15) (0.9 to 3.4 oz)
Anthem Maxx 2.5 to 6.5 fl oz SC Fluthiacet (Cadet) in Anthem Maxx is for POST control
(pyroxasulfone15 & (1.3 to 3.4 oz + of emerged weeds and does not have soil activity.
fluthiacet14) 0.04 to 0.1 oz)
Fierce 3 oz WDG Annual grass and EPP - At least 7 Refer to page 6 for crop rotation intervals. Use only on
(pyroxasulfone15 & (1.28 oz & broadleaf weeds. days prior to no-till or min-till fields where crop residue hasn’t been
flumioxazin14) 1 oz) planting. incorporated into the soil. Requires precipitation for
Valor SX/EZ 2 to 3 oz WDG/SC Small-seeded herbicide activation. Refer to label for tank-mix options
(flumioxazin14) (1 to 1.5 oz) broadleaf weeds. and crop rotation restrictions.
A1-2 B1-2 D1 D6
Sharpen 1 to 3 fl oz SC Annual broadleaf EPP, shallow PPI, PRE requires precipitation for herbicide activation.
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 1.07 oz) weeds. or PRE. Adjust rate for soil type. Sharpen has no grass activity.
Verdict 10 to 18 fl oz EC Annual grass and Provides burndown and rate dependant residual control
(saflufenacil14 & (0.71 to 1.28 oz + broadleaf weeds. of emerged broadleaf weeds. Refer to label for tank-mix
options. A1-2 B1-2 B12
dimethenamid15) 0.39 to 0.7 lb)
Balance Flexx 3 to 6 fl oz L Shallow PPI, PRE requires precipitation for herbicide activation.
(isoxaflutole27 & (0.75 to 1.5 oz) PRE or EPOST Adjust rate for soil texture and pH.
safener) RUP up to V2 corn. Provides residual weed control after activation.
Do not apply EPOST with oil adjuvant.
Corvus 3.33 to 5.6 fl oz SC Balance Flexx and Corvus contains cyprosulfamide to
(isoxaflutole27 & (0.78 to 1.32 oz & safen corn. Refer to label for crop rotation restrictions.
thiencarbazone2 & 0.31 to 0.53 oz) A1-2 D1
safener) RUP
SureStart/II 1.5 to 3 pt SC Shallow PPI, PRE requires precipitation for herbicide activation.
TripleFlex/II PRE or EPOST Adjust rate for soil texture and pH.
(acetochlor15 & (0.7 to 1.4 lb & up to 11 inch tall Provides residual weed control after activation.
flumetsulam2 & 0.36 to 0.72 oz & corn. Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water or PO at 1% v/v to POST
clopyralid4) 0.87 to 1.74 oz) applications. Do not add MSO adjuvants to emerged
Resicore 2.25 to 3 qt SC corn. Add AMS only in POST applications with
(acetochlor15 & (1.58 to 2.1 lb & glyphosate. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
mesotrione27 & 2.7 to 3.6 oz & A1-2 D5 D8
clopyralid4) 1.68 to 2.24 oz)
Acuron Flexi 1.2 to 2.25 qt SC Shallow PPI, PRE PRE requires precipitation for herbicide activation.
(S-metolachlor15 (0.43 to 0.8 lb & or EPOST up to Adjust rate for organic matter. Provides residual weed
& mesotrione27 & 0.77 to 1.44 oz & 30 inch tall corn. control after activation. Bicyclopyrone improves large-
bicyclopyrone27 & 0.19 to 0.37 oz) seeded broadleaf weed control. Apply Acuron Flexi
benoxacor safener) EPOST with atrazine at 0.38 lb ai/A for greater weed
Acuron 1.5 to 3 qt SC Shallow PPI, PRE control. Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water for POST
(S-metolachlor15 (0.8 to 1.6 lb & or POST up to 12 applications. Do not apply with MSO or nitrogen based
& mesotrione27 & 1.44 to 2.88 oz & inch tall corn. adjuvants to emerged corn. Refer to label for tank-mix
bicyclopyrone27 & 0.36 to 0.72 oz & options and crop rotation restrictions.
atrazine5 & 0.375 to 0.75 lb) A1-2 D2 D4
benoxacor safener)

24
 CORN
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Dicamba4 0.25 to 0.5 pt 4SL Broadleaf weeds. PRE or EPOST up Seed corn at least 1.5 inches. PRE applications
3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 5SL to 8 inch tall corn. require precipitation for herbicide activation. Residual
(0.125 to 0.25 lb) weed control from soil application is weed and
dicamba rate dependent.
DiFlexx 0.5 to 1 pt SL PRE or POST up
(dicamba4 & (0.25 to 0.5 lb) to V10 or 24 inch DiFlexx/Duo contains cyprosulfamide safener and
cyprosulfamide tall corn. Status contains isoxadifen-ethyl to safen dicamba on
safener) Weeds: Small. corn.
DiFlexx Duo 24 to 40 fl oz SC Broadleaf weeds PRE or POST prior In one growing season do not apply more than 2 qt/A
(dicamba4 & (0.24 to 0.39 lb + and some annual to V7 or 24 inch tall of dicamba, 24 fl oz/A of DiFlexx, 40 fl oz/A of DiFlexx
tembotrione27 & 0.051 to 0.08) grass weeds. corn. Duo, or 12.5 oz/A of Status.
cyprosulfamide Weeds: Small. Apply with PO and MSO adjuvants at 1% v/v to
safener) improve weed control. Apply with HSMOC adjuvants
when mixed with glyphosate.
Status 5 to 10 oz WDG Broadleaf weeds. POST from V2 to Refer to label for adjuvant type and rate
(dicamba4 & (0.125 to 0.25 lb) V10 or from 4 to 36 recommendations, crop rotation restrictions, and other
diflufenzopyr19 & inch tall corn. information.
isoxadifen safener) Weeds: Small A3 A5-8 B6 D1 D3
Armezon / Impact 0.5 to 0.75 fl oz SC Broadleaf weeds POST to corn. Up Apply early to small weeds to increase residual weed
+ Atrazine5 + 0.75 pt 4L and foxtail. to 45 day PHI. control.
(topramezone27) 0.42 lb DF (0.175 to Weeds: Small. Add atrazine at 0.42 lb DF/A or 0.75 pt 4L/A + UAN at
0.26 oz + 0.375 lb) 2.5 gal/100 gal or AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal water.
Armezon Pro + 14 to 20 fl oz SC + Up to 12-inch corn Apply to corn less than 12 inches when atrazine is
Atrazine5 0.75 pt 4L applied alone or with other herbicides.
(topramezone27 & 0.42 lb DF (0.175 to
dimethenamid15) 0.25 oz & 0.57 to
0.82 lb + 0.375 lb)
Adjuvant recommendations:
ImpactZ 8 to 10.7 fl oz Armezon/Impact and Laudis: Add MSO oil adjuvant at
(topramzezone27 + (0.26 to 0.35 oz + 1 to 2 pt pt/A.
atrazine5) 0.25 to 0.33 lb) ImpactZ: Add MSO at 1 to 1.5 gal/100 plus UAN or
Callisto + 3 fl oz SE + Broadleaf weeds. POST up to V8 or AMS.
Atrazine5 0.75 pt 4L 30 inch tall corn. Armezon Pro: Add NIS at 1 to 2 pt/100 gal.
(mesotrione27) 0.42 lb DF Weeds: Small. Callisto, Capreno, and Revulin Q: Add PO adjuvant at
(1.5 oz + 0.375 lb) 2 to 4 pt/A or HSOC at 2 qt/A.
Resicore: Add NIS at 1 pt/100 gal or PO adjuvant at 2
Resicore 2.25 to 3 qt SC Broadleaf weeds, POST up to 11 pt/A.
(acetochlor15 & (1.58 to 2.1 lb & annual grasses inch tall corn. Do not apply Armezon Pro, Callisto, Resicore, or
mesotrione27 & 2.7 to 3.6 oz & and quackgrass. Weeds: Small. Revulin Q with MSO adjuvants.
clopyralid4) 1.68 to 2.24 oz)
Revulin Q 3.4 to 4 oz SG + Broadleaf weeds, POST up to V6 or Refer to label for tank-mix options and restrictions.
(mesotrione27 & (1.25 to 1.5 oz + annual grasses 20 inch tall corn.
nicosulfuron2 & 0.5 to 0.58 oz) and quackgrass. Weeds: Small. Commercial mixtures with Callisto available:
isoxadifen safener) Acuron = mesotrione + bicyclopyrone + S-meto + atra
Acuron Flexi = mesotrione + bicyclopyrone + S-meto
Laudis + 3 fl oz SC + Broadleaf weeds, POST up to V8 Callisto Xtra = mesotrione + atrazine
Atrazine5 0.75 pt 4L some grass stage corn. Lumax EZ = mesotrione + S-metolachlor + atrazine
(tembotrione27 & 0.42 lb DF weeds. Partial Weeds: Less than
isoxadifen safener) (1.31 oz + 0.375 lb) green foxtail 3 to 4 inches tall. A3 A5-7 D1 D4
control.
Capreno + 3 fl oz SC + Broadleaf weeds POST up to V5
Atrazine5 0.75 pt 4L and most grass stage corn.
(tembotrione27 & 0.42 lb DF weeds including Weeds: Less than
thiencarbazone2 & (1.08 oz & brome and 3 to 4 inches tall.
isoxadifen safener) 0.21 oz + 0.375 lb) barnyardgrass.
Atrazine5 + 0.75 to 1.5 pt 4L + Annual broadleaf EPOST up to 12 Apply with other POST herbicides to improve weed
oil adjuvant 0.42 to 0.84 lb DF + weeds. inch tall corn. control. Atrazine may leave a soil residue and injure
RUP 1 qt(0.38 to 0.75 lb) Weeds: Small. crops planted the following year. A3 D1-2
Bromoxynil6 1 to 1.5 pt EC Small pigweed and EPOST up to 12 Contact, non-residual herbicides requiring >15 gpa and
(0.25 to 0.37 lb) lambsquarters, inch tall corn. full sunlight. Apply with other herbicides. May cause
Resource 2 to 6 fl oz EC nightshade, kochia Weeds: Less than speckling on corn leaves. Refer to label for tank-mix
(flumiclorac14) (0.215 to 0.65 oz) and buckwheat. 2 to 3 inches. options and adjuvant use. A3 B4 D1

25
CORN
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

Preharvest Herbicides
Glyphosate9 Up to 3.7 lb ae Grass and Preharvest. Add AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lb/100 gal.
See Remarks. broadleaf weeds. Apply when grain Allow a 7 day PHI.
moisture is <35% A3 A4-8 B1-2 B8
Paraquat22 1 to 2 pt 2SL Annual broadleaf and corn seed has Add NIS at 0.25% to 0.5% v/v.
RUP 0.8 to 1.3 pt 3SL and grass weeds. formed a black Allow a 7 day PHI.
(0.25 to 0.5 lb) layer. B11

HERBICIDE-RESISTANT CORN
Refer to page 128 for control of volunteer glyphosate resistant corn, canola, and soybean.
Refer to Herbicide Resistant Weeds section (X1) for weed management strategies to delay herbicide resistant weeds.

Rule #1 - Control weeds BEFORE 2 to 4 inches tall to avoid yield loss.

Remove weeds early especially when grass weed populations are high.
Average ND corn yield loss vs. weed free or herbicide applied at corn planting.
Weed height when Average corn yield loss vs. weed-free control
weeds were removed ND research* Mid-west research**
2-6 inches 0% 6% Corn yield loss from weeds may be greater in dry
6-8 inches 16% 9% North Dakota environments than other areas of
8-12 inches 20% 21% the mid-west that receive greater precipitation.
Untreated 63% Not harvested
*Source: 8 site-years (Carrington and Minot, 2009-2014).
**Source: 2005 Ohio State University summary of 35 university trials in IA, MI, IL, MO, KY, OH TN, and WI.

LibertyLink Corn
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Liberty 280 + 32 fl oz SL + Annual grass and POST. Apply only to LibertyLink corn varieties.
AMS 3 lb/A broadleaf weeds Corn: Up to 7 Contact herbicide requiring thorough coverage. Most
(glufosinate10) (0.58 lb) including ALS and collars (V7). active in high humidity and temperature. Add AMS - do
Maximum total = glyphosate weeds. Weeds: 1 to 3 not use non-AMS adjuvants.
87 fl oz inches tall. A3 A5-6 B9 D1 D7

Roundup Ready Corn

Product/A
Herbicide (ae/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9 Maximum single Annual and POST. Apply only to Roundup Ready corn varieties.
application = perennial grass Corn: Up to 30 Maximum single Maximum in-crop
0.75 lb ae and broadleaf inches tall or 8 lb ae
weeds. collars. 0.75 1.125 1.5 2.25
Maximum in-crop lb ae/gal lb ai/gal ------------------ fl oz ------------------
= 1.5 lb ae 3 = 4 = 32 48 64 96
See Remarks. 4/4.17 = 5.4/5.1 = 24/23 36/35 48/46 72/69
4.5 = 5.5 = 21.3 32 42.6 64
Apply with AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lbs/100 gal. Refer to
label for tank-mix options, application information, and
restrictions. A4-7 B8 D1 D8
Glyphosate9 Maximum single POST. Apply only to Roundup Ready Corn II varieties.
application = RR Corn 2: Refer to glyphosate above for remarks.
1.125 lb ae Up to 30 inches tall Refer to label for registered uses and for additional
or 8 collars. information and restrictions.
Maximum in-crop Drop nozzles: A4-7 B8 D1 D8
2.25 lb ae 30 to 48 inches tall
See Remarks. (free standing).
26
GENERAL WEED MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
1. Scout fields before and soon after herbicide application. Correctly identify weeds. Use effective herbicides, hand-weeding, cultivation/
tillage, and other methods of weed control to kill weeds that escape or germinate after chemical application. Scout fields at the end of the
season and draw field maps to denote locations of weed species, weed density, and weed escapes. Save maps as a field record.

2. Diversified crop sequences with different life cycles e.g. winter annual crops (winter wheat), perennial crops (alfalfa) and summer
annual crops (spring wheat, corn or beans) results in different planting and harvest times, more herbicide options, and decreased risk of
herbicide resistant weeds.

3. Consider weed biology and ecology. Use tillage, crop sequence, soil fertility, planting date, emergence timing, crop competition, weed
seed longevity, and response to herbicides to increase successful weed management.

4. “Don’t forget the PRE”. Apply effective PRE herbicides at full rates and include multiple mechanisms of action. PRE herbicides will
reduce weed emergence and allow flexibility in POST herbicide timing. Residual PRE herbicides applied to soil and early POST (if labeled)
will suppress weed emergence through canopy closure, particularly those with a long germination pattern (kochia and waterhemp). Use
PRE herbicides that will effectively control problem weeds.

5. Apply effective POST herbicides. Apply herbicides that include multiple mechanisms of action in tank-mix or in sequential
applications. Two or more herbicides in mixture must have activity against potentially resistant weeds to be effective. Herbicides in most
commercial mixtures do not target the same weed species. Effective tank-mixtures on weeds will reduce selection of herbicide-resistant
biotypes more successfully than rotating herbicide modes of action. Antagonism may occur with some mixtures, especially between contact
and systemic herbicides.

6. Use high herbicide rates and effective adjuvants. Full rates kill weeds with low-level resistance and dead plants cannot produce
resistant progeny. Reduced rates allow plants with low-level resistance to survive, hybridize, and produce progeny with elevated
resistance. Hybrid plants (>1 resistance gene) express a higher level of resistance and require even higher herbicide rates to kill the plant.
Dead weeds means zero tolerance (no seed production, zero resistant progeny) and is effective resistance weed management.

7. Spray small annual weeds. Generally, small weeds (<3 inches) are more susceptible to herbicides than large weeds. Even weeds with
low level herbicide resistance are more susceptible at 1 inch than at larger growth stages.

8. Practice Zero Tolerance. Scout fields after row closure and kill uncontrolled weeds. Seed from escaped weeds will contribute to the
weed seedbank and will require diversified weed management strategies of mowing, cultivation/tillage, and hand weeding to achieve near
100% weed control. Timely cultivation can improve weed control and hand-pulling is effective for single plants or small patches.

9. Control weeds in field perimeters, drown out, and non-crop areas. Weeds surviving a partial herbicide dose on field borders can be
a repository for the introduction of resistant weeds into a field. Control weeds in all areas of the field where crop is not growing including
field edges, fence lines, water-ways, ditch banks, and areas where crop has either not been planted or has been destroyed.

10. Rotate herbicides with different mechanisms of action in consecutive years. Diverse crop rotations can introduce herbicides with
different mechanisms of action to delay herbicide resistance. A mix of dead plants, unaffected plants, and plants showing intermediate
responses indicate herbicide resistance has occurred.

11. Clean tillage and harvest equipment to ensure weed seed will not be transported between fields. This is particularly important in
crops that are harvested with a platform header equipped combine.

12. Evaluate weed management at the end of each season and revise to improve weed control the next year.

Refer to Herbicide Resistant Weeds section (X1) for additional information on resistant weeds.

27
Roundup Ready Corn - Herbicides to apply in tank-mix or sequentially with glyphosate for
control of weeds not controlled by glyphosate.

Horseweed (Marestail)

Waterhemp / Palmer
Ragweed, Common

Smartweed, Annual
Nightshade species

Pigweed, Redroot
Canola, Vol. RRb
Buckwheat, Wild

Lambsquarters

Prickly lettuce
Kochia
.
Rate/A
HerbicidesSite of action-pg 108-109

Preplant-burndown Herbicidesa - add AMS at 1.5-3 lb/A. Weed Control Ratingsc,d

Glyphosate9 (4.5 lb ae) + AMS + HSMOC 32 - 105 fl oz F-E N P-E P-E E E E E P-E E P-E
4
+ 2,4-D + 1 pt + 1-2 pt F-E P-G F-E P-E E P-G E E E P-E F-G
+ 2,4-D4 + Express2 + 1pt+0.3oz F-E G-E P-E P-E E E E E P-E E P-E
+ Dicamba4 + 8 fl oz 4SL E N F-E E G E E G-E G E F
+ 16 fl oz 4SL E N E E E E E E E E G
+ Dicamba4 + Sharpen14 +8 floz + 2-3 floz E G-E E E E E E E E E E
Paraquat22* + NIS 3 pt 2SL+1-2 qt F - F-G G-E P-E G-E E F-G G-E E G-E
+ Dicamba4 + MSO 8 fl oz + 1.5 pt F - F-G G-E E G-E E F-G G-E E G-E
+ Sharpen14 + MSO 2-3 fl oz + 1.5 pt G-E F-E G-E E E G-E G-E G-E G-E E G-E

PRE herbicidesa Weed Control Ratingsc,d - without glyphosate

Acetochlor15 1.25 - 2.25 pt P N N-P P-F F-E F-G G-E - N-P P F-E
+ Balance Flexx No aerial application + 1.5 fl oz P E G-E E E E E G-E G-E F-G E
+ Dicamba + 8 fl oz 4SL G-E F-E G-E G-E E E E G-E G-E E G-E
+ SureStart II/Triple Flex II No aerial ap + 2 pt G-E P-F F-E P-F E G-E E - F-G G-E G-E
+ Sharpen + 3 fl oz G-E F-E G-E E E E E G-E E E E
Acuron Flexi15,27,27 No aerial application 1.2 - 2.25 qt P-F E F-G P-G E E E - G-E G-E G-E
Acuron5,15,27,27 No aerial application 1.5 - 3 qt G-E E E E E E E G-E G-E G-E G-E
Anthem Maxx14,15 2.5 - 6.5 fl oz F-E P-F N-P F-E F-E F-E G-E - P-F F-E G-E
Balance Flexx27 No aerial application 3 - 4.5 fl oz P E G-E G-E E E E G-E G-E G E
Corvus2,27 No aerial application 3.33 - 5.6 fl oz P E G-E G-E E E E G-E G-E G E
+ Verdict14,15 No aerial application + 15 fl oz G-E E G-E E E E E G-E E E E
Dicamba4 0.5 - 1 pt 4SL E N-P G-E G-E G-E G F-E G-E E E F-G
DiFlexx4 0.5 - 1 pt E N-P G-E G-E G-E G F-E G-E E E F-G
DiFlexx Duo4,27 1.5 - 2.5 pt E E G-E E E E E G-E E E G-E
Fierce14,15 3 oz P-F G-E F-G F-E F-G F-E G-E F-G F-G F-G G-E
Harness Max15,27 No aerial application 55 - 88 fl oz P-F E F-G P-G E E E - G-E G-E G-E
Hornet2,4 3 - 4 oz G-E P-F F-E N G-E G-E G-E - F-G G-E N
Instigate2,27 No aerial application 5.25 - 7 oz P-F G F-G P-F E E E N P E G-E
Lumax EZ5,15,27 No aerial application 3* - 4 pt G-E E E E E E E G-E G-E G-E G-E
Prequel2,27 1.66 - 2.5 oz N E G-E G G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E F-G G
4,15,27
Resicore 2.25 - 3 qt G-E G-E E G E E E F-G E G-E G-E
Sharpen14 2 - 3 fl oz G-E F-E G-E E E G-E G-E G-E G-E E G-E
SureStart II2,4,15 No aerial application 1.5 - 3 pt G-E P-F F-E P G-E G-E G-E - F-G G-E P
TripleFlex II2,4,15 No aerial application 1.5 - 3 pt G-E P-F F-E P G-E G-E G-E - F-G G-E P
Valor14 2 - 3 fl oz P-F G F-E F-G F-G G-E G-E F-G P F G-E
Verdict14,15 10 - 16 fl oz G-E F-E G-E E E G-E E G-E G-E E E
+ Prowl3 + Dicamba4 (no-till) + 3 pt + 8 fl oz E G-E G-E E E E E G-E E E G-E
aMay carryover more than one cropping season. Follow labeled crop rotation restrictions - see Y15.
bSee page 128 for control of volunteer canola and soybean, and herbicide rates.
cE = Excellent (90-99%), G = Good (80-90%), F = Fair (65-80%), P = Poor (40-65%), N = None.
dIncludes resistant populations.

*Atrazine at 0.38 lb ai/A. Atrazine and paraquat are RUP.

28
 Roundup Ready Corn - cont.

Horseweed (Marestail)

Waterhemp / Palmer
Ragweed, Common

Smartweed, Annual
Nightshade species

Pigweed, Redroot
Canola, Vol. RRb
Buckwheat, Wild

Lambsquarters

Prickly lettuce
Kochia
HerbicidesSite of action-pg 108-109 Rate/A

PRE Herbicidesa - cont. Weed Control Ratingsc,d - without glyphosate

Zidua15 1.75-6.5 fl oz SC F-E P-F - F-E F-E F-E G-E - P F-E G-E
+ Balance Flexx No aerial application + 1.5 fl oz F-E E G-E G-E E G-E E G-E G-E F-E G-E
+ Dicamba based product + 8 fl oz G-E F-E G-E E E G-E E G-E G-E E E
+ SureStart II/Triple Flex II No aerial ap + 2 pt E E E E E E E E E E E
+ Sharpen + 3 fl oz G-E F-E G-E E E G-E E G-E G-E E G-E
+ Dicamba4 + Sharpen14(no-till) + 8 fl oz + 3 fl oz E G-E E E E E E E E E E

Weed Control Ratingsc,d - without glyphosate

Acetochlor15 or 1.25 - 2.25 pt P N N-P P-F F-E F-G G-E - N-P P F-E
Acuron Flexi15,27,27or No aerial 1.2 - 2.25 qt G-E E E E E E E G-E G-E G-E G-E
application
Acuron5,15,27,27 or No aerial 1.5 - 3 qt G-E E E E E E E G-E G-E G-E G-E
application
Harness Max15,27or No aerial application 55 - 88 fl oz G-E E E E E E E G-E G-E G-E G-E
Lumax EZ5,15,27 or No aerial application 3* - 4 pt G-E E E E E E E G-E G-E G-E G-E
Resicore4,15,27 or 2 - 2.25 qt G-E G-E E G E E E F-G E G-E G-E
Verdict14,15 or 10 -16 fl oz G-E F-E G-E E E G-E E G-E G-E E E
Zidua15 1.75-6.5 fl oz SC F-E P-F - F-E F-E F-E G-E - P F-E G-E
fb DiFlexx4 or 8 - 16 fl oz E N-P G-E G-E G-E G F-E G-E E E F-G
fb Status4 + Atrazine5*+ oil adjuvant or fb 5 oz E P-G E E E G E E G-E E E
fb SureStart II2,4,15 + oil adj. or No 1.5 - 3 pt G-E P-F F-E P G-E G-E G-E - F-G G-E P
aerial
fb TripleFlex II2,4,15 + oil adj. or No 1.5 - 3 pt G-E P-F F-E P G-E G-E G-E - F-G G-E P
aerial
fb WideMatch4,4 + Atrazine5* + oil adj. or fb 1.33 pt E P-G E G F-E G-E G-E E G-E G F-E
fb Status4 + WideMatch4,4 + Atrazine5* fb 5 oz + 1 pt E P-G E E E G-E E E E E E
+ oil adjuvant
aMay carryover more than one cropping season. Follow labeled crop rotation restrictions - see Y15.
bSee page 128 for control of volunteer canola and soybean, and herbicide rates.
cE = Excellent (90-99%), G = Good (80-90%), F = Fair (65-80%), P = Poor (40-65%), N = None.
dIncludes resistant populations.

*Atrazine at 0.38 lb ai/A. Atrazine and paraquat are RUP.

29
Roundup Ready Corn - cont.

Horseweed (Marestail)

Waterhemp / Palmer
Ragweed, Common

Smartweed, Annual
Nightshade species

Pigweed, Redroot
Canola, Vol. RRb
Buckwheat, Wild

Lambsquarters

Prickly lettuce
Kochia
HerbicidesSite of action-pg 108-109 Rate/A

POST Herbicidesa - add MSO or HSMOC adjuvant + AMS at

1.5 lb/A Weed Control Ratingsc,d - without glyphosate
or see label for adjuvant requirements.
Atrazine5* + oil adjuvant 0.75 pt/0.42 lb G P-G F F F F F - P F P-F
Dicamba4 + oil adjuvant 4 - 8 fl oz 4SL E N-P G F-E G-E G F-G G-E E E F-G
Armezon27+ Atrazine5* + oil adjuvant 0.5 - 0.75 fl oz E G-E G-E E E E E E E E G-E
Armezon Pro27+ Atrazine5* + adjuvant 14 - 20 fl oz E E E E E E E E E E E
Callisto GT9,27+ Atrazine5* + NIS + AMS 2 pt G-E G-E G-E E E E E E F E E
Callisto Xtra5,27 + oil adjuvant 15* - 24 fl oz G-E G-E G-E E E E E E F E E
Capreno2,27 + Atra5* + adj. No aerial app. 3 fl oz G-E G-E G-E G-E E E E G-E E G-E E
DiFlexx4 + Atrazine + oil adjuvant 0.5 - 1 pt E N-P G-E G-E G-E G F-G E E E F-E
DiFlexx Duo4,27 + Atrazine + oil adjuvant 24 - 40 fl oz E E G-E E E E E E E E G-E
9
Glyphosate (4.5 lb ae) + NIS + AMS 32 fb 32 fl oz G N P-E P-E E E E E P-E E P-E
Halex GT9,15,27 + NIS + AMS 3.6 - 4 pt P-G E G-E E E E E F-G E E G-E
Harness Max15,27+ Atrazine5* + NIS+AMS 40 - 75 fl oz G-E G-E G-E E E E E E F E E
Impact27+ Atrazine5* + oil adjuvant 0.5 - 0.75 fl oz E G-E G-E E E E E E E E G-E
Instigate2,27 + Atrazine+oil adjuvant+AMS 6 oz P-F G F-G E E E E N P E G-E
Laudis27 + Atrazine5* + MSO 3 fl oz E G-E G-E E E E E E E E E
Lumax EZ5,15,27 + oil adjuv. No aerial app. 3*- 4 pt E E G-E E E E E E F E E
Realm Q2,27 + Atra+oil adj. No aerial app. 4 oz P-F E F-G E G-E E E N P E G-E
Resicore4,15,27 2.25 - 3 qt G-E G-E G-E G E E E E E E G-E
Resolve Q2 + Atra+oil adj. No aerial app. 1 - 1.25 oz P G N N F-G P-G E N F F-G N
2,27
Revulin Q +Atra+oil adj. No aerial app. 3.4 - 4 oz P-F E F-G E G-E E E N P E G-E
Status4,19 + MSO No aerial app. 5 to 10 oz WDG E N-P G-E G-E G-E G G-E E E E G-E
SureStart II2,4,15 + oil adj. No aerial 1.5 - 3 pt G-E P-F F-E P G-E G-E G-E - F-G G-E P
app.
TripleFlex II2,4,15 + oil adj. No aerial app. 1.5 - 3 pt G-E P-F F-E P G-E G-E G-E - F-G G-E P
WideMatch4,4 + oil adjuvant 1.33 pt E N G-E G N G-E N E G-E G N

Herbicides for Liberty Link corn ONLY - add AMS at 3 lb/A Weed Control Ratingsc,d - without glyphosate
10 +
Liberty 280 32 fl oz F-G F-E G F-E F-E F-E F-E P-E F-E F-E F-E
+ Atrazine5* + AMS + 0.38 lb ai E G-E G-E G-E G-E E E G-E E E G-E
+ Dicamba4 based product + AMS + 8 fl oz F-E F-E G-E E G-E E E G-E E E F-E
Residual PRE fb Liberty10 + Atrazine5* + X rate fb 22 fl oz E E E E E E E E E E E
AMS + 0.38 lb ai
aMay carryover more than one cropping season. Follow labeled crop rotation restrictions - see Y15.
bSee page 128 for control of volunteer canola and soybean, and herbicide rates.
cE = Excellent (90-99%), G = Good (80-90%), F = Fair (65-80%), P = Poor (40-65%), N = None.
dIncludes resistant populations.

*Atrazine at 0.38 lb ai/A. Atrazine and paraquat are RUP.

30
 D5. Harness/Surpass* (acetochlor & safener) and other acetamide
CORN herbicides (acetochlor, dimethenamid, and metolachlor) are adsorbed
to OM. ND soils have high OM levels that can inactivate soil-applied
D1. A combination of cultural, mechanical and chemical methods is
herbicides. Acetochlor is least adsorbed by OM but requires higher
necessary for effective weed control in corn. Control early
rates on clay soils with high organic matter. It provides greater and
germinating weeds by cultivation or land preparation before
more consistent weed control than other similar soil-applied grass
planting if conventional tillage is used. A rotary hoe can be used to
herbicides.
control emerging weeds when the corn coleoptile is below the
working depth of the rotary hoe or when corn is beyond the spike
D6. Zidua (pyroxasulfone) applied shallow PPI or PRE controls
stage. Cultivate between the rows soon after weeds emerge. Corn
annual grasses and many broadleaf weeds, may provide poor weed
is very susceptible to early season competition from weeds. Initial
control when crop residue is present, may provide 4 weeks residual
postemergence herbicides must be applied before weeds reach 2
weed control after activation, and requires multiple rain events for
to 4 inches in height to avoid yield loss.
complete activation. Rates used in research prior to registration were
above 7 oz/A WDG (6 oz ai/A) but label does not allow use above 3.5
D2. Atrazine applied PPI or PRE at rates greater than 0.38 lb ai/A
(soybean) to 4 (corn) oz/A WDG (3.4 oz ai/A). Use the highest rates
is not recommend in ND because soil residue will restrict rotation to
allowed for greater and more consistent weed control. Shallow
most crops. PPI or PRE atrazine require rates greater than 0.75 to
incorporation will improve weed control under dry conditions and
1 lb ai/A for effective weed control but also causes carryover
when insufficient rain has failed to activate the herbicide. Corn and
concerns for more than two years. Atrazine is an ingredient in
soybean has excellent tolerance to registered rates of Zidua.
many soil-applied prepackage mixtures and may contain excessive
atrazine rates for normal crop rotation in ND. Atrazine is an RUP.
Weed resistance to pyroxasulfone developed by recurrent low-dose
pyroxasulfone selection of multiple herbicide-resistant Lolium rigidum.
Always add atrazine at 0.38 to 0.5 lb ai/A to POST herbicides (if
The multiple-resistant population evolved resistance with >30% plant
labeled) and apply to corn less than 12 inches tall and to small
survival at the labeled rate of 4 oz/A after three generations of
weeds. Atrazine enhances control of POST herbicides. Always use
recurrent pyroxasulfone selection. Evolution to resistance occurred
oil adjuvant if allowed by label. Atrazine translocation in plants is
prior to herbicide commercialization. Repeated pyroxasulfone use will
limited to upward movement through the xylem. Atrazine moves
rapidly lead to herbicide resistance evolution in some weed
only upward and out to leaf tips requiring thorough spray coverage.
populations. Rotate pyroxasulfone with other herbicide with different
Refer to label or Y15 for crop rotation restrictions.
modes of action to reduce development of resistant weeds.
D3. Dicamba) is safest when applied to corn at the spike stage. Do
The approximate ranking of crops from most to least tolerant is corn,
not apply broadcast to corn greater than 8 inches tall to reduce
sunflower, soybean, potato, pinto dry beans, wheat, field pea, lentil,
injury. Status (dicamba & diflufenzopyr & isoxadifen safener)
sorghum, barley, flax, other dry bean types, canola/mustard, alfalfa,
applied to corn at least 4 inches tall controls annual and perennial
oat, and sugarbeet.
broadleaf weeds and will suppress foxtail. Diflufenzopyr inhibits
auxin transport, is synergistic to dicamba and other growth
HERBICIDE-RESISTANT CROPS
regulator herbicides, and aids translocation to metabolic sinks and
areas of high metabolic activity, such as growing points of shoots LibertyLink Canola, Corn, and Soybean
and roots. Status contain an effective safener (isoxadifen) which D7. Liberty (glufosinate) applied POST to LibertyLink canola, corn,
allows application to corn greater than 8 inches tall. DiFlexx
and soybean varieties controls most annual broadleaf weeds, controls
(dicamba & cyprosulfamide safener) and DiFlexx Duo (dicamba & or suppresses grasses, and controls top-growth of perennial weeds.
tembotrione & cyprosulfamide safener) contains cyprosulfamide to Apply to small weeds because of limited translocation. Liberty does
safen corn applied PRE or POST up to V7 growth stage. not control large or well-tillered grasses like yellow foxtail, wild oat, or
volunteer cereals; is non-residual, which may require multiple
D4. Callisto (mesotrione), Armezon/Pro, Impact (topramezone), applications or apply with a residual herbicide to control multiple weed
Laudis (tembotrione & isoxadifen safener) or Capreno flushes. Always add AMS fertilizer at 3 lbs/A and do not use AMS
(tembotrione & thiencarbazone & isoxadifen safener) plus atrazine replacement or water conditioner adjuvants. Apply Liberty in canola
at 0.38 lb ai/A controls most annual broadleaf weeds and
and soybean with registered POST grass herbicides. Refer to B9 for
suppresses Canada thistle with excellent corn safety. Always apply more information or label for weeds controlled, application information
with atrazine and with MSO adjuvant at 1.5 pt/A + UAN at 2.5 and timing, tank-mix options, application information, and other
gal/100 gal water or AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gallons water. Do not apply restrictions. Liberty can be used to control weeds resistant to other
Callisto with MSO adjuvants for postemergence use unless
herbicides.
directed for a specific tank mixture. Apply Capreno only with
petroleum oil concentrate adjuvant. Broadleaf weed control from Roundup Ready Canola, Corn, and Soybean
Impact is similar to Callisto but Impact gives nearly complete D8. Glyphosate applied in Roundup Ready (RR) crops controls most
common ragweed and yellow foxtail control. Laudis will also control
annual and perennial weeds. Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water unless
yellow foxtail, barnyardgrass, and proso millet. Kochia control is
restricted by the label. Add AMS at 4 to 8.5 lb/100 gal water or at 1
greater from Impact and Laudis than Callisto. All three herbicides lb/A if applied at more than 12 gpa to all glyphosate formulations. In-
will leave a residue in the soil the following year. Refer to label or crop application timing may not match the most effective application
Y15 for crop rotation restrictions and especially note rotational
timing for perennial weed control. Glyphosate is a non-selective, non-
differences for soybean, dry bean, canola, flax, safflower, and
residual, translocated herbicide. Broadleaf weeds are more difficult to
sugarbeet among the three herbicides. control than grasses. Over use of glyphosate has resulted in several
glyphosate resistant weeds. Refer to Weed Resistance Section (X1)
Lumax at 3 pt/A contains 3.2 fl oz/A Callisto & 1 pt/A Dual II
for effective weed management strategies.
Magnum* & 0.38 lb ai/A atrazine and can be applied PRE or POST
in corn. Dual* has no POST activity but emulsifiers in the *Or generic equivalent.
formulation may function as adjuvants to improve weed control.
Refer to label or Y15 for crop rotation restrictions.

31
SOYBEAN
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.
Refer to page 38-39 for additional herbicides to use in conventional or herbicide-resistant soybean.

Soil-Applied Herbicides
Prowl 2.4 to 3.6 pt EC Annual grass and PPI. Adjust rate for soil type.
Prowl H2O 2.1 to 3 pt ACS some broadleaf Fall or Spring. Do not apply PRE.
(pendimethalin3) (1 to 1.5 lb) weeds. Poor control of weeds with large seeds, including wild
Sonalan 1.5 to 3 pt EC oat and wild mustard.
Sonalan 10G 5.5 to 11.5 10G A1-2 B1 B7 E1 E11
(ethalfluralin3) (0.55 to 1.15 lb)
Treflan / generic 1 to 2 pt EC
trifluralin3 (0.5 to 1 lb)
Valor SX 2 to 3 oz WDG Small-seeded EPP, Shallow PPI, PRE requires precipitation for herbicide activation.
Valor EZ 2 to 3 fl oz EZ/SC broadleaf weeds. or PRE. Refer to label for tank-mix options, application
(flumioxazin14) (1.02 to 1.53 oz) information, and restriction.
Commercial mixtures available (See page 30):
Afforia = flumioxazin + thifensulfuron + tribenuron
Authority Assist = sulfentrazone + imazethapyr
Authority Edge = sulfentrazone + pyroxasulfone
Spartan 4.5 to 12 fl oz F Authority Elite = sulfentrazone + S-metolachlor
(sulfentrazone14) (2.25 to 6 oz) Authority First = sulfentrazone + cloransulam
Authority MTZ = sulfentrazone + metribuzin
Authority Supreme = sulfentrazone + pyroxasulfone
BroadAxe XC = sulfentrazone + S-metolachlor
Fierce = flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone
Fierce MTZ = flumioxazin+pyroxasulfone+metribuzin
Sonic = sulfentrazone + cloransulam
Surveil = flumioxazin + cloransulam
A1-2 B1-2 E1 E12-13
Metribuzin5 Soil pH >7.5 = May injure certain soybean varieties.
0.33 lb DF Commercial mixtures available:
Soil pH <7.5 = Boundary = metribuzin + S-metolachlor
0.33 to 0.5 lb DF A1-2 E1 E7
Sharpen 1 to 1.5 fl oz SC Broadleaf weeds PRE requires precipitation for herbicide activation.
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.54 oz) including winter Apply with MSO adjuvant at 1 to 1.5 pt/A for burndown
Verdict 5 to 7.5 fl oz EC annuals. control of emerged broadleaf weeds. Planting interval
(saflufenacil14 & (1.3 to 0.53 oz & is dependent on soil texture and OM. Sharpen at 1.5 fl
oz and Verdict at 7.5 fl oz require a 14 day plantback
dimethenamid15) 0.9 to 1.34 lb)
interval. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
A1-2 B1-2 B12
Dual/II/Magnum 1 to 2 pt EC Annual grasses EPP, Shallow PPI, Requires precipitation for soil activation. Multiple rain
(S/metolachlor15 ) (0.95 to 1.9 lb) and some PRE and EPOST. events increase activation of pyroxsulfone. Provides 3
broadleaf weeds. to 4 weeks residual weed control after activation.
Outlook / generic 10 to 24 fl oz EC POST PHI: Adjust rate for soil type. Shallow PPI gives more
dimethenamid15 (0.47 to 1.125 lb) Dual = 90 days. consistent weed control than PRE. Use highest rates
for greater and more consistent weed control.
Warrant: Do not PPI. Application with other PRE or
Warrant 1.25 to 2 qt ME EPOST herbicides and stressful environment after
(acetochlor15 - (0.94 to 1.5 lb) application may increase risk of soybean injury.
microencapsulated) Refer to labels for tank-mix options.
Commercial mixtures available (See page 30):
Anthem Maxx 2 to 5.5 fl oz SC
Authority Elite = S-metolachlor + sulfentrazone
(pyroxasulfone15 & (1 to 2.87 oz &
Boundary = S-metolachlor + metribuzin
fluthiacet14) 0.03 to 0.087 oz)
BroadAxe XC = S-metolachlor + sulfentrazone
Zidua SC 2.5 to 5.75 oz SC Fierce = pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin
(pyroxasulfone15) (1.3 to 3 oz) Zidua Pro= pyroxasulfone + saflufenacil + imazethapyr
A1-2 B1-2 D5 E1

32
 SOYBEAN
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

Refer to page 38-39 for additional herbicides to use in conventional or herbicide-resistant soybean.

POST-Applied Herbicides
Warrant 1.25 to 2 qt ME PRE control of POST. Soybean: Rainfall required for PRE activation. Does not control
(acetochlor15 - (0.94 to 1.5 lb) grass and After emergence emerged weeds. Provides residual weed control after
microencapsulated) broadleaf weeds. until R2. activation. No adjuvant required. A1-2 E1 D5
Basagran 5L / 0.4 to 1.6 pt SL / Some broadleaf POST. Soybean: Non-residual, contact herbicide requiring >15 gpa and
generic bentazon6 0.5 to 2 pt applied weeds. After emergence. full sunlight. Add MSO adjuvant at 1 to 1.5 pt/A.
+ MSO adjuvant 1 to 4 times. Broadleaf weeds: Maximum bentazon amount per season is 2 lb/A.
(0.25 to 1 lb) Small. Refer to E3 for additional information.
A3 A5-6 E1 E3
Cadet 0.4 to 0.9 fl oz EC Some small POST. Soybean: Contact herbicides requiring small weed size, >15 gpa,
(fluthiacet14) (0.045 to 0.1 oz) broadleaf weeds 1 to 2 trifoliates. NIS or oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A, and full sunlight. May
including pigweed cause speckling on soybean leaves.
Cobra 8 to 12.5 fl oz EC
(lactofen14) (2 to 3.2 oz) species. Weeds: Small. Cadet may improve lambsquarters control.
Apply Cobra with oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
Resource 2 to 8 fl oz EC Refer to label for crop response, adjuvant type and
(flumiclorac14) (0.215 to 1.72 oz) rate, and tank-mix options.
Ultra Blazer 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC A3 E1
(acifluorfen14) (0.125 to 0.375 lb)
Flexstar / generic 0.75 pt EC Many small POST Apply at >15 gpa, oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A, and full
fomesafen14 + (0.176 lb) broadleaf weeds. Soybean: sunlight.
oil adjuvant Prior to flowering. MSO at 1 to 2 pt/A + AMS at 8.5 lbs/100 gal water will
Poor buckwheat, Weeds: Small. increase weed control and risk of crop injury.
lambsquarters and Apply at 1 pt/A in ND east of I-29 and south of I-94.
hairy nightshade Do not use as a Apply at 0.75 pt/A in ND east of Hwy 281 and in the
control. rescue treatment. following counties west of Hwy 281: Benson,
Contact herbicide Bottineau, Burleigh, Dickey, Eddy, Emmons, Foster,
requiring small Grant, Kidder, LaMoure, Logan, McHenry, McIntosh,
weed size. McLean, Mercer, Morton, Oliver, Pierce, Renville,
Rolette, Sheridan, Sioux, Stutsman, Towner, Ward,
and Wells.
West of Hwy 281:
- Do not apply to soil with OM >4%.
- Do not apply after June 20.
Refer to product label and ND SLN label for crop
rotation restrictions and other restrictions. Refer
to E4 for improved broadleaf weed control. A3
E1 E5
FirstRate 0.3 oz WDG or Large-seeded POST. Soybean: Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A + 28% UAN at 2.5% v/v.
(cloransulam2) 10 A/pack broadleaf weeds. Up to full flower Refer to label for weed size, and tank-mix options.
(0.25 oz) stage (R2). A3 E1
Weeds: Small.
Harmony / generic 0.083 (1/12) oz DF Mustard, pigweed, POST. Soybean: Add oil additive at 1 to 2 pt/A + 28% UAN or AMS.
thifensulfuron2 0.125 (1/8) oz SG and lambsquarters. 1st trifoliate until 60 Refer to label for tank-mix options.
(0.062 oz) days PHI. A3 A5-8 E1 E6
Pursuit 2 to 3 fl oz SL Annual broadleaf POST. Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A + 28% UAN at 2.5% v/v.
(imazethapyr2) (0.5 to 0.75 oz) weeds. Poor Soybean: MSO adjuvants enhance weed control more than
Raptor 4 to 5 fl oz SL lambsquarters, Prior to flowering. petroleum oil or NIS adjuvants. Refer to label for weed
(imazamox2) (0.5 to 0.625 oz) ragweed, size and application information. Raptor has less soil
buckwheat and b. Weeds: Small and residual carryover than Pursuit.
wormwood control. actively growing. A3 A5-8 E1 E8 E10
Varisto 11 to 27 fl oz SL Small annual grass Add MSO adjuvants at 1.25 to 1.5 pt/A.
(bentazon6 & (0.34 to 0.84 lb + and broadleaf Allow a 30 day Apply 11 fl oz to pre-bolt canola.
imazamox2) 0.26 to 0.64 oz) weeds and PHI. Refer to E3 for additional information.
suppression of A3 A5-8 E1 E3 E10
Canada thistle.

33
SOYBEAN
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

Refer to page 38-39 for additional herbicides to use in conventional or herbicide-resistant soybean.
Assure II 4 to 12 fl oz EC Annual grasses Soybean: Prior to Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
Targa (0.44 to 1.32 oz) and quackgrass. pod set. than 1.25 pt/A.
(quizalofop1) Grass weeds: Use highest rate of Assure II for yellow foxtail control.
Fusilade DX 5 to 12 fl oz EC Refer to table Grass control is reduced by tank mixtures or close
(fluazifop1) (1.25 to 3 oz) below. interval application of POST broadleaf control
herbicides. Antagonism generally can be avoided by
applying a higher rate of grass herbicide or apply the
Poast 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC Annual grasses. Soybean: All grass control herbicide 1 or more days before or 7
(sethoxydim1) (0.1 to 0.3 lb) stages. days after the broadleaf control herbicide.
Grass weeds: Do not cultivate prior to 5 days before or 7 days after
Select Max 1EC 9 to 16 fl oz EC Annual grasses Refer to table application. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Select 2EC 4 to 8 fl oz EC and quackgrass. below. A3 A5-7 E1-2
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz)

Grass Control with POST Herbicides

Foxtail, Corn, volunteer Wheat, barley, oat,
green and yellow (See page 113) Quackgrass and sandbur Proso millet, wild
inches fl oz/A inches fl oz/A inches fl oz/A inches fl oz/A inches fl oz/A
Assure II/Targa1 2 to 4 7 to 8 6 to 30 5 to 8 6 to 10 12 2 to 6 7 to 8 2 to 6 5 to 8
Fusilade DX1 2 to 4 10 to 12 12 to 24 4 to 6 6 to 10 12 2 to 6 8 4 to 8 6
Poast1 2 to 8 1 pt 1 to 20 1 pt 6 to 8 2 pt 1 to 4 1 pt 4 to 10 0.5 pt
Select Max 1EC1 2 to 8 9 to 12 4 to 24 9 to 12 4 to 12 12 2 to 6 9 2 to 10 9
Select 2EC1 2 to 8 4 to 6 4 to 24 6 4 to 12 8 2 to 6 6 2 to 10 4 to 6
Shadow 3EC1 2 to 8 2.66-5.33 4 to 24 2.66-5.33 4 to 12 5.3-10.6 2 to 6 4 to 5.33 2 to 10 4 to 5.33

Preharvest Application
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9 Up to 1.5 lb ae Preharvest weed Prior to harvest. Add NIS plus AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lb/100 gal.
See Remarks. control - broadcast Apply when Do not apply on soybean grown for seed because
or spot application. soybean seed reduced germination/vigor may occur.
pods are a mature A3-6 B8
Banvel / generic Up to 32 floz 4SL + brown color, Do not apply on soybean grown for seed because
dicamba +4 1 qt/A >75% leaf drop, reduced germination/vigor may occur.
MSO adjuvant (1 lb) and <30% seed Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A. A3 A5-8 B6 E4
moisture.
Aim + 1 to 6 oz SL + Desiccant. Contact herbicides require >15 gpa and full sunlight.
MSO adjuvant 1 qt/A PHI: Apply at >10/>5 gpa for ground/aerial application.
(carfentrazone14) (0.256 to 1.5 oz) RU = 7 days Apply paraquat with NIS at 2 qt/100 gal water.
Paraquat +22 8 to 16 fl oz 2SL Dicamba = 7 days. Sharpen requires up to 10 days for optimum
NIS 5.4 to 10.7 floz 3SL Paraquat =15 days desiccation.
RUP (0.13 to 0.25 lb) Aim = 3 days Apply dicamba, Aim, and Sharpen with AMS at 8.5
Sharpen = 3 days lb/100 gal water or UAN at 2.5 gal/100 gal water.
Sharpen + 1 to 2 fl oz SC + Do not apply Sharpen on soybean grown for seed
MSO adjuvant 1 to 2 pt/A because reduced germination/vigor may occur.
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.72 oz) B11-12

34
 HERBICIDE-RESISTANT SOYBEAN
Refer to Herbicide Resistant Weeds section (X1) for weed management strategies to delay herbicide resistant weeds.

Rule #1 - Control weeds BEFORE 2 to 4 inches tall to avoid yield loss.

Remove weeds early especially when grass weed populations are high.
ND soybean yield loss from weeds removed at different intervals.
Weed height when Soybean Soybean yield*
weeds were removed. stage (bu/A)
Weed free - 44.3
2 to 4 inches VC (cotyledon) to V1 42.1 Soybean yield loss from weeds may be greater in
dry North Dakota environments than other areas
6 to 8 inches V2 to V4 40.8
of the Midwest that receive greater precipitation.
>10 inches V3 to R2 36.4
Weedy check - 22.7
*Source: Greg Endres, Carrington R&E Center. 8-site years (2011-2014). Carrington, Doyon, Langdon, and Minot.

LibertyLink Soybean
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Liberty 280, 32 to 43 fl oz SL Annual grass and POST. Apply only to LibertyLink soybean varieties.
Interline (0.58 to 0.72 lb) broadleaf weeds Soybean: Non-selective, contact, non-residual herbicide
(glufosinate10) including ALS and Emergence to pre- requiring thorough coverage. Apply a PRE foundation
Maximum total glyphosate bloom. treatment prior to Liberty POST. Add AMS at 3 lb/A -
= 87 fl oz resistant weeds. do not use AMS replacement or water conditioner
Cheetah, Scout 29 to 43 fl oz SL Weeds: Up to 3 adjuvants. Can be applied with a registered grass
(glufosinate10) (0.53 to 0.72 lb) inches tall. herbicide. Refer to label for tank-mix options and
restrictions. Most active in hot and sunny conditions.
Maximum total Controls weeds resistant to other herbicides.
= 87 fl oz A3 A6 B9 D7

STS (sulfonylurea-tolerant) Soybean

Product/A
Herbicide (ae/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Harmony/generic 0.33 oz DF Annual broadleaf POST. Apply only to RR/STS soybean varieties.
thifensulfuron2 0.5 oz SG weeds including RR/STS soybean: Apply with glyphosate at 0.38 to 1.125 lb ae/A.
(0.25 oz) wild buckwheat, 1st fully expanded Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water. Apply with AMS fertilizer
lambsquarters, trifoliate to 60 days at 8.5 lb/100 gal. Refer to label for weeds controlled
mustard species, PHI. and application information.
and vol. RR A4-7 B8 D8 E6
canola.

Roundup Ready and Roundup Ready 2 Yield Soybean

Product/A
Herbicide (ae/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9 Maximum single Annual and POST. Apply only to RR / RR 2 Yield soybean varieties.
application = perennial grass Soybean: Cannot plant harvested patented soybean seed.
1.5 lb ae and broadleaf Emergence Add AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lb/100 gal. Multiple
weeds. through R2 or full applications may be necessary for weed flushes. Refer
Maximum in-crop flowering. to label for weeds controlled, application information,
= 2.25 lb ae Allow a 14 day and tank-mix options with residual herbicides and
See Remarks. PHI. restrictions. A4-7 B8 D8

35
Roundup Xtend Soybean
Product/A
Herbicide (ae/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Engenia 5 SL Single application Annual and EPP, At Planting,Apply only to RU Xtend soybean varieties.
FeXapan 2.9SL rate in-crop: perennial PRE and POST. Drift and off-site movement may cause injury or death to
XtendiMax 2.9SL 12.8 5SL broadleaf Soybean: susceptible plants and crops.
(dicamba4) 22 fl oz 2.9SL weeds. Emergence to pre-For all application information and restrictions refer to:
(0.5 lb ae) bloom or no more www.xtendimaxapplicationrequirements.com
RUP Maximum total than 45 days after
www.engeniatankmix.com / www.fexapan web site
Only certified in-crop: 1 lb ae planting, whichever
• Do not deviate in use from label or web sites (above).
applicators may comes first. • Dicamba or auxin-specific training is required.
purchase and Maximum total/yr: • Apply with approved nozzles and adjuvants.
apply. 2 lb ae Weeds: Less than • Do not add any product containing ammonium.
4 inches tall. • Do not apply before/during temperature inversion.
Do not apply less • Do not apply when wind speed is <3 or >10 mph.
than 0.5 lb ae/A for • Maintain a 110 or 220 foot buffer depending on rate.
any application. A3-8 B6 B8 D1 D3 D8 E1 E4
Tavium 3.38 SL 56.5 fl oz CS (0.5 lb Annual and EPP, At Planting,
(dicamba4 & S- & 1 lb) perennial PRE and POST.
metolachlor15) broadleaf Soybean:
weeds. Emergence to V4
or no more than 45
Residual control days after planting,
of grass and whichever comes
small-seeded first.
broadleaf weeds
Weeds: Less than
4 inches tall.

Dicamba Applications to DT Soybeans in 2020

ND implemented a State and Local Need (SLN), 24c label with restrictions beyond the Federal Section 3 Label in 2019. At the time of this
writing, ND Department of Agriculture is CONSIDERING implementing similar restrictions for 2020. However, this is a multistep process
requiring support of registrants and EPA. NDSU has established the following link to apprise applicators of developments. A link to the ND
Department of Agriculture website will be provided if a SLN is implemented. Use the following link for the latest information:
https://tinyurl.com/ND-Dicamba2019SLN

Some reasons why off-site movement of dicamba can occur:

1. Soybean can show phytotoxic symptoms from dicamba at rates as low as 0.0004 oz ae/A (0.028 g/ha). Very small amounts of dicamba
from contaminated sprayers, particle drift, and volatility can cause injury symptoms on soybean. Extremely high soybean sensitivity to
dicamba influences all other discussion points.
2. Dicamba rate used in DT soybean is 8 oz ae/A compared to 0.5 to 2 oz ae/A used in wheat and corn. The higher dicamba rate applied
in DT soybean applied during late June and early July can result in very high release of dicamba into the environment, which could be a
source for particle drift and volatility.
3. Higher temperatures occur in late June and early July. The vapor pressure of dicamba significantly increases as temperature increases.
4. Dicamba is normally applied in May and early June in wheat and corn. Dicamba in DT soybean allows application prior to R1 stage.
Later applications are more prone to dicamba drift because temperatures are higher, which allows greater dicamba volatility while
soybeans are more advanced in growth to intercept dicamba, express injury symptoms, and possibly reduce yield.
5. Dicamba drift is more likely to cause yield loss the closer to and including reproductive stage. Summer solstice (June 21) is the
reproductive trigger in soybean.
6. Precipitation normally decreases after late June. Dicamba is highly water soluble and rain events after application can “wash” dicamba
off plant leaves into the soil to trap dicamba and reduce off-target movement.

NDSU Weed Science recommends no dicamba applications after June 20 - See #3-6 above.
• This allows for PRE and Early POST applications.
• This supports the residual PRE concept for effective weed management and encourages timely applications.
• Soybeans are photoperiod sensitive: the reproductive phase begins after the longest day of the year (June 21). Off-target drift of dicamba
is more likely to injure non-tolerant soybean yield when it enters the reproductive phase.
• Most off-target dicamba drift complaints result from postemergence applications. Postemergence applications have the greatest potential
to contact and injure susceptible vegetation. Spraying conditions may be favorable after June 20 but average temperatures are higher,
which exponentially increase the potential for dicamba volatilization. Soybean plants will be larger to intercept more herbicide.

36
 Enlist Soybean
Product/A
Herbicide (ae/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Enlist One 3.8 SL 1.5 to 2.0 pt SL Annual and EPP, At Planting, Apply only to Enlist Soybean Varieties
(2,4-D choline4) (0.7 to 0.95 lb ae) perennial broadleaf PRE and POST. Drift and off-site movement may cause injury or death
weeds Soybean: to susceptible plants and crops.
Emergence to no For all application information and restrictions refer to:
Enlsit Duo 3.3 SL 3.5 to 4.75 pt SL Annual and later than R2 (full https://www.enlist.com/en/approved-tank-mixes.html
(2,4-D choline4 & (0.7 to 0.95 lb ae & perennial grass bloom) • Do not deviate in use from label or web sites (above).
glyphosate9) 0.75 to 1 lb ae) and broadleaf • Apply with approved nozzles and adjuvants.
weeds. • Do not apply before/during temperature inversion.
• Do not apply when wind speed is <3 or >15 mph.
• Maintain a 30 foot buffer.

Only glyphosate formulations that have been approved for use over the top of “Enlist” or “glyphosate-tolerant” soybeans can be used on
Enlist soybeans.
Enlist “E3” soybean varieties are also tolerant to glufosinate. Apply only glufosinate formulations that have been approved for use over
the top of “Enlist” or “glufosinate-tolerant” soybeans.

37
Roundup Ready Soybean - Herbicides to apply in tank-mix or sequentially with glyphosate for
control of weeds not controlled by glyphosate.

Waterhemp / Palmer
Ragweed, Common

Smartweed, Annual
Nightshade species

Pigweed, Redroot
Canola, Vol. RRb
Buckwheat, Wild

Lambsquarters

Prickly lettuce
Horseweed
(Marestail)
Kochia
HerbicideSite of action-pg 108-109
Rate/A

Weed Control Ratingsc,d

Glyphosate9 (4.5 lb ae)+ AMS + HSOC 32-105 fl oz F-E N P-E P-E E E E E P-E E P-E
+ 2,4-D4e + 1 pt F-E P-E G-E P-E E E E E E E P-E
+ 2,4-D4e + Express + 1 pt + 0.3 oz F-E G-E P-E P-E E E E E P-E E P-E
+ 2,4-D4e + Metribuzin5 + 1 pt + 0.33 lb G-E G-E G-E F-E E G-E E E E E F-E
+ Afforia2,14 2.5-3.75 oz WDG G-E G-E F-G P-G G-E G-E G-E F-E P F G
+ Verdict14,15 + 5 fl oz G-E P-G G-E G-E E G-E E G-E G-E E E
+ Verdict14,15 + Metribuzin5 + 5 fl oz + 0.33 lb E G-E E E E E E E E E E
+ Verdict14,15 + Zidua SC15 + 5 floz + 3.25 fl E G-E G-E G-E E E E E G-E E G-E
oz
Paraquat22 + NIS adjuvant 3 pt 2SL + 1-2 pt F - F-G G-E P-E G-E E F-G G-E E G-E
+ Verdict14,15 + Metribuzin5 + oil adj. + 5 fl oz + 0.33 G-E E G-E G-E E G-E E G-E E E G-E
+ 2,4-D4e+Verdict14,15+Metrib5 + oil adj. + 5 oz + 0.33 lb E E E E E E E E E E E

Weed Control Ratingsc,d - without glyphosate

Afforia2,14 2.5-3.75 oz WDG G-E G-E F-G P-G G-E G-E G-E F-E P F G
Anthem Maxx14,15 2-5.5 oz WDG F-E P-F - F-E F-E F-E G-E - P F-E G-E
Authority Assist2,14 6-9 fl oz P-G G-E F F-E G-E F-E F-E E N G-E F-E
Authority Elite14,15 20-32 fl oz P-G P F G-E G-E G-E G-E P N G-E G-E
Authority First2,14 4-8 oz WDG P-G E P-G F-E G-E F-E E P N G-E F-E
Authority MTZ 5,14 12-15* oz F-G E F F-E G-E G-E G-E G-E P-F G-E F-E
Authority Supreme14,15 6-11.5 fl oz P-F P P-F F-E G-E F-E G-E P N G-E G-E
Boundary5,15 1.6*-2.4** pt F-G E F F-G G P G-E G-E P-F G G-E
BroadAxe XC14,15 20-32 fl oz P-G P-F F G-E G-E G-E G-E P N G-E G-E
Fierce14,15 3 oz WDG P-F G-E F-G F-E F-G F-E G-E F-G F-G F-G G-E
FirstRate2 0.3-0.75 WDG N E P-E N P-F N P-F - P G-E N
Metribuzin5 0.33-0.5 lb DF F-G E F F-G P-G P G-E G-E P-F G F-G
Prowl3 (PPI) See label N N N P F-G N E N N N-P F-G
Panther Pro2,5,14 12* fl oz F-G E F-G F-G F-E G-E E G-E P-F G G
Pursuit2 2 fl oz F-G G-E N N P P-E E - N G N
Sharpen14 1 fl oz P-F G-E P-F P F P F-P P P P P-F
Sonalan3 (PPI) See label P N N P F-G N E N N N-P F-G
Sonic2,14 4-8 oz WDG F-G E P-G F-E G-E F-E E P N G-E F-E
Spartan14 4.5-9 fl oz F-G P F F-E G-E F-E F-E P N G-E F-E
Surveil2,14 2.1-4.2 oz WDG P E - P-G G-E E E - F-E G-E F-E
Treflan3 (PPI) See label N N N P F-G N E N N N-P F-G
Valor EZ14 2-3 oz SC/WDG P-F F-E F-G F-G F-E G-E G-E F-E P-F F G
Verdict14,15 5 fl oz P-F G-E P-F P F-G F G G-E P-F F F-G
Zidua SC15 2.5 - 5.75 fl oz F-E P-F - F F-E F-E G-E - P-F F-E G-E
Zidua Pro2,14,15 4.5 fl oz F-E P-F - F-E F-E F-E G-E - F-G F-E G-E
aMay carry over more than one cropping season. Follow labeled crop rotation restrictions - see

Y15. bSee page 128 for control of volunteer canola and corn, and herbicide rates.
cE = Excellent (90-99%), G = Good (80-90%), F = Fair (65-80%), P = Poor (40-65%), N = None.
dIncludes resistant populations.
*Metribuzin at 0.33 lb/A DF, **Metribuzin at 0.5 lb/A DF.

38
Roundup Ready Soybean - Herbicides to apply in tank-mix or sequentially with glyphosate for
control of weeds not controlled by glyphosate.

Horseweed (Marestail)

Waterhemp / Palmer
Ragweed, Common

Smartweed, Annual
Nightshade species

Pigweed, Redroot
Canola, Vol. RRb
Buckwheat, Wild

Lambsquarters

Prickly lettuce
Kochia
HerbicideSite of action-pg 108-109
Rate/A
PRE fb POST Weed Management Programs - add AMS at
1.5 lb/A and see label for adjuvant requirements. Weed Control Ratingsc,d
RP = Residual PRE listed on page 30, such as, Boundary, Fierce, Sharpen, Spartan, or Zidua, or combinations above.
RP fb RU9 (4.5 lb ae)+ AMS + HSOC 32-105 fl oz PE P-E P-E P-E E P-E E P-E P-E P-E P-E
RP fb RU9 + FlexstarGT9,14 + HSMOC 32floz+2.68pt+1pt G-E E P-G G-E E E E G E E P-E
RP fb RU9 + Marvel14,14 + NIS fb 32 fl oz + 7.25 fl oz G-E E P-G F-E E E E G E E P-E
RU9 + Cobra14 + NIS fb 32floz+8-12 floz
RP fb RU fb Storm + NIS fb RU if need 32 fl oz fb 1.5 pt G F-G P-E F-E G-E G-E E G-E F-E E F-E

POST herbicidesa - add AMS at 1.5 lb/A

- see label for adjuvant requirements. Weed Control Ratingsc,d - without glyphosate
Basagran6 + MSO 1.5-2 pt + 1.5 pt P-G P-G P-F P-E F-E N-G F-E G P-F E F-E
Cadet14 + NIS 0.65-0.9 fl oz N-P - N P-F F-G - F-G - N - P-G
Cobra14 + PO 8-12.5 fl oz P P N P-F N G G-E - P-E P P-G
Extreme2,9 + HSMOC 1.5-2.25 pt G P-E P-G P-E G E E G-E P-E G-E P-E
FirstRate2 + PO 0.3-0.6 oz WDG P-F P-G G-E P P N N-P - N E N
Flexstar14 + MSO 0.75 pt + 1-1.5 pt P E N-P G-E P-F F-E E - P-E G-E P-E
Flexstar GT9,14 + HSMOC 2.68 pt + 1 pt P-G E P-G G-E G-E G-E E F-G F-E E P-E
Glyphosate9 (4.5 lb ae) + AMS 32 fb 32 fl oz G N P-E P-E E E E E P-E E P-E
Harmony DG/SG2 + NIS + AMS 1/12 oz / 1/8 oz N P N N F-G N G P N F-G N
Marvel14 + NIS 5 to 7 fl oz P E N-P G-E F-G F-E E - P-E G-E P-E
Pursuit2 + MSO 2-3 fl oz + 1.5 pt P P-E N N P P-E E P-E N G N
Raptor2 + MSO 4-5 fl oz + 1.5 pt P P-E N N P-F E E G N G-E N
Resource14 + NIS or MSO 3 fl oz - - N - F-G - F-G - N-P - N-P
Storm6,14 + NIS or MSO 1.5 pt P-F P-E N P-E F-E F-G E G P-F E F-E
Ultra Blazer14 + NIS or MSO 1.5-2 pt P F-G N P-G N F-G E - N-F E P-E
Varisto2,6 + MSO 16-27 fl oz + 1.5 pt P-G P-E P-F P-E F-E E E G P-F E F-E

Herbicides for Liberty Link soybean ONLY

- add AMS at 3 lb/A. Weed Control Ratingsc,d - without glyphosate
10
Liberty 280 + AMS 32 - 43 fl oz F-G F-E G-E F-E F-E F-E F-E F-E F-E F-E F-E
fb Liberty10 + AMS fb 32 - 43 fl oz G-E F-E E E E E E G-E E E G-E
+ Flexstar14 + adjuvant + AMS + 0.75 pt G E G-E E G-E E E F-E E E G-E
Residual PRE fb Liberty10 + AMS X rate fb 36 fl oz E E E E E E E E E E E
aMay carry over more than one cropping season. Follow labeled crop rotation restrictions - see

Y15. bSee page 128 for control of volunteer canola and corn, and herbicide rates.
cE = Excellent (90-99%), G = Good (80-90%), F = Fair (65-80%), P = Poor (40-65%), N = None.
dIncludes resistant populations.
*Metribuzin at 0.33 lb/A DF, **Metribuzin at 0.5 lb/A DF.

39
SOYBEAN Weed control from Basagran applied 1 to 4 times. NDSU data.
E1. Soybean is a poor competitor with weeds when cool soil
temperatures cause slow germination and growth but does Basagran Oil adjuvant Colq Koch Rrpw
compete effectively in warm soils when germination and growth are
rapid. Soybean production requires good cultural practices. (pt/A x no. of app.) Rate/A ----- % control -----
Prepare the seedbed prior to planting to kill germinating weeds.
Management practices such as thorough seedbed preparation, 2 pt x1 + PO at 2 pt/A 8 38 51
adequate soil fertility, choice of a well-adapted variety, and use of 1 pt x2 + “ 31 64 90
good quality seed all contribute to conditions of good competition 0.67 pt x3 + “ 34 79 95
with weeds. A rotary hoe or harrow may be used to control weeds 0.5 pt x4 + “ 76 98 99
after planting but before the soybean emerge or after emergence
when soybean are in the 1 to 2 trifoliate leaf stage. Rotary hoe or 2 pt x1 + MSO at 1.5 pt/A 35 86 92
harrow help activate PRE herbicides under dry conditions and 1 pt x2 + “ 76 98 95
increase weed control. The rotary hoe can effectively control 0.67 pt x3 + “ 79 98 98
weeds when ground is not trashy, lumpy or wet, and when weeds 0.5 pt x4 + “ 99 99 99
are emerging. Cultivation is most effective when soybean are Colq = lambsquarters, Koch = kochia, Rrpw = redroot pigweed
slightly wilted during the warm part of the day, because the crop is
less susceptible to breakage and weeds will desiccate quickly. Bentazon is commonly combined with fertilizer micronutrients that
may cause incompatibility problems resulting in zinc precipitation.
E2. Poast (sethoxydim), Assure II/Targa (quizalofop), Fusilade Chelated zinc materials (black in color) have greater incompatibility
DX (fluazifop-P), Select/Max* (clethodim) applied POST with oil problems than unchelated material (clear). Recommendations to
adjuvant controls annual grasses and quackgrass. MSO oils have prevent precipitation are to fill sprayer with water, add bentazon and
performed equal to petroleum-based oil additives. See tables in the thoroughly agitate, then add zinc fertilizer material.
soybean section for rates according to weed and weed size.
Retreat quackgrass when regrowth is 4 to 8 inches tall. Poast E4. Dicamba controls most annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in
suppresses quackgrass. Most broadleaf herbicides tank mixed with glyphosate tolerant soybean. Weed control will vary based on rate,
POST grass herbicides will often reduce grass control compared to size of weeds, and adjuvants used. Refer to specific manufacturer
the grass herbicide applied alone. Addition of fertilizer may partially web sites no more than 7 days before application for approved tank-
overcome antagonism from broadleaf herbicides. Reduced grass mixes and application information.
control can be avoided by applying the grass herbicide at least 1
day before or 7 days after application of a broadleaf herbicide. Dicamba will injure or kill many broadleaf plants/crops from either
‘Dim’ herbicides (Select* and Poast) may leave a residue in the soil particle or vapor drift. Avoiding spray drift is the responsibility of the
and injure corn and other grass crops if planted before 6 days after applicator. Do not apply when wind is blowing toward or when drift
application. Grass crops may be planted 30 days after Poast* or may occur to susceptible crops. Apply only labeled formulations of
Select* application. Select Max allows a 6 days interval only if dicamba and follow best management practices to reduce drift.
applied at low rates - see label. Unabsorbed dicamba on plant tissue and soil may release vapors
after dew and small rain events several days after application and
Select* is an ACCase inhibitor mode of action herbicide but has injure susceptible crops. Applicators are required to be aware of
controlled ACCase resistant grasses. Do not overuse clethodim. proximity to susceptible crops. The applicator must survey areas
surrounding application site and must consult susceptible crop
E3. Basagran 5L contains 5 lbs ai/gal and generic bentazon registries for susceptible crops near the application site. Minute
contains 4 lb ai/gal and applied POST at 0.5 to 1 qt/A controls quantities of dicamba trapped in sprayers or bound to sprayer tank
many annual broadleaf weeds and suppresses Canada thistle. For and components will cause injury to non-dicamba resistant soybean
greater broadleaf weed control, especially kochia, lambsquarters, and many other susceptible crops. Closely follow label instructions for
redroot pigweed and wild buckwheat, apply bentazon as split spray tank clean-out procedures.
treatments either twice each at 1 pt/A, 3 times each at 0.67 pt/A, or Relative susceptibility of crops from dicamba drift:
4 times each at 0.5 pt/A as compared to one application at 2 pt/A. - Low susceptibility: all small grains, canola, corn, flax, millet, triticale.
Make applications 7 to 10 days apart depending on weed growth - Moderately susceptibility: alfalfa, buckwheat, potato, safflower, and
rate, growing conditions, size of weeds at application, degree of tomato.
weed control from first application, and sequential flushes. The first - Very high susceptibility: chickpea, dry bean, field pea, grape, lentil,
application must be made to small weeds (1 inch). sunflower, and sugarbeet.
-Extremely high susceptibility: non-DT soybean
Apply bentazon at 1 qt/A to Canada thistle before bud stage and
make a second application at 1 qt/A 7 to 10 days later. Dicamba resistant kochia biotypes have been documented in many
states including North Dakota. Use herbicides with effective modes of
Sequential applications will provide greater broadleaf weed control action other than Group 4 in soybean and in rotational crops to delay
than from a single application at full rates and can be used in all resistance to dicamba. High dicamba rates and multiple soil and in-
labeled crops. Apply with oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A (1 pt/A by air). crop applications of dicamba (alone) will greatly increase the
MSO adjuvant has shown greater enhancement of bentazon than development of dicamba resistant kochia and other broadleaf weeds
petroleum oil (COC) adjuvants but the cost of MSO is higher. similar to the development of glyphosate resistant weeds.
Bentazon is safe to soybean at all stages. The total maximum
seasonal use rate is 4 pt/A so the micro-rate can be increased if Growers should consider the risks of dicamba particle and or vapor
weeds are large at application or if sequential applications are drift, susceptibility of neighboring crops to dicamba, stage of
delayed due to rain or wind. Refer to paragraph F6 in the dry bean neighboring crops at dicamba application, and drift of dicamba vapors
section for more information. possibly released from soil after application when considering using
dicamba on dicamba resistant soybean. Consult label for these and
other new label requirements.
40
E5-13 - SOYBEAN E10. Raptor (imazamox) does not control wild buckwheat,
E5. Flexstar (fomesafen + adjuvants) controls many small lambsquarters, common and giant ragweed, Venice mallow,
broadleaf weeds. Apply with NIS at 1 to 2 qt/100 gal water or oil horseweed, biennial wormwood, and ALS-resistant weeds. Raptor
adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A. Oil adjuvant increases weed control but may control marginally susceptible weeds if less than 1 inch tall. Soil
also increases risk of soybean injury. NDSU research has shown residue of Raptor will not control late germinating weeds or weed
good to excellent kochia and other broadleaf weed control when flushes later in the growing season after rain events. Raptor as
Flexstar is applied at high spray volumes (>17 gpa), with oil compared to Pursuit has greater grass and broadleaf weed control,
adjuvants (especially MSO type), at labeled rates, and to kochia provides improved lambsquarters control, and has less carryover and
less than 2 inches tall. crop rotation restrictions.

Flexstar may cause excessive soybean injury if tank-mixed with EC Apply Raptor with basic pH blend adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water or
formulated herbicides which emulsifiers act as additional oil MSO type adjuvants at 1 to 1.5 pt/A. Under high temperatures and
adjuvant. Activity of Flexstar increases and risk of crop injury humidity apply with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water or PO at 1 to 2 qt/A v/v
increases as temperature and humidity increases. Optimum soil plus 28% UAN liquid fertilizer at 2 to 4 gal/100 gal water. 28% UAN
degradation occurs in moist and warm soils. Dry periods during improves control of many weeds. Activity of Raptor activity is greatest
summer months may cause Flexstar residue to carryover and applied with MSO + UAN but may result in crop injury at >88F and
injure corn. >80% RH.

Flexstar is labeled on soybean and Reflex is labeled on dry bean. Refer to label and paragraph on Pursuit and Raptor for information
Flexstar contains adjuvants lacking in the Reflex formulation. and restrictions when applying Raptor before or after Harmony* or
Reflex may give less consistent weed control than Flexstar and will tank-mixing with Harmony* or other POST grass herbicides. Crop
require better management strategies to achieve equivalent weed rotation restrictions are less with Raptor than Pursuit. However, like
control. See label or crop rotation restriction section for additional Pursuit, Raptor carryover is affected by soil pH. As soil pH increases,
information. rate of Raptor degradation increases. At soil pH less than 6.5, rate of
breakdown is slow and injury to sugarbeet and other sensitive crops
E6. Harmony* (thifensulfuron) has activity on wild mustard, may occur if planted before allowed time interval. See label or Y15 for
lambsquarters, pigweed species, annual smartweed, and wild crop rotation restrictions.
buckwheat. Apply with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water or oil adjuvants at
1 to 2 pt/A plus liquid fertilizer at 2 to 4 gal/100 gal water. Do not E11. Sonalan (ethalfluralin), Treflan* (trifluralin), or Prowl/H20
apply with oil adjuvants when tank-mixing with any other herbicide (pendimethalin) applied PPI controls most annual grasses and some
or severe crop injury may occur. See label or Pursuit paragraph for small-seeded broadleaf weeds but no large-seeded weeds including
precautions when tank-mixing with Pursuit and other herbicides. wild mustard, common cocklebur and sunflower control.
Requirements for proper timing and depth of incorporation differ for
Harmony* as spray drift or sprayer contamination may cause each herbicide. Adjust rate according to soil type. Treflan* must be
severe injury to susceptible crops such as sugarbeet and incorporated in the top 2 to 3 inches of soil within 24 hours of
sunflower. Thoroughly clean sprayer to prevent contamination of application. Treflan* incorporation may be delayed up to 2 days if
subsequent spray mixtures and injury to susceptible crops. applied to a cool, dry soil. Incorporation of Sonalan 10G can delayed
3 to 5 days after application. Herbicides can be applied with most soil
E7. Metribuzin* controls some annual broadleaf weeds, including PPI herbicides labeled in soybean. Sonalan has less soil residue than
wild mustard. Adjust rate according to soil type, pH, and organic Treflan* or Prowl and may be more active at comparable rates.
matter. Some soybean varieties are susceptible to metribuzin*;
consult label for list of susceptible varieties. Soybean injury can be E12. Spartan (sulfentrazone) applied shallow PPI or PRE controls
reduced by using herbicide combinations with lower rates of most annual small-seeded broadleaf weeds, may partially control wild
metribuzin*. buckwheat, marshelder, wild mustard, common ragweed, hairy
nightshade, Venice mallow, and foxtail, but provides no perennial
E8. Pursuit (imazethapyr) may not control Venice mallow, weed control. Spartan control several weeds that have become
horseweed, wild buckwheat, lambsquarters and common ragweed. resistant to glyphosate including waterhemp and kochia. Rate must
POST application may not provide adequate soil residual to control be adjusted for soil texture, soil pH and organic matter content. Apply
subsequent nightshade flushes due to plant foliage intercepting 4.5 to 12 fl oz/A and adjust rate for soil type. Herbicide solubility,
most of the spray. However, even a small amount of Pursuit may activity, and phytotoxicity increases as soil pH increases. Follow label
give a reduction in number and intensity of weed flushes. Pursuit is for rate information. Spartan may be applied up to 30 days prior to
enhanced greatest by MSO at 1.5 pt/A or basic pH blend adjuvants planting but use the higher rate in the appropriate rate range. Spartan
at 1 gal/100 gal water. Addition of UAN fertilizer improves weed can be tank-mixed with most PPI/PRE herbicides registered in
control, especially lambsquarters. soybean.

Crop injury may result if either Pursuit or thifensulfuron is applied Consistent weed control depends on at least 0.5 to 0.75 inch rainfall
sequentially or tank-mixed together. In sequential application, the shortly after application and before weeds emerge. Spartan will leave
first herbicide reduces the ability of soybean to metabolize the a residue in soil for more than one year. Refer to label or Y15 for crop
second herbicide. Uncontrolled weeds from the first herbicide may rotation restrictions.
be too large at the time of the second herbicide application. This is
particularly important for lambsquarters. E13. Valor (flumioxazin) applied EPP or PRE controls most annual
small-seeded broadleaf weeds and may suppress foxtail, common
E9. Python (flumetsulam) does not control large-seeded broadleaf ragweed, annual smartweed, Russian thistle, and wild buckwheat.
weeds like common and giant ragweed and common cocklebur. Fierce (flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone) applied EPP or PRE controls
Python activity is strongly affected by soil pH. High soil pH most grass and small-seeded broadleaf weeds. Valor can be applied
increases herbicide activity and increases speed of herbicide with glyphosate in early burndown programs in soybean. Valor
degradation, but also increases risk of crop injury. Some stunting requires a minimum of 0.5 inch of rain for activation. Refer to label or
may occur under poor growing conditions on soils with pH greater Y15 for crop rotation restrictions.
than 8.0. See label or Y15 for crop rotation restrictions.
41
DRY EDIBLE BEAN
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.

Soil-Applied and some POST-Applied Herbicides

Eptam 3.5 to 4.5 pt EC Grass and some PPI. PPI immediately after application.
(EPTC8) 15 to 20 lb G broadleaf weeds. Apply with other soil-applied herbicides for greater
(3 to 4 lb) weed control. A1-2 B1 F1-2
Prowl 2.4 to 3.6 pt 3.3EC Poor wild oat and PPI. PPI within 24 hours after application.
Prowl H2O 2.1 to 3 pt 3.8ACS no wild mustard Fall or Spring. Apply fall applications when soil temperature is less
(pendimethalin3) (1 to 1.5 lb) control. than 45 F to reduce fall herbicide degradation.
Treflan / generic 1 to 2 pt EC Adjust rate for soil type.
trifluralin3 5 to 10 lb 10G Use EC formulation in spring and 10G formulation in
(0.5 to 1 lb) fall for more consistent herbicide activation in soil.
Refer to label for tank-mixtures.
Sonalan 1.5 to 4.5 pt EC A1-2 B1-2 B7 E11
(ethalfluralin3) (0.55 to 1.69 lb)
5.5 to 11.5 lb 10G
(0.55 to 1.15 lb)
Dual/II/Magnum 1 to 2 pt EC Grass and some Shallow PPI or Shallow PPI improves consistency of weed control.
(S/metolachlor15) (0.95 to 1.9 lb) broadleaf weeds. PRE. PRE requires precipitation for herbicide activation.
Outlook / generic 10 to 21 fl oz EC Shallow PPI, PRE, Adjust rate for soil type and OM. Allow a 70 day PHI.
dimethenamid15 (0.47 to 1 lb) or EPOST up to A1-2 B1 F3
rd
3 trifoliate.
Spartan Elite 20 to 26 fl oz EC Shallow PPI or ND Section 24c label indemnification agreement
(s-metolachlor15 & (0.98 to 1.28 lb & PRE. required - user assumes all risk of crop injury.
sulfentrazone14) 1.75 to 2.25 oz) Do not use on coarse texture soils or soil with <1.5%
Spartan Charge 3.75 to 5.75 floz SE Small-seeded Shallow PPI or OM. Adjust rate for soil type and soil pH.
(carfentrazone14 & (0.16 to 0.25 oz & broadleaf weeds. PRE. Rainfall required for activation.
sulfentrazone14) 1.48 to 2.26 oz) A1-2 E12 F1

Permit 0.5 to 0.67 oz DF Many broadleaf Shallow PPI, PRE, PRE requires precipitation for herbicide activation.
(halosulfuron2) (0.38 to 0.5 oz) weeds and yellow or POST up to POST: Apply with NIS at 1 to 2 qt/100 gal water.
nutsedge. dry bean Permit: PRE controls additional weeds than POST,
flowering. including pigweed and lambsquarters.
Pursuit 2 fl oz SL Small broadleaf Refer to label when tank-mixing with other herbicides.
(imazethapyr2) (0.5 oz) weeds. Will not control ALS resistant weeds.
A3 A5-8 E8 F1

POST-Applied Herbicides
Basagran 5L / 0.4 to 1.6 pt SL / Small broadleaf POST. Dry bean: Non-residual, contact herbicide requiring >15 gpa and
generic bentazon6 0.5 to 2 pt applied 1 weeds and After emergence. full sunlight. Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A. Maximum
+ MSO adjuvant to 4 times. suppression of Broadleaf weeds: bentazon amount per season is 2 lb/A. Refer to E3 for
(0.25 to 1 lb) Canada thistle. Small. additional information. A3 E3 F1 F6
Raptor 4 fl oz SL Annual grass and POST. Add oil additive at 1 to 2 pt/A plus 28% UAN at 2 qt/A
(imazamox2) (0.5 oz) broadleaf weeds. Drybean: 1st (except during high humidity).
No control of ALS- trifoliate but prior A3 A5-8 E10 F1
resistant weeds. to flowering.
Varisto 11 to 21 fl oz SL Small annual grass Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A. Bentazon may be
(bentazon6 & (0.34 to 0.66 lb + and broadleaf Weeds: Small. applied sequentially to improve weed control.
imazamox2) 0.26 to 0.5 oz) weeds and Refer to E3 for additional information.
suppression of Allow a 30 day A3 A5-8 E1 E3
Canada thistle. PHI.

42
 DRY EDIBLE BEAN
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Reflex 0.75 pt EC Small annual Weeds: Contact herbicide requiring small weed size, >15 gpa,
(fomesafen14) (0.188 lb) broadleaf weeds 1 to 3 inches tall. oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A, and full sunlight.
including ragweed, Oil adjuvant will increase weed control and risk of crop
kochia, and PHI: 45 days. injury. Refer to E4 for improved weed control. See label
nightshade. for list of approved counties.
A3 E3 E5 F1 F5
Assure II 7 to 12 fl oz EC Annual grasses POST. Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less than
Targa (0.77 to 1.32 oz) and quackgrass. Dry bean: 1.25 pt/A.
(quizalofop1) PHI: Assure II, Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Fusilade DX 5 to 12 fl oz EC Poast, Select/Max Refer to Remarks in the POST grass herbicide section
(fluazifop1) 1.25 to 3 oz) = 30 days. under Soybean for methods to avoid antagonism and
Fusilade DX = 60 reduced grass control from broadleaf herbicides.
Poast 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC Annual grasses. days. A3 A5-6 E1-2
(sethoxydim1) (0.1 to 0.3 lb)
Grass: Refer to
Select Max 1EC 9 to 16 fl oz EC Annual grasses soybean section
Select 2EC 4 to 8 fl oz EC and quackgrass. on page 27.
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz)

NDSU Dry Bean Tank-Mix

Basagran 5L / 0.4 to 0.56 pt SL / Grass and POST. User assumes all risk of inadequate weed control
bentazon6 4L + 0.5 to 0.67 pt SL + broadleaf weeds, Weeds. Small. when using this reduced-rate treatment.
Raptor2 + 1 fl oz SL + including kochia, Must be less than MSO adjuvant is required.
Reflex14 + 2 to 4 fl oz EC + pigweed, and 1 to 2 inches tall. Repeat application 7 to 10 days later with some or all
Select/clethodim1 + 2 fl oz EC + nightshade. herbicides in the tank-mix to kill uncontrolled weeds
MSO adjuvant 1 to 1.5 pt/A May not control and control successive weed flushes.
_______________ ________________ wild buckwheat or Reduced herbicide rates cause resistant weeds - scout
Varisto SL 5.25 fl oz contains ragweed >2 inches weed control often and hand-pull any escaped weeds
Basagran 5L 4.2 fl oz or or small patches of weeds that could be resistant.
Basagran 4L 5.25 fl oz + Refer to E3-4 for additional information.
Raptor 1 fl oz A3 A5-8 E3 E5 E10 F1 F4-6

Dry Bean Preharvest / Desiccation Herbicides

Glyphosate9 Up to 0.75 lb ae Harvest aid/ Prior to harvest. Do not apply to dry bean grown for seed because
Weed control. Pods = yellow and reduced germination/vigor may occur.
leather texture. Use only labeled formulations. Add AMS at 8.5 lb/100
Seed = hard dough gal. Non-selective, non-residual, translocated, foliar
stage with <30% herbicide.
moisture. A3-7 B1 B8
PHI = 7 days.
Aim + 1 to 6 oz SL + Dry bean and Prior to harvest. Contact herbicides require >15 gpa and full sunlight.
MSO oil adjuvant 1 qt/A weed desiccant. >80% pods yellow/ Apply at >10 gpa for ground and >5 gpa for aerial
(carfentrazone) (0.256 to 1.5 oz) brown. application.
Paraquat22 + 1.2 to 2 pt 2SL >70% leaves lost Apply Aim, Sharpen and Valor with AMS at 8.5 to 17
NIS 0.8 to 1.3 pt 3SL green color. lb/100 gal water or UAN at 2.5 gal/100 gal water and
RUP (0.3 to 0.5 lb) with glyphosate or paraquat for weed desiccation.
PHI: Glyphosate improves weed control from Sharpen and
Sharpen + 1 to 2 fl oz SC + Aim = 0 days. Valor but antagonism may occur on biennial and
MSO adjuvant 1 to 1.5 pt/A paraquat = 7 days. perennial weeds.
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.72 oz) Sharpen = 2 days. Do not apply Sharpen to dry bean grown for seed
Valor = 5 days. because reduced germination/vigor may occur.
Valor SX 2 to 3 oz WDG
Valor EZ + 2 to 3 fl oz SC + B11-12 E13
MSO adjuvant 2 pt/A
(flumioxazin14) (1 to 1.53 oz)

43
FIELD PEA
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.

Soil-Applied Herbicides
Far-Go 1.25 qt EC Wild oat. PPI. PPI immediately after application.
(triallate8) (1.25 lb) Two pass incorporation improves weed control.
A1-2 B1 C8 G1
Prowl 1.75 to 3.6 pt EC Grass and some PPI. Fall apply when soil temperature is less than 45 F to
Prowl H2O 1.5 to 3 pt ACS broadleaf weeds. Fall or Spring. reduce fall herbicide degradation.
(pendimethalin3) (0.72 to 1.5 lb) Adjust rate for soil type.
Treflan / generic 1 to 1.5 pt EC Poor wild oat and Some pea varieties may be injured.
trifluralin3 5 to 7.5 lb 10G no wild mustard A1-2 B1 B7 E11 G1
(0.5 to 0.75 lb) control.

Sonalan 1.5 to 2 pt EC
(ethalfluralin3) 5.5 to 7.5 lb 10G
(0.55 to 0.75 lb)
Dual/II/Magnum 1 to 2 pt EC Shallow PPI or PRE requires precipitation for herbicide activation.
(S/metolachlor15) (0.95 to 1.9 lb) PRE. Adjust rates for soil type, OM, and pH.
BroadAxe XC 20 to 32 fl oz EC Annual grass and Refer to label for rate structure.
Spartan Elite (0.98 to 1.58 lb & small-seeded A1-2 B1 B4 E12 F3 G1
(metolachlor15 & 1.75 to 2.8 oz) broadleaf weeds.
sulfentrazone14)
Spartan Charge 3.75 to 7.75 floz SE Small-seeded
(carfentrazone14 & (0.16 to 0.34 oz & broadleaf weeds.
sulfentrazone14) 1.48 to 3.05 oz)
Authority Edge 3.3 to 11.7 fl oz SC Annual grass and
(sulfentrazone14 & (1.12 to 4 oz & small-seeded
pyroxasulfone15) 0.62 to 2.22 oz) broadleaf weeds.
Authority 4.3 to 10 fl oz SC
Supreme (1.12 to 2.6 oz &
(sulfentrazone14 & 1.12 to 2.6 oz)
pyroxasulfone15)
Pursuit 2 fl oz SL Small broadleaf Preplant or PRE. Shallow PPI improves consistency of weed control.
(imazethapyr2) (0.5 oz) weeds. PRE requires precipitation for herbicide activation.
No control of ALS- A1-2 E8 G1
resistant weeds.
Sharpen 1 to 2 fl oz SC Small broadleaf EPP, shallow PPI, PRE requires precipitation for herbicide activation.
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.72 oz) weeds including or PRE. Provides burndown control of small emerged broadleaf
kochia, pigweed, weeds including winter-annual species.
lambsquarters, Refer to label for tank-mix options.
nightshade and A1-2 B1-2 B12
winter annuals.
Metribuzin5 0.25 to 0.5 lb DF Suppression of Preplant or PRE. Contact herbicide requiring small weed size, >20 gpa,
0.38 to 0.75 pt 4F lambsquarters, and full sunlight. Use only registered formulations.
(0.19 to 0.38 lb) henbit, mustard, Adjust rate for soil type. Refer to label for application
0.167 to 0.33 lb DF and chickweed. POST. and environment information, and special precautions
0.25 to 0.5 pt 4F Weeds: Small. that may affect weed control and crop safety. Allow a
(0.125 to 0.25 lb) 50 day PHI.
A1-2 E7 G1

44
 FIELD PEA
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

POST-Applied Herbicides
Basagran 5L / 0.4 to 1.6 pt SL / Small broadleaf POST. Dry pea: Non-residual, contact herbicide requiring >15 gpa and
generic bentazon6 0.5 to 2 pt applied weeds and At least 3 pair of full sunlight. Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A. Maximum
+ MSO adjuvant 1 to 4 times. suppression of leaves or 4 nodes. bentazon amount per season is 2 lb/A. Refer to E3 for
(0.25 to 1 lb) Canada thistle. Broadleaf weeds: additional information.
Small. A3 E3 G1-2
Pursuit 2 fl oz SL Small annual POST. User assumes all risk of crop injury. Add NIS at 1
(imazethapyr2) (0.5 oz) broadleaf weeds. Pea: At least 3 pt/100 gal or oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A. Oil adjuvant
inches tall but prior increases weed control and risk of crop injury. Do not
No control of ALS- to 5 nodes and apply during adverse weather conditions.
resistant weeds. prior to flowering. Risk of Raptor carryover is less than Pursuit. Bentazon
may be applied sequentially to improve weed control.
Weeds: Small. Refer to E3 for additional information.
Raptor + 4 fl oz SL + Small annual grass
Bentazon antagonizes Raptor and reduces risk of
Basagran 5L / 0.4 to 0.8 pt/A SL / and broadleaf
Allow a 60 day injury to field pea.
generic bentazon6 0.5 to 1 pt/A SL weeds and
PHI. A3 A5-8 E3 E8 E10 F4 G1
(imazamox2) (0.5 oz + suppression of
0.25 to 0.5 lb) Canada thistle.
Varisto 11 to 21 fl oz SL
(bentazon6 & (0.34 to 0.66 lb +
imazamox2) 0.26 to 0.5 oz)
Thistrol 2 to 6 pt SL Small broadleaf POST. Pea: Slight, temporary injury may occur. Do not apply when
(MCPB4) (0.5 to 1.5 lb ae) weeds. Prior to 6 inches temperature exceeds 90 F or when peas are stressed.
tall. Suppresses Canada thistle. G1 G3
Assure II 7 to 12 fl oz EC Annual grasses POST. Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
Targa (0.77 to 1.32 oz) and quackgrass. Pea: Refer to PHI. than 1.25 pt/A.
(quizalofop1) PHI: Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Poast 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC Annual grasses. Assure = 60 days. Refer to Remarks in the POST grass herbicide section
(sethoxydim1) (0.1 to 0.3 lb) Clethodim = 21 under Soybean for methods to avoid antagonism and
days and prior to reduced grass control from broadleaf herbicides.
bloom. Clethodim may injure pea when applied during bloom.
Select Max 1EC 9 to 16 fl oz EC Annual grasses
Poast = 30 days. A3 A5-6 E2
Select 2EC 4 to 8 fl oz EC and quackgrass.
Grass: Refer to
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC
soybean section
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz)
on page 27.

Preharvest Herbicides
Glyphosate9 Up to 2.25 lb ae. Emerged grass Prior to harvest. Use only registered formulations. Add AMS at 8.5
and broadleaf Pea: >80% yellow/ lb/100 gal. Do not apply to field pea grown for seed
weeds. brown pods and because reduced germination/vigor may occur.
<30% seed A4-6 B8 D8
Aim + 1 to 6 oz SL + Desiccant. moisture. Contact herbicides require >15 gpa and full sunlight.
MSO adjuvant 1 qt/A PHI: Apply at >10 gpa for ground and >5 gpa for aerial
(carfentrazone) (0.256 to 1.5 oz) Glyphosate = 7 application.
days. Apply Aim, Sharpen and Valor with AMS at 8.5 to 17
Paraquat22 + 1.2 to 2 pt 2SL Aim = 0 days.
NIS RUP 0.8 to 1.3 pt 3SL lb/100 gal water or UAN at 2.5 gal/100 gal water and
paraquat = 7 days. with glyphosate or paraquat for weed desiccation.
(0.3 to 0.5 lb) Sharpen = 3 days. Glyphosate improves weed control from Sharpen and
Sharpen + 1 to 2 fl oz SC + Valor = 5 days. Valor but antagonism may occur on biennial and
MSO adjuvant 1 to 1.5 pt/A perennial weeds.
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.72 oz) Do not apply Sharpen to field pea grown for seed
Valor SX 2 to 3 oz WDG because reduced germination/vigor may occur.
Valor EZ + 2 to 3 fl oz SC + A4-8 B8 B11-12
(flumioxazin14) + 2 pt
MSO adjuvant (1.02 to 1.53 oz)

45
CHICKPEA/GARBANZO BEAN AND LENTIL
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.

Soil-Applied Herbicides
Far-Go 1.25 qt EC Wild oat. PPI. PPI immediately after application.
(triallate8) (1.25 lb) A two pass incorporation improves weed control.
A1-2 B1 C8 H1-2
Prowl 1.75 to 3.6pt 3.3EC Grass and some PPI. Adjust rate for soil type. Apply in fall when soil
Prowl H2O 1.5 to 3 pt 3.8ASC broadleaf weeds. Fall or Spring. temperature is less than 45 F to reduce fall herbicide
(pendimethalin3) (0.72 to 1.5 lb) degradation. A1-2 B1 B7 E11 H1-2
Treflan / generic 1 to 1.5 pt EC Poor wild oat and PPI. Lentil: Tolerance is marginal and injury may occur
trifluralin3 (0.5 to 0.75 lb) no wild mustard Fall or Spring. under stress conditions. Refer to label for additional
control. See Remarks for information. A1-2 B1 B7 E11 H1-3
Sonalan 1.5 to 2 pt EC use in Lentil. Lentil: Fall-apply Sonalan 10G just prior to snow cover
(ethalfluralin3) 5.5 to 7.5 lb 10G into stubble on fields that have been direct-seeded
(0.55 to 0.75 lb) with 30% or less soil disturbance for 2 to 3 years.
Incorporate once using minimum soil disturbance with
a rotary hoe or heavy harrow. Refer to label.
A1-2 B1 B7 E11 H1-3
Dual/II/Magnum 1 to 2 pt EC Shallow PPI or Shallow PPI improves consistency of weed control.
(S/metolachlor15) (0.95 to 1.9 lb) PRE. PRE requires precipitation to activate herbicide.
Adjust rate for soil type, OM, and pH.
Outlook / generic 16 to 21 fl oz EC
dimethenamid15 (0.75 to 1 lb) Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Do not apply products containing sulfentrazone to
BroadAxe XC 20 to 32 fl oz EC Annual grass and lentil.
Spartan Elite (0.98 to 1.58 lb & small-seeded A1-2 B1 B4 E12 H1-2
(s-metolachlor15 & 1.75 to 2.8 oz) broadleaf weeds.
sulfentrazone14)
Chickpea Only

Spartan Charge 3.75 to 7.75 floz SE Small-seeded

(carfentrazone14 & (0.16 to 0.34 oz & broadleaf weeds.
sulfentrazone14) 1.48 to 3.05 oz)
Chickpea Only
Authority 4.3 to 10 fl oz SC Annual grass and
Supreme (1.12 to 2.6 oz & small-seeded
(sulfentrazone14 & 1.12 to 2.6 oz) broadleaf weeds.
pyroxasulfone15)
Chickpea only
Pursuit 2 fl oz SL Small broadleaf E10 H1-2
(imazethapyr2) (0.5 oz) weeds.
No control of ALS-
resistant weeds.
Sharpen Chickpea = Small broadleaf Fall, EPP, shallow PRE requires precipitation to activate herbicide.
(saflufenacil14) 1 to 2 fl oz SC weeds including PPI, and PRE. Provides burndown control of small emerged broadleaf
(0.36 to 0.72 oz) winter-annual weeds. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Lentil = 0.75 fl oz species. A1-2 B1-2 B12
(0.27 oz)
Metribuzin5 0.25 to 0.5 lb DF Suppression of PRE. Adjust rates for soil type.
0.38 to 0.75 pt 4F lambsquarters, Refer to label for application and environment
Lentil Only (0.19 to 0.38 lb) henbit, chickweed information and special precautions that may affect
0.167 to 0.33 lb DF and mustard. POST. weed control and crop safety. Allow a 75 day PHI.
A1-2 E7 H1-2
0.25 to 0.5 pt 4F Weeds: Small.
(0.125 to 0.25 lb)

46
 CHICKPEA/GARBANZO BEAN AND LENTIL
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

POST-Applied Grass Herbicides

Assure II 7 to 12 fl oz EC Annual grasses POST. Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
Targa (0.77 to 1.32 oz) and quackgrass. Crop: Refer to PHI. than 1.25 pt/A.
(quizalofop1) PHI: Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Assure = 60 days. Refer to Remarks in the POST grass herbicide section
Poast 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC Annual grasses.
(sethoxydim1) (0.1 to 0.3 lb) Poast = 50 days. under Soybean for methods to avoid antagonism and
Clethodim = 30 reduced grass control from broadleaf herbicides.
days. A5-6 E2
Select Max 1EC 9 to 16 fl oz EC Annual grasses
Select 2EC 4 to 8 fl oz EC and quackgrass. Grass: Refer to
Shadow 3EC 2.7 to 5.3 fl oz EC soybean section
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz) on page 27.

Preharvest Herbicides
Glyphosate9 Up to 2.25 lb ae Emerged grass Harvest aid and Use only registered formulations.
and broadleaf desiccant. Apply with AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal.
weeds. PHI: 7 days Do not apply to crop grown for seed because
Perennial weeds. Spot treatment. reduced germination/vigor may occur.
PHI: 14 days. For spot treatment use a 2% solution for perennial
broadleaf weeds at or beyond the bud stage.
Crop will be killed in treated areas.
A4-6 B8
Paraquat22 + 1.2 to 2 pt 2SL Weed desiccant. Prior to harvest. Contact herbicides require >15 gpa and full sunlight.
NIS RUP 0.8 to 1.3 pt 3SL >80% yellow/ Apply at >10 gpa for ground and >5 gpa for aerial
(0.3 to 0.5 lb) brown pods and application. Apply Sharpen with AMS at 8.5 to 17
Sharpen + 1 to 2 fl oz SC + Sharpen - not for <40% green lb/100 gal water or UAN at 2.5 gal/100 gal water and
MSO adjuvant 1 to 1.5 pt/A green lentil chickpea leaves or with glyphosate or paraquat for weed desiccation.
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.72 oz) varieties. <30% green lentil Glyphosate improves weed control from Sharpen and
leaves. Valor but antagonism may occur on biennial and
Valor SX 2 to 3 oz WDG Valor - lentil only perennial weeds.
Valor EZ + 2 to 3 fl oz SC PHI:
(flumioxazin14) + 2 pt paraquat = 7 days. Do not apply Sharpen to crop grown for seed
MSO adjuvant (1.02 to 1.53 oz) Sharpen = 2 days because reduced germination/vigor may occur.
Valor = 5 days. B11-12 E13

Clearfield Lentil
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Beyond 4 to 6 fl oz SL Annual grass and POST. Apply only to Clearfield lentil varieties.
(imazamox2) (0.5 to 0.75 oz) broadleaf weeds Lentil: 2 to 6 leaf
Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water + 28% UAN at 2.5
including wild oat, stage. gal/100 gal water or AMS at 8.5 lbs/100 gal. Do not
foxtail, Japanese use PO or MSO adjuvants. Refer to label for weed size
and downy brome Weeds: Small and and application information. A5-8 E10
and Persian actively growing.
darnel.

47
DRY EDIBLE BEAN FIELD PEA
F1. Navy bean generally is less tolerance to herbicides than other G1. Field pea is a poor competitor with weeds in the early seedling
dry beans types or soybean. Rotary hoe before crook stage or after stage. Small weeds can be controlled by harrowing before crop
emergence up to 1 to 2 trifoliates. emergence and when pea is 3 to 7 inches tall. Apply broadleaf
herbicides to small weeds and small pea to reduce risk of pea injury.
F2. Eptam (EPTC) plus Prowl, Sonalan, or Treflan* controls many Do not apply POST herbicides when temperatures are above 85 F or
grass and broadleaf weeds. Incorporate 4 to 6 inches deep when pea are under heat/drought stress.
immediately after application. Do not use Eptam on soybean.
G2. Basagran (bentazon) applied sequentially in 15 to 20 gpa with
F3. Dual* (S/metolachlor), and Outlook* (dimethenamid) soil MSO oil controls many weeds less than 2 inches tall and suppresses
residual may provide 3 to 4 weeks weed control. Shallow PPI may Canada thistle. Allow a 30 day PHI. See paragraphs E3 and F6 for
provide more consistent weed control because PRE require rainfall additional information.
for activation. Applied in sequential PRE fb POST treatments for
improved weed control and to reduce late weed emergence. G3. Thistrol (MCPB) applied to 4- to 6-inch pea vines controls some
broadleaf weeds including lambsquarters and redroot pigweed and
F4. Pursuit (imazethapyr) can be applied ONLY PPI within 1 week suppresses Canada thistle. Slight pea injury may occur but pea will
of planting or PRE up to 3 days following planting to usually recover. Injury potential increases when pea is taller than 6
chickpea/garbanzo bean and lentil. DO NOT apply POST to inches and when temperatures exceed 90 F or when the pea is under
chickpea/ garbanzo bean or lentil, or Domino variety black turtle heat/drought stress. Apply prior to flowering.
bean. Do not apply after crop begins to flower or cold and/or wet
weather are present or predicted to occur within one week of G4. Glyphosate applied preharvest for annual weed control or as a
application. Do not use oil additives or liquid fertilizer. Apply with spot treatment controls many troublesome, perennial weeds including
NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water to dry beans with at least one trifoliate Canada thistle, perennial sowthistle, common milkweed, and
leaf. Refer to the Raptor paragraph in the soybean section for quackgrass. The crop in treated areas will be killed. Allow a 7 day PHI
additional information on application use and restrictions. Refer to for preharvest and 14 day PHI for spot treatment. No more than 10%
label or Y15 for crop rotation restrictions. User assume all risk of of the total field area may be spot treated at rates greater than 0.75 lb
liability for injury. ae/A. Do not apply to crop grown for seed.

F5. Reflex (fomesafen) applied POST with NIS at 1 to 2 qt/100 gal

water or oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A controls many broadleaf weeds.
Oil adjuvant may increase weed control but also increases risk of
CHICKPEA/GARBANZO BEAN
dry bean injury. Refer to the Flexstar paragraph in the soybean
H1. Chickpea/Garbanzo beans is a poor competitor with weeds in
section for information on application and adjuvant use.
the early seedling stage. Small weeds can be controlled by harrowing
after seeding up to 3 to 5 days after chickpea germination and again
F6. NDSU Dry Bean Tank-Mix concept substitutes additional
when chickpea is 2 to 4 inches tall. Apply broadleaf herbicides to
weed management for reduced herbicide rates. Application to
small weeds and small chickpea to reduce risk of pea injury. Do not
small weeds is essential for success. The micro-rate can be
apply POST herbicides above 85 F or when chickpea is under heat or
applied more than once in dry beans to control emerging weed
drought stress.
flushes but applying a foundation herbicide treatment (DNA or
acetanilide) may require only one POST application. MSO adjuvant
is required for optimum weed control. Apply at greater than 15 gpa.
Addition of AMS at 1 lb/A also increases weed control. Weed LENTIL
control from the micro-rate is best when temperature plus humidity
is greater than 140. Increasing spray volume and using AMS may H2. Lentil is a poor competitor with weeds in the early seedling stage.
help improve weed control when the value is below 140. Refer to Small weeds can be controlled by harrowing before crop emergence
paragraph E3 in the soybean section for additional information. In and when lentil is 3 to 7 inches tall.
addition to weeds listed in E3, data from soybean/ dry bean micro-
rate research has shown excellent control of wild mustard, H3. Treflan* (trifluralin) applied fall or spring controls grass and some
nightshade, buckwheat, ragweed, and cocklebur. broadleaf weeds. Rates should be adjusted based on soil texture and
organic matter. Lentil tolerance to Treflan* is marginal, so injury can
*Or generic equivalent. occur. Cool soil conditions over an extended period of time will delay
germination and emergence and increase risk of injury. Treflan*
spring-applied is more likely to cause stand reduction than when fall-
applied. If seeding into cool, dry soil after a spring application, the
seeding rate should be increased by 15% to compensate for injury
that may occur. Seed no deeper than 1.5 inches to reduce the
potential for lentil injury.

*Or generic equivalent.

48
49
SUNFLOWER
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.
Refer to page 51 for additional herbicides to use in conventional or herbicide-resistant
sunflower.
Soil-Applied Herbicides
Eptam 2.5 to 3.5 pt EC Grass and some PPI. No wild mustard control. PPI immediately after
(EPTC8) (2 to 3 lb) small seeded application. A1-2 B1 J1
broadleaf weeds.
Prowl 2.4 to 3.6 pt 3.3EC PPI. Poor wild oat and no wild mustard control.
Prowl H20 2.1 to 3 pt 3.8ACS Adjust rate for soil type.
(pendimethalin3) (1 to 1.5 lb) Refer to label for tank-mix options.
3 to 3.6 pt 3.3EC PRE - 30 days A1-2 B1 B7 J1
2.7 to 3 pt 3.8ACS before to 1 day
Apply PRE for no-till sunflower only.
(1.25 to 1.5 lb) after seeding.
Treflan / generic 1 to 2 pt EC PPI. PPI within 24 hours after application.
trifluralin3 5 to 10 lb 10G Poor wild oat and no wild mustard control.
(0.5 to 1 lb) Adjust rate for soil type.
Sonalan 1.5 to 3 pt EC PPI. Use highest rate allowed for broadleaf weed control.
(ethalfluralin3) 5.5 to 11.5 lb 10G Spring. A1-2 B1 B7 J1
(0.55 to 1.15 lb) Fall: From October
1 to December 31.
7.5 to 11.5 lb 10G For reduced or conservation tillage: incorporate twice
(0.75 to 1.15 lb) at 2 to 3 inches deep using a V-blade under-cutter or
rotary hoe. For fall applications: incorporate once in
the fall and once in the spring before seeding.
A1-2 B1 B7 J1
Dual Magnum 1 to 2 pt EC Shallow PPI or PPI improves consistency of control. PRE requires
(S-metolachlor15) (0.95 to 1.9 lb) PRE. moisture for activation. A1-2 B1 J1
Spartan 3 to 8 fl oz F Small-seeded EPP, shallow PPI, PRE requires precipitation for activation. EPP up to 30
(sulfentrazone14) (1.5 to 4 oz) broadleaf weeds or PRE. days prior to planting improves likelihood of activation
Spartan Charge 3.75 to 7.75 floz SE including kochia, by moisture. Adjust rate for soil type, OM, and pH.
(carfentrazone14 & (0.16 to 0.34 oz & lambsquarters, Temporary sunflower injury may occur in coarse, low
pigweed species, organic matter soils with pH greater than 7.8. May give
sulfentrazone14) 1.48 to 3.05 oz)
and b. wormwood. 6 to 8 weeks residual weed control. BroadAxe may
provide greater weed control as a premix product than
BroadAxe XC 20 to 32 fl oz EC Annual grasses activity from each herbicide.
A1-2 B1 B4 J1-2
Spartan Elite (0.98 to 1.58 lb + and small-seeded
(metolachlor15 & 1.75 to 2.8 oz) broadleaf weeds
sulfentrazone14) including kochia,
Authority Edge 4.4 to 11.7 fl oz SC lambsquarters,
(sulfentrazone14 & (1.5 to 4 oz & pigweed species,
and b. wormwood.
pyroxasulfone15) 0.84 to 2.22 oz)
Authority 5.8 to 15.4 fl oz SC
Supreme (1.51 to 4.0 oz &
(sulfentrazone14 & 1.51 to 4.0 oz)
pyroxasulfone15)
Zidua 1.75 to 6.5 fl oz SC EPP, PRE, or Do not apply PPI. Do not apply at cracking or
(pyroxasulfone15) (0.9 to 0.21 lb) POST V1 to V8 cotyledon stage. Do not tank mix with Beyond on
sunflower. CL sunflower.

POST-Applied Herbicides
Assure II / Targa 7 to 12 fl oz EC Annual grasses POST. Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
(quizalofop1) (0.77 to 1.32 oz) and quackgrass. Sunflower: than 1.25 pt/A.
Poast 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC Annual grasses. Refer to PHI. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Refer to Remarks in the POST grass herbicide section
(sethoxydim1) (0.1 to 0.3 lb)
Grass: Refer to under Soybean for methods to avoid antagonism and
soybean section reduced grass control from broadleaf herbicides.
Select Max 1EC 9 to 16 fl oz EC Annual grasses
on page 27. Allow a 70 day PHI.
Select 2EC 4 to 8 fl oz EC and quackgrass.
A3 A5-6 J1
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz)

50
 SUNFLOWER
Preharvest Herbicides
Glyphosate9 Up to 0.75 lb ae Preharvest weed Prior to harvest. Do not apply to sunflower grown for seed because
See Remarks. control. Backside of reduced germination / vigor may occur.
sunflower heads Use only registered formulations.
yellow and bracts Add AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal. A4-8 B8
Paraquat22 + 1.2 to 2 pt 2SL Desiccant. turning brown at Contact herbicides require >15 gpa and full sunlight.
NIS 0.8 to 1.3 pt 3SL the shoulder. Use paraquat on confectionery and oilseed sunflower
RUP (0.3 to 0.5 lb) Seed moisture varieties. Apply at >10 gpa for ground and >5 gpa for
content under
Sharpen + 2 fl oz SC + aerial application. Apply Sharpen and Valor with AMS
35%. at 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal water or UAN at 2.5 gal/100 gal
MSO adjuvant, 1 to 1.5 pt/A
(saflufenacil14) (0.71 oz) water and with glyphosate or paraquat for weed
PHI: desiccation. Glyphosate improves weed control from
Valor SX 2 to 3 oz WDG glyphosate= 7days
Sharpen and Valor but antagonism may occur on
Valor EZ + 2 to 3 fl oz EZ + paraquat = 7 days. biennial and perennial weeds.Do not graze or hay
MSO adjuvant 2 p/A Sharpen = 7 days. treated plants. Do not apply after multiple minor frosts
(flumioxazin14) (1.02 to 1.53 oz) Valor = 5 days. or a single major frost.
Do not apply Sharpen to sunflower grown for seed
because reduced germination/vigor may occur.
B11-12

HERBICIDE RESISTANT SUNFLOWER

Refer to page 50 for additional herbicides to use in conventional or herbicide-resistant sunflower.

Clearfield Sunflower
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Beyond 4 fl oz SL Small annual EPOST. Apply only to Clearfield sunflower varieties.
(imazamox2) (0.5 oz) broadleaf weeds Sunflower: 2 to 8- Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water + UAN at 2.5 gal/100 gal
including wild leaf stage. water or AMS at 8.5 lbs/100 gal. Do not add PO or
mustard and black Broadleaf weeds: MSO adjuvants or tankmix with Zidua.
nightshade. Less than 3 inches Refer to label for weeds controlled, adjuvant use, and
No ALS-resistant tall. tank-mix options.
weed control. Grass weeds: Less A3 A5-8 J3
4 to 6 fl oz SL than 4 to 5 leaves. Apply only to Clearfield Plus sunflower varieties.
(0.5 to 0.75 oz) Clearfield Plus sunflower has increased tolerance to
imazamox that allows higher herbicide rates and use
of more effective MSO adjuvants. Add MSO at 1 to 1.5
pt/A + UAN at 2.5 gal/100 gal water or AMS at 12 to 15
lbs/100 gal.

Express Sun Sunflower

Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Express SG 0.25 to 0.5 oz SG Small annual EPOST. Apply only to Express Sun sunflower varieties.
(tribenuron2) (0.125 to 0.25 oz) broadleaf weeds Sunflower: 1-leaf Apply with MSO adjuvant at 1 to 1.5 pt/A and with a
including wild stage but prior to registered POST grass herbicide. Observe a 14 day
mustard. bud formation. interval between sequential applications but do not
Suppression of exceed a total rate of 1 oz/A. Allow a 70 day PHI.
Canada thistle. Broadleaf weeds: A3 A5-8 J1 J4
No grass or ALS- Less than 3 inches
resistant weed tall.
control.

51
SAFFLOWER
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.

Soil-Applied Herbicides
Eptam 3.5 pt EC Grass and some PPI. Refer to narrative A1 for application information.
(EPTC8) 15 lb 20G broadleaf weeds. Poor wild mustard control.
(3 lb) A1-2 B1
Prowl H20 2.5 to 3.5 pt 3.8AS PPI. Poor wild oat and no wild mustard control.
(pendimethalin3) (1.19 to 1.66 lb) Fall. Adjust rate for soil type.
2 to 3 pt 3.8ACS PPI or PRE. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
(0.95 to 1.43 lb) Spring. Use highest rate allowed for broadleaf weed control.
A1-2 B1 B7
Treflan / generic 1 to 2 pt EC PPI.
trifluralin3 5 to 10 lb 10G Fall or spring.
(0.5 to 1 lb)
Sonalan 1.5 to 3 pt EC PPI.
(ethalfluralin3) 5.5 to 11.5 lb 10G Fall or Spring.
(0.55 to 1.15 lb)
Dual Magnum 1 to 2 pt EC Shallow PPI or Shallow PPI gives more consistent weed control.
(S-metolachlor15) (0.95 to 1.9 lb) PRE. PRE requires precipitation for activation.
A1-2 B1 S3
Spartan Charge 2.5 to 5 fl oz SE Small-seeded ND Section 24c label indemnification agreement
(carfentrazone14 & (0.1 to 0.2 oz & broadleaf weeds. required - user assumes all risk of crop injury.
sulfentrazone14) 1 to 2 oz) Do not use on coarse texture soils, soil <1.5% OM, or
soil pH >7.6. Adjust rate for soil type and soil pH.
A1-2

POST-Applied Herbicides
Harmony SG 0.45 to 0.6 oz SG Small annual POST: Allow an 81 Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt pt/A + UAN at 2 to 4 qt/A
(thifensulfuron2) (0.225 to 0.3 oz) broadleaf weeds. day PHI. or AMS at 2 lb/A.
Weeds: Small. Sequential applications are allowed but do not exceed
0.6 oz/A. A3 A5-8
Poast 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC Annual grasses. POST. Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
(sethoxydim1) (0.1 to 0.3 lb) Safflower: than 1.25 pt/A.
Refer to PHI. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Select Max 1EC 9 to 16 fl oz EC Annual grasses PHI: 70 days. Refer to Remarks in the POST grass herbicide section
Select 2EC 4 to 8 fl oz EC and quackgrass. under Soybean for methods to avoid antagonism and
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC Grass weeds: reduced grass control from broadleaf herbicides.
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz) Refer to soybean A3 A5-6
section - page 27.

Preharvest Herbicide
Glyphosate9 Up to 2.25 lb ae Preharvest weed White seed coat Do not apply to safflower grown for seed because
See Remarks. control. and >20 days after reduced germination / vigor may occur.
end of secondary Use only registered formulations.
branch flowering. Add AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal.
PHI: 7 days A3-7 B8
Drexel Defol 1 gal 6 SL Desiccant. Prior to harvest. Contact herbicides require >15 gpa and full sunlight.
(sodium chlorate) (6 lb) After physiological Apply at >10 gpa for ground and >5 gpa for aerial
maturity. application. Apply Sharpen and Valor with AMS at 8.5
PHI: to 17 lb/100 gal water or UAN at 2.5 gal/100 gal water
Sharpen + 1 to 2 fl oz SC +
Defol = 7 days. and with glyphosate or paraquat for weed desiccation.
MSO adjuvant 1 to 1.5 p/A
Sharpen = 7 days. Glyphosate improves weed control from Sharpen and
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.72 oz)
Valor = 5 days. Valor but antagonism may occur on biennial and
perennial weeds.
Valor SX 2 to 3 oz WDG Do not apply Sharpen to safflower grown for seed
Valor EZ + 2 to 3 fl oz SC + because reduced germination/vigor may occur.
MSO adjuvant 2 pt/A B11
(flumioxazin14) (1.02 to 1.53 oz)

52
 FLAX
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.

Soil-Applied Herbicides
Treflan / generic 1 to 2 pt EC Grass and some PPI. Adjust rate for soil texture.
trifluralin3 5 to 10 lb 10G broadleaf weeds. Fall. Deep incorporate within 24 hours after application.
(0.5 to 1 lb) A1-2 B1 B7 K1-2
Callisto 3 to 6 fl oz SC Small broadleaf PRE to flax crop. POST: Add MSO adjuvant at 1.25 pt/A + UAN at 2.5
(mesotrione27) (1.5 to 3 oz) weeds. PRE or POST to gal/100 gal or AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gallons water.
weeds. Do not apply POST to flax. A3 A5-6 K1
Spartan 3 to 8 fl oz F Small-seeded EPP, shallow PPI, PRE requires precipitation for activation.
(sulfentrazone14) (1.5 to 4 oz) broadleaf weeds PRE or Fall. Adjust rate for soil type.
including kochia, May give 6 to 8 weeks residual weed control.
Spartan Charge 3.75 to 7.75 flozSC lambsquarters, Refer to label for application information.
(carfentrazone14 & (0.16 to 0.34 oz & pigweed species, A1-2 B1 K1
sulfentrazone14) 1.48 to 3.05 oz) nightshade, and
b. wormwood.

POST-Applied Herbicides
Bromoxynil6 1 pt Small broadleaf POST. Most active in hot and sunny conditions.
(0.25 lb) weeds. Flax: 2- to 8-inches Poor wild mustard control. Flax injury is possible. K1
tall.
MCPA4 0.5 pt 4EC/SL Use MCPA ester on hard-to-kill weeds.
(0.25 lb ae) Early application is less injurious to flax. K1
Bromoxynil6 & 0.9 pt 4EC Apply to small weeds prior to bud stage of flax.
MCPA4 11.4 fl oz 5EC Risk of flax injury is greatest in hot and humid weather.
(0.23 & 0.23 lb ae) K1
Curtail M / generic 1.33 to 1.75 pt SL Broadleaf weeds POST. Flax: 2- to Rates allowed through ND Supplemental labeling.
clopyralid4&MCPA4 (1.1 to 1.5 oz ae & including C. thistle 6-inches tall. Allow a 72 day PHI. Apply after most Canada thistle
6.25 to 8.25 oz ae) and sowthistle. Weeds: Small. shoots have emerged and <6-inches tall. K1 T3
Assure II / Targa 7 to 12 fl oz EC Annual grasses POST. Flax: Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
(quizalofop1) (0.77 to 1.32 oz) and quackgrass. PHI: than 1.25 pt/A.
Assure = 60 days. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Targa = 70 days. Refer to Remarks in the POST grass herbicide section
Poast 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC Annual grasses. Poast = 75 days. under Soybean for methods to avoid antagonism and
(sethoxydim1) (0.1 to 0.3 lb) Clethodim = 60 reduced grass control from broadleaf herbicides.
days and prior to May be tank-mixed with bromoxynil or MCPA ester for
Select Max 1EC 9 to 16 fl oz EC Annual grasses bloom. broad-spectrum weed control.
Select 2EC 4 to 8 fl oz EC and quackgrass. Clethodim may injure flax when applied during bloom.
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC Grass: Refer to A3 A5-6
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz) soybean section
on page 27.

Preharvest Herbicides
Glyphosate9 Up to 1.125 ae Emerged annual Prior to harvest. Do not apply to flax grown for seed because
See Remarks. and perennial Flax seed = 30% reduced germination / vigor may occur.
grass and or less moisture. Use registered formulations. Add AMS at 8.5 lbs/100
broadleaf weeds. PHI = 7 days. gal. A3-7 B8
Drexel Defol 1 gal 6 SL Desiccant. Prior to harvest. Contact herbicides require >15 gpa and full sunlight.
(sodium chlorate) (6 lb) Flax: 70 to 80% of Apply at >10 gpa for ground and >5 gpa for aerial
Sharpen + 1 to 2 fl oz SC + the bolls are application. Apply Sharpen and Valor with AMS at 8.5
brown. to 17 lb/100 gal water or UAN at 2.5 gal/100 gal water
MSO 1 to 1.5 pt
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.72 oz) PHI: and with glyphosate for weed desiccation. Glyphosate
Defol = 7 days. improves weed control from Sharpen and Valor but
Valor SX 2 to 3 oz WDG Sharpen = 7 days. antagonism may occur on biennial and perennial
Valor EZ + 2 to 3 fl oz SC + Valor = 5 days. weeds.
MSO 2 pt Do not apply Sharpen to flax grown for seed
(flumioxazin14) (1.02 to 1.53 oz) because reduced germination/vigor may occur.
B12

53
CANOLA AND RAPESEED
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.
Refer to page 55 for additional herbicides to use in conventional or herbicide-resistant canola.

Soil-Applied Herbicides
Treflan / generic 1 to 2 pt EC Grass and some PPI. Adjust rate for soil type.
trifluralin3 5 to 10 lb 10G broadleaf weeds. Spring or Fall. A1-2 B1 B7 L1
(0.5 to 1 lb)
Sonalan 1.5 to 2.5 pt EC Grass and some PPI. Adjust rate for soil type. Poor wild oat and no wild
(ethalfluralin3) 5.5 to 9.5 lb 10G broadleaf weeds. Fall or Spring. mustard control. May result in reduced crop stand or
(0.55 to 0.95 lb) May suppress early injury. May provide greater broadleaf weed
kochia. control than trifluralin. A1-2 B1 B7 L1

POST-Applied Herbicides
Stinger / generic 4 to 8 fl oz SL Broadleaf weeds POST. Crop: 2- to Apply after most thistle shoots have emerged.
clopyralid4 (1.5 to 3 oz ae) including thistles. 6-leaves. Annual Allow a 50 day PHI.
weeds: Small. A3 A6 L1-2
Assure II 7 to 12 fl oz EC Annual grasses POST. Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
Targa (0.77 to 1.32 oz) and quackgrass. Crop: Refer to PHI. than 1.25 pt/A. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
(quizalofop1) PHI: Refer to Remarks in the POST grass herbicide section
Poast 1 to 1.5 pt EC Assure = 60 days. under Soybean for methods to avoid antagonism and
(sethoxydim1) (0.2 to 0.3 lb) Poast = 60 days. reduced grass control from broadleaf herbicides.
Clethodim = 70 Avoid drift to small grain and desirable grass species.
Select Max 1EC 9 to 12 fl oz EC Annual grasses days and prior to Clethodim may injure canola when applied during
Select 2EC 4 to 6 fl oz EC and quackgrass. bolting. bloom.
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC Grass weeds: A3 A5-6 L1
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz) Refer to soybean
section - page 27.

TAME MUSTARD
Treflan / generic 1.5 pt / 7 lb 10G Grass and some PPI. Adjust rate according to soil type.
trifluralin3 (0.5 to 1 lb) broadleaf weeds. Spring or Fall. A1-2 B1 B7
Assure II/Targa1 7 to 12 fl oz EC Annual grasses POST. Crop: Prior Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
(quizalofop) (0.77 to 1.32 oz) and quackgrass. to bolting. than 1.25 pt/A. Refer to Remarks in the POST grass
PHI - Refer to herbicide section under Soybean for methods to avoid
Select Max 1EC 9 to 12 fl oz EC
Select 2EC 4 to 6 fl oz EC Canola antagonism and reduced grass control from broadleaf
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC Grass weeds: herbicides. Avoid drift to small grain and desirable
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz) Refer to soybean grass species. Clethodim may injure tame mustard
section - page 27. when applied during bloom.
A3 A5-6 L1

Preharvest Herbicides for Canola, Rapeseed, and Tame Mustard

Glyphosate9 Up to 1.125 ae Emerged annual Physiologically Do not apply to canola, rapeseed, or tame mustard
See Remarks. and perennial mature crop. grown for seed because reduced germination/
grass and Seed = 30% or vigor may occur. Add AMS at 8.5 lbs/100 gal.
broadleaf weeds. less moisture. A3-7 B8
PHI = 7 days.
Reglone + 1.5 to 2 pt 2SL + Desiccant. Prior to harvest. Contact herbicides require >15 gpa and full sunlight.
NIS 1 qt/100 gal water >60% of canola Apply at >10 gpa for ground and >5 gpa for aerial
(diquat22) (0.37 to 0.5 lb) seed turns green application. Apply Sharpen with AMS at 8.5 to 17
to brown stage. lb/100 gal water or UAN at 2.5 gal/100 gal and with
For Canola Only PHI: glyphosate for weed desiccation. Glyphosate improves
Sharpen + 2 fl oz SC + Reglone = 7 days. weed control from Sharpen and Valor but antagonism
MSO adjuvant 1 to 1.5 pt/A Sharpen = 3 days. may occur on biennial and perennial weeds. Do not
graze or feed treated plants. Do not apply Sharpen to
(saflufenacil14) (0.71 oz)
canola and mustard crops grown for seed because
reduced germination/vigor may occur.
B11-12

54
 HERBICIDE-RESISTANT CANOLA

Clearfield Canola
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Beyond 4 fl oz SL Annual grass and POST. Apply only to Clearfield canola varieties.
(imazamox2) (0.5 oz ae) broadleaf weeds. Canola: Prior to Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A + UAN at 1 to 2 qt/A.
Will not control bloom. Refer to label for weeds controlled, tank-mixtures, and
ALS-resistant application information. Allow a 60 day PHI.
weeds. Weeds: Small. A5-8

SU Canola
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Draft 0.3 oz DF Small annual POST. Apply only to Cibus SU trait canola varieties.
(thifensulfuron & (0.1 + broadleaf weeds. Canola: 2 to 5-leaf. Add NIS at 0.25 to 0.5% v/v. Refer to label for weeds
tribenuron2) 0.075 oz) Will not control Prior to bolt. controlled, tank-mixtures and application information.
ALS-resistant Allow a 45 day PHI.
weeds. Weeds: Small. A5-8

LibertyLink Canola
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Liberty 280, 22 to 29 fl oz SL Annual broadleaf POST. Apply only to LibertyLink canola varieties.
Cheetah, Interline, (0.4 to 0.53 lb) weeds and control Canola: Apply with a registered POST grass herbicide.
Scout or suppression of Cotyledon up to Refer to label for tank-mix information.
(glufosinate10) Maximum in-crop grasses. early bolting stage. Add AMS fertilizer at 3 lb/A - do not use non-AMS
total = 58 fl oz adjuvants. Growth stage of grass weeds at application:
Broadleaf weeds: Grass weed # leaves Inches tall # tillers
Maximum season Up to 3 inches tall. G/Y foxtail <6/4 <4/2 <2/before tillering
total = 87 fl oz Wild oat*/Corn <4 <4 1 or less/ -
Grass weeds: Bygr/Millet <6 <3 1 or less
See Remarks. Vol. cereals* <3 <3 1 or less
* = A second application may be required.
PHI: 65 days. Non-residual, contact herbicide requiring thorough
coverage. Most active in hot, sunny conditions.
A3 A5-7 B9

Roundup Ready and TruFlex Roundup Ready Canola

Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9* Roundup Ready Annual and Roundup Ready Maximum - Maximum -
Maximum single perennial grass Canola: single appl. season
application = and broadleaf Emergence to 6- 0.56 lb ae 0.75 lb ae
0.56 lb ae weeds. leaf. lb ae/gal lb ai/gal ------------- fl oz -------------
Maximum in-crop Do not apply after 3 = 4 = 23.8 32
= 0.75 lb ae the 6-leaf stage or 4/4.17 = 5.4/5.1 = 18/17.2 24/23
once bolting 4.5 = 5.5 = 16 21.3
TruFlex begins because Add AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal. Sprayer overlap may result
Maximum single canola injury may in yellowing, delayed flowering, and growth reduction.
application = occur. Allow a minimum interval of 10 days between
1.5 lb ae – 6 leaf to TruFlex sequential applications.
flower Emergence to
Maximum in-crop flower TruFlex: Max rate for a single application is 1.5 lb ae
= 1.5 lb ae Apply once or prior to 6-leaf. Max rate from 6 leaf to first flower is
See Remarks. twice as needed. 0.75 lb ae per application.
PHI: 8 weeks.
*Use only approved glyphosate brands
55
SUNFLOWER FLAX
K1. Flax is less competitive with weeds than small grains and
J1. Sunflower competes poorly with weeds because of slow
should be grown on relatively weed-free fields. Seed flax on
early growth and incomplete ground cover. Cultivation with a
fields with low weed levels by controlling weeds in preceding
spike-tooth or coil spring harrow about 1 week after seeding but
crops. Flax should be seeded directly or with shallow spring
before sunflower emergence will kill weeds that emerge before
tillage in fields. Deep tillage of fields could bring dormant seeds
sunflower. Harrow or rotary hoe when sunflower has at least 4
to the surface and increase weed problems. For weedy fields,
leaves. Cultivation will control weeds between the rows.
moldboard plow the soil to bury weed seeds, thereby reducing
the weed infestation the following crop season. Moldboard
J2. Spartan (sulfentrazone), Spartan Charge (sulfentrazone &
plowing can reduce infestations of small-seeded weeds like
carfentrazone), or BroadAxe XC (sulfentrazone & S-
foxtails and kochia, which have short seed survival.
metolachlor) may partially control wild buckwheat, marshelder,
hairy nightshade, but provides no perennial weed control. Adjust
Weed control is needed before flax emerges to reduce yield
rate for soil texture, soil pH, and organic matter content.
losses since flax is a poor competitor with weeds. Soil-applied
Herbicide solubility, activity, and phytotoxicity increases as soil
herbicides reduce weed emergence and minimize early weed
pH increases. Crop injury will be minimized and greater
competition to maximize flax yields. POST herbicides applied
likelihood of activation by rainfall will result if applied up to 30
soon after weed emergence to small weeds and flax usually give
days prior to planting. Sunflower has good tolerance to Spartan
better control and allow more time for flax recovery from possible
on medium to fine textured soils with OM above 3%. Crop injury
herbicide injury than treatment to larger weeds and flax.
may occur on soils with low OM and soil pH greater than 7.5,
especially on calcareous outcropping. Poor growing conditions at
K2. Treflan* (trifluralin) may be fall-applied on fields to be
and following crop emergence, cold temperatures, soil
seeded to flax. Granular formulations may be applied to standing
compaction, or rates too high based on soil type and OM may
stubble. Use liquid or granular formulations when residue will not
result in crop injury. Spartan requires a minimum of 0.5 to 1
interfere with incorporation. Seed flax less than 1.5 inches deep
inches of water for activation before weed emergence. The
into a moist seedbed. Incorporate shallow and seed deep or
approximate ranking of crops from most to least tolerant to
seed shallow with deep incorporation to maximize crop safety.
sulfentrazone is: soybean, flax, chickpea, mint, sunflower,
potato, field pea, dry edible beans, safflower, crambe, canola,
Treflan* is not labeled for spring application in flax because of
lentil, and sugarbeet. Refer to label for crop rotation restrictions.
injury risk but may be spring-applied if user assumes all liability
for crop safety. To reduce potential of flax injury, spring-apply no
HERBICIDE RESISTANT SUNFLOWER
more than 0.5 lb ai/A and incorporate as early as possible to
create a firm seed bed through rain and soil compaction. A firm
Clearfield Sunflower
seed bed will promote uniform depth-seeding for uniform
J3. Beyond (imazamox) applied POST to Clearfield sunflower
emergence. Early application will allow more time for
hybrids will not control wild buckwheat, ragweed, lambsquarters
degradation of “hot spots” in soil.
(> 2 inches), biennial wormwood, Canada thistle, and ALS
resistant weeds. Apply with MSO adjuvants plus UAN or AMS.
Temporary sunflower yellowing and stunting may occur. Refer to CANOLA AND MUSTARD CROPS
label for application information, use restrictions, and crop L1. Mustard crops in the early seedling stage are poor
rotation restrictions. competitors with weeds. Control small weeds by harrowing until
3 to 5 days after mustard germination. Harrowing after
ExpressSun Sunflower emergence is not recommended.
J4. Express* tribenuron applied POST to ExpressSun sunflower
hybrids does not control grasses or ALS resistant weeds. MSO L2. Stinger* (clopyralid) applied POST controls several
adjuvants provide greatest herbicide enhancement. Express* broadleaf weeds and volunteer crops in canola, rapeseed, and
may antagonize POST grass herbicides when applied together. crambe. Stinger* is most effective when applied to common
The antagonism can be reduced or avoided by applying a higher cocklebur, giant ragweed, volunteer sunflower, wild sunflower,
rate of the grass herbicide or applying the grass herbicide 1 or volunteer alfalfa, and volunteer soybean up to the 6-leaf stage,
more days before or 7 days after Express* application. Do not common ragweed up to the 5-leaf stage, and wild buckwheat in
apply any other ALS herbicide on ExpressSun sunflower the 3- to 5-leaf stage before vining begins. Stinger* is most
varieties or severe sunflower injury or death will result. Refer to effective on Canada thistle in the rosette to pre-bud growth stage
label for use directions and other information. but rosette application often gives better control than later
application.
*Or generic equivalent.
*Or generic equivalent.

56
57
SUGARBEET
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides (See M6 to M9 for fall-applied herbicides).
Refer to page 59 for additional herbicides to use in conventional or herbicide-resistant sugarbeet.
Soil-Applied Herbicides
Far-Go 1.5 qt EC,15 lb 10G Wild oat. PPI. Spring. Incorporate immediately after application. A second
(triallate8) (1.5 lb) Fall - see label for incorporation will improve wild oat control. A1-2 M1-2,7
Eptam 2.3 to 3.4 pt EC Annual grasses rates and timing. Eptam may cause some sugarbeet stand reduction
(EPTC8) (2 to 3 lb) and some and temporary stunting. A1-2 B1 M1-2 M5-6 M18
broadleaf weeds.
Eptam (EPTC8) + 1.1 to 2.3 pt EC + Less sugarbeet injury than from Eptam alone. Refer to
Ro-Neet SB 2.7 to 3.3 pt EC narrative for suggested rates for various soil textures
(cycloate8) (1 to 2 + 2 to 2.5 lb) and organic matter. A1-2 M1-2 M5-6 M18
Ro-Neet SB 4 to 5.3 pt EC Ro-Neet is safer than Eptam. Weed control is poor on
(cycloate8) (3 to 4 lb) fine textured, high OM soils. A1-3 M1-2 M5-6 M18
Nortron / generic 6 to 7.5 pt SC Pigweed, kochia, PPI or PRE. PPI improves weed control. Band application reduces
ethofumesate8 (3 to 3.75 lb) waterhemp. cost and risk of carryover. A1 M1-2 M9 M18

POST-Applied Herbicides
Nortron / generic 3 to 12 fl oz SC Improves control of POST with Apply Norton* POST 3 times at 4 fl oz/A or 4 times at 3
ethofumesate8 (0.094 to 0.375 lb) kochia, pigweed, Betamix or UpBeet fl oz/A but do not apply POST more than 12 fl oz/A
waterhemp, and and glyphosate up total during the growing season due to crop rotation
lambsquarters. to 90 days PHI. restrictions. 90 day PHI.
Willowood Ethofumesate 4SC, 45 day PHI.
M1-2 M8-9 M15 M18
Stinger / 4 to 10.6 fl oz SL Cocklebur, POST. Refer to narrative for rates and sizes for various
generic clopyralid4 (0.09 to 0.25 lb) marshelder, Sugarbeet: species. Stinger* may be tank-mixed with Betamix*.
ragweed, sunflowr, Cotyledon up to 8- Allow a 45 day PHI.
buckwheat, and leaf stage. M1-2 M8 M12 M15
Canada thistle.
UpBeet 0.25 to 1 oz DF Annual broadleaf POST. Weeds: Do not exceed 2.5 oz/A/season. Must include MSO
(triflusulfuron2) (0.125 to 0.5 oz) weeds. Cotyledon to 2-leaf adjuvant at 2 pt/A unless prohibited.
stage. Allow a 60 day PHI. M1-2 M8 M11 M15
Betamix 0.75 to 7.5 pt EC Annual broadleaf POST. Risk of sugarbeet injury increases from morning or
(desmedipham5 & 0.06 to 0.6 lb + weeds. Sugarbeet: midday applications and in certain environments.
phenmedipham5) 0.06 to 0.6 lb Cotyledon up to 75 Split application with reduced rates has reduced
Betamix + 0.52 to 4.6 pt EC + days PHI. sugarbeet injury and increased weed control compared
to a single full-dose application. Do not add MSO or
Nortron* 3 to 12 fl oz SC
(desmedipham5 & (0.042 to 0.374 lb + Broadleaf weeds: any adjuvant when applying full rates.
phenmedipham5 + 0.042 to 0.374 lb + Cotyledon up to 4- Refer to paragraph for rate adjustment information.
ethofumesate8) 0.094 to 0.375 lb) leaf stage. Allow a 75 day PHI. M1-2 M3 M8-9 M15 M18

Betamix5,5 + MICRO-RATE Annual broadleaf POST. Use mid-rate for difficult weed problems or when
UpBeet2 + PROGRAM weeds and fair to Sugarbeet: Apply a application has been delayed.
Stinger4* + 8 to 12 fl oz + 0.125 good annual grass minimum of three A herbicide for grass control at ½ to 1X normal rate
MSO adjuvant oz + 1.3 fl oz + 2 control. times with can be added.
pt/A or Generally subsequent Nozzle plugging from herbicide precipitation in the
or 8 to 12 fl oz + provides poor treatments at 5 to spray tank can be reduced by:
3 to 4 fl oz + control of ALS- 7 day intervals. - mixing in warm water
Betamix5,5 + 0.125 oz + 1.3 fl oz resistant kochia. Micro-rate can be - raising water pH to 8 or 9
Nortron8* + + 2 pt/A. Increasing applied starting at - premixing UpBeet
UpBeet2 + MID-RATE clopyralid rate from cotyledon - adding a grass herbicide
Stinger4* + PROGRAM 1.3 to 2.6 fl oz will sugarbeet stage. - frequent sprayer cleaning.
MSO adjuvant 12 to 16 fl oz + improve control of Mid-rate can be Allow a 75 day PHI or 90 day PHI using Nortron.
0.125 oz + 1.3 fl oz lanceleaf sage with applied starting at M1-3 M8-9 M11-12 M15
+ 2 pt/A or some risk of 4-leaf sugarbeet
12 to 16 + increased stage.
3 to 4 fl oz + sugarbeet injury.
0.125 oz + 1.3 fl oz
+ 2 pt/A.
*Or generic equivalent.

58
 SUGARBEET
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Assure II 7 to 12 fl oz EC Annual grasses, POST. Add oil adjuvant at 1% v/v but not less than 1.25 pt/A.
Targa (quizalofop1) (0.77 to 1.32 oz) quackgrass, and Sugarbeet: See Select Max label for adjuvant recommendations.
Fusilade DX 5 to 12 fl oz EC volunteer grass Cotyledon to PHI. Apply with AMS or UAN for greater grass control.
crops. Poast may provide poor volunteer corn control.
(fluazifop1) (1.25 to 3 oz)
Grass weeds: Clethodim is antagonized less than other grass
Select Max 1EC 9 to 16 fl oz EC Refer to table in herbicides tank-mixed with Betamix*.
Select 2EC 4 to 8 fl oz EC soybean section PHI: quizalofop = 45 days Fusilade = 90 days
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC on page 27. clethodim = 40 days Poast = 60 days
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz) A5-6 E2 M1-2 M8
Poast 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC Annual grasses.
(sethoxydim1) (0.1 to 0.3 lb)
Treflan / generic 1.5 pt EC Late emerging EPOST. Must be incorporated. Beet roots must be covered
trifluralin3 (0.75 lb) annual grass and Sugarbeet: before application and be well-rooted before
some broadleaf 2 to 6 inches tall. incorporation. May be applied POST to sugarbeet.
weeds. A1-2 M1-2 M13
Dual/Magnum 1.33 to 1.67 pt EC EPOST. Emerged weeds are not controlled. Precipitation is
(S-metolachlor15) (1.25 to 1.6 lb) Sugarbeet: required for activation. Sequential applications
2-leaf stage to allowed. Lay-by metolachlor or dimethenamid after
canopy closure. Nortron* may cause severe sugarbeet injury. Warrant
Outlook / generic 12 to 24 fl oz EC EPOST. may be applied in tank-mixes with other POST
sugarbeet herbicides-refer to label. M1-4 M10 M18
dimethenamid15 (0.56 to 1.125 lb) Sugarbeet: 2- to 8-
leaf stage.
Warrant / generic 1.25 to 2 qt ME Dual 2.6 pt/A 60 days
acetochlor15 (0.94 to 1.5 lb) Outlook 24 fl oz/A 60 days

Warrant 4 qt/A 70 days

HERBICIDE-RESISTANT SUGARBEET
Refer to section listed above for additional herbicides to use in conventional or herbicide-resistant sugarbeet.

Roundup Ready Sugarbeet

Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Sequence 2.5 to 3 pt EC Grass and POST. Maximum single rate (2- to 8-leaf sgbt) = 2.5 pt/A on coarse soils and
(glyphosate9 & (0.7 to 0.84 lb + broadleaf Sugarbeet: 2- 3 pt/A on medium to fine soils. Maximum single rate (8-leaf to canopy
S-metolachlor15) 0.94 to 1.125 lb) weeds. leaf stage to closure) = 2.5 pt/A. Include additional glyphosate as allowed. Season
canopy closure. maximum rate = 7 pt/A. Allow a 60 day PHI. M1-2 M4 M16-18
Glyphosate9 Maximum single Annual and POST. Apply only to Roundup Ready sugarbeet varieties.
application up to perennial Sugarbeet: 0.77 lb ae 0.84 lb ae 0.98 lb ae 1.125 lb ae
(Use only 8-leaf stage = grass and Emergence to lb ae/gal lb ai/gal ------------------ fl oz/A ------------------
registered 1.125 lb ae broadleaf 30 day PHI. 3 = 4 = 33 36 42 48
brands) Maximum single weeds. 3.75 = 5 = 26 29 34 38
app. from 8-leaf Weeds: 1 to 2 4/4.17 = 5.4/5.1 = 25/24 27/26 31/30 36/35
to 30 day PHI = inches tall. 4.5 = 5.5 = 22 24 28 32
0.75 lb ae 4.72 = 6.3 = 21 23 27 31
See Remarks. 5 = 6.1 = 20 22 25 29
Additional Remarks and Paragraphs Add Nortron8* to improve control of kochia, lambsquarters, pigweed
Max. single app. from sgbt emergence to 8 leaves = 1.125 lb ae. species, and waterhemp.
Total maximum from sgbt emergence to 8 leaves = 1.96 lb ae. Add UpBeet2 to improve control of lambsquarters, common mallow,
Max. single application from 8 lvs to canopy closure = 0.75 lb ae. redroot pigweed, common ragweed, and velvetleaf.
Total maximum from 8 leaves to canopy closure = 1.54 lb ae. Add Betamix5,5 + Nortron8* to improve control of waterhemp.
Total maximum from emergence through harvest = 3.38 lb ae. Add Dual Magnum15*, Outlook15*, or Warrant for residual control of
Maximum for year = 6 lb ae. waterhemp.
Add Stinger4* to improve control of biennial wormwood, volunteer Add AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lb/100 gal.
soybean, ragweed, and wild buckwheat. Refer to labels for restrictions. Allow a 30 day PHI.
A4-7 M1-2 M16-18
*Or generic equivalent.

59
 adequate spring rainfall but Eptam tends to give better weed control
SUGARBEET than Ro-Neet on fine-textured, high OM soils or under dry conditions.
M1. Sugarbeet herbicides may be used to supplement cultural
Ro-Neet causes less injury than Eptam and is safer on more coarse-
practices. Hand rouging and hoeing weeds can be reduced or
textured, low OM soils. Eptam and Ro-Neet can be applied in the fall.
eliminated by timely cultivations and herbicide applications.
M6. Eptam (EPTC) plus Ro-Neet SB (cycloate) has less potential for
M2. Herbicide tank-mixtures are commonly used on sugarbeet.
sugarbeet injury and is less expensive than Ro-Neet alone. The rate
Non-labeled herbicide combinations may be applied if all products
of the mixture must be adjusted for soil texture and OM.
in the mixture are registered for use on sugarbeet and are not
prohibited. However, the user must assume liability for any crop
M7. Far-Go (triallate) requires immediate incorporation after
injury, inadequate weed control, or illegal and/or harmful residues.
application at 3 to 4 inches deep for best wild oat control. Delaying
the second incorporation for three days or longer after the first
M3. Betamix (desmedipham & phenmedipham) applied POST
incorporation improves wild oat control. Delaying the second
may cause sugarbeet injury. Sugarbeet with four true leaves are
incorporation is especially important for granular formulations. One
more tolerant than smaller plants and continue to gain tolerance as
incorporation in the fall followed by spring seed-bed preparation is
size increases. Application rates totaling 3 pt/A or less should be
sufficient for fall-applied Far-Go. Far-Go should be fall-applied when
followed by a second application in 5 to 7 days if weeds are
temperatures are consistently below 50 F. Far-Go may be applied
present after 5 days. Split application with reduced rates reduces
until snow cover or soil freeze up. Far-Go will control wild oat that
sugarbeet injury but increases weed control compared to one full-
have developed resistance to ACCase-inhibitor POST herbicides.
rate application - See table below. Risk of sugarbeet injury is
reduced by applying in late afternoon so cooler temperatures follow
M8. Micro-rate or Mid-rate programs use low rates of herbicides in
application. Risk of injury increases during flooding, high
combination applied three or more times at 5 to 7 day intervals
temperature, and especially, a sudden change from cool, cloudy
starting when weeds are just emerging. The micro-rate treatment is
conditions to hot, sunny weather.
Betamix (8 to 12 fl oz/A) plus Nortron* (3 to 4 fl oz/A) plus MSO
adjuvant (2 pt/A) or Betamix (8 to 12 fl oz/A) plus UpBeet (0.125 oz/A)
Betamix Broadcast Rate.
plus Stinger* (1.3 fl oz/A) plus MSO adjuvant (2 pt/A). The MSO is
No soil herbicide essential to increase weed control when low herbicide rates are used.
Sugarbeet Low pressure High pressure
stage (<100 psi) or aerial The mid-rate treatment includes Betamix at 12 to 16 fl oz/A or
Betamix plus Nortron* at 12 to 16 fl oz/A plus 3 to 4 fl oz/A after
(lb/A) (pt/A) (lb/A) (pt/A)
sugarbeet has four leaves along with the same rate of UpBeet,
Coty to 2-leaf 0.25 1.5 0.16 1 Stinger* and MSO. Add Select* at up to 6 fl oz/A or Assure II or
2-leaf 0.33 2 0.25 1.5 Fusilade at 8 to 10 fl oz/A or Poast at 1 pt/A to the micro-rate to
4-leaf 0.5 3 0.4 2.5 improve grass control. Always use the mid-rate program once
sugarbeet has reached the 4-leaf stage and when the next application
6 to 8-leaf 0.75 4.6 0.75 4.6
has been delayed beyond 7 days after the previous application. The
micro-rate will not control lanceleaf sage or ALS-resistant kochia and
With soil herbicide is less effective on waterhemp.
Sugarbeet Low pressure High pressure
stage (<100 psi) or aerial The micro-rate and mid-rates applied a minimum of three times
generally gives better weed control than two applications of
(lb/A) (pt/A) (lb/A) (pt/A) conventional rates. Three applications of conventional rates may give
Coty to 2-leaf 0.16 1 0.12 0.75 better weed control than three applications of the micro-rate. Four
2-leaf 0.25 1.5 0.16 1 micro-rate applications may give better weed control than three
4-leaf 0.33 2 0.25 1.5 applications of conventional rates or the micro-rate due to controlling
late-emerging weeds.
6 to 8-leaf 0.5 3 0.5 3
* Or generic equivalent. Precipitation and nozzle plugging is common with ground application
of the micro-rate treatment.
M4. Dual Magnum (S-metolachlor) applied preplant incorporated Several factors may reduce nozzle plugging.
or preemergence may cause sugarbeet injury. Sugarbeet injury is 1) Start with a clean sprayer and completely spray out the tank
greater following Dual Magnum application preplant incorporated immediately after mixing, flush sprayer between loads, clean sprayer
than preemergence. Growers are required to sign a liability form frequently, and avoid spray solution to set in the tank.
that releases manufacturer from liability for sugarbeet injury. Apply 2) Allow the sprayer tank water to warm before mixing and increase
PPI or PRE in the spring or fall and adjust rate depending on soil the pH of water to 8 or 9 by adding ammonia or Quad 7.
texture and OM content. Make fall applications (MN only) after 3) Pre-mix the UpBeet in hot water or water with pH 8 to 9. Put
October 15 but before ground freezes. Lay-by applications can be UpBeet in the tank first and be sure it is dissolved before adding, in
done without signing a liability release form. Apply lay-by after order, Betamix, Stinger*, and MSO type oil adjuvant. A 2% solution of
sugarbeet has 2 true leaves. Multiple lay-by applications can be household ammonia at 1 gal/100 gal of water will give about pH 9.
made but the total applied must not exceed 2.6 pt/A per season. Add ammonia slowly as the tank fills so water pH does not go much
Precipitation after application is required for activation. over pH 9.
4) Add a grass herbicide. Tests show Assure II* reduced precipitation
M5. Eptam (EPTC) may cause reduced sugarbeet stands and more than Poast and Select* but all had an effect.
temporary stunting without yield reduction if adequate sugarbeet 5) Use gentle agitation.
population remains after thinning. Injury increases in light soils with *Or generic equivalent.
low OM. Ro-Neet or Nortron* cause less sugarbeet injury on the
low OM soils where Eptam injury may be excessive.

Ro-Neet SB (cycloate) gives better control than Eptam under

60
M9-17 - SUGARBEET

M9. Nortron* (ethofumesate) is the best soil-applied herbicide for M15. Combinations of postemergence herbicides give more broad
kochia control, providing fair to good control. Nortron* applied PPI spectrum and greater total weed control compared to individual
improves weed control, especially kochia control. Do not treatments. For example, Stinger* + Betamix have controlled wild
incorporate less than 2 inches deep (2 to 4 inches preferable). buckwheat, eastern black nightshade, lambsquarters, buffalobur,
Nortron* (1 to 3 pt/A) + Dual Magnum (0.5 (except course-textured giant ragweed, common ragweed, ladythumb, lanceleaf sage and
soils) to 0.75 pt/A PRE can improve control of small-seeded Russian thistle superior to Stinger* or Betamix applied alone. Betamix
broadleaf weeds, including waterhemp, when followed by Dual + Nortron*, UpBeet + Nortron* or Betamix + UpBeet have improved
Magnum, Outlook or Warrant (chloroacetamides) early POST to control of glyphosate resistant waterhemp compared to
sugarbeet and PRE to waterhemp (layby). Split application of Roundup*alone. Finally, UpBeet + Betamix + Nortron* or UpBeet +
chloroacetamide herbicides is recommended since in some Nortron + Roundup* have improved control of glyphosate resistant
environments, growth reduction may occur from chloroacetamides kochia compared to Roundup* alone.
following Nortron and Dual Magnum compared with Nortron and
Dual Magnum alone. Likewise, Ro-Neet or Eptam (fall-applied) can UpBeet generally has little effect on sugarbeet injury. UpBeet plus
cause sugarbeet injury especially on medium to coarse textured Betamix has provided improved control of redroot pigweed, prostrate
soils. Nortron* plus spring-applied Eptam may cause serious injury pigweed, kochia, common mallow, nightshade, ladysthumb, Venice
and should only be used on fine textured soils with over 6% OM. mallow, nightflowering catchfly, wild mustard and velvetleaf compared
See label for rate adjustment on various soil types. to Betamix or Betamix + Nortron*. UpBeet + Betamix has provided
similar control of waterhemp compared to Betamix + Nortron*.
Use the following recommendations to reduce nozzle plugging or
incompatibility issues with Nortron*: HERBICIDE-RESISTANT SUGARBEET
1) Fill partially used Nortron* jugs with water to prevent formation of
insoluble Nortron* residue. Mark the level of remaining Nortron* in Roundup Ready Sugarbeet
the jug before adding water. M16. Glyphosate may be applied to Roundup Ready sugarbeet from
2) Flush lines and clean nozzles and screens daily. emergence to 30 days before harvest. Refer to labels for adjuvant
3) Use warm water. use. Use registered formulations and always apply glyphosate at the
4) Addition of liquid nitrogen may help. full rate depending on weed species and weed size. The maximum
5) Use 50 mesh or larger screens. rate of glyphosate that can be applied to sugarbeet at various times is
listed in the tables. Glyphosate may be applied up to four times POST
M10. Outlook* (dimethenamid) on medium to fine-textured soils to sugarbeet with at least 10 days between applications. Apply
may be used as a lay-by treatment when sugarbeet has 2 to 8 glyphosate in the least amount of spray volume allowed but avoid drift
leaves. Apply once at a maximum of 21 fl oz/A or sequentially but of spray droplets. Apply with AMS at 8.5 lbs/100 gallons of water.
the total must not exceed 24 fl oz/A. Sugarbeet leaf burn may
occur from a single application at 18 to 21 fl oz/A. Precipitation The initial glyphosate application should be applied to 1 to 2 inch
after application is required for activation. Weeds that emerge prior weeds or 2 to 4-leaf stage sugarbeet at 0.98 to 1.125 lb ae/A.
to activation will not be controlled. Sequential applications should be applied approxiemately 14 to 21
days after the previous application.
M11. UpBeet (triflusulfuron) should be used with MSO adjuvant
when applied with Stinger*, Betamix, or Nortron*. UpBeet will M17. Sequence (glyphosate-K & S-metolachlor) may be applied only
antagonize grass control from Assure II*, Fusilade DX, Poast, or to Roundup Ready sugarbeet from 2-leaf to canopy closure.
Select*, similar to antagonism caused by Betamix. UpBeet at 0.5 to Sequence may be applied from 2 to 8-leaf sugarbeet at the maximum
1.0 oz/A applied with Roundup* + HSMOC and AMS has improved rate of 2.5 pt/A on course soils and 3 pt/A on medium and fine soils in
control of non-ALS resistant waterhemp and kochia. Research in a single application. The maximum rate of Sequence that may be
eastern North Dakota and Minnesota has shown UpBeet + applied from 8-leaf to canopy closure is 2.5 pt/A for a single
Nortron* or UpBeet + Nortron* and Betamix have improved control application. Sequential applications must be separated by 10 days.
of glyphosate resistant waterhemp and kochia. Additional glyphosate may be included but do not exceed single and
multiple glyphosate application rates within each growth stage
M12. Stinger* (clopyralid) applied with MSO adjuvant controls according to the label. Add AMS at the minimum rate of 8.5 lbs/100
small weeds in the Composite, Polygonum, Legume, and gallon of water. The PHI for Sequence is 60 days. Do not exceed 7
Nightshade families. Apply to wild buckwheat in the 3- to 5-leaf pt/A of Sequence and 4 POST applications per season.
stage before vining begins. Apply Stinger* at 0.5 to 0.66 pt/A to
Canada thistle in the rosette to pre-bud growth stage. Rosette M18. Glyphosate-resistant waterhemp and kochia are difficult to
application will give better control than later application. control in Roundup Ready sugarbeet with conventional herbicides.
Glyphosate-resistant waterhemp and kochia should be managed
M13. Treflan* (trifluralin) will provide residual weed control. using an integrated approach that combines tillage to ensure a clean
Broadcast and incorporate immediately with cultivators or tillage start and a strategy that includes herbicides with complimentary SOA
tools adjusted to mix the herbicides in the soil without excessive in crops planted in sequence with sugarbeet.
sugarbeet stand loss. The crop should be clean cultivated before
application since established weeds are not controlled. Treflan* In sugarbeet, Nortron*, Ro-Neet, Ro-Neet + Eptam, Dual Magnum,
with good moisture conditions will control late germinating weeds Outlook* or Warrant provide residual control of glyphosate-resistant
that may become a problem late into the season. waterhemp. Nortron* PRE followed by Betamix + UpBeet with
Nortron* provided glyphosate-resistant kochia control. However, row
M14. Warrant (acetochlor) may be applied singly or sequentially cultivation and/or hand-labor may likely be required to achieve
at 1.25 to 2 qt/A. Allow at least 7 days between sequential complete control, especially complete control of waterhemp.
applications and do not exceed 2 qt/A as a single application.
Precipitation is required for activation. Weeds that emerge prior to *Or generic equivalent.
activation will not be controlled.
61
POTATO
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.

Soil-Applied Herbicides
Eptam 3.5 to 9 pt EC Grass and some PPI, Dragoff, or Incorporate immediately after application at 4 to 6
(EPTC8) 15 to 30 lb 20G broadleaf weeds. Directed spray at inches deep. Poor wild mustard control.
(3 to 6 lb) layby. Adjust rate for soil type. Allow a 45 day PHI.
5.25 to 7 pt EC Fall: Incorporate May be applied with metribuzin at 0.33 to 0.67 lb DF/A.
22.5 to 30 lb 20G after October 15 A1-2 B1 N1
(4.5 to 6 lb) until freeze-up.
Treflan / generic 1 to 2 pt EC Postplant Adjust rates for soil type. Poor wild oat and no wild
trifluralin3 0.8 to 1.7 lb 60DF incorporate (PoPI). mustard control. Incorporate above the seed piece
(0.5 to 1 lb) after planting or immediately following drag-off or
Sonalan 1.33 to 2.67 pt EC hilling but before potato and weed emergence.
(ethalfluralin3) (0.5 to 1 lb) Sonalan labeled only west of Hwy 281.

Prowl 1.75 to 3.6pt 3.3EC PRE or EPOST. Incorporation improves consistency of weed control.
Prowl H2O 1.5 to 3 pt 3.8ACS Potato: Before 6
(pendimethalin3) (0.72 to 1.5 lb) inches tall.
Outlook / generic 16 to 21 fl oz EC PRE. Only one application allowed.
dimethenamid15 (0.75 to 1 lb) PHI: 40 days.
Dual/II/Magnum 1 to 2 pt EC PPI or PRE. Commercial mixture with metribuzin available as
(S/metolachlor15) (1 to 2 lb) PHI: 40 days. Boundary.
A1-2 B1 B7 N1
1.67 pt EC EPOST. Apply after hilling/lay-by. Will not control emerged
(1.67 lb) PHI: 40 days. weeds but will provide residual weed control. May be
applied after PPI or PRE Dual application. Maximum
season total = 3.6 pt/A.
Lorox 1 to 3 lb DF Annual grass and PRE to potato. Seed piece must be planted at least 2 inches deep.
Linex (0.5 to 1.5 lb) broadleaf weeds. Small grass and Apply after drag-off or hilling.
(linuron7) 1.5 to 3 pt L broadleaf weeds. Use higher rates for fine-textured soils.
(0.75 to 1.5 lb) Apply with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water to emerged
weeds. A1-2 N1
Metribuzin5 0.33 to 1.33 lb DF Annual broadleaf PRE to potato. Apply after planting and before potato emergence or
0.5 to 2 pt 4F weeds and grass after drag-off. Do not incorporate. Adjust rate
(0.25 to 1 lb) suppression. according to soil type. Commercial mixture with
metolachlor available as Boundary.
A1-2 N1 N3
0.33 to 0.67 lb DF POST. Only for russet type or white skinned varieties that
0.5 to 1 pt 4F Weeds: Up to 1 are not early maturing. Do not use on early maturing,
(0.25 to 0.5 lb) inch tall. smooth skinned white or red-skinned varieties or
Atlantic, Shepody, Chipbelle, Bellchip, or Centennial
PHI: 60 days. varieties.
Soil residue may injure crops the following year.
A1-2 N1 N3
Willowood 2 to 8 fl oz EC Small-seeded PRE. Refer to label for varietal restrictions, usage rates for
Sulfentrazone (0.75 to 2 lb) broadleaf weeds. soil textures and organic matter. Do not use on soils
(sulfentrazone14) classified as "sand" with <1% organic matter.
A1-2
Chateau 1.5 oz WDG Annual broadleaf PRE to potato. Apply after planting and before potato emergence.
(flumioxazin14) (0.77 oz) weed control. Seed piece must be planted at least 2 inches deep.
Refer to label for use instructions.
A1-2
Reflex / generic 0.75 pt EC Apply after planting and before potato emergence.
fomesafen14 (0.188 lb) PHI for Reflex: Use is restricted to east of Hwy 281.
70 days. Do not apply PPI or POST to potato.
Refer to label for other restrictions.
A1-2 N4

62
 POTATO
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
League 4 to 6.4 oz WG wild buckwheat, PRE Be aware of rotation restrictions. Refer to label for use
(imazosulfuron2) (3 to 4.8 oz) common instructions.
3.2 to 4 oz WG lambsquarters, POST
yellow nutsedge,
(2.4 to 3 oz)
3.2 fb 3.2 oz WG pigweeds, POST fb POST
(2.4 fb 2.4 oz) common ragweed

Matrix / generic 1 to 1.5 oz DF Annual grass and PRE to potato and Requires precipitation after application for soil
rimsulfuron2 (0.25 to 0.375 oz) small broadleaf weeds. After hilling activation. Apply with soil-applied herbicides or in PRE
weeds. or drag-off. followed POST sequential applications.
Suppression of POST. Potato: Up Apply with oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
lambsquarters and to 14 inches tall. Refer to label for application information and
Canada thistle. Annual weeds: restrictions.
Small. A3 A5-8 N1-2
Matrix / generic 1 to 1.5 oz DF + Annual grass and PRE to potato and Refer to label for varietal restrictions.
rimsulfuron2 + 0.33 to 0.75 lb DF quackgrass weeds. Injury may occur when metribuzin is applied POST to
Metribuzin5 0.5 to 1.12 pt 4F suppression and After hilling or early maturing smooth-skinned white and all red-
(0.25 to 0.375 oz + small broadleaf drag-off but before skinned potato varieties - use only the low rate of
0.25 to 0.56 lb) weeds including potato emerge. metribuzin and consider benefits of weed control vs
kochia, risk of potato injury prior to application to "at risk"
1 to 1.5 oz DF + POST.
0.25 to 0.67 lb DF lambsquarters, Potato: Up to 14 varieties. Allow a 60 day PHI.
0.38 to 1 pt 4F wild buckwheat. inches tall. Use the low rate of metribuzin when applied PRE to
(0.25 to 0.375 oz + Annual weeds: coarse textured soil.
A3 A5-7 N1-2
0.188 to 0.5 lb) Small.
2,4-D LV44 2.3 fl oz EC Broadleaf weeds Pre-bud - make Use on red potatoes grown for fresh market. Crop
2,4-D LV64 1.6 fl oz EC suppression. sequential response may vary depending on variety, stress, and
(Use registered (1.2 oz) Enhance and application 10 to local conditions. Apply at 25 gpa by ground and 5 gpa
brands - See N5) retain red color on 14 days later. aerially. Tank-mixtures with other pesticides and
skin. PHI = 45 days. additives may increase risk of injury. A3 A6 N1 N5
Poast 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC Annual grasses. POST. Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
(sethoxydim1) (0.1 to 0.3 lb) PHI: 30 days. than 1.25 pt/A.
Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Grass weeds: Refer to Remarks in the POST grass herbicide section
Select Max 1EC 9 to 16 fl oz EC Annual grasses Refer to soybean under Soybean for methods to avoid antagonism and
Select 2EC 4 to 8 fl oz EC and quackgrass. section on page reduced grass control from broadleaf herbicides.
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC 27. May be tank-mixed with metribuzin.
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz) A3 A5-6 N1
Zidua SC 2.5 to 3.25 SC Annual grasses PRE Apply after planting and drag-off and before potato
(pyroxasulfone15) (1.3 to 1.7 oz) and some emergence. Seed piece must be planted at least 2
broadleaf weeds. inches deep. Refer to label for use instructions.

POTATO VINE DESICCATION

Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Reglone / generic 1 to 2 pt SL+ Desiccant. PHI: Most active in hot, sunny conditions. Reglone/diquat at
diquat22 + NIS 2 qt/100 gal water Reglone = 7 days. 2 pt/A can be applied to all potatoes varieties and seed
(0.25 to 0.5 lb) Firestorm = 3 days potato. Sequential application may be made up to a
Rely = 9 days. total of 4 pt/A. Allow at least 5 days between
Generic Paraquat + 0.7 to 1.3 pt 3SL + Aim = 7 days. applications.
NIS 2 qt/100 gal water Vida = 5 days. Paraquat use is for fresh market potatoes ONLY.
(paraquat22) (0.25 to 0.5 lb) Do not use paraquat on potatoes that will be stored
RUP or used as seed pieces.
See specific paraquat label as not all carry this
registration. B11

63
Rely 280 + AMS 21 fl oz SL + 3 lb/A Do not apply to potato grown for seed pieces.
(glufosinate10) (0.38 lb) Best results when applied at the beginning of natural
potato vine senescence. Requires thorough coverage.
Most active in hot, sunny conditions. Apply at > 20 gpa
by ground and 5 to 10 gpa by air. Use higher spray
volumes on dense potato vines. B9
Aim 3.2 to 5.9 fl oz EW Add MSO at 1 qt/A. Use sequential applications and
(carfentrazone14) (0.8 to 1.6 oz) higher spray volumes on dense potato vines.
Thorough coverage essential. Most active in hot,
Vida 2 to 5.5 fl oz EC sunny conditions. B4
(pyraflufen14) (0.05 to 0.14 oz)
Sulfuric acid RUP 20 gal SL Extremely corrosive.

POTATO N3. Metribuzin applied PRE or POST controls many broadleaf

N1. Tillage through hilling and cultivation and herbicides are the
weeds and suppresses some grasses. Use lower rate on coarse
two primary means of controlling weeds in potato. The first tillage
textured soils and for weeds under 1 inch tall. Do not apply to
operation after planting is usually a "blind" cultivation or
red-skinned, early maturing, white-skinned varieties; or within 3
harrowing before the crop emerges. The number of tillage
days after cool, wet, cloudy weather. Follow varietal restrictions
operations will vary, but three cultivations and two hilling
according to Metribuzin* label. Injury may occur to russet type or
operations are common. After emergence, inter-row cultivation is
white skin potato varieties; therefore, use only the low rate of
used to control weeds and to form a ridge or hill over the seed
Metribuzin* and consider the risk of weed control vs potato injury
piece and developing tubers. Besides controlling weeds, the
prior to application to "at risk" varieties. Refer to label for
ridge or hill helps protect tuber from sunburn (tuber greening),
application information and restrictions.
late season frosts, excessive rainfall or irrigation and reduces the
amount of soil to be moved at harvest. Deep cultivation may
N4. Reflex (fomesafen) applied PRE to potato controls many
cause root and tuber pruning.
broadleaf weeds. A maximum of 0.75 pt may be applied in
alternate years east of Hyw 281 in ND. Reflex can be tank-mixed
N2. Matrix* (rimsulfuron) applied PRE or POST alone or with
with other registered herbicides. Do not apply PPI or POST or
Metribuzin* controls annual grass and some broadleaf weeds.
severe potato injury may occur. Potato varieties may vary in
Use the low rate of Metribuzin* for PRE applications to coarse
response to Reflex. Allow a 70 day PHI.
textured soil. Soil residual of Matrix* and Metribuzin* may injure
susceptible crops the following year.
N5. 2,4-D products labeled for use in potato include but may not
be limited to:
Matrix* controls eastern black nightshade and may control or
2,4-D LV4, Albaugh, Inc. Ankeny, Iowa
suppress hairy nightshade but gives no black nightshade and
Weedone LV4 EC, Nufarm Americas, Inc. Burr Ridge, IL.
lambsquarters control. Apply PRE to potato and weeds after
2,4-D Ester 6, Tacoma Ag, LLC. Durham, NC.
hilling or drag-off but before potato emerge or POST before
Turret, Nufarm Americas, Inc. Burr Ridge, IL.
potato is 14 inches tall and annual weeds are less than 1 inch tall
2,4-D LV 6, Alligare, LLC. Opelika, AL.
and quackgrass 4 to 6 inches tall. Best results occur when 0.75
inches of water occur soon after application. Apply with
*Or generic equivalent.
petroleum or MSO adjuvants at 1.25 pt/A to emerged weeds.
Matrix* can be applied in a sequential program of 1 oz 25DF/A
PRE followed by 1 oz 25DF/A POST. Matrix* may be tank-mixed
with Eptam, Dual*, Metribuzin*, or Prowl. Follow label directions
when tank-mixing Matrix* plus Metribuzin*. See Metribuzin
paragraph for additional information.

64
65
ALFALFA ESTABLISHMENT, No Companion Crop
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraph
Refer to page 6 for Fall or Spring Early Preplant Herbicides.

Eptam 2 to 4.5 pt EC Grass and some PPI. Poor wild mustard control. Incorporate immediately
(EPTC8) 10 to 20 lb 20G broadleaf weeds. after application. The 2 pt/A rate can be used on all
(1.75 to 4 lb) varieties. A1-2 B1 P1
Treflan / generic 1 to 1.5 pt EC Alfalfa stand reduction/stunting possible but reduced
trifluralin3 (0.5 to 0.75 lb) weed competition will help alfalfa establishment. P1
Prowl H2O 1 to 2 pt EC Annual grass and PRE to weeds. Allow a 50 day PHI. Refer to label for use instructions.
(pendimethalin3) (0.48 to 0.95 lb) some broadleaf Alfalfa: <6 inches A1-2 B1 B7 P1
weeds. of regrowth.
Warrant 1.25 to 2 qt 3ME PRE control of Fall or spring: Sequential application is allowed. Wait a minimum of
(acetochlor15 - (0.94 to 1.5 lb grass and Emergence up to 20 days after application before cutting for forage or
microencapsulated) broadleaf weeds. 4th trifoliate stage hay, or before open grazing of forage. See label for
tank mix options. Do not use on alfalfa grown for seed.
2,4-DB4 ester 2 to 4 pt 2EC/SL Small broadleaf Alfalfa: More than Sweetclover may be killed by 2,4-DB.
2,4-DB4 amine (0.5 to 1 lb ae) weeds. 2 trifoliate leaves. Poor wild mustard control. No absinth wormwood
Weeds: <3 inches. control. Allow a 60 day PHI or grazing interval. P1
Bromoxynil6 1 to 1.5 pt EC Alfalfa: At least 4 Sweetclover may be killed. Alfalfa injury may occur if
For Alfalfa Only (0.25 to 0.38 lb) trifoliates. temperature within 3 days of application exceeds 80F
Weeds: Small. in the western half or 70F in the eastern half of ND.
Can be tank-mixed with Pursuit or Raptor. P1
Pursuit 3 to 4 fl oz SL Small annual Fall or Spring. Apply to seedling, established, dormant, actively
(imazethapyr2) (0.75 to 1 oz ae) broadleaf and POST: growing alfalfa or between cuttings.
For Alfalfa Only grass weeds. Alfalfa: At least 2 Excellent alfalfa safety.
Poor yellow foxtail, trifoliates. Add MSO at 1.5 pt/A + UAN at 1 to 2 qt/A.
Raptor 4 to 6 fl oz SL
(imazamox2) (0.5 to 0.75 oz ae) lambsquarters, Can be tank-mixed with Buctril/bromoxynil or Poast.
For Alfalfa Only ragweed, and Weeds: A3 A5-8 P1
buckwheat control. 1- to 3-inches tall.
No perennial weed
control.
Poast 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC Annual grasses. POST. May be applied to alfalfa and sainfoin.
(sethoxydim1) (0.19 to 0.28 lb) Alfalfa: Allow a 15 Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
Select Max 1EC 9 to 16 fl oz EC Annual grasses days PHI. than 1.25 pt/A.
Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Select 2EC 4 to 8 fl oz EC and quackgrass.
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC Grass weeds: Refer to Remarks in the POST grass herbicide section
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz) See soybean under Soybean for methods to avoid antagonism and
section on page reduced grass control from broadleaf herbicides.
27. A3 A5-6

HERBICIDE RESISTANT ALFALFA

Roundup Ready Alfalfa - Established

Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9 Maximum single Emerged annual RR Alfalfa: Apply only to glyphosate resistant alfalfa.
application = and perennial Emergence to 5 Add AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lb/100 gal. Multiple
1.56 lb ae grass and days prior to any applications may be necessary to control weed
broadleaf weeds. cutting (PHI). flushes. Refer to label for weeds controlled, application
Maximum in-crop Apply as a single information, tankmix options with residual herbicides,
= 4.5 lb ae application or and restrictions.
See Remarks. multiple A3-7 B8 P1
applications at
least 7 days apart.

66
 ALFALFA - ESTABLISHED
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Paraquat22 + 2 to 3 pt 2SL Small annual and Alfalfa: Before Apply to well established stands, at least 1 year old,
NIS RUP 1.3 to 2 pt 3SL early germinating spring regrowth is after dormancy but before spring regrowth reaches 2
(0.5 to 0.75 lb) weeds. 2 inches tall. inches. Allow a 60 day PHI or grazing interval. B11 P1
1 pt 2SL Larger weeds. Between cuttings - Apply up to 5 days after cutting. Allow a 30 day PHI.
0.7 pt 3SL includes first-year May be applied to dormant alfalfa.
(0.25 lb) alfalfa. B11 P1
Sharpen + 1 to 2 fl oz SC + Broadleaf weeds. Established and Do not apply Sharpen to alfalfa grown for seed
MSO adjuvant 1 to 1.5 pt dormant alfalfa: because reduced germination/vigor may occur.
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.72 oz) Fall or spring. Apply at 10 gpa or greater. Allow a 28 day PHI.
Weeds: Small. Refer to label for use and tank-mix instructions.
Treflan / generic 1.5 to 2 pt EC Annual grass and Weeds: Prior to Apply when crop is dormant, or in fall after a cutting.
trifluralin3 (0.75 to 1 lb) some broadleaf emergence. Incorporate by irrigation or mechanical equipment.
weed. A1-2 B7 P1
Prowl H2O 1 to 2 pt ASC Weeds: PRE. Allow a 50 day PHI. Refer to label for use instructions.
(pendimethalin3) (0.48 to 0.95 lb) Alfalfa: 2 to 6 A1-2 B1 B7 P1
inches of regrowth.
Warrant 1.25 to 2 qt 3ME PRE control of After spring green- Sequential application is allowed. Wait a minimum of
(acetochlor15 - (0.94 to 1.5 lb grass and up in established 20 days after application before cutting for forage or
microencapsulated) broadleaf weeds. stands. Apply no hay, or before open grazing of forage. See label for
later than 7 days tank mix options. Do not use on alfalfa grown for seed.
after a cutting. Do not apply more than 4 qt per year.
Chateau <4 oz / application Small-seeded PRE to weeds. Separate sequential Chateau applications by at least
(flumioxazin14) (<2 oz) broadleaf weed. Alfalfa: <6 inches 60 days. Apply soon after cutting and removing alfalfa
<8 oz / season of regrowth. to minimize alfalfa injury. Refer to label for use
(<4 oz) instructions. A1-2 B1 P1
2,4-DB4 ester 2 to 4 pt EC Broadleaf weeds. Weeds: Less than Sweet clover may be killed by 2,4-DB.
2,4-DB4 amine 2 to 4 pt SL 3 inches tall. No wild mustard or absinth wormwood control.
(0.5 to 1.0 lb ae) Allow a 30 day hay, harvest or grazing interval. P1
Pursuit 3 to 4 fl oz SL Small annual POST. For alfalfa and clover Only. Excellent alfalfa safety.
(imazethapyr2) (0.75 to 1 oz ae) broadleaf and Alfalfa: At least 2 Add oil additive at 1.5 to 2 pt/A + UAN at 1 to 2 qt/A.
grass weeds. trifoliates. No absinth wormwood control.
Raptor 4 to 6 fl oz SL Weeds: 1- to 3- Can be tank-mixed with bromoxynil or Poast.
(imazamox2) (0.5 to 0.75 oz ae) inches tall. A1 A3 A5-6 P1
Poast 0.5 to 1.5 pt EC Annual grasses. Grass. Add oil adjuvant at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
(sethoxydim1) (0.2 to 0.3 lb) Alfalfa: than 1.25 pt/A. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Select Max 1EC 9 to 16 fl oz EC Annual grasses PHI:15 days. Refer to Remarks in the POST grass herbicide section
Select 2EC 4 to 8 fl oz EC and quackgrass. Grass weeds: under Soybean for methods to avoid antagonism and
Shadow 3EC 2.66 to 5.33 EC Refer to soybean reduced grass control from broadleaf herbicides.
section on page Apply in two sequential applications for quackgrass
(clethodim1) (1 to 2 oz)
27. control. A3-7 B2 P1
Glyphosate9 0.75 to 1.5 lb ae Alfalfa and Apply in spring or 0.75 lb ae 1.125 lb ae 1.5 lb ae
See Remarks. emerged grass fall for quackgrass lb ae/gal lb ai/gal ------------------- fl oz ------------------
and broadleaf control. 3 = 4 = 32 48 64
weeds. 4.5 = 5.5 = 21.3 32 42.6
Apply where crop destruction is acceptable. Treated
crop and weeds can be harvested and fed >36 hours
after treatment. Apply with AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lbs/100
gal. A3-7 B8

FORGE LEGUMES
P1. Seedling legumes are poor competitors with weeds. Use good management practices in preceding crops, such as clean cultivation in
row crops and post-harvest tillage to reduce weed seeds in soil. Weed control for establishment of legumes sown alone can be aided by
mowing (except sweetclover), herbicides, or by seeding a companion crop. Strong alfalfa competition may improve control of weeds that
escape herbicide activity. Except for use of glyphosate in Roundup Ready alfalfa, there is no chemical control for absinth wormwood.

67
CHEMICAL FALLOW
For Future Planting of Registered Crops.
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9 0.75 to 1.5 lb ae Annual and Weeds: Less than 0.75 lb ae 1.125 lb ae 1.5 lb ae
See Remarks. perennial grass 12 inches tall. lb ae/gal lb ai/gal ------------------- fl oz ------------------
and broadleaf See label. 3 =4 = 32 48 64
weeds. 3.75 = 5 = 25.6 38.4 51.2
4/4.17 = 5.4/5.1 = 24/23 36/35 48/46
4.5 = 5.5 = 21.3 32 42.6
4.72 = 6.3 = 20.3 30.5 40.7
5 = 6.1 = 19.2 28.8 38.4
Non-selective, non-residual, translocated, foliar
herbicide. Apply with AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lb/100 gal.
Glyphosate will not control resistant volunteer crops.
Apply with 2,4-D or Banvel/dicamba for improved
broadleaf weed control. Refer to label of tank-mix partner
for rates, application information, and other restrictions.
A4-7 B1 B8
Sharpen + 1 to 2 fl oz SC + Small broadleaf Fallow and post- Provides burndown control of small emerged broadleaf
MSO adjuvant 1 to 1.5 pt/A weeds. harvest. weeds. Apply when weeds are small and actively
(saflufenacil14) (0.36 to 0.72 oz) growing. Add UAN at 2 gal/100 gal.
Sharpen has no grass activity.
Planting interval is dependant on soil texture and OM.
Refer to label for tank-mix options.
A1-2 B1-2 B12 S1 S4-12
Spartan Charge 3.75 to 5.75 floz SE Small-seeded Do not use on coarse texture soils or soil with <1.5%
(carfentrazone14 & (0.16 to 0.25 oz & broadleaf weeds. OM. Adjust rate for soil type and soil pH. Rainfall
sulfentrazone14) 1.48 to 2.26 oz) required for activation. A1-2 E11 F1 S6-12 Y14-15
Aim + 0.5 to 1 fl oz EC + Broadleaf weeds Weeds: Less than Non-residual, contact herbicides that require >15 gpa
MSO adjuvant 1 qt/A including pigweed 2 inches tall. and full sunlight. Apply paraquat with NIS at 1 qt/A.
(carfentrazone14) (0.128 to 0.256 oz) and ALS kochia. Do not use AMS replacement or water conditioner
Paraquat22 + 1.5 to 4 pt 2SL Emerged annual Weeds: adjuvants with Liberty.
B4 B9-10 D7
NIS RUP 1 to 2.7 pt 3SL grass and Small.
(0.375 to 1 lb) broadleaf weeds.
Liberty 280 + 32 to 43 fl oz SL +
AMS 3 lb/A
(glufosinate10) (0.58 to 0.79 lb)
Thifen2 & Triben2 Provides a Any time after Add NIS at 2 qt/100 gal water unless restricted by the
4:1 ratio 0.4 to 0.67 oz 75DF broader spectrum harvest until 60 tank-mix partner.
- Affinity T/M 0.6 to 1 oz 50SG of control than days prior to Products containing tribenuron give season-long Canada
3:1 ratio 0.3 to 0.5 oz 75DF either a.i. alone. planting crop. thistle and perennial sowthistle control.
2:1 ratio 0.3 to 0.66 oz 75DF Choose ratio A3 A5-8
1:1 ratio 0.25 to 0.5 oz 75DF based on
- Affinity B/S 0.4 to 0.8 oz 50SG prevalent weeds.
1:4 ratio
- Panoflex 0.3 to 0.6 oz 50SG

2,4-D4 1.5 to 4 pt 4EC/SL Broadleaf weeds POST. Use the higher rate for perennial weeds.
(0.75 to 2 lb) and suppression A3 A6 B3
of Canada thistle.
Dicamba4 0.5 to 1 pt 4SL Soil residual from fall application may damage broadleaf
3.2 to 6.4 fl oz 5SL crops seeded the next year.
(0.25 to 0.5 lb) See page 6 for crop rotation restrictions.
A3 A5-8 B6 C3 Y9 Y15
Distinct 6 oz WDG Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A + 28% UAN at 1.25 qt/A or
(dicamba4 & (3 oz ae & 1.2 oz) AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gallons. Refer to label for tank-mix
diflufenzopyr19) options. Allow 120 days before rotation to crops. Alfalfa,
Distinct at 6 oz cereal grain crops, and soybeans may be planted 30
WDG/A = 6 fl oz/A days after 1 inch of rain for rates at 4 oz/A or less.
Clarity. A3 A5-8 B6 C3 Y9 Y15

68
 CHEMICAL FALLOW
For Future Planting of Registered Crops
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Curtail / generic 4 pt SL Broadleaf weeds Canada thistle: Apply after a majority of rosettes have emerged.
clopyralid4 & 2,4-D4 (0.19 lb & including Prior to bud A3 A6 C5 T3 T5-6 Y15
1 lb) Canada thistle. stage.
Tordon 22K 0.25 to 0.5 pt SL Annual weeds. Weeds: Actively Refer to label for grazing and rotational restrictions.
(picloram4) (0.063 to 0.125 lb) growing. Do not rotate to corn or sorghum the following year.
RUP Rates greater than 0.5 pt/A should be used post-harvest
Tordon 22K 0.5 to 1 pt SL + Perennial weeds. Canada thistle: when rotating to fallow the following year.
(picloram4) + 1 to 2 pt EC/SL Prior to bloom. T2-6 T17 Y1 Y15
2,4-D4 (0.125 to 0.25 lb + Field bindweed:
RUP 0.5 to 1 lb) Actively growing.
Facet L + 1.33 pt L + Field bindweed: Postharvest or in Add AMS at 2.5 lb/A or UAN at 1 gal/A.
MSO adjuvant 1.5 pt/A Runners at least the spring prior to Apply after harvest but prior to frost.
(quinclorac4,26) (0.25 lb) 4 inches long. seeding of wheat Use in a 3-year program with 0.33 lb DF/A the first year
including durum. and 0.17 to 0.33 lb DF/A in following years.
May control B10 T1
foxtails,
barnyardgrass,
and volunteer
flax.
Valor SX 2 to 4 oz WDG Most small- Post-harvest in Apply in fall with glyphosate or 2,4-D for control of
Valor EZ 2 to 4 fl oz SC seeded broadleaf fall until 30 days emerged vegetation.
(flumioxazin14) (1.02 to 2.04 oz) weeds. May prior to planting. A1-2 B1-2 E12
suppress downy Refer to page 6.
brome at 3 oz in
no-till.

69
CRP
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs

Glyphosate9 0.75 to 1.5 lb ae Annual and Preplant or any 0.75 lb ae 1.125 lb ae 1.5 lb ae
See Remarks. perennial grass time prior to crop lb ae/gal lb ai/gal ------------------- fl oz ------------------
and broadleaf emergence. 3 =4 = 32 48 64
weeds. 3.75 = 5 = 25.6 38.4 51.2
4/4.17 = 5.4/5.1 = 24/23 36/35 48/46
4.5 = 5.5 = 21.3 32 42.6
4.72 = 6.3 = 20.3 30.5 40.7
5 = 6.1 = 19.2 28.8 38.4
Add AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lb/100 gal.
A3-7 B8
2,4-D4 1.5 to 4 pt 4EC/SL Annual broadleaf Weeds: Apply only registered brands in CRP.
(0.75 to 2 lb) weeds, biennial Emergence to Do not graze animals for 7 days after application or
thistles, and bud stage. within 3 days of slaughter.
suppression of Pasture grasses: Do not apply after boot stage on grasses for seed
perennial After 5-leaf stage. production. Use 2 pt/A on annuals and gumweed and 4
broadleaf weeds. pt/A on sages and other perennials.
Controls buckbrush/western snowberry.
A3 A5-6 T5 T11
Dicamba4 0.5 to 4 pt 4SL Grasses: After Add NIS for new seedings and oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A
3.2 to 12.8 floz 5SL 3-leaf stage of on mature stands. Rates greater than 1 pt/A may injure
(0.25 to 2 lb) seedling grasses. newly seeded grasses.
Weeds: Prior to Refer to label for grazing restrictions and tank mixtures
bud stage for with other herbicides.
thistles and A3 A5-6 B6 D3 T2-6
knapweeds.
Dicamba4 + 2,4-D4 1 to 4 pt SL+ Biennial thistles: Add NIS at 1 to 2 qt/100 gal water.
2 pt 4EC/SL Rosette stage. A3 A5-6 B6 T2-6 T11 T13
(0.5 to 2 lb +
1 lb)
Overdrive 6 oz WDG Prior to bud stage Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water + 28% UAN at 1.25 qt/A or
(dicamba4 & (3 oz & 1.2 oz) for thistles and AMS at 17 lb/100 gallons. Canada thistle suppression
diflufenzopyr19) knapweeds. only. A3 A5-6 B6 T1 T3 T5 T13 Y9 Y13
Metsulfuron2 0.1 to 1 oz DF Season-long Fall or spring to Add phenoxy type herbicide to small annual weeds or
(0.06 to 0.6 oz) control of early summer. before thistle plants bolt.
perennial Weeds: Less than Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
sowthistle. 4 inches tall. Add 2,4-D for Russian thistle control.
Use Cimarron X-tra/generics for control of buckbrush and
perennial species.
T3 X1 Y3 Y15
Starane / generic 0.5 - 0.67 pt 1.5EC Kochia and some Spring: Kochia Will kill desirable legumes but controls kochia, including
fluroxypyr4 0.25-0.35 pt 2.8EC broadleaf weeds. less than 6 inches herbicide resistant kochia.
3.75 - 5 oz 40WDG tall. A3 A6 C5 S6
(1.5 to 2 oz)
Stinger / generic 1/3 to 2/3 pt SL Broadleaf weeds Weeds: Actively Apply after most thistle shoots have emerged but before
clopyralid4 (2 to 4 oz) including Canada growing and prior bud stage. Do not apply Curtail/generics to new grass
thistle and to bud stage for seedings. Use lower rate for annual broadleaf weeds and
Curtail / generic 4 to 8 pt SL
clopyralid4 & 2,4-D4 (1 to 2 oz & knapweeds. thistles and higher rate for perennial thistles and knapweeds.
0.19 to 0.38 lb) knapweeds. Do not cut treated grass for hay within 30 days after
application. A3 A6 T3 Y15
Crossbow 1 to 6 qt SL Trees, brush and Spring: Prior to Provides more consistent musk thistle and brush control
(triclopyr4 & (0.25 to 1.5 lb & broadleaf weeds. bud stage for (except buckbrush and western snowberry) than 2,4-D
2,4-D4) 0.5 to 3 lb) thistles and alone. Use highest rate for elm and Russian olive.
knapweed. Observe grazing and haying restrictions.
Fall: To rosettes. T12

70
 CRP
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Milestone 3 to 7 fl oz SL Most annual and Spring: Rosette to Apply up to 14 oz/A for spot treatment.
(aminopyralid4) (0.75 to 1.75 oz) perennial bolting or in fall. Milestone can leave a residue for several years following
composite weeds, application. Legume species are very susceptible. Refer
including to label for crop rotation restrictions if CRP breakout into
wormwood and cropland is planned.
thistles - see T12 Y15 Z1
label.
Tordon 0.25 to 0.5 pt SL Annual broadleaf Weeds: Small Apply 0.25 to 0.5 pt/A for small annual weeds.
(picloram4) (0.06 to 0.13 lb) weeds. and actively Apply 2 pt/A for suppression and 4 pt/A as spot treatment
growing. to control perennial weeds.
1 to 4 pt Perennial Emergence to Rates over 2 pt/A may suppress perennial grasses.
RUP (0.25 to 1 lb) broadleaf weeds bud stage. Observe grazing restrictions. Apply with 2,4-D to provide
and trees. cost-effective weed control. Tordon can leave a residue
for several years following application. Refer to label for
crop rotation restriction if CRP breakout into cropland is
planned. T3 T17
Plateau 4 to 12 fl oz SL for Foxtail barley and PRE or POST. Use on newly established or existing grass stands.
(imazapic2) pasture, annual and Grasses: 7 to 10 Has PRE activity on annual weeds.
rangeland, perennial days after Add MSO type adjuvant at 2 pt/A.
native prairie broadleaf weeds planting. 4 fl oz/A controls/suppresses annual weeds.
restoration, and including leafy 12 fl oz/A controls annual weeds plus leafy spurge and
wildflower spurge. Weeds: Up to 6 Russian knapweed.
establishment. inches tall. Rates above 8 fl oz/A can cause reduced grass
(1 to 3 oz) production, especially cool-season grasses.
Early September Use lower rates in areas of low rainfall.
to early October. High risk of injury to switchgrass.
Apply in mid- No grazing restrictions specified.
September for Does not control absinth wormwood, Canada thistle, or
leafy spurge spotted knapweed.
control. T16 Y15

VEGETATION CONTROL FOR CRP BREAKOUT

Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9 0.75 to 1.5 lb ae CRP vegetation 14 to 21 days 0.75 lb ae 1.125 lb ae 1.5 lb ae
See Remarks. and weeds. prior to tillage. lb ae/gal lb ai/gal ------------------- fl oz ------------------
3 =4 = 32 48 64
3.75 = 5 = 25.6 38.4 51.2
4/4.17 = 5.4/5.1 = 24/23 36/35 48/46
4.5 = 5.5 = 21.3 32 42.6
4.72 = 6.3 = 20.3 30.5 40.7
5 = 6.1 = 19.2 28.8 38.4
Wheatgrasses may be controlled by glyphosate applied in the spring. However, smooth bromegrass requires at least fall plus preplant
spring applications of glyphosate and in-crop chemical and/or mechanical control. Add AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal for improved control. Allow
14 to 21 days prior to tillage. Glyphosate provides greater Canada thistle control when fall-applied than spring-applied. Addition of 2,4-D or
will increase alfalfa and sweet clover control but decrease grass control. Always add AMS to overcome antagonism of 2,4-D on grass
control and improve control of perennial weeds, such as leafy spurge and Canada thistle. CRP grasses and forbs may become a problem
in planted crop. A3-7 B8

71
GRASS ESTABLISHMENT
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9 0.75 to 1.5 lb ae Emerged grass Preplant or Non-selective, non-residual translocated, foliar herbicide.
See Remarks. and broadleaf anytime prior to Add AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lb/100 gal. A3-7 B8
weeds. crop emergence.
2,4-D4 0.5 to 1 pt 4EC/SL Broadleaf weeds. Grasses: After 5- Use rates listed for establishing grasses.
MCPA4 (0.25 to 0.5 lb) leaf stage. A3 A6 T11
Bromoxynil6 1 to 2 pt EC Grasses: Anytime Grass tolerance is excellent. Can be applied to grass-
(0.25 to 0.5 lb) after emergence. alfalfa mixtures. Registered CRP species include
wheatgrasses (crested, tall, western, bluebunch, and
intermediate), perennial ryegrass, fescue, Russian
wildrye, and alfalfa. Most active in hot, sunny conditions.
Bromoxynil6 & 1 to 2 pt 4EC POST: Refer to Buctril/bromoxynil section above for registered
MCPA4 0.8 to 1.6 pt 5EC Grasses: 3-leaf grass species.
(0.25 to 0.5 lb & stage or larger. Consult label for list.
0.25 to 0.5 lb)
Starane Ultra / 0.5 - 0.67 pt 1.5EC Kochia and some Spring: Kochia Will kill desirable legumes.
generic fluroxypyr4 0.25 - 0.35pt 2.8EC broadleaf weeds. less than 6 inches A3 A6 C5 S6
3.75 - 5 oz 40WDG tall.
(1.5 to 2 oz)

LAWN (Grass weed control)

Acclaim Extra (fenoxaprop), Certainty (sulfosulfuron), Dimension/Ultra (dithiopyr), Drive (quinclorac), Pendulum (pendimethalin),
Weed B Gon Max + Crabgrass Control.
LAWN (Broadleaf weed control)
MCP 2,4-D dic tric other MCP 2,4-D dic tric other
Brush Killer DCPP + + - - Trimec 889 MCPA + + - -
Coolpower MCPA - + + - Trimec 1000 MCPP + + - -
Horsepower MCPA - + + - T-Zone/Foundation - + + + sulf
Q4 - + + - quin+sulf Turflon Ester - - - + -
Spartan Charge - - - - Carf+sulf WBG/Chickweed, clover… - - - + -
Speedzone MCPP + + - Carfentrazone WBG Weed + Crabgrass MCPP + + - quin
Tenacity - - - - Mesotrione Weed Stop for Lawns 2X MCPP + + - sulf
Trimec Classic MCPP + + - - WS for L + Crabgrass - + + - sulf+quin

Abbreviation: dic=dicamba, diclo=dichlorprop, meso=mesotrione, quin=quinclorac, sulf=sulfentrazone, carf=carfentrazone, tric=triclopyr,

WBG=Weed B Gon.

CRP BREAKOUT
R1. CRP breakout or vegetation management when breaking land out of CRP is difficult. Heavy vegetation produced from many years of
growth without grazing or haying will make cultivation difficult. For most situations, haying in the summer will help remove much of the
vegetation found in CRP. Burning may destroy standing plant residues but will not kill underground roots and is not recommended.
Removing vegetation by burning may increase weed seed germination. Methods to control vegetation without destroying residues should
be used to enhance soil quality and control erosion.

Cultivation alone will not give satisfactory control of CRP vegetation. A herbicide treatment applied several weeks prior to tillage will reduce
the amount of vegetation. Fall-applied herbicides are needed if conventional tillage methods will be used to prepare a seedbed the
following year. Fall application allows breakdown of foliage and root plant biomass. Cultivators and some tillage equipment tend to plug
during spring tillage when a fall-applied herbicide is not used. Mechanical and cultural vegetation control methods should be followed by a
vigorous weed control program the following spring. CRP grasses and forbs may become a problem in the planted crop. Seeding a
broadleaf crop after CRP breakout will provide chemical control options not available in grass crops.

NDSU research found that glyphosate at 0.75 lb ae/A applied fall or spring gave less than 70% alfalfa and smooth bromegrass control.
Glyphosate at 1.5 lb ae/A applied in fall gave 98% early season alfalfa and smooth brome control but regrowth occurred by mid-summer. A
fall application followed by a spring application of glyphosate each at 0.75 lb ae/A or a spring application of glyphosate at 1.5 lb ae/A was
required for greater than 90% control of smooth brome. A spring application of glyphosate at 1.5 lb ae/A also provided over 90% alfalfa and
smooth brome control. Tillage improved control of perennial regrowth (15 to 20% increase) from fall applications of glyphosate but did not
improve control from spring applications.
*Or generic equivalent.

72
 SPECIAL WEED PROBLEMS
North Dakota Noxious and Troublesome Weeds
www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/invasiveweeds/

Photographs and descriptions of weeds (except quackgrass) in this section can be found in NDSU Extension publication W-1411.
Identification and control publications for specific invasive weeds can be found at http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/weeds.

By North Dakota Law, all land owners must control noxious weeds on their property.
Refer to the following Extension Circulars for additional information: Page

Bindweed, Field .....................................................................................................................................................................74-75

Knapweed:
Spotted* and Diffuse* .................................................................................................................................................... 75
Russian*......................................................................................................................................................................... 76

Lythrum or Purple Loosestrife* ................................................................................................................................................... 76

Quackgrass ................................................................................................................................................................................. 77

Saltcedar* ................................................................................................................................................................................... 77

Spurge, Leafy* .......................................................................................................................................................................78-79

Starthistle, Yellow ....................................................................................................................................................................... 75

Thistle:
Bull ................................................................................................................................................................................. 82
Canada*……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….80-81
Musk* ............................................................................................................................................................................. 82
Plumeless ...................................................................................................................................................................... 82

Toadflax
Dalmatian* ..................................................................................................................................................................... 83
Yellow* ........................................................................................................................................................................... 83

Wormwood, Absinth* .................................................................................................................................................................. 83

Houndstongue*…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………..84

Palmer amaranth*…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………84

* Weed is a North Dakota State Noxious Weed.

Shelterbelt weed control ............................................................................................................................................................. 86

Total vegetation weed control ..................................................................................................................................................... 87
Troublesome weeds in pasture, rangeland, and noncropland ................................................................................................... 88
Troublesome weeds in cropland and other areas ...................................................................................................................... 89

73
BINDWEED, FIELD
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9 + Up to 1.5 lb ae + Preplant, fallow, Actively growing. Tankmixture provides less potential for soil residual
dicamba4 1 pt 4SL post-harvest, and Vines: At least 12 than with higher rates of dicamba applied alone.
(0.5 lb) CRP. inches long. Apply Add AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal.
See Remarks. at beyond full A3-7 T9 T10
bloom.
Glyphosate9 + <0.38 lb + Preplant, fallow, Vines: 6 to 18 Suppression in patches or individual plants.
2,4-D4 1.5 pt 4EC/SL post-harvest. inches long. Allow at least 7 days between application and tillage.
(0.75 lb) Control is reduced under dry conditions.
Add AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal. A3-7 T9-10
2,4-D4 amine or 1.5 to 2 pt 4SL Spring wheat and Crop: Tiller stage. The high rate may injure crop but is beneficial in small
ester (0.75 to 1 lb) barley. areas to control bindweed.
1.33 to 2 pt 4EC Does not provide long term control.
(0.66 to 1 lb) T11
Express / generic 0.17 to 0.3 oz DF Spring wheat Crop: Tillering and Provides season-long control.
tribenuron2 + 0.25 to 0.5 oz SG + including durum. before crop 2,4-D enhances weed control and crop safety.
2,4-D4 + dicamba4 0.5 pt 4EC/SL + exceeds the Add NIS at 0.125% v/v.
2 to 3 fl oz 4SL 5-leaf stage.
(0.125 to 0.25 oz +
0.25 lb +
1 to 1.44 oz)
Metsulfuron2 + 0.05 to 0.1 oz XP + Do not apply metsulfuron within 22 months from last
metsulfuron treatment or on soils above a pH of 7.9.
2,4-D4 + dicamba4 0.5 pt 4EC/SL
+ 2 to 3 fl oz 4SL Refer to metsulfuron label for additional restrictions.
(0.0375 to 0.075 oz C5 T14 Y3 Y15
+ 0.25 lb +
1 to 1.44 oz)
2,4-D4 1 pt 4EC/SL Corn. Corn: 3 to 8 inches Use drop nozzles after corn is more than 8 inches tall.
(0.5 lb) tall. Provides field bindweed suppression only.
Dicamba4 0.5 to 1 pt 4SL Corn: See Apply 0.5 to 1 pt/A up to 8 inches tall.
(0.25 lb) remarks. Apply 0.5 pt/A post-direct from 8 inches to 36 inches
tall or 15 days prior to tassel.
A3-8 B6 C4 D3 T13 Y15
Glyphosate9 1 to 1.5% solution Patches in wheat, Crop: Prior to Crop will be killed in treated area.
or up to 3 lb ae barley, oat, corn, heading or Avoid drift or spraying tree foliage.
See Remarks. soybean or trees. flowering. Repeat applications are required for complete control.
Apply to actively growing bindweed.
Bindweed: Bud to Add AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lb/100 gal.
flowering stage. A3-7 B8 T9-10
Facet L + 22 to 32 fl oz L + Fallow, post- In fall prior to a Plant wheat at least 1 inch deep.
MSO adjuvant 2 pt harvest or preplant killing frost. Allow Add AMS at 2.5 lb/A or UAN at 1 gal/A.
(quinclorac4,26) (4 to 6 oz) to wheat including 30 fays after Refer to label for tank-mix rates in wheat and fallow.
durum. tillage. B10 T1 Y15
Ransom and
Richland counties
2,4-D ester4 2 to 4 pt 4EC Fallow or Bindweed: Apply only registered brands of 2,4-D in CRP.
(1 to 2 lb) post-harvest, and Actively growing Cultivate fallow land until early July to achieve
CRP. and regrowth 12 optimum growth at time of application.
inches long to bud. Spray in late August or September.
Respray in following crop.
Does not provide long term control.
T11
Dicamba4 2 to 4 pt 4SL Mid to late fall treatments more effective than summer
(1 to 2 lb) treatments. Rotate to wheat, corn, soybean or
sorghum only. Crop injury may occur if the interval
between application and planting is less than 45 days
per pt/A dicamba used, excluding days when ground is
frozen. Add oil adjuvant to improve control.
A3-8 B6 T13 Y15

74
 BINDWEED, FIELD cont.
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Dicamba4 4 to 16 pt 4SL Patches or Bindweed: Apply to foliage and/or soil.
(2 to 8 lb) individual plants in Actively growing Consult label for grazing restrictions.
CRP, pastures, and regrowth 12 Use low rate only in fall and high rates in dense or old
fallow, and inches long to bud. stands. Add oil adjuvant to improve control.
noncropland. A3-8 B6 T13 Y15
Tordon 22K 2 to 4 pt SL + Pasture, Picloram + 2,4-D is more cost-effective than picloram
(picloram4) + 1 to 2 pt 4EC/SL rangeland, CRP, alone at higher rates.
2,4-D4 (0.5 to 1 + and noncropland. Consult reference for grazing restrictions.
RUP 0.5 to 1 lb) T17 Y15
Facet L + 32 fl oz L + Fall: B10 T1 T13 Y15
Overdrive + 6 oz WDG + Bindweed: In fall
MSO adjuvant 2 pt prior to a killing
(quinclorac4,26 + (6 oz + frost. At least 4
dicamba4 & 3 oz & 1.2 oz) inches of stem.
diflufenzopyr19)
Perspective 3 to 4.75 oz DF Non-crop and Actively growing in Use only in non-crop areas. Allow 365 days before
(aminocyclo- (1.2 to 1.9 oz & wildlife habitats. early summer or grazing or haying. Do not apply near trees. Add NIS at
pyrachlor4 & 0.5 to 0.75 oz) fall rosettes. 1 qt/100 gal or MSO at 1 gal/100 gal.
chlorsulfuron2)

KNAPWEED, DIFFUSE AND SPOTTED AND YELLOW STARTHISTLE

Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
2,4-D4 amine or 2 to 4 pt 4EC/SL Fallow, post- Rosette stage is Several years of annual treatment are necessary.
ester (1 to 2 lb) harvest, CRP, preferred. Use only registered 2,4-D brands for CRP. T11
pasture, and
Dicamba4 2 to 4 pt 4SL rangeland. Bud to bloom is Plants are controlled slowly. Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal
(1 to 2 lb) second best. water to improve consistency of control. A3-8 B6 T13
Tordon 22K 1 to 2 pt SL CRP, pasture, Consult label for grazing restriction.
(picloram4) RUP (0.25 to 0.5 lb) rangeland, and Apply up to 2 pt/A broadcast and 4 pt/A for spot
noncropland. treatment.
Tordon 22K + 1 to 2 pt SL + T17 Y15
(picloram4) 1 qt 4EC/SL
2,4-D4 amine / ester (0.25 to 0.5 lb +
RUP 1 lb)
Method 4 to 8 fl oz SL Noncropland and Spring: Prior to Use only in noncropland. Allow 365 days before
(aminocyclo- (1 to 2 oz) wildlife habitats. flowering or fall grazing or haying. Do not apply near trees.
pyrachlor4) rosettes. Apply Method with MSO at 1 gal/100 gal.
Apply Perspective with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal or MSO at 1
Perspective 3 to 4.75 oz DF gal/100 gal. Use lowest rate for yellow starthistle.
(aminocyclo- (1.2 to 1.9 oz &
pyrachlor4 & 0.5 to 0.75 oz)
chlorsulfuron2)
Plateau 6 fl oz SL CRP, pasture, Rosette stage in For yellow starthistle only. Do not apply more than 4
(imazapic2) (1.5 oz) rangeland, and the fall. oz/A in CRP. Add MSO adjuvant at 1 qt/A + 28% UAN
noncropland. at 1 qt/A. Refer to label for restrictions. T16
Milestone 3 to 7 fl oz SL Spring: Rosette to Apply up to 14 fl oz/A for spot treatment. Use lower
(aminopyralid4) (0.75 to 1.75 oz) bolting. rates for yellow starthistle. Apply with NIS at 1 qt/100
Fall: Rosettes. gal. Refer to label for grazing restrictions. T15
Transline 2/3 to 1 pt SL Noncropland and Rosette to bud Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water.
(clopyralid4) (4 to 6 oz) right-of-way. stage. Stinger is labeled for CRP.
A3 A6
Glyphosate9 1.5 to 2.25 lb ae Fallow and Bud to bloom Other vegetation will also be killed. Retreat the
See Remarks. noncropland. stage - late following spring with 2,4-D at 2 to 4 pt/A to control
summer to early seedlings and escapes. Refer to label for adjuvant
fall. use. Add AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal water.
A3-7 B8 T10

75
KNAPWEED, RUSSIAN
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Method 8 to 12 fl oz SL Noncropland and Spring: Prior to Use only in noncropland. Allow 365 days before
(aminocyclo- (2 to 3 oz) wildlife habitats. flowering or fall grazing or haying. Do not apply near trees.
pyrachlor4) rosettes. Apply Method with MSO at 1 gal/100.
Apply Perspective with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal or MSO at 1
Perspective 3 to 4.75 oz DF gal/100 gal.
(aminocyclo- (1.2 to 1.9 oz &
pyrachlor4 & 0.5 to 0.75 oz)
chlorsulfuron2)
Milestone 5 to 7 fl oz SL CRP, pasture, Spring: Bud to Apply up to 14 oz/A for spot treatment.
(aminopyralid4) (1.25 to 1.75 oz) rangeland, and flowering stage. Apply with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal.
noncropland. Fall: Dormant Refer to label for grazing restrictions.
plants. T15
Plateau + 12 fl oz SL + Apply following Rates above 8 fl oz/A can reduce grass production.
MSO adjuvant 2 pt several hard frosts T16
(imazapic2) (3 oz) (mid-October).
Tordon 22K 3 to 4 pt SL Plants may be Consult label for grazing restriction.
(picloram4) RUP (0.75 to 1 lb) dormant with grey Apply up to 2 pt/A broadcast and 4 pt/A for spot
stems and no treatment.
leaves.
Application in mid-
September or
during flowering in
mid-summer
provides shorter-
term control than
late applications.

PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE OR LYTHRUM

Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weeds When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Rodeo / 1 to 1.5 gal/100 gal Drainage and July to early Use only registered 4 lb ae/gal glyphosate
generic 4 lb ae/gal 1.3 to 1.9 fl oz/gal aquatic sites. September. formulations. Add NIS approved for use in aquatic
glyphosate9 water of a 4 lb/gal sites at 1 gal/100 gal water. Control seedlings using a
approved for conc. 2,4-D formulation labeled for use near water.
aquatic use (1 to 1.5% conc.) Biological control agents have been introduced for
control. A3-7 B8 T10
Garlon 3A 1 to 3 gal/100 gal Add NIS. Minimize overspray to open water especially
(triclopyr-amine4) water (3 to 9 lb) application along shore of flowing water. Does not
Vastlan 4.5 to 6 qt/A affect cattail or desirable grass species. For backpack
(triclopyr-choline4) (4.5 to 6 lb) application add Vastlan at 1 to 1.5%. T12
Habitat 1 pt SL Plants actively Can be applied only by federal or state agency
(imazapyr2) (0.25 lb) growing. personnel trained in aquatic pest control. Will injure
cattail.
Milestone 1 pt/100 gal SL Non-irrigation ditch July to early Do not apply directly to water. Safe under or near
(aminopyralid4) (0.125% conc.) banks, wildlife or September. many tree species. Apply with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal.
natural areas, T15
Capstone 1 gal/100 gal SL seasonally dry
(triclopyr4 & (1% conc.) wetlands, including
aminopyralid4) riparian areas.

Biological Control Insects Two leaf feeding beetles (Galerucella spp.) have been
successful in the state. Contact your local weed
control officer or state APHIS officer in Bismarck.
T21

76
 QUACKGRASS
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9 0.75 lb See label. See label. See label for registered uses, rates for different
Generally 6 to 12 formulations, and application information. A3-7 B8
Maverick2 2/3 oz DF - HRS wheat inches tall See label for registered uses, rates for different
Olympus2 0.6 to 0.9 oz WDG - Winter wheat formulations, and application information. C12
SU herbicides2 See label. Registered crops. See label for application information, adjuvants, and
Accent/nicosulfuron use information. Add MSO at 1.5 pt/A.
Resolve/rimsulfuron Y3
Option/foramsulfurn
POST grass See page 27. Labeled broadleaf Add oil adjuvant at at 1 gal/100 gal water but not less
herbicides1 crops. than 1.25 pt/A. A3 E2

SALTCEDAR
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Arsenal 1% solution to Wildlife openings August or Thoroughly wet foliage.
(imazapyr2) foliage or 2 qt/A and wildlands. September is best Do not cut down and remove for at least three years
aerial applied to but can be applied following foliar treatment or regrowth will occur.
foliage or anytime saltcedar Add MSO adjuvant at 1 qt/A for foliar application or 0.5
12 oz/gal as a cut is found. Plants to 1% for backpack sprayer.
stump treatment should have green Avoid drift and contact with desirable plants.
immediately after leaves (foliar Do not contaminate surface water.
cutting. application).
Garlon 4 25% v/v + oil Non-cropland as Treatment in late Do not spray over open water or irrigation ditches.
(triclopyr-ester4) adjuvant basal bark or cut fall or early spring Complete coverage around the trunk (Garlon only) or
(1 qt + 2 qt) (1 lb) stump. is best; otherwise stump is required. Garlon 4A in oil can be applied up
Vastlan Undiluted Cut stump only. any time when the to 30 days after to cut stumps. Vastlan should be
(triclopyr-choline4) bark is not frozen. applied as soon as possible after cutting stumps (no
effect as a bark treatment). T12

77
SPURGE, LEAFY
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
2,4-D4 amine or 2 to 4 pt 4EC/SL CRP, pasture, and Leafy spurge: Apply both spring and fall for satisfactory control.
ester (1 to 2 lb) rangeland Early bud stage Do not graze dairy cows for 7 days or beef cows for 3
and fall. days after treatment. Apply only registered 2,4-D
brands in CRP. A3 A6 T7 T11
Tordon 22K 1 to 2 pt SL + CRP, pasture, Leafy spurge: Tordon + 2,4-D at 1 pt/A + 2 pt/A is the most cost-
(picloram4) + 2 pt 4EC/SL rangeland and Spring: True flower effective treatment in NDSU data.
2,4-D4 ester or (0.25 to 0.5 lb + roadsides. stage. Fall: 4 to 12 Retreatment at the same rate will be necessary for
amine 1 lb) inch regrowth. several years regardless of herbicide or rate.
Annual control was greater and years of retreatment
RUP needed were less with the 2 pt/A Tordon rate.
Fall treatments should use 2 pt/A and apply for 3 to 5
years consecutively. T7 T17-18
Tordon 22K + 1 pt SL + Leafy spurge: True Do not apply in fall. Addition of Plateau improves
Plateau + 4 fl oz SL+ flower growth in long-term leafy spurge control. 2,4-D is not required
2,4-D4 + MSO 1 qt 4EC/SL + spring. but does increase spectrum of weeds controlled.
adjuvant 1 qt Follow labels of all herbicides used. Apply only in
(picloram4 + (4 oz + 1 oz + spring when plants are in true flower. Some grasses
imazapic2) RUP 1 lb) may show temporary stunting. T7 T16-18
Tordon 22K + 1 to 2 pt SL+ Leafy spurge: Add oil adjuvant to improve control. Overdrive
Overdrive 4 to 6 oz WDG Spring: True flower improves long-term leafy surge control with spring but
(picloram4 + (4 to 8 oz + stage. not fall application timing.
dicamba4 & 2 to 3 oz & T7 T13 T17
diflufenzopyr19) RUP 0.8 to 1.2 oz)
Dicamba4 4 pt 4SL (2 lb) Add oil adjuvant to improve control. T13
4 to 16 pt 4SL Patches or Leafy spurge: Consult label for grazing restrictions.
(2 to 8 lb) individual plants in Spring: True flower Add oil adjuvant to improve control.
CRP, pasture or stage. Fall: 4 to 12 Re-treatment necessary.
Tordon 22K 4 pt SL noncropland. inch regrowth. Consult narrative for grazing restrictions.
(picloram4) RUP (1 lb) T17
Glyphosate9 0.75 to 1.5 lb ae CRP and trees. Leafy spurge: Glyphosate is non-selective. Avoid spraying tree
See Remarks. After July 1 to foliage. Retreat with 2,4-D at 2 to 4 pt/A following
actively growing spring application to control seedlings and escapes.
plants. Add AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal. A3-7 B8 T7 T10
Facet L + 32 to 64 fl oz L+ CRP, pasture and Spring: True flower Can be used near trees and in areas with sandy
MSO adjuvant 2 pt rangeland. stage. soils/high water tables. Tank-mix with Overdrive for
(quinclorac4,26) (6 to 12 oz) Fall: 4 to 12 inches long-term control. Allow 7 days before haying. There
of regrowth. are no grazing restrictions.
Ransom and B10 Y15
Richland counties
Facet L + 32 fl oz L + Noncrop, pasture, Spring: True Allow 7 days before haying.
Overdrive + 6 oz WDG + rangeland, and flower. B10 T13
MSO adjuvant 2 pt wildlife habitats. Fall: Prior to frost.
(quinclorac4,26 + (6 + 3 oz & 1.2 oz)
dicamba4 &
diflufenzopyr19)

Ransom and
Richland counties
Krenite 12 to 16 pt Noncropland, Spring: True flower Inconsistent control.
(fosamine) (6 to 8 lb) adjacent to water growth stage. Best control with high humidity and good soil moisture.
and trees. Fall: Early. Do not contaminate water during application.

78
 SPURGE, LEAFY cont.
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Rodeo / generic 4lb 2 pt SL Adjacent to water. Mid-July to mid- Use only registered glyphosate formulations.
ae/gal glyphosate9 (0.75 lb) September. Add NIS approved for use near water at 2 to 4 qt/100
approved for gal water. Subsequent years: Control seedlings with a
aquatic use 2,4-D formulation labeled near water. A3-7 T10
2,4-D4 amine 2 to 4 pt SL Leafy spurge: Use only 2,4-D formulations labeled for use in or near
(1 to 2 lb) Actively growing. water, such Agriliance “AgriSolutions 2,4-D Amine 4",
Nufarm “Weedar 64", or Loveland “Savage” and
“Amine 4 2,4-D”. T7-8
Landmaster BW / 54 fl oz 2.4 SL Noncropland, Leafy spurge: Some grass injury and stunting may occur.
generic glyphosate9 (0.38 & 0.63 lb) pasture, and Seed set stage or Injury is greater with fall than spring treatments.
& 2,4-D4 fallow. actively growing in Not to be used in consecutive years.
fall. A3-8 B8 T10-11
Method 8 to 12 oz SL Noncropland and Spring: Prior to Use only in noncropland. Allow 365 days before
(aminocyclo- (2 to 3 oz) wildlife habitats. flowering or fall grazing or haying. Do not apply near trees.
pyrachlor4) rosettes. Apply Method with MSO at 1 gal/100 gal.
Apply Perspective with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal or MSO at 1
Perspective 4.75 to 6 oz DF gal/100 gal.
(aminocyclo- (1.9 to 2.4 oz &
pyrachlor4 & 0.75 to 0.95 oz)
chlorsulfuron2)
Plateau + 8 to 12 fl oz SL + Pasture, new or Early to mid May be used on CRP, pasture, rangeland, industrial
MSO adjuvant 2 pt existing grass September. sites, roadside right-of-way or noncropland.
(imazapic2) (2 to 3 oz) plantings in Rates above 8 fl oz can reduce grass production,
cropland, CRP or especially cool season species. Safe under most tree
noncropland. species but will cause temporary yellowing of spruce
candles. See label for additional information. T16 T18
Plateau + 4 to 6 fl oz SL+ Noncropland and Spring: True flower Allow 365 days before grazing or haying.
Sharpen + 1 to 2 fl oz SC+ wildlife habitats. stage. Do not apply in the fall. Can also be applied with AMS.
NIS adjuvant 1 qt/100 gallon Substituting MSO adjuvant for NIS will injure grasses.
(imazapic2 + (1 to 1.5 oz + See label for additional information.
saflufenacil14) 0.36 to 0.72 oz) T16 T18
Casoron 4G 150 to 200 4G Sensitive areas Leafy spurge: Season long suppression only.
Norosac 10G 60 to 80 lb 10G such as near trees Late Nov. to early Must be applied before leafy spurge emerges.
(dichlobenil) (6 to 8 lb) or water where March - before No POST control.
long residual emergence.
Overdrive + 6 oz WDG + herbicides cannot Spring: True Do not allow spray to contact basal bark or tree
MSO adjuvant 2 pt be used. flower. leaves.
(dicamba4 & (3 oz & 1.2 oz) Fall: Early to mid- A3 A6 T13
diflufenzopyr19) September.
GrazonNext HL + 2.1 pt + Somewhat less control than when mixed with
Overdrive + 4 oz WDG + Overdrive, but safe to use in areas with high water
MSO adjuvant 2 pt table.
(aminopyralid4 & (1.7 & 14 oz +
2,4-D4 + dicamba4 2 & 0.8 oz)
& diflufenzopyr19)

Ransom and
Richland counties
Cultivation31 Cropland. Leafy spurge: Leafy spurge will not survive intensive tillage.
2 to 4 inches tall. Repeat when plants are 2 to 4 inches tall.
T8
Late fall. Cultivate when plants are 3 to 6 inches tall on fallow or
post-harvest in September and again in October. T8
Biological Control Insects and CRP, pasture, See narrative. Several insects are available. Sheep and goats can be
Grazing rangeland and used for management of leafy spurge infestations.
noncropland. See narrative for additional information.
T20

79
THISTLE, CANADA
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Express / 0.17 to 0.33 oz DF Wheat, barley and Thistle: Rosette to Add 2,4-D ester.
generic tribenuron2 0.25 to 0.5 SG pasture. pre-bud stage. Add NIS except when adding 2,4-D ester at 0.75 pt/A.
A4-6 T3 T9 Y1-2
Thifen2 & Triben2 Provides a broader
4:1 ratio 75DF 0.4 to 0.67 oz DF spectrum of control
Affinity T/M 50SG 0.6 to 1 oz SG than either a.i.
3:1 Audit 75DF 0.3 to 0.5 oz DF alone. Choose
2:1 ratio 75DF 0.3 to 0.66 oz DF ratio based on
1:1 ratio 75DF 0.25 to 0.5 oz DF prevalent weeds.
Affinity B/S 50SG 0.4 to 0.8 oz SG

MCPA4 or 2,4-D4 1.5 pt 4SL Wheat and barley. Crop: Tiller stage. Patch spray at higher rates may injure crop but may
amine or ester (0.75 lb) provide greater thistle control. Small grains are more
1.33 pt 4EC tolerant to MCPA than 2,4-D. Suppression only.
(0.66 lb) B3 T3 T9
2,4-D4 ester or 2 to 4 pt 4EC/SL Fallow or 12 inches tall and Cultivate fallow until early July to achieve rosette stage
amine (1 to 2 lb) post-harvest. actively growing. at time of application. Spray in late August or
September. Re-treatment necessary. Suppression
only. B3 T3
3 to 4 pt 4EC/SL CRP, pasture, and Apply only registered 2,4-D brands in CRP.
(1.5 to 2 lb) rangeland or Refer to paragraph for livestock grazing restrictions.
trees. Use only amine formulation in trees. Suppression only.
B3 T3 T7-11
Curtail M / generic 1.75 to 2.33 pt SL Wheat, barley, and Crop: 3-leaf to Rosette technique: Products containing glyphosate or
clopyralid4&MCPA4 (0.09 to 0.122 lb & CRP. jointing. clopyralid fall-applied to Canada thistle in the rosette
0.5 to 0.68 lb) stage provides greater control than when applied to
Curtail / generic 2 pt SL Crop: 4-leaf bolting or flowering stems. Refer to paragraph T3 for
clopyralid4 & 2,4-D4 (0.09 lb & 0.5 lb) through jointing. control of Canada thistle using the rosette technique.
A3 A6 C5 T3 T9 T11 Y15
4 pt SL Fallow.
(0.19 lb & 1 lb) Thistle: Rosette
until prior to bloom.
4 to 6 pt SL CRP and pasture.
(0.19 to 0.29 lb &
1 to 1.5 lb)
Stinger / generic 0.25 to 0.67 pt SL Sugarbeet, wheat, Thistles: Rosette to High rates in pasture is expensive but more effective.
clopyralid4 (0.09 to 0.25 lb) barley, oat, corn. pre-bud stage. A3 A6 C5 M12 T3 Y15
0.67 to 1.3 pt SL CRP, pasture and
(0.25 to 0.5 lb) rangeland.
Hornet 2 to 5 oz WDG Corn. Corn: Up to 24 Add a oil adjuvant at 1 to pt/A.
(flumetsulam2 & (0.37 to 0.09 oz & inches tall. Use Refer to label for tank-mix options.
clopyralid4) 1 to 2.5 oz) drop nozzles on 20 A3 C5 T3 Y2 Y15
to 24 inch corn.
Dicamba4 0.5 to 1 pt 4SL Corn: POST up to Do not apply more than 0.5 pt/A after corn is more
(0.25 to 0.5 lb) 5 inches tall. than 5 inches tall. Can be applied 15 days prior to
tasseling.
A3 A6 B6 T3 Y
Distinct 6 oz WDG Corn, fallow, and Corn: 4 to 24 Distinct is labeled in cropland - allow 7 days before
Overdrive (3 oz & noncropland. inches tall. haying/grazing. Overdrive is labeled in CRP, pasture,
(dicamba4 & 1.2 oz) rangeland, and noncropland. Add NIS at at 1 qt/100
diflufenzopyr19) gal water + 28% UAN at 1.25 qt/A or AMS at 8.5
lb/100 gal. Canada thistle suppression only.
A3 A6 B6 C4 T3 Y9
Basagran6 1 to 2 pt SL Soybean and dry Canada thistle: Contact herbicide requiring thorough coverage.
(0.5 to 1 lb) bean: Any stage. 6 to 8 inches tall. Apply in two sequential applications with MSO at 1.5
pt/A. Rosette technique: Repeated in-crop applications
Field pea: More control Canada thistle during the growing season but
than 3 leaf pairs or allow fall rosette growth. Refer to paragraph T3 for
4 nodes. control of Canada thistle using the rosette technique.
E3 T3

80
 THISTLE, CANADA cont.
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Glyphosate9 Up to 2.25 lb ae. Patches in corn, Prior to heading or Rosette technique: Glyphosate or clopyralid fall-
See Remarks. wheat, oat or flowering. applied to Canada thistle in the rosette stage provides
soybean. greater control than when applied to bolting or
Refer to label. RR Corn: Up to 30 inches tall/6 collars. flowering plants. Refer to paragraph T3 for control of
RR Soybean: Emerge to 14 day PHI. Canada thistle using the rosette technique.
RR canola: Prior to bolting. Add AMS fertilizer at 8.5 lb/100 gal.
Crop will be killed in treated area.
Up to 2.25 lb ae. Preharvest wheat, Crop seed is A3-7 T3 T7-10
See Remarks. corn, soybean, physiologically
field pea, and mature.
lentil. Thistle: At or
beyond bud stage.

Fallow or post- Canada thistle:

harvest. Rosette or beyond
CRP, noncropland bud stage. Avoid spraying tree foliage.
and around trees. A3-7 R1 T3 T7
Dicamba4 2 to 4 pt 4SL Fall or post- Thistle: At least 6 May be applied at a lower rate with 2,4-D or
(1 to 2 lb) harvest. inches tall. Most glyphosate to reduce soil residue.
effective when Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
thistle is in the A3 A6 B6 C4 T3 T7-9 T13 Y15
rosette stage.
1 pt 4SL CRP, pasture and Thistle: Rosette to Consult label for grazing restrictions. Add oil adjuvant
(0.5 lb) rangeland. 12 inches tall. at 1 to 2 pt/A. Mow in noncrop or cultivate in fallow
4 to 8 pt 4SL Patches in CRP, Spring. until early July to achieve rosette stage at time of
(2 to 4 lb) pastures, fallow Thistle: Rosette to application, followed by spray in late August or
and noncropland. prebud stage. September. Retreatment necessary. Refer to label for
Fall: Rosette additional information. A3 A6 B6 T3 T13 Y15
Transline 0.67 to 1.3 pt SL Pasture,rangeland, following light frost Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
(clopyralid4) (0.25 to 0.5 lb) and noncropland. but prior to a killing Observe grazing restriction for lactating animals.A3 T3
frost.
Overdrive + 6 oz WDG + Trees. Do not allow spray to contact basal bark or tree
MSO adjuvant 2 pt/A leaves.
(dicamba4 & (3 oz & 1.2 oz) Mid-summer mowing promotes active growth for
diflufenzopyr19) effective fall control of rosettes. A3 A6 T3 T13
Milestone 5 to 7 fl oz SL CRP, pasture, Apply up to 14 oz/A for spot treatment. Use low rate in
(aminopyralid4) (1.25 to 1.75 oz) rangeland, and fall, in low density stands, or areas with good grass
noncropland. stands. Fall application is more consistent than spring.
Provides good control when applied in late-fall to
freeze-up. Refer to label for grazing restrictions.
Commercial mixture with 2,4-D available (GrazonNext
HL) to increase spectrum of weed control. T15
Chlorsulfuron2 & 0.5 to 2 oz DF Apply oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
Metsulfuron4 (0.188 to 0.75 oz & T3 T14 Y3
0.15 to 0.6 oz)
Tordon 22K 0.5 to 2 pt SL CRP, pasture, Thistle: At least 12 Retreat at the same rate the following year. Add 2,4-D
(picloram4) (0.125 to 0.5 lb) rangeland and inches tall and at 1 qt/A with Tordon at 1 pt/A to improve control. Mid-
fallow. actively growing. summer mowing promotes active growth for fall
treatment. Mid-September is optimum fall application
RUP time and control decreases thereafter. Refer to label
for additional information. T3 T17-18
4 pt SL Patches in CRP Thistle: Actively Consult reference for grazing restrictions.
(1 lb) and pasture. growing. T3 T17
Method 8 to 12 oz SL Noncropland and Actively growing in Use only in noncropland. Allow 365 days before
(aminocyclo- (2 to 3 oz) wildlife habitats. early summer or grazing or haying. Do not apply near trees.
pyrachlor4) fall rosettes. Apply Method with MSO at 1 gal/100 gal. Apply
Perspective with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal or MSO at 1
Perspective 3 to 4.75 oz DF gal/100 gal. Only use helicopter for aerial application
(aminocyclo- (1.2 to 1.9 oz & on rights-of-ways. Read label for other restrictions.
pyrachlor4 & 0.5 to 0.75 oz)
chlorsulfuron2)

81
THISTLE, BIENNIAL: BULL, MUSK, AND PLUMELESS
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
2,4-D4 3 to 4 pt 4EC/SL CRP, pasture, Late-fall or early Apply only registered 2,4-D brands in CRP.
(1.5 to 2 lb) rangeland, and spring when A3 A6 B3 T11
2,4,D4 + dicamba4 2 pt 4EC/SL + noncropland. thistles are in the Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
1 to 4 pt (Refer to Remarks seedling to rosette A3 A6 B3 T11 T13
(1 lb + and Paragraphs for stage.
0.5 to 2 lb) restrictions)
Biennial thistles
Chlorsulfuron2 & 0.5 to 2 oz DF reproduce only by Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
Metsulfuron2 (0.188 to 0.75 oz & seed, so control A3 A5-6 T3 T14
0.15 to 0.6 oz) prior to flowering
Dicamba4 1 to 2 pt 4SL will eventually Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
(0.5 to 1 lb) eradicate Use high rate for patch treatment.
infestations. A3 A6 B6 Y9 Y13 Y15
Curtail / generic 4 to 6 pt SL Consult respective See remarks for Redeem below.
clopyralid4 & 2,4-D4 (0.19 to 0.29 lb & label for grazing A3 A6 C5
1 to 1.5 lb) restrictions.
Glyphosate9 Up to 2.25 lb ae Non-selective, non-residual, foliar herbicide.
See Remarks. Refer to label for adjuvant use. Add AMS fertilizer at
8.5 lbs/100 gal. A4-7 T3 T10

Milestone 3 to 5 fl oz SL Spring: Rosette to Use higher rate on plants in late-bolt to flowering

(aminopyralid4) (0.75 to 1.25 oz) bolting plants. growth stages and/or dense stands. Commercial
Fall: Seedlings and mixture with 2,4-D available (GrazonNext HL) to
rosette plants. increase spectrum of weed control. Apply with NIS at 1
qt/100 gal. Refer to label for grazing restrictions. T15
Overdrive 6 oz WDG Labeled only in noncropland.
(dicamba4 & (3 oz & 1.2 oz) Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
diflufenzopyr19) T13
Transline 0.33 to 1.33 pt SL Pasture, Very effective but more expensive than other
(clopyralid4) (0.125 to 0.5 lb) rangeland, and treatments.
Tordon 22K 0.5 to 2 pt SL noncropland Use high rate for patch treatment. Apply up to 2 pt/A
(picloram4) RUP (0.125 to 0.5 lb) broadcast and up to 4 pt/A for spot treatment. A17
Tordon 22K 1 + 2 pt 4EC/SL Apply only registered 2,4-D brands in CRP.
(picloram4) + 2,4-D4 (0.125 + 1 lb) T17
RUP
Method 4 to 8 fl oz SL Noncropland and Spring: Prior to Use only in noncropland. Allow 365 days before
(aminocyclo- (1 to 2 oz) wildlife habitats. flowering or fall grazing or haying. Do not apply near trees.
pyrachlor4) rosettes. Apply Method with MSO at 1 gal/100 gal.
Apply Perspective with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal or MSO at 1
Perspective 1.75 to 2.75 oz DF gal/100 gal.
(aminocyclo- (0.7 to 1.1 oz &
pyrachlor4 & 0.3 to 0.4 oz)
chlorsulfuron2)

82
 TOADFLAX, DALMATIAN AND YELLOW
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
Plateau + 12 fl oz SL + CRP, pasture, After hard frost FOR DALMATIAN TOADFLAX ONLY.
MSO adjuvant 2 pt rangeland, and when 25% of Applications prior to hard frost may result in poor
(imazapic2) (3 oz) noncropland. foliage is necrotic. control. Retreat as necessary.
Chlorsulfuron2 2 to 3 oz DF Pasture and PRE to early FOR DALMATIAN TOADFLAX ONLY.
(1.5 to 2.25 oz) noncropland. POST. Apply at >25 gpa. Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
Retreat as necessary.
Tordon 22K 1 to 2 qt SL CRP, pasture, Toadflax: Actively Use maximum rate for yellow toadflax.
(picloram4) RUP (0.5 to 1 lb) rangeland, and growing through Apply 2 pt/A for broadcast and 4 pt/A for spot spray.
noncropland. full bloom. Retreat as necessary. Y17
Tordon 22K + 1 to 2 qt SL + Yellow toadflax: Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A.
Overdrive 6 to 8 oz WDG Mid-summer Overdrive added to Tordon greatly improves long-term
(picloram4 + (0.5 to 1 lb + during flowering or yellow toadflax control.
dicamba4 & 3 to 4 oz & in fall prior to frost. Use higher rates for yellow toadflax.
diflufenzopyr19) RUP 1.2 to 1.6 oz) T13 T17
Method 4 to 8 oz SL Noncropland and Best in June prior Use only in noncropland. Control of yellow toadflax
(aminocyclo- (1 to 2 oz) wildlife habitats. to flowering. Late decreases the later applications are made in the
pyrachlor4) season application season. Allow 365 days before grazing or haying. Do
is less effective. not apply near trees. Apply Method with MSO at 1
Perspective 3 to 4.75 oz DF gal/100 gal. Apply Perspective with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal
(aminocyclo- (1.2 to 1.9 oz & or MSO at 1 gal/100 gal.
pyrachlor4 & 0.5 to 0.75 oz)
chlorsulfuron2)

WORMWOOD, ABSINTH
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
2,4-D4 4 pt 4EC/SL CRP, pasture, Apply in early Apply only registered 2,4-D brands in CRP. Plants are
(2 lb) rangeland, spring and fall controlled slowly. Do not graze dairy cows for 7 days
noncropland, trees, when plants are at after treatment. Use amine formulation near trees.
fallow, or post- least 12 inches tall A3 A6 B3 T11
Dicamba4 1 to 2 pt 4SL harvest. and actively DO NOT apply near trees. Apply with oil adjuvant at 1
(0.5 to 1 lb) growing. Plants to 2 pt/A. Observe grazing restrictions. A3 A6 B6 T13
can be mowed in
Curtail / generic 2 pt SL Cropland. early to mid- Do not apply to new seedings of grass.
clopyralid4 & 2,4-D4 (0.09 lb & 0.5 lb) summer to Do not cut treated grass for hay within 30 days PHI.
4 to 8 pt SL CRP, pasture, promote active Consult label for grazing restrictions.
(0.19 to 0.38 lb & rangeland and regrowth prior to A3 A6 C5 Y15
1 to 2 lb) noncropland. fall treatment.
Tordon 22K 0.5 to 2 pt SL 0.5 pt/A is the most cost-effective. Apply 4 pt/A for spot
(picloram4) RUP (0.125 to 0.25 lb) treatment. Refer to paragraph for grazing restriction.
Use high rate for dense stands. T17-18
Glyphosate9 Up to 1.125 lb ae. Trees, noncrop- Avoid spraying tree foliage. Add AMS fertilizer at 8.5
See Remarks. land, fallow or lbs/100 gal. Use high rates for dense stands.
post-harvest. A3-7 T10
Milestone 6 to 7 oz SL CRP, pasture, Early spring or fall. Use higher rate when plants are taller than 12 inches.
(aminopyralid4) (1.5 to 1.75 oz) rangeland and Mow plants prior to Commercial mixture with 2,4-D available (GrazonNext
noncropland. fall application. HL) to broaden spectrum of weed control. Apply with
Chaparral 3 to 3.3 oz DF Early spring to NIS at 1 qt/100 gal. Refer to label for grazing
(aminopyralid4 & (1.6 to 1.7 oz & plants 12 inches restrictions.
metsulfuron2) 0.28 to 0.31 oz) tall or less. T14-15

Method 4 to 8 oz SL Noncropland and Actively growing in Use only in noncropland. Allow 365 days before
(aminocyclo- (1 to 2 oz) wildlife habitats. early summer or grazing or haying. Do not apply near trees.
pyrachlor4) fall rosettes. Apply Method with MSO at 1 gal/100 gal.
Apply Perspective with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal or MSO at 1
Perspective 3 to 4.75 oz DF gal/100 gal.
(aminocyclopyrach- (1.2 to 1.9 oz &
lor4 &chlorsulfuron2) 0.5 to 0.75 oz)

83
HOUNDSTONGUE
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Weed Location When to Apply Remarks and Paragraphs
2,4-D4 2 pt 4EC/SL CRP, pasture, May to mid-June Apply only registered 2,4-D brands in CRP. First-year
(1 lb) rangeland, and rosettes are more susceptible.
noncropland.
Metsulfuron2 + oil 1 to 2 oz XP + 1 to CRP, pasture, Can be applied throughout the growing season. First-
adjuvant 2 pt rangeland, and year rosettes are more susceptible.
(0.6 to 1.2 oz) noncropland.
Plateau + 8 to 12 fl oz SL + CRP, pasture, Controls plants when applied PRE or POST
MSO adjuvant + 1.5 pt + 1 qt rangeland, and
28% UAN (2 to 3 oz) noncropland.
(imazapic2)

PALMER AMARANTH
Palmer amaranth is in the pigweed (Amaranth) family, is native to the southwestern United Stated and has moved to many parts of the
country including Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota. Palmer amaranth grows rapidly and can grow to a height of 8 to 10
feet in certain environments. Palmer amaranth is difficult to identify in the seedling stage because it looks similar to four other amaranth
species found in North Dakota: redroot pigweed, Powell amaranth, smooth pigweed and waterhemp. There are several characteristics that
differentiate the amaranth species. Presence of hair: Redroot pigweed has fine, dense hairs. Powell and smooth pigweed hairs are less
dense than redroot. The fine hairs will be most noticeable on the stems towards the newest growth. Palmer and waterhemp have no hair.
Leaf shape: Palmer amaranth leaves are wider and ovate to diamond-shaped compared to other amaranth species. Petiole length: The
petiole is the stem-like structure that connects the leaf blade to the main stem. In Palmer amaranth the petioles (especially on older leaves)
will be as long (or longer) than the leaf blade itself. Flowering structure: Palmer amaranth females have a long main terminal seed head
that can reach up to 3 feet long. Palmer amaranth female seed heads also have stiff, sharp bracts that give the seed heads a prickly feel
when touched. NDSU Extension developed a website, https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/palmeramaranth.com to assist stakeholders so they may
learn more about Palmer amaranth and how to identify it. An additional resource is
https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/crops/identification-biology-and-control-of-palmer-amaranth-and-waterhemp-in-north-
dakota/w1916.pdf “Identification, Biology, and Control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp in North Dakota.

84
85
SHELTERBELT WEED CONTROL
Extension Bulletin W-1097, "Weed Control in Tree Plantings" provides additional information.
Read and follow label directions. Most herbicides can injure trees if applied in a manner inconsistent with label directions. Only use
herbicide formulations that are labeled in shelterbelts and only as described on the label. Eliminate perennial weeds prior to planting trees.
Refer to label for application method (broadcast, over-the-top, directed), timing (spring or fall), and tolerant and susceptible tree species.
Product/A
Herbicide (ai/A) Remarks
Alion 5 to 6.5 fl oz EC Residual, soil-applied herbicide. Apply PRE in a broadcast, or directed application to soil when
(indaziflam29) (0.065 to 0.085 lb) around desirable tree species. Adjust rate for soil type. Refer to label for additional information.
Casoron 100 to 200 lb 4G Volatile, especially on wet soil. Preemergence herbicide for control of annual and perennial
(dichlobenil) (4 to 8 lb) weeds in new plantings established at least 4 weeks. Most effective when applied in November
or March just before rain or snow to activate and move dichlobenil into the soil.
Fusilade DX 1 to 1.5 pt EC Translocated, postemergence, non-residual herbicide for control of annual and perennial
(fluazifop-P1) (0.25 to 0.38 lb) grasses. Spot spray or apply over-the-top of woody species. Add oil additive at 1 qt/A.
Glyphosate9 2% solution or Non-selective, non-residual, translocated, postemergence herbicide. Effective on annual and
Up to 1.125 lb ae perennial plants. Directed spray only. Add AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal. Avoid contact to desirable
See Remarks. species. A4-7 A16 X1
Goal 5 to 10 pt 1.6EC Residual, preemergence or contact herbicide for control of broadleaf weeds including kochia
(oxyfluorfen14) 4 to 8 pt 2XL and some grass weeds. General: Do not incorporate in soil. Apply POST with NIS at 0.25% v/v.
(1 to 2 lb) Can be applied with a residual herbicide or as a split application.
Conifers: Apply pre-transplant, POST or POST-directed prior to bud-break or after new foliage
has hardened off.
Hardwoods: Apply pre-transplant or POST-directed prior to bud-break. Spray only the base of
deciduous trees and not over- the-top. If a non-dormant application is required, apply after new
foliage has expanded and hardened off and NOT during periods of new growth. Avoid direct or
indirect spray contact with foliage of deciduous trees.
Karmex/Direx 2.5 to 5 lb DF Preemergence herbicide for plantings established at least one year. Apply as directed spray.
(diuron7) (2 to 4 lb) Tolerance of labeled species is fair to very good. Do not use on light soil or in low, wet areas.
Plateau 8 to 12 fl oz SL Add MSO at 2 qt/A. Controls many broadleaf weeds including leafy spurge. Can spray in and
(imazapic3) (2 to 3 oz ae) around tree species. Do not use on new plantings or seedling trees. Fall treatment will kill lilac
and will cause temporary yellowing of spruce candles. Higher rates will reduce grass stands.
Refer to label for list of tolerant tree species. Use caution on trees not listed on label.
Poast/Vantage 1.5 to 2.5 pt Poast Translocated, postemergence, non-residual herbicide for control of annual and perennial
(sethoxydim1) 2 to 3 pt Vantage grasses. Spot spray or apply over-the-top of most woody species. Add oil additive at 1 qt/A.
Princep / generic 2 to 4 qt L Use only on tree plantings at least three years old. Preemergence herbicide that is most
simazine5 2.2 to 4.4 lb DF effective on annual broadleaf weeds. For adequate annual grass control apply with a
(2 to 4 lb) preemergence, residual grass herbicide. Apply in fall or spring in full or split-rate applications.
Use high rate in fine textured soils. Refer to label for list of registered tree species.
Rely 280 + AMS 48 to 82 fl oz SL + Non-selective, non-residual, contact herbicide. Directed application only. Controls many annual
(glufosinate10) 3 lbs/A and perennial weeds. Use 1.7 fl oz/gal for spot application. Use 48 fl oz/A for weeds <3 inches,
(0.88 to 1.5 lb) 56 fl oz/A for weeds <6 inches, and 56-82 fl oz/A for weeds >6 inches + tillered grasses.
Stinger / generic 0.25 to 0.67 pt SL Safe to only some conifer species. Translocated, postemergence, broadleaf herbicide.
clopyralid4 (0.1 to 0.25 lb ae) Effective on weeds in the legume, smartweed (polygonum) and sunflower (composite) families.
Provides excellent control of Canada thistle and knapweeds. Apply to actively growing weeds.
Stomp 2 to 4 qt EC Preemergence herbicide for residual control of annual grasses and some small-seeded
Pendulum 3.3 to 6.6 lb WDG broadleaf weeds. Apply before bud break to avoid potential growth suppression.
(pendimethalin3) (2 to 4 lb) Apply with preemergence broadleaf herbicide for broad spectrum annual weed control.
Treflan / generic 1 to 2 pt EC Apply PPI for new plantings or established trees. Gives season-long control of many annual
trifluralin3 (0.5 to 1 lb) grasses and some broadleaf weeds. Does not control weeds in the sunflower, legume or
80 lb 5G mustard family. Poor perennial weed control but may suppress field bindweed. Cultivation may
(4 lb) be required for broadleaf weed control the first season. Apply with a residual preemergence
broadleaf herbicide for broad-spectrum weed control.
2,4-D4 amine 1 to 2 qt 4EC/SL Translocated, postemergence, broadleaf herbicide. Directed application only. Used to reduce
(1 to 2 lb ae) infestations of perennial weeds. Broadleaf plants and deciduous trees very sensitive. Avoid drift
to desirable species. Use only amine formulations. Use low pressure, coarse spray droplets
and apply only in calm weather.

86
 TOTAL VEGETATION WEED CONTROL
Apply herbicides to bare soil rather than dead plants will improve herbicide performance. Add glyphosate to kill existing vegetation if
present. Apply high rates followed by lower rates in subsequent years will generally give satisfactory extended control. For short term bare-
ground control, non-residual herbicides can be applied several times per year. General precautions when using soil sterilant are:
1. Do not move treated soil and avoid applying where wind or water will move the treated soil.
2. Avoid spray drift. Apply during low wind, reduce spray pressure, and select nozzles that produce larger droplets.
3. Do not apply where roots of desirable vegetation may extend into the treated area.
4. Be familiar with and know the risks of the product to be applied.
5. Use a combination of herbicides with different modes of action to avoid resistant weeds.
Product/A
Herbicide (lb ai/A) Remarks
EsplAnade 8 to 16 fl oz Spray when weeds are small and actively growing, temperatures above 60° F, and sunny. Re-
(indaziflam29 & treat hard-to-kill weeds 2 weeks after first application. Disturbing the soil weed preventative
diquat22 & glyt9) barrier may reduce the effectiveness of this product. Rain 30 minutes after application will not
wash away effectiveness. Requires precipitation for soil activation. Long residual. A17
Diuron7 1 to 8 gal/5 to 15 lb Refer to label for use in irrigation ditches. Higher rates needed for perennial grasses and
(4 to 32 lb) broadleaf weeds. Deep rooted perennials will require retreatment. Long residual. A17
Glyphosate9 Up to 1.5 lb ae Non-selective, non-residual, translocated herbicide. Effective on annual and perennial grass
See Remarks. and broadleaf plants. Add 2,4-D or dicamba for broad-spectrum weed control. Add AMS at 8.5
lbs/100 gal. A4-6 T10
Hyvar X 3 to 15 lb DF Annual weeds Perennial weeds Woody plants
Hyvar X-L 0.75 to 6 gal L Hyvar X 3 to 6 lb DF 7 to 15 lb 7 to 15 lb
(bromacil7) (2.4 to 12 lb DF Hyvar X-L 1 to 3 gal/A 3 to 6 gal/A 3 to 6 gal/A
1.5 to 12 lb L) Apply PRE or EPOST. Non-corrosive and non-volatile. Refer to label for tank-mix options.
Bromacil can move horizontally in soil after application. Long residual.
Krovar I / generic 6 to 16 lb DF Apply PRE for annual weeds. Requires moisture for activation. Refer to label for registered
bromacil7 & diuron7 (4.8 to 12.8 lb) tank-mixes. Bromacil can move horizontally in soil after application. Long residual.
Krovar I + 6 lb DF + 11 oz DF Add MSO adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A. Apply PRE for control of annual grass and broadleaf weeds.
Perspective (2.4 + 2.4 lb + Requires moisture for activation. Add glyphosate if emerged grass and broadleaf weeds are
(bromacil7 & diuron7 4.4 oz + 1.8 oz) present. Bromacil can move horizontally in soil after application. Long residual.
+ acpc4& chlorsulf2)
Landmark MP 1 pkg/5 A DF to Apply PRE to EPOST for broadleaf weeds. Will control/suppress leafy spurge.
(sulfometuron2 & 1 pkg/2.5 A DF May be applied with Krovar I DF or Hyvar X to control ALS resistant weeds.
chlorsulfuron2) (1.5 to 3 oz) Long residual.
Liberty 280 3 to 5 pt SL Non-selective, non-residual contact herbicide for use in non-crop and farmsteads. Use 4 fl
(glufosinate10) (0.88 to 1.46 lb) oz/gal for spot application. Apply with AMS at 3 lb/A. B9
Oust 2 to 4 oz XP Use high rate in high moisture areas except in residential properties. Will control leafy spurge at
(sulfometuron2) (1.5 to 3 oz) 3 oz/A. Do not spray near water. Long residual.
paraquat22 2 to 2.7 ptSL Non-selective, non-residual, contact herbicide. Controls only top-growth of perennial species.
RUP (0.75 to 1 lb) Add NIS and repeat application as necessary. Avoid drift and contact with desirable species.
Plateau 8 to 12 fl oz SL Add MSO at 2 pt/A. Controls many broadleaf weeds including leafy spurge. Use up to 12 fl oz in
(imazapic2) (2 to 3 oz ae) combination with other total vegetation control herbicides. T16
Pramitol 25E 5 to 10 gal EC Use 5 to 7.5 gal/A for annual and susceptible perennial weeds and 7.5 to 10 gal/A for hard-to-
(prometon7) (10 to 15 lb) kill perennial weeds. Apply before weeds emerge or EPOST. Long residual.
Spike 1.25 to 5 lb 80DF For long-term woody plant and some broadleaf weed control. Avoid application in areas with
(tebuthiuron7) (1 to 4 lb) surface or high water tables. Do not exceed 4 lb ai/A in a three year period. See label for
specific species controlled and grazing and haying restrictions. Long residual.
Throttle 12.5 oz DF Provides residual PRE and POST control of annual weeds and POST control of perennial
(chlorsulf&sulfomet (1.125 oz & 2.25 oz weeds.
& sulfentrazone14) & 6 oz) Long residual.

87
TROUBLESOME WEEDS IN PASTURE, RANGELAND, AND NONCROPLAND
Weed Herbicide Product/A Remarks and Paragraphs
Buckbrush/ 2,4-D4amine or ester 2 to 3 qt 4EC/SL Apply 2,4-D in spring only.
West. snowberry Chlorsulf2&Metsulf2* + oil adj. 2 oz DF + 1 to 2 pt/A Apply anytime during the growing season.
Chaparral2,4 2 to 3 oz Apply in spring to early summer. The addition of
2,4-D increases control at lower use rates.
Baby’s breath Metsulf2* + Dicamba4+oil adj. 0.3 to 0.6 oz DF + 1 pt 4S+1-2 pt/A Best when applied from bolting to pre-flower.
Black henbane Metsulfuron2* 2*+ oil adjuvant 0.5 to 1 oz DF + 1 to 2 pt/A Apply herbicides during rosette to early flower.
Dicamba4 or Tordon4 + oil adj 1 to 3 pt 4SL + 1 to 2 pt/A Tordon at 1 to 2 pt: Mix with 2,4-D at 1 to 2 pt/A.
Burdock 2,4-D4 amine or ester 1 qt 4EC/SL Early summer prior to flowering.
Chlorsulf2&Metsulf2* + oil adj. 0.25 to 0.5 oz DF + 1 to 2 pt/A
Dicamba4 + oil adjuvant 1 pt 4SL + 1 to 2 pt/A
Curly dock Chlorsulf2&Metsulf2* + oil adj. 0.25 to 0.5 oz DF + 1 to 2 pt/A Early spring to bolting is best.
Dicamba4 + oil adjuvant 0.5 to 1 pt 4 SL + 1 to 2 pt/A Herbicides will control curly dock when treated
Metsulfuron2* + oil adjuvant 0.1 oz + 1 to 2 pt/A later in the summer but will need higher rates.
Starane4 1.5/2.8EC/40DG 0.67 pt / 0.35 pt / 5 oz
Tordon4 + 2,4-D4 RUP 0.5 to 1 pt + 1 to 2 pt 4EC/SL
Dame’s rocket 2,4-D4 or MCPA4 + oil adj. 1 to 1.5 pt + 1 to 2 pt/A Apply in fall to rosette or early spring prior to
Metsulfuron2* + oil adj. 1 oz + 1 to 2 pt/A bolting. Avoid spraying tree bark or foliage.
Foxtail barley Plateau2 + MSO + 28% UAN 8 to 12 fl oz + 1.5 pt + 1 qt
Goldenrod 2,4-D4 amine or ester 3 to 6 pt 4EC/SL Mid-June through flowering when plants are not
Chlorsulf2&Metsulf2* + oil adj. 1 oz DF + 1 to 2 pt/A stressed.
Metsulfuron2* + oil adjuvant 0.33 to 0.5 oz + 1 to 2 pt/A
Tordon4 + 2,4-D4 RUP 1 pt + 1 qt 4EC/SL
Gumweed 2,4-D4 amine or ester 1.5 to 2 pt 4EC/SL Early spring when plants are not stressed.
Chlorsulf2&Metsulf2* + oil adj. 1 oz DF + 1 to 2 pt/A
Metsulfuron2* + oil adjuvant 1 oz + 1 to 2 pt/A
Halogeton 2,4-D4 amine or ester 1 to 2 pt 4EC/SL 2,4-D: Apply very early in spring prior to flowering.
Metsulfuron2* + oil adjuvant 0.75 oz DF + 1 to 2 pt/A Escort: Apply to actively growing plants.
Plateau2 + MSO + 28% UAN 1 to 3 oz + 1.5 pt + 1 qt Apply PRE to POST. Use higher rates for POST.
Hoary cress Metsulfuron2* + oil adj. 1 oz + 0.25% v/v + 1 to 2 pt/A Apply in spring prior to flowering. Difficult-to-
control perennial requiring followup treatments.
Mint Chlorsulf2&Metsulf2* + oil adj. 1 oz DF + 1 to 2 pt/A Apply mid-June through flowering when plants are
Dicamba4 + 2,4-D4 + oil adj. 1 pt 4S + 1 qt 4EC/SL + 1 to 2 pt/A not stressed.
Metsulfuron2* + oil adjuvant 1/3 to ½ oz + 1 to 2 pt/A
Tordon4 + 2,4-D4 RUP 1 pt + 1 qt 4EC/SL
Poison ivy Crossbow4,4 1.5 gal Apply to plants actively growing.
Garlon4 3A or 4 3 to 4 pt or 2 to 3 pt
Prick. pear cactus Tordon4 RUP 2 pt Apply late-spring to early summer.
Ragweed Chlorsulf2&Metsulf2* + oil adj. 0.25 oz DF + 1 to 2 pt/A Apply mid to late summer.
Tordon4 + 2,4-D4 RUP 1 pt + 1 qt 4EC/SL
Sagebrush, 2,4-D4 ester 2 to 4 pt 4EC/SL Best when applied in May. Plants should be leafed
fringed Chlorsulf2&Metsulf2* + oil adj. 1 oz DF + 1 to 2 pt/A out and growing in good moisture conditions.
Tordon4 RUP 1 to 2 pt
Sagebrush 2,4-D4 ester 2 to 4 pt 4EC/SL
Sagewort, Green 2,4-D4 ester 4 pt 4EC/SL
Tordon4 + 2,4-D4 RUP 1 pt + 1 qt 4EC/SL
Swamp Dicamba4 + oil adjuvant 0.5 to 1 pt 4SL + 1 to 2 pt/A Apply to plants 1 to 4 inches tall.
smartweed Metsulfuron + oil adjuvant 0.1 oz + 1 to 2 pt/A
Tordon4 + 2,4-D4 RUP 1 pt + 1 qt 4EC/SL
Weedmaster4,4* 1 pt Apply in mid to late summer.
Trees, volunteer Crossbow4,4 2% solution or 2 gal/A Add NIS at 0.5% v/v.
Tordon+2,4-D+Remedy4RUP 2% or 1 pt + 1 qt 4EC/SL + 1 pt Apply after tree leaves have fully expanded.
Wild licorice Milestone4 7 pt/A Apply when plants are actively growing.
Transline4 1 pt /A
* Or generic equivalent

88
 TROUBLESOME WEEDS IN CROPLAND AND OTHER AREAS
Weed Herbicide Product/A Remarks and Paragraphs
Alfalfa 2,4-D4 + Dicamba4 + MSO 2 pt 4EC/SL+0.5 pt+1.5 pt/A Roundup / generics (2 to 4 pt/A) is less effective.
Stinger4* or Curtail4,4* +MSO 0.67 pt or 4 pt + 1.5 pt/A
Buffalobur Dicamba4* + MSO adjuvant 0.5 pt 4SL + 1.5 pt/A Cobra, 2,4-D, MCPA, and Pursuit are less effective.
Cleavers/Catch- Starane4* 1.5/2.8EC/40DG 0.67 pt / 0.35 pt / 5 oz Liberty is less effective.
weed bedstraw Affinity2,2* + NIS DF or SG - See label for rate. Apply Affinity and Orion with NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water.
Orion2,4 + NIS 17 oz
Cattail Glyphosate9 (only 4 lb ae/gal 4.5 pt of 4 lb ae/gal conc. Add approved NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water. Apply at early to
no adjuvant formulations) full bloom stage = late July to mid August. A3-8
Arsenal2 + MSO adjuvant 2 to 4 pt (1% v/v solution) Apply to cattail with green foliage/after leaf elongation.
Raptor2 + MSO adjuvant 4 to 5 fl oz + 1.5 pt/A May require retreatment.
Curly dock Stinger4* or Curtail* 0.67 pt or 2 pt Stinger/Curtail has crop rotation restrictions.
Express2* + oil adjuvant 0.5 oz SG + 1.5 pt/A Add MSO at 1.5 pt/A. Apply to small plants. SU mixtures
Harmony2* + oil adjuvant 0.9 oz SG + 1.5 pt/A of thifensulfuron & tribenuron are also effective.
Common Roundup9* + NIS + AMS 2%+1 qt/100 gal+8.5 lbs/100 Glyt - Suppression only. Will require retreatment. A3-8
milkweed Express2* + 2,4-D4+Banvel4* 0.33 oz DF + 0.75 pt + 2 fl oz Exp+2,4-D+Banvel - Apply high rates for spot treatment.
Dandelion 2,4-D4 + MSO 2 to 4 pt + 1.5 pt/A 2,4-D - Best control when applied in fall.
Stinger4* Refer to premix label. Stinger - Apply premixes - Curtail and WideMatch.
Dicamba4 + MSO 0.5 pt 4SL. Apply with 2,4-D Banvel - Residue may injure next crop to be planted.
Express2* + MSO DF or SG - See label for rate. Express - Partial control. Apply with 2,4-D.
Glyphosate9 + NIS + AMS 1 to 3 lb ae Roundup - Best control when applied in fall.
Callisto or Impact or Laudis/27 3 fl oz or 0.75 fl oz or 3 fl oz Callisto/others - Partial control. Add MSO at 1.5 qt/A.
Equisetum MCPA4 + MSO 1 qt/A 4EC/SL + 1.5 pt/A Glyphosate is less effective. Retreatment necessary.
(Horsetail) Permit2 + MSO 1.33 oz DF + 1.5 pt/A Permit - Apply two applications each at 1.33 oz/A.
(Scouring rush) Python2 + MSO 1.33 oz DF + 1.5 pt/A Python - Apply with oil adjuvant PRE or POST.
Remedy/Garlon4 + MSO 2 qt + 1 to 1.5 pt/A Remedy/Garlon and MCPA - Apply fall or spring.
Glean2* + MSO 3 oz DF + 1.5 pt/A Glean/Telar/Oust - Will result in total vegetation control.
False chamomile SUs2 / Orion + adj. See label + NIS or oil adj. SU herbicides - Oil adjuvant will increase control.
Glyphosate9 + NIS + AMS 1 qt + 1 qt/100 + 8.5 lbs/100 Roundup - Avoid spraying desirable vegetation. A3-8
Valor14 (Fall applied) 2 to 3 oz WDG PRE activity.
Flax, volunteer Cobra / Blazer + oil adjuvant See label + 1 to 2 pt/A Apply to flax < 3inches tall.
Flexstar14/Reflex14 + oil adj. 0.5 to 0.75 pt + 1 to 2 pt/A Apply to small plants. Use only east of Hwy 281.
Facet L4,26 + MSO 0.33 oz DF + 1.5 pt/A Facet - see label for crop rotation restrictions.
Pursuit2 + Sencor5* (PRE) 1 to 2 fl oz + 0.375 Add oil adjuvant at 1 to 2 pt/A
Starane4* 1.5/2.8EC/40DG 0.67 pt / 0.35 pt / 5 oz Starane - No adjuvant needed.
Affinity2* + NIS DF or SG - See label for rate. Affinity - Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water.
Express2* + 2,4-D4 + NIS DF or SG + 0.75 pt 4EC/SL Express - Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water.
Hemp dogbane 2,4-D4 + Banvel4* + MSO 1 to 2 pt 4EC/SL + 1.5 pt Banvel at 2 pt/A may will injure some crops planted the
Dicamba9 + NIS + AMS 2% v/v 4SL next year. A3-8
Horseweed 2,4-D4 + MSO 1 to 2 pt + 1.5 pt/A 2,4-D (preplant) to some labeled crops is effective.
(Marestail) Callisto / Impact / Laudis27 3 fl oz / 0.75 fl oz / 2 to 3 fl oz Callisto/Impact/Laudis - Add MSO at 1.5 pt/A
FirstRate2 + MSO 0.3 oz WDG + 1.5 pt/A Roundup, atrazine, paraquat are less effective.
Harmony2* + MSO See label for rate + 1.5 pt/A Pursuit is not effective.
Hornet2,4 + MSO 3 to 4 oz WDG + 1.5 pt/A Most herbicides listed have rotational crop restrictions.
Python2 + MSO 1 oz WDG + 1.5 pt/A Follow label guidelines.
Spartan14 + MSO 3 to 6 fl oz + 1.5 pt/A Python/Spartan/Valor = PRE control.
Valor14 + MSO 2 to 3 oz WDG + 1.5 pt/A
Nightflowering Tribenuron + NIS> DF or SG - See label for rate. Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water. Apply to small plants.
catchfly/ Trib + thifensulfuron2* + NIS DF or SG - See label for rate. Add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water. Apply to small plants.
White cockle Huskie6,27 (not confirmed) 15 fl oz Huskie also controls other cockle species.
Sowthistle Ally2* + MSO 1/10 oz DF + 1.5 pt/A Apply with 2,4-D or Banvel. 2,4-D, Banvel, Curtail, and
(Ann. or perennial) Express2* + MSO DF or SG - See label for rate. Roundup applied alone are less effective.
Waterpod 2,4-D4, Pursuit2 or SUs2 See label. See Pursuit label for crop rotation restrictions.
Wild cucumber Dicamba4 + MSO 0.5 4SL + 1.5 pt/A Banvel may injure or kill trees. Mechanical control or
Glyphosate9 + NIS + AMS 1 qt/A + 1 qt/100+8.5 lbs/100 handweed is best. Banvel may injure trees. A3-8
Yellow nutsedge Permit2 + MSO 0.67 fb 0.67 oz + 1.5 pt/A Pursuit, Dual, Roundup are less effective.
Basagran5 + MSO 1.5 pt fb 1.5 pt + 1.5 pt/A Permit may injure crops planted the following years.
* Or generic equivalent

89
GENERAL INFORMATION
Refer to web version of the ND Weed Control Guide at: A3. POST APPLIED HERBICIDES
www.ndsu.edu/weeds for additional general information: Weed control from POST herbicides is influenced by rate, weed
- Field investigation of crop injury species, weed size, and climatic conditions. Labeled rates will be
- Herbicide + Insecticide/Fungicide/Fertilizer effective under favorable conditions and when weeds are small and
- Herbicide storage temperatures actively growing. Use the highest labeled rates under adverse
conditions and for well established weeds.
A1. PPI AND PRE HERBICIDES
Incorporation of herbicides Sunlight inactivates some herbicides by the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum
Good weed control with PPI and PRE herbicides depends on many of light. Treflan* and Eptam degradation is minimal when incorporated
factors, including rainfall after application, soil moisture, soil soon after application. “Dim” herbicides (Achieve, Select*, and Poast)
temperature, soil type and weed species. For these reasons, PRE are highly susceptible to UV light and will degrade rapidly if left in
herbicides applied to the soil surface sometimes fail to control nonmetal spray tanks for an extended period of time or if applied
weeds. Herbicides that are incorporated into the soil surface during mid-day. To avoid UV breakdown, apply soon after mixing and
usually require less rainfall after application for effective weed add an effective oil adjuvant which speeds absorption.
control than unincorporated herbicides. A rotary hoe or harrow will
activate PRE herbicides under dry conditions and control small Ideal temperatures for applying most POST herbicides are between
weeds emerging through a PRE herbicide. 65 and 85 F. Speed of kill may be slow when temperatures remain
below 60 F. Some herbicides may injure crops if applied above 85 F
Many factors influence the activity and performance of soil-applied or below 40 F. Avoid applying volatile herbicides under conditions
herbicides. Factors that should be considered are: rate too low for where vapors and particle drift may injure susceptible crops,
soil type, high weed pressure, weeds not listed on label, poor shelterbelt trees, or farmsteads.
control in wheel tracks, cloddy soil, wet soil, amount of previous
crop residue, dry weather, poor incorporation, improper setting of Temperatures following herbicide application influence crop safety
incorporation implement, herbicide resistant weeds, incorporation and weed control. Crops metabolize herbicides but metabolism slows
too shallow or deep, incorporation speed too slow, worn sweeps on during cool or cold conditions, which extends the amount of time
cultivator, single pass instead of two pass incorporation, and required for plants to degrade herbicides. Rapid degradation under
second incorporation deeper than first. Consider these possibilities warm conditions allow plants to escape herbicide injury. Herbicides
before poor weed control is attributed only to the herbicide. may be sprayed following cold night-time temperatures if day-time
temperatures warm to at least 60 degrees.
Buckle, Eptam, Far-Go, Ro-Neet, Sonalan, and Treflan* require
incorporation. Eptam, Far-Go, and Ro-Neet must be incorporated Some “Fop” ACCase herbicides (fenoxaprop) are more effective
immediately (within minutes) after application. Treflan incorporation during cold/cool temperatures and are much less effective when
may be delayed up to 24 hours if applied to a cool, dry soil and if grass weeds are drought stressed. Other ACCase herbicides, such as
wind velocity is less than 10 mph. Sonalan incorporation may be Assure II*, Poast, and Select* control grasses best in warm weather
delayed up to 48 hours. Prowl* is labeled only PPI in soybean, dry when grasses are actively growing. ALS grass herbicides in wheat
beans, and pulse crops and labeled PRE, not PPI, on corn. Dual*, generally provide more consistent and greater grass control in warm,
Harness/Surpass*, and Outlook* may be used PRE but shallow dry conditions compared with cool, wet conditions. Cool or cold
PPI improves weed control, particularly on fine textured soils. conditions at or following application of ACCase herbicides may
Incorporation of Dual*, and Nortron* may be delayed several days. increase injury to wheat. Wild oat is a cool season grass but green
Incorporation of Eradicane and Eptam can be delayed up to 4 and yellow foxtail are warm season grasses and may stop growing
hours when applied with liquid fertilizer and the same day when under cold conditions, resulting in poor control. Weeds are controlled
impregnated on dry bulk fertilizer. Ro-Neet can be incorporated up most effectively when plants are actively growing.
to 4 hours after application and up to 8 hours when impregnated on
dry fertilizer. Cold temperatures and freezing conditions following application of
ALS herbicides, Buctril*, and metribuzin may increase crop injury with
Perform a second tillage at right angles to the initial incorporation if little effect on weed control. Delay applying fenoxaprop, ALS
a disk or field cultivator is used. The second incorporation will herbicides, and metribuzin until daytime temperatures exceed 60F
incorporate any herbicide remaining on the soil surface and provide and after active plant growth resumes.
more uniform distribution in the soil, thereby improving weed
control and reducing crop injury. Basagran*, Cobra, Flexstar, Liberty, Ignite, paraquat*, Reflex, and
Ultra Blazer are less likely to cause crop injury when cold
A2. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER TEST temperatures follow application but less weed control may result.
Soil-applied herbicides are adsorbed and inactivated by soil
constituents in the following order: organic matter>clay>silt>sand. 2,4-D, MCPA, Banvel*, Starane*, Stinger*, and glyphosate (resistant
Adjust herbicide rates for soil type and organic matter content. crops) have adequate crop safety and provide similar weed control
Most soil-applied herbicides require higher rates to be effective in across a wide range of temperatures, but weed death is slowed when
high organic matter soils, but crop safety may be marginal on low cold temperatures follow application.
organic matter soils. Linuron activity requires low organic matter.
Far-Go, Treflan* and most POST herbicides are affected only Dew may increase absorption and weed control by hydrating leaf
slightly by organic matter levels. Organic matter levels should be cuticle but may reduce weed control if spray run-off occurs. Rainfall
determined on each field where organic-matter-sensitive herbicides shortly after POST herbicide application reduces weed control
are to be used. Organic matter levels change very slowly, and because herbicide is washed off the leaves before absorption is
testing once every 5 years should be adequate. complete (See the rainfast interval chart on the next page).

*Or generic equivalent. *Or generic equivalent.

90
Minimum Interval Between Application and A4. GLYPHOSATE
1. Use full rates that will kill weeds. Commercial glyphosate
Rain for Maximum POST Weed Control. formulations contains 3 to 5 lbs acid equivalent (4 to 6.1 lb active
Time Time ingredient) per gallon. Refer to the end of section A4 for rates
Herbicide Intrvl. Herbicide Intrvl. based on formulation. Dead weeds do not produce seed or
Acuron/Flexi 4 hr Milestone 4 hr contribute to glyphosate resistance. Reduced glyphosate rates will
amplify low-level resistance in weed progeny. Lambsquarters,
Aim 1 hr Olympus 4 hr
waterhemp, horseweed (marestail), ragweed, and kochia have low-
Alluvex 6-8 hr OpenSky 4 hr level resistance and require at least a full or elevated glyphosate
Ally*/Escort* 4 hr Orion 4 hr rate. A reduced glyphosate rate may cause temporary injury
Armezon 1 hr Osprey 4 hr symptoms allowing plants to recover, resume growth, and produce
Armezon Pro 1 hr Panoflex 4 hr seed. Progeny from recovered plants will have a higher level of
resistance and require higher herbicide rates to give the same level
Assure II / Targa 1 hr paraquat* 0.5 hr
of control than parental plants. Surviving plants will contribute seed
Atrazine* 4 hr Permit 4 hr to the seed bank possessing amplified level of resistance. Refer to
Axial Star 1 hr Perspective 6-8 hr General Weed Management Guidelines in Section X1 - Herbicide
Axial XL 0.5 hr Plateau 1 hr Resistant Weeds.
Basagran/bentazon* 4-8 hr Poast 1 hr
2. Apply to small, actively growing annual plants. This early timing
Betamix* 6 hr PowerFlex HL 4 hr
will not coincide with the preferred timing of early bud to early
Beyond 1 hr Pursuit 1 hr flower for most perennial weeds. Usually larger and older annual
Bromoxynil* 1 hr Quelex 4 hr plants can be more difficult to control.
Cadet 4 hr Raptor 1 hr
Callisto 1 hr Realm Q 4 hr 3. To optimize glyphosate phytotoxicity from sequential
applications, delay the second application until new growth
Callisto GT 6-8 hr Redeem 2 hr
appears (>10-14 days).
Capreno 1 hr Reflex 2 hr
Cobra 0.5 hr Reglone 0.5 hr 4. Delay tillage at least 1 day after treating annual weeds and 3
Curtail* / M* 6-8 hr Remedy 6-8 hr days after treating perennial weeds for greater weed control from
Dicamba 6-8 hr Require Q 4 hr increased glyphosate absorption and translocation.
DiFlexx/Duo 4 hr Resicore 6-8 hr
5. Low water volume (gpa) will enhance glyphosate activity. Low
Diquat* 0.5 hr Resolve*/Q 4 hr water volume produces spray droplets with high glyphosate
Discover NG 0.5 hr Resource 1 hr concentration that results in greater absorption. Low spray volume
Engenia 4 hr Revulin Q 4 hr also reduces the concentration of antagonistic salts in water that
Enlist Duo 1 hr Rimfire Max 4 hr can interact with glyphosate. Low gpa produces small drops which
may increase risk of damaging drift.
Everest 3.0 / Sierra 1 hr Select*/Max 1 hr
Express* 4 hr Sharpen 1 hr 6. Glyphosate is very water soluble. High water solubility causes
Extreme 1 hr Solstice 4 hr slow absorption through waxy plant cuticles. High air humidity
Facet L 6 hr Spartan Charge 1 hr increases glyphosate absorption and activity by hydrating leaf
Fenoxaprop 1 hr Starane*/Flex 4 hr cuticle. Glyphosate activity also increases when plants are growing
under good soil moisture. Inversely, weed control is reduced under
FirstRate 2 hr Starane NXT* 1 hr
low humidity and when weeds are drought stressed.
Flexstar 1 hr Status 4 hr
Flexstar GT 3.5 6-12 hr Stinger* 6-8 hr 7. Always add reputable surfactant (NIS) to glyphosate unless
Fusilade DX 1 hr SU herbicides 4 hr prohibited by the label. Glyphosate absorption into plant tissue is
Glyphosate(Full adjuv.) 6-12 hr Supremacy 2 hr slow and generally only 20-40% in most weed species. Add NIS at
1 qt/100 gal water to full adjuvant load formulations, 1 to 2 qt/100
Glyphosate (Partial adj.) 6-12 hr Talinor 1 hr gal water to partial adjuvant formulations, and 2 to 4 qt/100 gal
Glyphosate (No adjuv.) 6-12 hr Tordon 22K 6-8 hr water v/v to glyphosate formulations with no adjuvant. NIS may
GoldSky 4 hr Ultra Blazer 4 hr also increase retention of spray droplets and improve control of
Halex GT 1 hr UpBeet 6 hr hard-to-wet species such as lambsquarters, and most grasses. Not
Harmony* 4 hr Varisto 4 hr all surfactants are equal - use reputable adjuvants.
Hornet / Stanza 2 hr Varro 1 hr
8. Most oil adjuvants (COC) antagonize glyphosate - See #6.
Huskie / Complete 1 hr Weedmaster* 6-8 hr Most herbicides applied with glyphosate are lipophilic (oil soluble).
Impact 1 hr WideMatch* 6 hr These include Group 1, 2, 4, 5, 14, 15, and 27 herbicides (See X1).
Instigate 4 hr Wolverine Advanced 1 hr Oil adjuvants (COC and MSO) greatly enhance oil soluble
Laudis 1 hr Xtendimax/FeXapan 4 hr herbicides but antagonize glyphosate. NIS + AMS enhance
glyphosate phytotoxicity more than other additives, are less
Liberty/Rely 280 4 hr Zidua Pro 1 hr
effective with oil soluble herbicides, and will only partially overcome
Lumax EZ 4 hr oil adjuvant antagonism of glyphosate. MSO based ‘high surfactant
Marvel 1 hr 2,4-D amine 4-8 hr oil concentrate’ adjuvants (HSMOC-see page 128) contain a higher
MCPA amine 4-6 hr 2,4-D ester 1 hr concentration of surfactant than COC and MSO and enhance oil
MCPA ester 1 hr soluble herbicides without decreasing glyphosate activity. Most
COC/petroleum based ‘high surfactant oil concentrate’ (HSPOC)
*Or generic equivalent

91
adjuvants are inferior to HSMOC adjuvants and usually do not during cold weather. Use higher rates to overcome reduced control
perform differently than common COC or petroleum oil adjuvants. from cold temperatures before or after application.

A4 - GLYPHOSATE (cont.) Glyphosate applied during cold weather, to large weeds, and
weeds with low-level resistance will result in less weed control.
9. Apply oil adjuvants on an area basis (i.e. pt/A) rather than a AMS enhances weed control and can partially overcome reduced
volume basis (1% v/v/1 qt / 100 gal of water). HSMOC adjuvants control of stressed plants.
are commercially recommended at half the POC and MSO rate
(0.5% v/v vs 1% v/v). HSMOC adjuvants applied at full rates and Research data show wide temperature fluctuations (>15 F) 1 to 2
on an area basis (1 to 1.5 pt/A) rather than on a volume basis days before and after application are more likely to reduce weed
(0.5% v/v spray water) will provide greater herbicide enhancement control than consistently cool or cold temperatures. Wide
and more consistent weed control. HSMOC applied on a volume temperature fluctuations can likely explain many situations where
basis at low gpa does not contain enough oil adjuvant to optimize weed control is poor due to cold weather, especially with
glyphosate and POST herbicides. lambsquarters.

10. Always add AMS to glyphosate. AMS enhances glyphosate 14. Excessive dew on plant foliage at application may reduce weed
absorption and translocation and deactivates antagonistic hard control by diluting the glyphosate concentration in spray droplets
water salts (Na, Ca, Mg, Fe). As spray droplet water evaporates, and negate the effect of low spray volume at application.
sulfate from AMS binds with antagonistic salts and prevents Glyphosate absorption in plants is slow which partially explains the
binding with glyphosate. In addition, ammonium from AMS binds 6 to 12 hour rainfast period. Allow a 6 to 12 hour rainfast period for
with glyphosate resulting in greater absorption and weed control. all glyphosate formulations regardless of label statements.
Nitrogen (ammonia) enhances glyphosate resulting in greater weed Research has consistently shown increased glyphosate activity in
control in good and adverse growing conditions and even in the humid conditions when leaf cuticles are hydrated. Dew on leaves
absence of antagonistic salts in water (See Section A6). AMS can will hydrate leaf cuticles and facilitate absorption.
be added at any time during spray tank loading when applying
glyphosate but should be added first if applying several active 15. Glyphosate is not deactivated by sunlight. However, time of day
ingredients in the tank with glyphosate. Allow granular AMS to application studies show that activity of glyphosate is greatest
dissolve before application or use a liquid formulation. when applied in full sunlight after 10:00 am and before 6:00 pm.

11. Glyphosate labels suggest AMS at 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gallons of 16. Use drift management techniques. Glyphosate is a non-
water. However, analysis of water across the U.S. show 4 to 6 selective, non-residual, translocated, foliar herbicide. Glyphosate
lbs/100 gal of AMS are adequate to overcome most hard water. can cause severe injury or death of plants intercepting even a
Add AMS at a minimum of 1 lb/A if using greater than 12 gpa spray small amount of active ingredient in down-wind spray droplet drift.
volume or 8.5 lb/100 gallons of water. The following equation can Several drift reducing nozzles (example, Turbo Tee-Jet) can
be used to calculate the amount of AMS needed to overcome reduce drift without reducing phytotoxicity. Do not use ‘thickener’
antagonistic ions in the spray solution: lbs AMS/100 gal = (0.002 X drift reducing adjuvants that negatively alter the spray pattern and
ppm K) + (0.005 X ppm Na) + (0.009 X ppm Ca) + (0.014 X ppm reduce herbicide activity.
Mg) + (0.042 X ppm Fe).
The formula does not account for cationic minerals (Ca) on leaf 17. Glyphosate is not volatile and does not produce fumes or vapor
surfaces (lambsquarters, sunflower, velvetleaf, others) that can after application. Off-target movement of glyphosate from wind or
antagonize glyphosate. Refer to A6. Water in Montana and western during temperature inversions is in the form of droplets or particle
ND and SD can have hardness levels of 1600 to 2500 ppm and drift, not volatility.
require AMS at 17 lb/100 gal water. Determine water quality to
determine minimum AMS rate. If using adjuvants called “Water 18. Tolerant plants escape phytotoxicity by metabolizing
Conditioning”, or “AMS Replacement” adjuvants, use only those herbicides, except glyphosate. Plant metabolism slows during cool
containing at least 4 lbs of AMS/100 gallons of water at their or cold conditions extending the amount of time required to
recommended rates. Data show generally less control from these degrade most herbicides. Plants do not metabolize glyphosate and
AMS replacement adjuvants as compared to AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal absorbed glyphosate will remain in the plant until warm
+ NIS at 0.25% v/v. temperatures cause plants to resume translocation of glyphosate to
growing points via the phloem.
12. Applying contact herbicides (Group 10, 14, and 22 - see X1)
with glyphosate may result in antagonism and reduced weed 19. Glyphosate can be applied in the fall after several frosts and
control, especially of large weeds, winter-annual, biennial and will result in excellent control of annual, biennial, and perennial
perennial weeds. Contact herbicides cause rapid wilting and weeds. However, plant tissue must be green or purple and leaves
desiccation before the systemic glyphosate is absorbed reducing firmly attached to the stem to absorb and translocate the herbicide.
uptake and translocation within the plant. Contact herbicides may Do not apply glyphosate to desiccated plant tissue from low
quickly kill small and susceptible weeds but regrowth of large freezing temperatures. Fall application to new plant growth is
weeds may be noticeable only a few days after application. Some required for optimum herbicide activity.
contact herbicides that may antagonize glyphosate include: Group
10, 14, and 22. High spray water volumes may overcome some 20. Glyphosate is deactivated by strong adsorption to soil
antagonism. (including dust) and organic matter. Slow absorption allows
glyphosate on the plant leaf surface to be inactivated by dust
13. Cold weather is a stress to plants. Generally, weed control from present either on the leaf surface or transported by wind. This
glyphosate applied during or after cold weather may be the same applies also to using slough or river water for spraying. The
as when applied in warm weather but the end result (weed control) addition of NIS or AMS will not overcome inactivation. Placing
may take longer. However, cold weather may decrease glyphosate nozzles before or after wheels may reduce inactivation from dust.
activity on certain weeds. Ideal temperatures for applying POST Applying glyphosate perpendicular to the previous application or
herbicides are between 65 and 85 F. Speed of kill will be slower
92
shifting the sprayer to one side of the previous path may also Partial List of Registered Glyphosate Products in ND:
reduce inactivation by dust. Glyphosate Adjuvant
Trade Name Manufacturer salt lb ae/gal lb ai/gal Load*
A4 - GLYPHOSATE (cont.) Abundit Edge Dupont K 4.5 5.5 Full
Accord Dow ipa 4 5.4 None
21. Do not apply glyphosate brands formulated with surfactant AquaNeat Nufarm ipa 4 5.4 None
(partial or full adjuvant formulations) to bodies of water because Buccaneer Tenkoz ipa 3 4 Partial
surfactant components are toxic to fish and aquatic life. Only no-
Buccaneer Plus Tenkoz ipa 3 4 Full
adjuvant formulations, such as Aquamaster, Rodeo, and some 4 lb
Buccaneer 5 Tenkoz ipa 3.7 5 Partial
ae/gal formulations of glyphosate can be applied to water. An
Buccanr 5 Extra Tenkoz ipa 4 5.4 Partial
approved NIS surfactant at 1 gal/100 gal water must be added to
no-adjuvant glyphosate formulations for adequate weed control. Cornerstn 5 Plus Winfield Sol. ipa 4 5.5 Full
Refer to the Adjuvant Section, on page 128 for a list of NIS Credit / 41 NuFarm ipa 3 4 Partial
adjuvants registered for use in water. Credit / 41 Extra NuFarm ipa 3 4 Full
Credit Xtreme NuFarm ipa & K 2.5 + 2 5.83 Full
22. Glyphosate has been reported to inhibit manganese (Mn) Duramax Dow dma 4 5.07 Full
uptake in plants from soil. Glyphosate is a strong nutrient chelator Durango DMA Dow dma 4 5.07 Full
and can immobilize micronutrients through enzyme inhibition and Extra Credit 5 NuFarm ipa 3.7 5 Partial
reduce micronutrient efficiency. These responses have only been Glyphogan MANA ipa 3 4 Partial
seen in micronutrient deficient soils and can be managed by Gly Star 5 Extra Albaugh ipa 4 5.4 Full
applying micronutrients as warranted by soil test analysis and Gly Star Gold Albaugh ipa 3 4 Full
fertilizer recommendation. Gly Star Original Albaugh ipa 3 4 Partial
Gly Star Plus Albaugh ipa 3 4 Full
23. Glyphosate does not require low spray solution pH. Generally,
Helosate Plus/Ad Helm Agro ipa 3 4 Full
efficacy of glyphosate is equal across normal water pH used for
Helosate 75SG Helm Agro - 68.9% 75.7% Partial
herbicide application. A theory has been promoted that at low
Honcho K6 Monsanto ipa 4.5 5.5 Partial
spray solution pH, glyphosate and other weakly acidic herbicides
would be more lipophillic (nonpolar) and more readily absorbed Imitator DA Drexel di-ammon 3 3.6 Full
across nonpolar plant cuticles. Some adjuvants for glyphosate Imitator Plus Drexel ipa 3 4 Full
formulations lower pH but glyphosate is soluble at low pH and Mad Dog Loveland ipa 3 4 Partial
maintains efficacy. Adding acidifiers with the purpose of lowering Mad Dog Plus Loveland ipa 3 4 Full
the pH of spray solutions containing glyphosate is unjustified. Most Mad Dog 5.4 Loveland ipa 4 5.4 Partial
AMS replacement adjuvants (see Adjuvant Compendium on page Makaze Loveland ipa 3 4 Full
128-130) used at 2 qt/100 gal water reduce spray solution pH Rodeo Dow ipa 4 5.4 None
which may prevent some binding of glyphosate with antagonistic RT 3 Monsanto K 4.5 5.5 Full
minerals in spray water. However, they do not contain sulfate to RU PowerMax Monsanto K 4.5 5.5 Full
bind with cationic minerals and do not contain ammonia which RU/Private labels Various ipa 3 4 Partial
binds with glyphosate and is required for glyphosate optimization. RU WeatherMax Monsanto K 4.5 5.5 Full
“Acidic AMS Replacement” adjuvants (see page 129) contain Showdown Helena 2.7 + 0.3 3.64 Full
ipa + NH4
AMADS or monocarbamide dihydrogen sulfate (urea + sulfuric
*Unless prohibited add NIS to commercial glyphosate formulations as
acid), can reduce spray solution pH to ~2 to reduce cation
follows: Full adjuvant load = add NIS at 1 qt/100 gal water.
antagonism, and can optimize glyphosate similar to AMS but only Partial adjuvant load = add NIS at 1 to 2 qt/100 gal water.
when applied at a minimum of 2 qt/100 gal water. Refer to #1 on No adjuvant load = add NIS at 2 to 4 qt/100 gal water.
page 131 - “Understanding a water quality analysis report” for
additional information on spray solution pH. Table. Actual glyphosate product rates based on acid equivalent
(ae) and active ingredient (ai) formulation concentrations -
24. Potassium (K) salt formulations of glyphosate may negatively Refer to page 4 for more information.
interact with dma (dimethyl amine) salt formulations of 2,4-D in the lb ae lb ai 0.75 ae 1.125 ae 1.5 ae 2.25 ae 3 ae
spray tank resulting in precipitation. Conditions that increase the ---------------------- fl oz/A ----------------------
risk of precipitation are application in low gpa, using cold water, 3 = 4 = 32 48 64 96 128
and using high herbicide rates. This is an example of two dissimilar 3.75 = 5 = 25.6 38.4 51.2 76.8 102.4
salts causing physical incompatibility and possibility of reduced 4 = 5.4 = 24 36 48 72 96
weed control. Another example of negative herbicide salt 4.17 = 5.1 = 23 34.5 46 69 92.1
interaction is grass antagonism from tank-mixing glyphosate-ipa 4.5 = 5.5 = 21.3 32 42.6 64 85
(isopropyl amine) and 2,4-D-dma (dimethyl amine). Landmaster 4.72 = 6.3 = 20.3 30.5 40.7 61 81.4
BW, a mixture glyphosate-ipa and 2,4-D-ipa avoided this 5 = 6.1 = 19.2 28.8 38.4 57.6 76.8
antagonism by containing the same salt (ipa) for both herbicides.

93
A5. SPRAY ADJUVANTS
Oil adjuvant applied on a volume or area basis
Spray adjuvants generally consist of surfactants, oils and fertilizers. Labels of many POST herbicides recommend oil adjuvants at 1%
v/v. At water volume of 15 or 20 gallons per acre (GPA), 1% oil
Surfactants (nonionic surfactants = NIS) are used at 0.25 to 1% adjuvant will provide a minimum adjuvant concentration (1% v/v
v/v (1 to 8 pt/100 gal of spray solution) regardless of spray volume. PO in 17 gpa = 1.4 pt/A). The optimum rate of a PO is 2 pt/A.
NIS rate depends on the amount of active ingredient in the State surveys show common spray volumes are 10 gpa or lower.
formulation, plant species and herbicides used. The main function PO at 1% v/v in 8.5 gpa = 0.68 pt/A and does not provide a
of a NIS is to increase spray retention, but at a lesser degree, may sufficient amount of oil adjuvant. Further, in aerial applications at 5
increase herbicide absorption. When a range of surfactant rates is GPA, PO at 1% v/v will not provide sufficient adjuvant. For
given, the high rate is for use with low herbicide rates, drought example, Pursuit and Raptor labels require oil adjuvants to be
stress and tolerant weeds, or when the surfactant contains less added at 1.25% v/v or 1.25 gal/100 gal water for aerial application
than 90% active ingredient. Surfactants vary widely in chemical at 5 GPA.
composition and in their effect on spray retention, deposition, and
herbicide absorption. Some herbicide labels contain information on adjuvant rates for
different spray volumes. To insure sufficient adjuvant
Silicone surfactants reduce spray droplet surface tension, which concentration, add oil adjuvant at 1% v/v but no less than 1.25 pt/A
allow the liquid to run into leaf stomata (“stomatal flooding”). This at all spray volumes. Surfactant at 0.25 to 1% v/v water is sufficient
entry route into plants is different than adjuvants that aid in across all water volumes.
absorption through the leaf cuticle. Rapid entry of spray solution
into leaf stomata from use of silicone surfactants often does not High surfactant oil concentrates (HSOC) were developed to
result in improved weed control. Silicone surfactants are weed and enhance lipophilic herbicides without antagonizing glyphosate.
herbicide specific, just like other adjuvants. HSOC adjuvants contain at least 50% w/w oil plus 25 to 50% w/w
surfactant, are PO or MSO based, and are usually applied at ½ the
Oils generally are used at 1 to 2 pt/A or at 1% v/v (1 gal/100 gal of oil adjuvant rate (area basis). Glyphosate must be applied with
spray solution) depending on herbicide and oil. Oil additives other herbicides to control glyphosate tolerant weeds and crops
increase herbicide absorption and spray retention. Oil adjuvants and to delay resistant weeds. Glyphosate is highly hydrophilic, is
are petroleum (PO) or methylated vegetable or seed oils (MSO) enhanced by NIS and nitrogen fertilizer surfactant type adjuvants,
plus an emulsifier for dispersion in water. The emulsifier, the oil and is antagonized by oil adjuvants. Postemergence herbicides
class (petroleum, vegetable, etc.), and the specific type of oil in a preferred by growers to mix with glyphosate to increase weed
class all influence effectiveness of an oil adjuvant. Oil adjuvants control are lipophilic (Select, Banvel, Laudis, others) and require oil
enhance POST herbicides more than NIS and are effective with all adjuvants for optimum herbicide enhancement. Surfactants are
POST herbicides except Liberty and will antagonize Roundup. The less effective in enhancing lipophilic herbicides. Oil adjuvants,
term crop oil concentrate (COC) is used to designate a petroleum including PO and MSO adjuvants, may antagonize glyphosate.
oil concentrate but is misleading because the oil type in COC is NDSU research has shown wide variability among PO based
petroleum and not a crop vegetable oil. HSOC adjuvants with many performing no different than common
PO adjuvants. However, MSO based HSOC adjuvants enhance
MSO adjuvants greatly enhance POST herbicides much more than both glyphosate and the lipophilic herbicide. MSO based HSOC
NIS and PO adjuvants. MSO adjuvants are more aggressive in adjuvants can enhance lipophilic herbicides more than PO based
dissolving leaf wax and cuticle resulting in faster and greater HSOC, MSO and PO adjuvants.
herbicide absorption. The greater herbicide enhancement from
MSO adjuvants may occur more in low humidity/low rainfall Some water pH modifiers are used to lower (acidify) spray solution
environments where weeds develop a thicker cuticle. MSO pH because many insecticides and some fungicides degrade under
adjuvants cost 2 to 3 times more than NIS and PO adjuvants. The high water pH. Most solutions are not high or low enough in pH for
added cost of MSO and increased risk of crop injury when used at important herbicide breakdown in the spray tank. A theory has long
high temperatures have deterred people from using this class of been postulated that acidifying the spray solution results in greater
adjuvants. absorption of weak-acid-type herbicides. pH-reducing adjuvants
(water conditioners/AMS-replacement) were developed under this
Some herbicide labels restrict use of oil adjuvants and recommend belief. However, low pH is not essential to optimize herbicide
only NIS alone or combined with nitrogen based fertilizer solutions. absorption.
Follow label directions for adjuvant selection. Where labels allow
use of oil additives, PO or MSO adjuvants may be used. Many herbicides are formulated as various salts, which are
absorbed as readily as the acid. Salts in the spray water may
NDSU research has shown wide difference in adjuvant antagonize formulated salt herbicides. In theory, acid conditions
enhancement of herbicides. However, in many studies, no or small would convert the herbicide to an acid and overcome salt
differences occur depending on environmental conditions at antagonism. However, herbicides in the acid form are less water
application, growing conditions of weeds, rate of herbicide used, soluble than in salt form. An acid herbicide with pH modifiers may
and size of weeds. For example, under warm, humid conditions precipitate and plug nozzles when solubility is exceeded, such as
with actively growing weeds, NIS + nitrogen fertilizer may enhance with high herbicide rates in low water volumes. Antagonism of
weed control to the same level as oil adjuvants. The following are herbicide efficacy by spray solution salts can be overcome without
conditions where MSO type additives may give greater weed lowering pH by adding AMS or, for some herbicides, 28% UAN.
control than other adjuvant types:
1. Low humidity, hot weather, lack of rain, and drought-stressed Acidic AMS replacement (AAR) adjuvants (see page 130) contain
weeds or weeds not actively growing due to some stress condition. adjuvants including monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate (urea and
2. Weeds larger than recommended on the label. sulfuric acid) and some adjuvants in this class are similar to NIS +
3. Herbicides used at reduced rates. AMS in enhancing glyphosate and other weak-acid herbicides. The
4. Target weeds that are somewhat tolerant to the herbicide. sulfuric acid forms sulfate when reacting with water and can
5. When university data supports reduced herbicide rates. prevent herbicide antagonism with salts in water. The conversion of
94
urea to ammonium is slow but the ammonium formed can partially Commercial liquid solutions of AMS contain ~3.4 lbs of AMS per
enhance herbicides. AAR adjuvants must be applied at 1% v/v or gallon. For 8.5 lbs of AMS/100 gallons of water add 2.5 gallons of
greater to achieve the same level of herbicide enhancement as liquid AMS solution. Generally, 4 gal of 28% UAN/100 gal of spray
AMS. is adequate. AMS or 28% UAN does not preclude the need for an
oil adjuvant with lipophilic herbicides. AMS and 28% UAN enhance
A6. SPRAY CARRIER WATER QUALITY herbicide control of most weeds even without antagonistic salts.
Nitrogen fertilizer/surfactant blends may enhance weed control of
Minerals, clay, and organic matter in spray carrier water can most herbicides formulated as a salt.
reduce the effectiveness of herbicides. Clay inactivates paraquat, The analysis may report salt levels in ppm or grains. To convert
diquat, and glyphosate. Organic matter inactivates herbicides. Hard from grains to ppm, multiply by 17 (Example: 10 grains calcium X
water cations or micronutrients such calcium, magnesium, 17 = 170 ppm calcium). AMS at 2% (17 lb/100 gallons water) will
manganese, sodium, and iron reduce efficacy of all weak-acid overcome antagonism from the highest calcium and/or sodium
herbicides (Group 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 14, 19, and 27). Cations concentrations in water. However, AMS at 4 lb/100 gal is adequate
antagonize weak acid herbicides by binding form salts (e.g. for most water sources. Iron is the most antagonistic to many
glyphosate-Ca) that are not readily absorbed by plants. The herbicides but not abundant in water.
antagonism is related to the salt concentration.
Water conditioner adjuvants are liquid for user preference, applied
ND water often contains a combination of sodium, calcium, at low use rates, may contain no or very little AMS, may lower
magnesium, and iron and these cations generally are additive in spray solution, and are advertised to replace AMS, and thus are
the antagonism of herbicides. Water in ND, SD, and MT is often also called AMS replacement adjuvants. Pesticide applicators
high in sodium bicarbonate which does not normally occur in other prefer the convenience of low use rate water conditioners, but
areas of the U.S. Calcium levels above 150 ppm and sodium performance is not equal to AMS. Glyphosate plus commercial
bicarbonate levels above 300 ppm in spray water can reduce weed water conditioner products that included AMS at the equivalent rate
control in all situations. Water with 1600 ppm sodium bicarbonate of 2.5% v/v can give similar control to 8.5 lbs/100 gal AMS.
can occur in ND, but total hardness levels can exceed 2,500 ppm. Commercial water conditioners that do not provide an equivalent
amount of AMS are often no better than glyphosate alone.
Ammonium nitrogen increases effectiveness of most weak-acid
herbicides formulated as a salt. Fertilizers should always be used Acidic AMS replacement (AAR) adjuvants have been developed for
with herbicides unless prohibited by label. Ammonium ions greatly use with glyphosate and other weak acid herbicides. Claims have
enhance herbicide absorption and phytotoxicity even in the been made to enhance herbicide activity, and negate the effects of
absence of antagonistic salts in the spray carrier. However, antagonistic salts in spray water and the antagonism from
enhancement of POST herbicides from ammonium is most micronutrient solutions added for crop health. Most adjuvants in
pronounced when spray water contains large quantities of this class contain monocarbamide dihydrogen sulfate or AMADS
antagonistic cations. Herbicide enhancement by nitrogen (urea plus sulfuric acid) which lowers spray solution pH to 1.4 to 3.
compounds appears in most weed species but especially in those The low pH is below the pKa of postemergence herbicides causing
that accumulate salts on or in leaf tissue (lambsquarters, velvetleaf, most herbicide molecules to be in the acid state which results in
and sunflower). fewer molecules binding to positively charged salts.

AMS enhances phytotoxicity and overcomes salt antagonism for Some water conditioner adjuvants and acidic AMS replacement
weak-acid herbicides formulated as a salt (listed above). The adjuvants (AAR) are marketed to modify spray water pH, but low
antagonism may be overcome by increasing the glyphosate pH is not required for herbicide efficacy. The type of acid or
concentration relative to the cation content or by adding AMS and components of buffering agents and the specific herbicide all need
some water conditioners to the spray solution. Effective water to be considered before using pH-modifying agents. Several
conditioners include EDTA, citric acid, AMS, and some acidic AMS commercial AAR adjuvants applied with glyphosate in distilled
replacements. Of these, AMS has been the most widely adopted. water were tested and ranked as follows: surfactant + AMS > AMS
When added to a spray solution, the ammonium (NH4+) ion > NIS + AAR. Generally, AAR adjuvants applied with glyphosate in
complexes with the glyphosate molecule and reduces glyphosate 1000 ppm hard water (Ca and Mg) gave similar weed control as
interaction with the hard-water cations. The sulfate ion complexes when applied in distilled water supporting the theory of non-binding
with the hard-water cations (e.g. calcium sulfate), causing the salt herbicide molecules when pH is below the pKa of the herbicide.
to precipitate from solution. This combined effect increases
absorption and efficacy. Natural sulfate in water can be Low spray volumes (5 to 10 gpa) have been equally or more
disregarded but can reduce antagonism if the sulfate concentration effective than higher spray volumes for many herbicides. Low
is at least three times the calcium concentration. 28% UAN does spray volume increases efficacy of most systemic POST herbicides
not contain sulfate and does not condition water by precipitating because it reduces the ratio of antagonistic cations to herbicide
cationscalcium antagonism of glyphosate. molecules in the spray solution. Low spray volumes also increases
efficacy because of higher herbicide concentration in the spray
AMS is recommended at 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal spray volume (1 to deposit (NDSU Pile Theory). Contact herbicides (Group 6, 10, 14,
2%) on most glyphosate labels. However, AMS at 4 lb/100 gal and 22) require higher spray volume for adequate and thorough
(0.5%) is adequate to overcome most salt antagonism but more coverage to enhance control.
than 4 lb/100 gal may be required to fully optimize herbicides. Use
at least 1 lb/A of AMS when spray volume is more than 12 gpa. Low spray volumes usually imply use of low-volume nozzles that
The amount of AMS needed to overcome antagonistic ions can be produce small droplets which can increase off-target movement.
determined as follows: Lbs AMS/100 gal = (0.002 X ppm K) + However, drift-reducing nozzles have been developed that produce
(0.005 X ppm Na) + (0.009 X ppm Ca) + (0.014 X ppm Mg) + large droplets at low volume. In low spray volumes, larger droplets
(0.042 X ppm Fe). This does not account for antagonistic minerals produced by drift-reducing nozzles have been equally effective as
on or in the leaf tissue in species like lambsquarters, sunflower, small droplets with several translocating herbicides. However,
and velvetleaf which may require additional AMS. coarse or larger droplets may be less phytotoxic than fine and
medium size droplets for most POST herbicides.
95
A7. SPRAY AND VAPOR DRIFT
Risk of off-target herbicide movement and injury to non-target A8. SPRAYER CLEANOUT
plants depends on the susceptibility of the plant to the applied Herbicides may adsorb to the spray tank, hoses, nozzles, screens,
herbicide. 2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, glyphosate, and ALS herbicides and filters requiring thorough cleaning. Adsorbed herbicide may
have the greatest potential for damaging non-target plants. remain tightly adsorbed in sprayers through water rinsing and even
through several tank-loads of other herbicides. Through
Wind velocity and direction: Apply when wind direction is away subsequent sprayer applications including an oil adjuvant, nitrogen
from susceptible plants, during low wind speed, and in the absence solution, or basic pH blend adjuvant may cause the herbicide to
of temperature inversions. desorb, disperse into the spray solution, and damage susceptible
crops. Highly active herbicide residues that persist in sprayers and
Boom height: Adjust boom as close to the target as possible while cause crop injury include dicamba and ALS herbicides. Herbicides
maintaining uniform spray coverage. Choose nozzles with a wide attached to all tank and sprayer components must be desorbed
angle as opposed to narrow angle nozzles. and the residue removed in a cleaning process. Sprayer cleanout
procedures are given on herbicide labels and should be followed.
Spray shields: Cones around nozzles reduce drift by 25 to 50% The following procedure illustrating a thorough sprayer cleanup
and spray shields that enclose the entire boom reduce drift by 50 to procedure is effective for most herbicides:
85%. Spray shields should not be used as a substitute for other Step 1. Drain tank and rinse tank with clean water. Spray rinse.
drift control techniques but as a supplement to drift reduction. Step 2. Fill the sprayer tank with clean water and label identified
Step 3. Allow solution to set for 8 hours.
Drift control: Reduce drift by increasing droplet size, reducing Step 4. Spray the cleaning solution through the booms.
spray pressure, using drift reduction nozzles, adding drift reducing Step 5. Clean nozzles, screens, and filters. Rinse the sprayer to
additives that do not increase spray viscosity, and orienting nozzles Common types of cleaning solutions are chlorine bleach (lowers
rearward on aircraft. pH), ammonia (increases pH), and commercially formulated tank
cleaners. Never mix chlorine bleach and ammonia as a dangerous
Drift-reducing nozzles: Sprayer nozzles designed to reduce spray gas will be released. Read herbicide label for recommended tank
drift increase spray droplet size and reduce the number of small cleaning solutions and procedures.
droplets (fines). Two primary types of drift-reducing nozzles have
pre-orifice and air-induction (venturi) designs. SPRAYER CLEANING SOLUTIONS FOR HERBICIDES:
Water: Extreme, Glyphosate, Lightning, Raptor, SG formulations.
Herbicide formulation: Some herbicides have been formulated to Bleach: Laudis.
reduce drift. Amine formulated herbicides are less volatile than Ammonia or commercial tank cleaner + water:
ester formulations. 2,4-D is formulated as an acid, ester, and 2,4-D, Assure II, Basagran*, Bromoxynil*, Cadet, Callisto, Cobra,
various amine salt (e.g. dimethyl amine (dma)). 2,4-D has been Dicamba, Extreme, FirstRate, Fusilade DX, Gramoxone*, Harmony
formulated as a choline salt for use in Enlist soybean and is the DF*, Harness*, Hornet, Metolachlor*, Metsulfuron*, Paraquat*,
least volatile formulation. Likewise, dicamba has been formulated Permit, Prowl*, Pursuit, Python, Raptor, Reflex, Rimsulfuron*,
as a dma salt (Banvel) and a comparatively less volatile diglycol Resource, Select*, Stinger*, Surpass*, Targa*, Thifensulfuron,
amine (dga) salt (Clarity). Dicamba has been formulated as a bis(3- Tribenuron*, Treflan*, Ultra Blazer, and Valor.
aminopropyl)methylamine (bapma) salt for use in RU Xtend Detergent or commercial tank cleaner + water:
soybean and is the least volatile formulation. Aim, Atrazine*, Clarity*, Flexstar, Liberty 280, Metribuzin*, Poast,
and Status.
2,4-D resistant (Enlist) soybean and dicamba resistant (RU Xtend)
soybean have been developed with Best Management Practices A9. MIXING INSTRUCTIONS:
(BMP) to reduce risk of off-target movement. These include course Some herbicide labels list a specific mixing sequence. Formulation
to ultra coarse droplet size, buffer zones to susceptible plants, low codes follow the categories in parenthesis. In absence of specific
volatile herbicide formulations, low boom height, and wind speed directions follow adding pesticide formulations to a tank partially
between 3 and 10 mph. Use only low volatile herbicide filled with water follows the A.P.P.L.E.S. method:
formulations that have been registered on each crop technology. Agitate
Soybean is approximately 100 times more susceptible to dicamba Powders soluble (dry fertilizers, SG, SP)
than 2,4-D. Off-target movement as well as proper tank clean-out Powders dry (DF, WDG, WP)
are important factors to consider for soybean safety. Liquid flowables and suspensions (ASC, F, ME, SC, SE)
Emulsifiable concentrates (EC, EW, OD)
Do not use AMS with any formulation of dicamba. Ammonium Solutions (S, SL)
significantly increases the volatility of dicamba and reduces the Each ingredient must be uniformly mixed before adding the next
effect of low-volatile DGA and BAPMA formulations of dicamba. component, e.g., a soluble powder must be completely dissolved
before adding the next component. Adjuvants are added in the
A proportion of the spray volume will be deposited on the soil same sequence as pesticides, e.g., ammonium sulfate is a soluble
surface. Unabsorbed dicamba on plant tissue or on the soil surface powder, oil adjuvants are emulsifiable concentrates; and most
can volatilize as temperatures increases and after dew or small surfactants are solutions. Within each group, usually add the
rain events solubilize dicamba crystals. Multiple volatilization pesticide before the adjuvant, e.g., a soluble-powder pesticide
events can occur several days and weeks after application. before ammonium sulfate.

Refer to the following web sites for additional information:

http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/smallgrains/presentations/2013-best-of- A10. WICK APPLICATION
the-best-in-wheat-and-soybean/robinson Weed control programs may leave tall weeds that are above the
crop canopy. The crop may be beyond the stage of POST
http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/landing-pages/crops/air- herbicide timing with no effective chemical options. Wick
temperature-inversions-ae-1705 application with glyphosate at a 25 to 50% solution will control most
annual weeds and suppress perennial weeds. Wick applicators are
96
commercially available or instructions for building a wick applicator Mix to calibrated rate of gallons/A output of spray unit being used.
can be found on the web.
For handgun & backpack applications:
Add NIS at 0.5 to 1% to all glyphosate mixtures. Position the For 50 gpa application rate unless otherwise calibrated.
applicator above the crop canopy. Keep absorbate material moist 2 qt/A rate=1.28 fl oz x # of gal water= fl oz of herbicide for mixture
but not saturated to dripping. Travel at a speed to sufficient to Example: For a 3 gallon backpack: 1.28 x 3 = 3.84
moisten weed foliage and avoid spatter. Drops from the wick or
dislodged from weeds “whipping” back from the application bar will 1 pt/A rate=0.32 fl oz x # of gal water= fl oz of herbicide for mixture
cause crop death or severe injury. Quackgrass, kochia, redroot Example: For a 3 gallon backpack: 0.32 x 3 = 1 fl oz herbicide
pigweed, and soybean can exude glyphosate through roots, and
kill susceptible plants/crops through root exchange. Wick 1 qt/A rate=0.64 fl oz x # of gal water= fl oz of herbicide for mixture
application in non-crop and cover crops may control many species. Example: For a 3 gallon backpack: 0.64 x 3 = 2 fl oz herbicide
Tall broadleaf and grass weeds can be controlled leaving low
canopy turnip, radishes and other broadleaf cover crop species. 2,4-D
Use only registered glyphosate formulations. 1 qt/A rate = 0.64 fl oz/gal water; 2 qt/A rate = 1.28 fl oz/gal water
3 gallon backpack: 2 fl oz (1 qt/A rate) / 4 fl oz (2 qt/A rate)
A11. BACKPACK SPRAYER CALIBRATION 15 gallon sprayer: 9.5 fl oz (1 qt/A rate) / 19 fl oz (2 qt/A rate)
No-Math Version: Pro-rate herbicide rate for different spray volumes.
Step 1. Mark a calibration plot 18.5 foot wide X 18.5 feet long.
Step 2. Spray the plot uniformly with water while recording the Curtail (clopyralid + 2,4-D) or Redeem/Garlon (triclopyr)
number of seconds required to spray the plot. 2 qt/A rate = 1.28 fl oz/gal water
Step 3. Spray into a bucket for the same number of seconds. 3 gallon backpack: 4 fl oz
Step 4. Measure the collected volume of water in fluid ounces. 15 gallon sprayer: 19 fl oz
Step 5. The number of ounces collected equals the number of Pro-rate herbicide rate for different spray volumes.
gallons per acre the sprayer is delivering.
Banvel or Clarity (dicamba)
Hand-held Sprayers: 1 pt/A rate = 0.32 fl oz/gal water, 1qt/A rate = 0.64 fl oz/gal water
Spray coverage should be uniform and the foliage of target plants 3 gallon backpack: 1 fl oz (1 pt/A rate) / 2 fl oz (1 qt/A rate)
should be wet but not to the amount of spray solution run-off. 15 gallon sprayer: 5 fl oz (1 pt/A rate) / 10 oz (1 qt/A rate)
Hand-held sprayers should be calibrated by: Pro-rate herbicide rate for different spray volumes.
1) spraying a known area using water following a standard,
reproducible procedure Milestone (aminopyralid)
2) measuring the amount of water applied 4 to 6 fl oz/A rate = 0.12 fl oz/gal water
3) calculating gallons per acre (gpa). 3 gallon backpack: 0.36 fl oz
15 gallon sprayer: 1.8 fl oz
For example, 0.75 gallon on 500 sq ft is the same as 65 gallons per Pro-rate herbicide rate for different spray volumes.
acre: 43,560 sq ft per acre / 500 sq ft x 0.75 gallon = 65 gpa.
The desired rate in lb/A or pt/A can be used to calculate the Escort (metsulfuron) or Telar (chlorsulfuron)
amount of herbicide to add to the spray solution. 2 to 3 oz DF/A = 0.33 oz DF/gal water
If 3 pt/A is desired: 3 pt/A / 65 gpa = 0.046 pt or 0.73 fl oz or 1.5 3 gallon backpack: 1 oz DF + 0.5% v/v NIS
tbsp/gal of spray solution (16 fl oz = 1 pt, 2 Tbsp = 1 fl oz). 10 gallon sprayer: 3.2 oz DF + 0.5% v/v NIS
Pro-rate herbicide rate for different spray volumes.
Assume a spray volume of 50 to 70 gpa when calibration is not
performed and spray does not run off plant leaves. Actual volume TORDON 22K (picloram)
applied can vary with the type of sprayer, spray pressure, and 1 qt/A rate = 0.64 fl oz/gal water, 2 qt/A rate = 1.25 fl oz/gal water
technique of the applicator, so calibration is strongly encouraged. 3 gallon backpack: 2 fl oz (1 qt/A rate): 4 fl oz (2 qt/A rate)
15 gallon sprayer: 9.5 fl oz (1 qt/A rate): 19 fl oz (2 qt/A rate)
Some herbicide labels specify a percent solution for use in hand- Pro-rate herbicide rate for different spray volumes.
held sprayers. The following chart provides mixing instructions to
obtain solutions of varying percent concentrations on a TORDON 22K + 2,4-D
volume/volume basis: 1 pt/A Tordon 22K + 1 qt/A 2,4-D = 0.33 fl oz + 0.67 fl oz/gal water
Desired % concentration of herbicide 3 gallon backpack: 2 fl oz 2,4-D + 1 fl oz Tordon 22K
solution volume 15 gallon sprayer: 10 fl oz 2,4-D + 5 fl oz Tordon 22k
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 5.0
Pro-rate herbicide rate for different spray volumes.
gallons Amount of herbicide to add, fl oz
1 0.6 1.3 1.9 2.6 6.4 Clarity/Banvel (dicamba) + 2,4-D
2 1.3 2.6 3.8 5.2 12.8 1 pt/A dicamba + 1 qt/A 2,4-D = 0.33 fl oz + 0.67 fl oz/gal water
5 3.2 6.4 9.6 12.8 32.0 3 gallon backpack: 1 fl oz dicamba + 2 fl oz 2,4-D
15 gallon sprayer: 5 fl oz dicamba + 9.5 fl oz 2,4-D
10 6.4 12.8 19.2 25.6 64.0 Pro-rate herbicide rate for different spray volumes.
100 64.0 128.0 192.0 256.0 640.0
1 pt = 16 fl oz 16 Tbls = 1 cup Adjuvants and Rates
1 Tbls = 3 tsp 1 fl oz = 30 mls Apply adjuvants 1 to 2 pt/50 gal water if recommended.
1 Tbls = 15 ml 1 fl oz = 2 Tbls For product names and types refer to page 126.
3 gallon backpack: 1 fl oz
A12. CALCULATING HERBICIDE MIXTURES 10 gallon sprayer: 3.2 fl oz
Boom Spraying: Pro-rate adjuvants for different spray volumes.

97
ANNUAL WEED CONTROL S4. Narrowleaf hawksbeard is a problem weed in Canada and
S1. Wild buckwheat is weed in broadleaf row crops and there are Montana, but has infested many fields in northwest ND. Narrowleaf
few effective chemical control options. Wild buckwheat disrupts hawksbeard is a winter annual or annual that reproduces by seed. It
swathing and combining by wrapping around the crop and resembles perennial sowthistle with yellow flower heads but does has
becoming entangled on the sides of the header. Herbicide only a single stem and leaves are at the base of the plant. It
resistance has not been documented but high populations and germinates primarily in the spring and fall from late August through
natural tolerance to glyphosate may increase its prevalence in early November. It grows 2 to 3 feet tall from a taproot and all parts of
locations of high glyphosate use. Wild buckwheat is a problem in the plant exude a milky sap. Flower heads are 1/2 to 3/4 inches in
small grains because of tolerance to both 2,4-D and MCPA. These diameter. Each plant is capable of producing over 49,000 seeds and
herbicides kill other competitive weeds while allowing wild seeds are dispersed by wind. It is a common contaminant in alfalfa
buckwheat to increase. High 2,4-D rates may control buckwheat seed. No dormant period is required for germination. It is listed as
but are not normally used because of crop injury risk. Control of noxious weed in Manitoba. Control measures should begin in the fall
wild buckwheat with glyphosate depends on application rate, plant at the rosette stage. Herbicides with good activity on narrowleaf
size, environment, and water quality. Early wild buckwheat hawksbeard include 2,4-D (1 pt, lower rates not as effective),
germination, lack of soil-applied foundation herbicides, delayed Glyphosate (1.125 lb ae/A), Express, glyphosate + Express,
POST applications until most weeds have emerged, and only one glyphosate + dicamba, or glyphosate + Sharpen. For residual control,
glyphosate application to large wild buckwheat plants are all factors consider Glyphosate + Valor + 2,4-D applied in the fall. Fall-applied
that result in inadequate control. Reduced glyphosate rates may kill herbicides are more effective than spring-applied. Spring-applied
small wild buckwheat plants and temporarily suppress the growth herbicides that are effective include glyphosate, Express, Sharpen,
of others. Applying glyphosate at 0.75 lb. ae/A and buckwheat Curtail, WideMatch, and Liberty. Narrowleaf hawksbeard should be
growing in adverse conditions may result in erratic control. controlled in the rosette stage. Control is much more difficult after the
Refer to the following sources for biology and management of wild plant starts to bolt. Tillage will effectively control narrowleaf
buckwheat: hawksbeard. In wheat, several options are available for hawksbeard
http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/GWC/GWC-10-W.pdf control such as Affinity BS + 2,4-D, GoldSky, Starane Flex + 2,4-D,
Quelex, Talinor, Huskie, Kochiavore, and others.
S2. Downy and Japanese brome has increased because of
reduced tillage practices, renewed interest in winter wheat, and S5. Horseweed (marestail) a winter annual or summer annual.
lack of proper identification. Bromes typically germinate from late Horseweed seed germinates shortly after soil contact, thrives in no-till
August to early October and mature in early July. Bromes can systems, and tillage only 0.5 inch deep can kill emerging populations.
establish in early spring and still be very competitive with cereals. Horseweed forms a basal rosette after emergence in the fall and bolts
Lack of control can result in rapid invasion through prolific seed in the spring growing to a height up to 6 feet. Horseweed can
production. Bromes are drought tolerant and strongly compete with germinate in the spring. Horseweed seed has pappus like dandelion
crops. Bromes mature and desiccate early in the summer and dry seed and can travel for several miles. Reduced tillage, wind dispersal,
plant material promote wildfires. Tillage is a very effective control and herbicide resistance from overuse of glyphosate and other
method. Japanese brome is often easier to control with herbicides herbicides make control difficult. Horseweed is resistant to
than downy brome. Fall herbicide treatments are more effective glyphosate, paraquat, atrazine, and ALS herbicides. Control
than spring treatments on fall-emerged plants while allowing horseweed in no-till soybean prior to planting. Soybeans planted
chemical control before spring crop planting. Glyphosate is very before in mid-May will require a residual herbicide to control later
effective on young brome plants but will not prevent new plants emerging plants. This strategy will reduce the need for POST
from emerging. Olympus, PowerFlex, Goldsky, Rimfire Max, and herbicide treatments which are less effective. The following principles
Beyond can be used in spring and winter wheat. Relying on are important in horseweed control programs:
herbicides after spring wheat emergence is not recommended as - Include 2,4-D ester in preplant treatments in corn and soybean.
the downy brome will be at an advanced growth stage and will still - Apply herbicides before horseweed plants are 4 to 6 inches tall.
produce seed. - Fall-applied herbicides may not control spring-emerging plants.
- Spring applications should include a residual herbicide.
S3. Foxtail is most competitive when small grains are seeded late Refer to the following sources for biology and management of
and soil temperatures are warm for foxtail germination and rapid horseweed:
growth. Fields regularly chisel plowed generally have more foxtail http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/GWC/GWC-9-W.pdf
than moldboard plowed fields. Moldboard plowing buries the foxtail
seed, which prevents emergence and reduces viable seed for S6. Kochia is an exceptionally competitive weed and a few
subsequent years. Foxtail may not decrease wheat and barley uncontrolled plants can cause severe yield loss. Kochia is resistant to
yields but high foxtail infestations can cause harvest problems 2,4-D and MCPA due to resistance from repeated use and near
(especially when straight combining) and dockage at the elevator. eradication of susceptible kochia biotypes over 7 decades of use. 2,4-
Herbicide treatment for foxtail may not be warranted when foxtail D and MCPA does not translocate readily in kochia. Stinger is not
infestations are less than 30 plants/sq ft and when foxtail emerges effective. ALS resistance in kochia occurred soon after introduction of
after the crop is in the 3- to 4-leaf stage because the crop can SU herbicides in the late 1980s. All kochia is considered ALS
compete with emerging foxtail. This is especially true for barley. resistant.
Chemical control is warranted when the foxtail population is over
100 plants/sq ft. Foxtail also may contribute to moisture stress and Kochia is resistant to Group 2, 4, and 9. Group 14 resistance is
cause yield loss under drought conditions. For high foxtail suspected leaving few herbicides for weed control, especially in
infestation emerging with the crop harrow or rotary hoeing as soon soybean and legume crops. Spartan PRE and Flexstar POST can
as possible. Harrowing or rotary hoeing is not effective once foxtail control kochia but mat results in Group 14 resistance. Kochia
has 2 to 3 leaves. Small grains can be harrowed or rotary hoed population have already been documented surviving dicamba and
until the 3- to 4-leaf stage with little effect on yield. Apply effective Starane (fluoxypyr). Long-term kochia control will require using
herbicides if a harrow or rotary hoe is not an option. Control of low sustainable cultural and chemical weed management strategies.
foxtail populations is optional but seed may contribute to weed Refer to paragraph S7 (Lambsquarters) for other cultural practices to
infestations in subsequent crops. use for kochia management.

98
Soil-applied herbicides with activity on kochia are: acetochlor ANNUAL WEED CONTROL - S6-8
(suppression), Anthem/ATZ, atrazine, Balance Flexx, Boundary,
Callisto/Xtra, dicamba, Fierce, Gangster, Lumax, metribuzin, Lambsquarters populations have survived glyphosate applied at 1 lb
Nortron, Prefix (restricted geography), Sharpen, Verdict, and Zidua. ae/A and the resistant trait was passed on to the next generation.
Soil-applied Spartan gives good to excellent kochia control if Other populations may require a glyphosate rate of 2 to 4 times the
activated but Valor is less effective and has less soil residue to labeled rate of 0.75 lb. ae/A. Cultural practices that help control
control later flushes. DNA herbicides do not control kochia. common lambsquarters include anything that makes the crop more
competitive and reduces the success of the weed. Such practices
Post-applied herbicides with activity on small (<3 inches tall) kochia include selecting crops with quick emergence, altering planting dates
include: Aim (less than 2 inches), atrazine, Buctril, dicamba, relative to weed emergence, planting to narrow rows and using higher
Flexstar/Reflex (E of Hwy 281 only - also see paragraph E4), seeding rates for greater crop competition, placing fertilizer with the
Huskie/Complete, Impact + atrazine, Laudis + atrazine, Liberty, crop (not the weed), and implementing crop rotations that discourage
Lumax, paraquat, Starane (including all premixes), and Status. summer annual weed success. Late seeding in particular can give
some control because common lambsquarters tends to germinate
Sequential applications of the Dry Bean Tank-Mix as listed in the early in the season and those seedlings are killed through soil
dry bean section will also control kochia. Applications must be preparation or with a burndown herbicide. Delayed planting crop may
made to small weeds and use of MSO adjuvant is required (See not yield as well as earlier planting, especially for full-season crops
paragraph E3). For other effective herbicides for kochia control see like corn. Crop rotation interrupts pest life cycles and allows
the weed rating chart in the back of the weed guide. alternative tillage and herbicide options. When following corn or
soybean with a fall- or spring-seeded small grain, common
Most kochia seed dies after 1 year and less than 5% can germinate lambsquarters may not emerge, compete, or set seed the year of the
in the second growing season. This is the most critical weakness in cereal grain. In addition, because common lambsquarters seeds
kochia biology. Application of this short seed life means two or persist in the soil, removing escapes before seed set is useful for
three years of excellent season-long control can reduce kochia long-term management. Clean up tillage, mowing, or an effective
populations. Plant 1 planter width of corn or sunflower around the herbicide application after cereal grain harvest can often prevent seed
perimeter of the fields to prevent kochia plants from other areas production. Alternatively, underseeding a legume cover or forage crop
from rolling across your field. in the small grain, or after harvest, can compete effectively with
common lambsquarters if the grain and cover crops are dense and
vigorous. Mechanical weed control operations, such as rotary hoeing
S7. Lambsquarters is a member of the goosefoot family and row cultivating, can help reduce herbicide dependence and
which also includes kochia, Russian thistle, and sugarbeet. effectively control seedling weeds. Because common lambsquarters
Lambsquarters is a summer annual that can emerge throughout seedlings are very small and fragile, and the seeds germinate in
the summer, with peak emergence in mid to late spring. A response to soil disturbance, stirring the top 1 to 2 inches of soil is
lambsquarters plant can produce more than 70,000 seeds. Brown highly effective at controlling emerging seedlings during the first 4 to 6
seeds germinate readily, while black seeds are more dormant. weeks after planting. Row cultivators must be used when weeds are
Seed dormancy is mainly responsible for survival. Seed can remain small. The potential to use in-crop cultivation depends on tillage
viable in the soil for several decades but light, wide day and night system in corn, and on tillage system and row spacing in soybean.
temperature fluctuations, and nitrate in the soil increase seed Refer to the weed rating chart in the back of the weed guide for
germination. There are at least 16 Chenopodium (Goosefoot) effective herbicides for lambsquarters control.
species that are confused with lambsquarters, including Atriplex
species, and spreading orach.

There are many effective PRE herbicides in all crops which is the S8. Nightshades thrive in high rainfall and human activity associated
most effective control practice recommended. All POST herbicides with crop production like moving tillage and harvesting equipment
give erratic control. from field to field or planting crop seed contaminated with nightshade
seed. Birds and wildlife consume nightshade berries and can
Lambsquarters has become resistant to triazine herbicides since transport seed through droppings. Four nightshade species are found
the early 1970s and resistance to ALS herbicides in the 1990s. in North Dakota: black nightshade, eastern black nightshade, hairy
Glyphosate resistance has been suspected for many years as nightshade, and cutleaf nightshade. Hairy nightshade is the only
lambsquarters has become more prevalent. Lambsquarters size at species densely covered with small hairs. The berries of cutleaf and
application also affects common lambsquarters response to hairy nightshade remain green at maturity. Only the underneath side
glyphosate. Poor management decisions and unfavorable weather of black and eastern black nightshade leaves are black or dark-purple
have caused inconsistent lambsquarters control with glyphosate. and berries turn black or dark purple at maturity. Eastern black
Differences in glyphosate sensitivity have been documented in nightshade is very difficult to distinguish from black nightshade before
several states. Lambquarters is considered the most ‘hard-to-wet’ berry formation. Eastern black nightshade forms berries in umbrella-
broadleaf species with spray droplets. Without an effective like clusters with berry stems arising from a common point, the calyx
surfactant and an adequate surfactant concentration many spray of eastern black nightshade is the smallest of the four, and the lobes
droplets bounce off lambsquarters leaves and are not retained. of the calyx recurve away from the berry. Black nightshade and hairy
Many glyphosate formulation claim to be ‘full-load’ adjuvant nightshade berries connect in a racemose fashion (similar to grapes).
formulations and do not recommend additional NIS which may The calyx of black nightshade is mid-size and the lobes extend
cause inconsistent herbicide response. NDSU research has shown outward, while the calyx of hairy nightshade is large and encloses half
wide variability among surfactants in enhancing lambsquarters the berry. It has been reported that leaves from eastern black
control from glyphosate. In general, adding more surfactant nightshade plants are translucent and leaves from black nightshade
enhances control of lambsquarters, grasses, and other ‘hard-to- are opaque when held to sunlight.
wet’ species. Use NIS at 0.5 to 1% v/v for no-load, 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
for partial-load, and 0.25% v/v for full load glyphosate formulations.

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ANNUAL WEED CONTROL - S8-12 to a height of 17 feet making it a very competitive broadleaf weed
species. It emerges early spring and continues through early August
Nightshade emergence may continue from June through making control difficult. Giant ragweed is found predominately along
September and is strongly influenced by moisture. Rain events river bottoms and field perimeters, although it is becoming more
cause multiple flushes of nightshade, so plants can emerge even frequent across fields. Giant ragweed seed can easily moved by
after normal crop spraying is complete. Hairy nightshade emerging water and machinery, especially a combine. Giant ragweed seeds
in early fall can produce viable seed before frost while eastern can persist in the soil for > 5 years. Rapid growth, extended
black nightshade requires a longer growing season. Nightshade germination, fewer herbicides to effectively control it, and the
can compete after crops form a shaded canopy. Consequently, selection of herbicide resistant biotypes makes control difficult.
growth of nightshade can accelerate after small grain harvest, Biotypes have developed resistance to Group 2, 9, and 14 herbicides
which exposes nightshade to sunlight. Nightshade seeds become with resistance to all three mechanisms of action possible. The only
viable shortly after berry formation and seeds can remain viable in way to effectively manage giant ragweed is to apply soil-applied
soil for 15 years when deeply buried. Studies show that one herbicides after planting tilled fields and prior to planting no-tillage
nightshade plant can produce 178,000 seeds under competitive fields.
situations or 800,000 without competition. Therefore, successful
nightshade management requires prevention of seed production. In no-tillage fields, apply non-selective herbicides in addition to a soil-
residual herbicide prior to planting. Apply POST herbicides before
Nightshade plants remain green after several frosts and can cause plants are 3 inches tall and scout 7 to 14 days later to determine the
harvest problems. Berries are poisonous and the juice from need for a second POST application. Fewer herbicides effectively
ruptured berries can stain crop seed and glue nightshade seed and control giant compared to common ragweed.
dirt to harvested seed. In addition, dry nightshade berries are
similar in size to soybean or field pea seed and are difficult to S11. Waterhemp is in the pigweed (Amaranth) family, has a summer
separate. Nightshade can be spread to other fields by equipment annual life cycle, is dioecious (male and female flowers found on
and contaminated seed used for planting. Nightshade biotypes are separate plants), and has stems and petioles with little to no hair
tolerant to many classes of herbicides, including SUs (except compared to redroot pigweed and Powell amaranth. The leaves are
Express). Eastern black nightshade resistance to imidazolinone longer, narrower, and waxier (looks shinier) than other pigweed
herbicides has been documented in North Dakota. Thus, species. For proper identification of pigweed species consult
herbicides may remove competing broadleaf weeds allowing “Pigweed Identification” from Kansas State University Ext. Service
nightshades to proliferate. (919-532-5776). Waterhemp can easily produce 300,000 seeds per
plant, up to 5 million seeds per plant, and usually produces 1.5 times
Only a few residual soil herbicides, e.g. Balance Flexx, Extreme, more seed than other pigweed species of similar size. Seed can
Gangster, Pursuit, Python, Spartan, and Valor control nightshade remain viable in the soil for at least 4 years and maybe longer causing
flushes and may leave a residue the following year. Nightshade rapid changes in population density when large quantities of seed are
can be controlled in herbicide resistant crops (Clearfield, Liberty allowed to reach maturity. Waterhemp seeds can easily be
Link, and Roundup Ready). Basagran may control hairy nightshade distributed by water and machinery, but also likely by fowl and
but not eastern black nightshade. Black nightshade is more tolerant animals. Waterhemp emergence begins late-April to mid-May and
to some herbicides (Matrix) than eastern black nightshade. continues through early August. Waterhemp is a moderate
Flexstar/Reflex gives poor hairy nightshade control. competitor, capable of reducing corn, soybean, and sugarbeet yield
Refer to pages 114 to 119 for chemical control options. Other by 15, 44, and 70%, respectively. Waterhemp is established in
options for nightshade management include planting of eastern ND and western MN.
uncontaminated seed, using crop rotations, multiple herbicide
applications to control late flushes, and inter-row cultivation. Waterhemp is resistant to Group 2, 4, 5, 9, 14, 15, and 27 herbicides
as well as multiple-resistant (combinations of more than one of these
S9. Common ragweed is an annual, composite weed species that mechanisms of action) biotypes. Because of the presence of
is common in eastern and central ND. A single common ragweed herbicide-resistant biotypes, wide genetic diversity, late emergence,
plant can produce up to 64,000 seeds. Common ragweed emerges rapid growth, increased leaf waxes, and high plant densities,
early in the growing season and germination ceases in early July waterhemp is difficult to manage. Apply effective soil-applied
when hot temperatures arrive. Common ragweed biotypes resistant herbicides followed by effective POST herbicides to small (1 to 3 inch)
to Group 2 and 9 are common and Group 14 resistance is quickly waterhemp. Choose residual POST herbicides to improve season
increasing. Special management of common ragweed in all crops long control. Utilize row-crop cultivation and hand-weeding as
is necessary to maintain effective control with herbicides into the necessary to achieve zero tolerance (100% weed control) so as to not
future. increase the frequency of single and multiple herbicide-resistant
biotypes.
To successfully management common ragweed apply soil-residual
herbicides at 100% of the maximum rate followed by the most
effective POST herbicide at maximum labeled rates in all crops. It
can be managed with only POST herbicides in corn and cereal S12. Biennial wormwood plants in ND emerge throughout the spring
crops but difficult in broadleaf crops. Apply the maximum rate of and summer, behave like an annual species, and produce up to 1
soil-residual herbicides when planting conventional soybean or million seeds/plant. B. wormwood seeds are very small and can be
where glyphosate-resistance is present at a high frequency. dispersed easily by wind, water, and all human-related operations. B.
wormwood thrives in undisturbed (no- or minimum-till) areas, low
areas, and areas where soil may remain wet for extended periods of
time. Consequently, with every rain event a new flush of wormwood
seedlings may appear.
S10. Giant ragweed is a member of the composite family, has a
summer annual life cycle, produces up to 5,000 seeds per plant, Biennial wormwood survives most PPI, PRE, and POST herbicides
and produces greater than a billion pollen grains/plant. Giant and is misidentified as common ragweed. Also, biennial wormwood
ragweed is a very large and fast growing plant capable of growing can emerge late after most POST herbicides have been applied.

100
Rescue treatments with herbicides that control common ragweed, ANNUAL WEED CONTROL - S12-15
such as Ultra Blazer and FirstRate, have little or no effect on
wormwood. Wormwood plants can grow six feet tall with a woody S14. Powell amaranth is in the pigweed (Amaranth) family, is native
stem that averages 1 to 2 inches in diameter and can impede grain to the southwestern United States, but it is common throughout the
harvest, including damage to harvesting equipment. United States including North Dakota. Seedling characteristics that
are very similar to redroot pigweed include small fine hairs found
Biennial wormwood is difficult to control because of an extended throughout the plant along rough leaf and stem surfaces. First leaves
emergence period and tolerance to many PPI, PRE (Harness*/ are more tapered and pinched toward the end. Powell amaranth grow
Surpass*, Dual*, Prowl, Sonalan, and Treflan*) and POST (most erect from 4 to 6 feet. The inflorescence is several long, narrow
ALS herbicides, Cobra, Flexstar/Reflex, and Ultra Blazer) clusters of both male and female flowers interspersed with spiny
herbicides used in row crops. Sencor*, Huskie, Python, Spartan, green bracts. Inflorescence is less branched than redroot pigweed or
Valor, and Wolverine provide residual biennial wormwood control. smooth pigweed. Branches of the flowering structure are usually 4 to
Growth regulator herbicides of 2,4-D, dicamba, Curtail*/M*, Hornet, 8 inches long. There is no known herbicide resistance Powell
Status, Stinger*, Widematch* and the non-selective herbicides amaranth in ND, although there is some evidence to suggest that
Liberty and glyphosate control wormwood. However, biennial redroot pigweed is more susceptible to glyphosate than Powell
wormwood can emerge after most non-residual POST herbicides amaranth.
have been applied and produce seed the same season.

Basagran may not control wormwood with one application.

Wormwood becomes tolerant to herbicides as plant size increases
requiring application to small plants. Basagran applied with MSO
and in repeat applications to small plants will improve control.

S13. Wild oat is difficult to eradicate because the seeds shatter

before crops are harvested and because seed dormancy causes
delayed germination. Wild oat is a cool season plant and seeds
germinate in the spring and fall when favorable temperature and
moisture conditions exist. Cultural approaches available for wild oat
control in small grains include delayed small grain seeding, post
seeding cultivation, and competitive crops. The most practical
cultural method of wild oat control is delayed small grain seeding,
which involves early soil cultivation to stimulate wild oat
germination followed by tillage or chemical control to kill emerged
wild oat prior to crop seeding. Delayed seeding may cause a
significant wheat yield reduction when compared with early
seeding.

Other cultural control practices are planting competitive crops like

barley and rye. Wild oat eradication is not practical or economically
sound; therefore, a combination of cultural and chemical control
methods should be used to manage wild oat populations and
minimize yield losses.

Apply POST wild oat herbicides to wild oat and crops at precise
leaf stages. Early application may result in better yield because of
less competition with the crop, but later flush of wild oat may
require a second application. In general, any population warrants
chemical control to prevent yield losses and reduce seed
production. Wheat yield reduction from foxtail and wild oat
competition in NDSU research follows.

Grass Weed Competition in Wheat

Weeds/sq. yard Foxtail Wild oats
% wheat yield reduction
10 0 8-9%
50 4-5% 18%
75 6-7% 25%
100 8-9% 34%
150 15% 40%
*Or generic equivalent.

101
PERENNIAL WEED CONTROL generally safe around most tree species except those in the legume
family and can be used near but not in streams and ditches with
T1. Field bindweed. Facet L (quinclorac) is the most effective
flowing water.
herbicide for field bindweed control. Apply in fallow, postharvest, or
preplant in spring prior to seeding wheat, including durum. Wheat
Rosette Technique. The rosette technique maximizes long-term
and sorghum have a 0 hour plant back restriction. Apply in fall prior
Canada thistle control by encouraging root buds to break dormancy
to a killing frost to bindweed at least 4 inches long. For best long-
but not initiate flowering. These vegetative shoots provide better
term bindweed control, make yearly fall applications of Facet at 28
absorption, translocation, and activity than flowering shoots. Greatest
to 32 fl oz/A. Use the higher rates for dense populations or large
control occurs when herbicides are applied in the fall to new growth of
plants. Apply with MSO adjuvant at 1 to 1.5 pt/A plus UAN at 1
Canada thistle in the rosette stage. Periodic tillage in fallow controls
gal/A to bindweed at least 4 inches long.
Canada thistle shoots and other weeds until mid July when the day-
length is less than 15 hours. Canada thistle shoots that emerge when
T2. Curly dock is a perennial broadleaf weed in the buckwheat
day-length is less than 15 hours do not bolt but remain in the rosette
family. It typically grows in moist soils, in areas such as roadside
growth stage. Apply glyphosate, Stinger*, Curtail*, or WideMatch* to
ditches, wetlands, and low-lying areas in cropland and pastures.
rosettes in late September or early October. For in-crop control, use
The plant has a large, fleshy, yellow-orange colored taproot. The
herbicides and between-row tillage to prevent bolting. Continue
plant grows initially as a rosette (like a dandelion) and eventually
cultivation until canopy closure in soybean and until early July in corn.
produces an erect stem that ranges from 1- to 3-feet tall. Flowers
Apply effective post-harvest herbicides until early October. Herbicides
are green and are present primarily during early summer. It
fall-applied to rosette Canada thistle provide greater control and root
reproduces primarily from seed (range of 100 to over 60,000 seeds
kill compared with treating bolted thistle.
per plant) but can also emerge from root fragments. Seedlings
emerge from late spring through early fall. Perennial regrowth
T4. Rough cinquefoil can develop as an annual, biennial, or short-
begins in April to May from taproots. The plant turns rusty-brown at
lived perennial. Rough cinquefoil leaves are alternate and compound
maturity. Tillage that completely destroys the taproot will control
with 3 leaflets at the end of a petiole. Individual leaflets have serrated
curly dock. Mowing will prevent seed production and reduce top
margins. Stipules are at the base of the petiole where it attaches to
growth. Spring application of labeled herbicides will control
the stem. Rough cinquefoil has yellow flowers with 5 petals and plants
seedling plants. Herbicide application in the fall is the best timing
are often confused with wild strawberry, which has more smooth leaf
for controlling perennial (established) plants. Herbicides that
margins. Chemical control of rough cinquefoil in cropland is limited.
contain glyphosate (>1.25 lb ae/A at bud to early flower stage or in
Glyphosate at 0.75 lb ae/A provides fair to good control and tank
the fall after a light frost); thifensulfuron (> 0.33 oz ai/A); tribenuron
mixing with Sharpen in a burndown did not improve control. Wheat or
(>0.1875 oz ai/A) plus thifensulfuron, 2,4-D, or MCPA;
row-crop herbicide labels do not list cinquefoil. Some Trimec labels
aminopyralid; bromoxynil; or clopyralid can effectively control curly
for lawns list cinquefoil as controlled, but can not confirm control. In
dock. Other SU herbicides, Callisto, Huskie, Laudis, Liberty, and
non-cropland, use Tordon, Milestone, 2,4-D, or Ally for control or
Sharpen can suppress curly dock. See herbicide labels for use,
suppression. High rates are required restricting cropland use.
application rates and procedures, crop rotation restrictions, etc.
T5. Dandelion is a simple perennial weed that is most associated
T3. Canada thistle is a major problem in ND due to reduced
with undisturbed sites such as lawns, road ditches, and minimum-
tillage, wet weather, lack of persistent control strategies, and
and no-tillage fields. The plant is easily recognized for its bright yellow
expense of control. NDSU research has shown that Stinger* and
flowers on a leafless stem that turn into a fluffy round ball when seeds
Curtail* provide the best long-term Canada thistle control in crop.
reach maturity and that are dispersed by wind currents. Above-ground
Glyphosate alone or with 2,4-D gives good control applied pre- and
foliage is arranged as a rosette (many leaves on a very short stem).
post-harvest. However, control is reduced under dry conditions.
Long-established dandelion have a large and deep taproot with
Dicamba and Express* give only season-long control. In small
multiple dormant buds that grow any time a root is damaged by
grains, applying Express* plus 2,4-D* and dicamba enhances
herbicide or cut. Dandelion is extremely difficult to control because of
control. 2,4-D applied at jointing followed by Curtail* applied post-
extended germination from early spring into the fall. Dandelion over-
harvest to rosette thistle provides good long-term control. Pre-
winter and grow from rootstock. Dandelion growing from seed
harvest glyphosate treatments also give good control. glyphosate
generally does not emerge until later spring or early summer after
applied alone is similar in control to Curtail* but provides less
POST herbicides have been applied. Manage dandelion with tillage
control than glyphosate plus 2,4-D.
and herbicides, including glyphosate, Express, 2,4-D, or dicamba
applied in late fall. Spring applications can control dandelion, but are
Stinger*, Curtail*, glyphosate, and 2,4-D have the greatest activity
not as effective as fall applications. Post-harvest applications
on Canada thistle in annual cropping systems. Highest rates
typically provide better control than pre-harvest applications. Do not
should be used without interfering with next years cropping pattern.
tank mix glyphosate with Group 14 herbicides such as Sharpen,
Apply high rates of herbicides to patches before thistle infestations
Spartan, Valor, or Aim if dandelion is a primary target for weed control
increase. Timing is a critical factor. Herbicides applied after a light
because these herbicides will reduce glyphosate absorption resulting
frost may enhance control but application to leaf tissue destroyed
in reduced dandelion control. Refer to the following sources for
by frost may result in less control due to lack of herbicide uptake.
biology and management of dandelion: Paragraph B2.
Tillage can be a critical factor. Delaying tillage 1 to 2 weeks after
T6. Common milkweed has become a weed problem in cultivated
application in late fall increases control and may add an additional
cropland due to an extensive deep root system, insulating winter
30 to 40% control for herbicide treatments that gave 30 to 50%
snow, moist to wet summer conditions, tolerance to many commonly
control without tillage. If lower herbicide rates or less effective
used herbicides, reduced tillage, and lack of human persistence in
herbicides are used, tillage is very important. If tillage is not
control measures. Common milkweed is tolerant to most herbicides.
planned, implement a program of multiple applications of the most
Control requires multiple herbicide applications. Preventing
effective herbicides at the highest rates practical. Spray rosettes of
establishment and spread of milkweed patches requires continuous
actively growing plants using the rosette technique described
scouting and persistent control efforts.
below.
Milestone effectively controls Canada thistle, but is labeled only on
Prevent seed production. Milkweed seed is highly viable and will
noncropland, such as pastures, rangeland, and CRP. Milestone is
germinate readily. Pappus on seeds allows long-distance travel and is
102
responsible for establishment. Common milkweed seedlings
becomes perennial (capable of reproducing from underground PERENNIAL WEEDS IN CROPS
roots) approximately 3 weeks after emergence. New shoots
develop from established roots and begin emerging in late April T9. Perennial weed control systems in crops should include in-
and grow more rapidly than spring seeded crops. Milkweed control crop (conventional and particularly Roundup Ready crops if
is expensive. Individual plants and small patches are easier and available), preharvest, and postharvest herbicide applications.
less expensive to treat than entire fields. Patch spraying covers Regardless of application, retreatment once or twice per year will be
only a fraction of the area of a broadcast application. Patch required for successful control of perennial weeds. Once large
spraying allows use of higher herbicide rates with less expense patches are controlled, seedlings will require treatment annually with
than broadcast spraying. registered in-crop herbicides. Glyphosate use in Roundup Ready
corn, soybean, canola, and sugarbeet is a very effective system to
Common milkweed control and management. control perennial weeds. NDSU research has shown good control of
NDSU Research. Herbicides applied in June. established Canada thistle patches with glyphosate applied
Months after application preharvest. For postharvest herbicide applications to be effective,
treatment of new plant growth is required. Tillage combined with any
Herbicide Rate 3 mo. 12 mo. herbicide treatment enhances control. Tables for each crop or
pt/A --- % control --- perennial weed listed in this guide gives most effective herbicide
2,4-D ester* 4 36 48 choices, rates, and application information.
Dicamba 2 71 61
T10. Glyphosate at 0.75 to 1.5 lb ae/A applied as a spot treatment
Dicamba + 2,4-D 0.5 + 2 26 15 will give season-long control of most perennial weeds in wheat,
Curtail 4 13 6 barley, oat, corn, and soybean. glyphosate is non-selective and will
Glyphosate 1.5 lb ae 56 99 kill crop in the treated area. Avoid drift outside the target area.
Express* + 2,4-D + dicamba controls only top-growth. Glyphosate is non-residual so plants may emerge after treatment and
unaffected rhizomes or roots from perennials will continue to grow.
Glyphosate at 1.5 lb ae/A applied preharvest will reduce milkweed See label or tables for application stage and rates. Glyphosate at 0.75
densities 85 to 95% compared to in-crop applications, which lb ae/A applied preharvest gives good Canada thistle and quackgrass
reduce milkweed densities by less than 40%. Apply herbicides control. When tillage is used after harvest, glyphosate will give greater
when milkweed is in the late-bud to flowering stage and actively Canada thistle control when applied preharvest than post-harvest.
growing. Control patches when small. Patch-spray glyphosate at
1.5 to 2 lb ae/A. Apply glyphosate with AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gallons of PERENNIAL WEEDS IN PASTURES
water. (See Z1 for haying and grazing restrictions)

T7. Fall-applied herbicides can be effective for controlling T11. 2,4-D ester or amine at 2 to 4 pt/A controls many perennial
perennial weeds provided most stem and leaf tissue has not been weeds in pastures. Some perennials such as fringed sagebrush and
killed by frost. Weeds such as field bindweed, leafy spurge and western snowberry (buckbrush) are controlled with one application
Canada thistle should have 6 to 12 inches or more of stem or and perennials such as Canada thistle, field bindweed, and leafy
rosette tissue before treatment for adequate leaf area to absorb the spurge require retreatment annually. 2,4-D can be used where
herbicide. Good leafy spurge control can be expected through mid- Tordon cannot, but avoid drift onto susceptible plants. Hi-Dep allows
October with auxin herbicides even after several light frosts when use at spray volumes as low as 1 gpa by ground or 0.5 gpa by air.
the leaves are green or red and still firmly attached to the stem.
Milestone provides superior control to Tordon when applied in late 2,4-D formulations registered for use in water include Agriliance
fall (October). “AgriSolutions 2,4-D Amine 4", UAP “Savage” and “Amine 4 2,4-D
Weed Killer”, Nufarm “Weedar 64", Van Diest “Cornbelt 4 lb Amine”
T8. Mowing or tillage is a good means of reducing perennial weed and “Cornbelt Navigate", and Helena “Opti-Amine”. Use only 2,4-D
seed production. If fall herbicide applications are planned, mowing formulations registered for use near or in water. Refer to 2,4-D labels
or tillage should be discontinued early enough to allow adequate for registered use and information.
plant regrowth. Post-harvest treatments can be applied when weed
growth is about 1 foot tall. Preharvest herbicide treatment should T12. Crossbow (triclopyr & 2,4-D) at 1 to 6 qt/A can be applied to
precede harvest by at least 5 days to allow adequate herbicide grass pastures for broadleaf weed and brush control. Crossbow plus
translocation in perennial weeds. Fortunately the minimum PHI for 2,4-D generally provides better musk thistle and brush control than
many preharvest treatments meets or exceeds this guideline. 2,4-D alone. Do not graze lactating dairy animals or harvest hay from
treated areas for 1 year after application. Do not graze beef animals
within 3 days of slaughter during the first year after treatment.

T13. Dicamba at 1 to 2 pt/A will suppress some perennials, especially

field bindweed and weeds resistant to 2,4-D. Dicamba can be applied
in 1 to 5 gpa in pasture, rangeland, and fallow. When applying
dicamba at 2 pt/A or less, use 0.5% v/v surfactant or AMS at 2 to 6
lb/100 gal of spray solution. Long-term control generally is achieved
with 4 to 16 pt/A but the high rates are economical only for spot
treatment. Dicamba has a shorter soil residual than Tordon, but
should not be applied where desirable plants may be damaged by
herbicide leached to the root system. The label indicates the required
delay between treatment and grazing of dairy animals or cutting for
hay but varies with rate from 7 to 90 days.

103
T14-19 - PERENNIAL WEED CONTROL watershed.

T14. Escort* (metsulfuron) at 0.1 to 0.3 oz 75DF/A or Cimarron T18. Mixture of Tordon + Plateau applied in June has provided
products (metsulfuron & chlorsulfuron) can be applied in rangeland, greater leafy spurge control than Tordon + 2,4-D. Use of 2,4-D with
grass pastures, and non-cropland for control of noxious and Tordon + Plateau is not necessary but will increase the spectrum of
troublesome weeds. Spot treat at higher rates when practical. broadleaf weeds controlled. Research by NDSU has shown improved
Spray foliage for thorough coverage but not to run-off. Add a NIS at leafy spurge control both in-season and the season following
0.25 to 0.5% v/v or PO at 1% v/v. Use of NIS may cause temporary application when Tordon and Plateau are used.
yellowing, stunting, and suppression of head development in
annual and perennial grasses. To avoid grass injury, do not apply Months after application
to desirable grasses under stress, nor to grasses grown for seed.
Products with 2,4-D, dicamba, and many other herbicides increase Treatment Product/A 3 12 15
control and reduce risk of resistant weeds. Some brands of Ally* at --------- % control ----------
1 to 1.5 oz DF/A can be applied by air (helicopter and fixed wing)
Tordon + 2,4-D 1 pt + 1qt 75 48 0
for weed control to utility and pipeline right-of-ways, military
installations, and rangeland and pasture. Tordon + 2,4-D + 1 pt+1 qt +
Plateau + MSO 4 oz+1 qt 92 83 75
T15. Milestone (aminopyralid) at rates up to 14 oz/A per annual MSO adjuvant is required.
growing season may be applied as a spot treatment to not more Do not apply after July 1.
than 50% of an area. Milestone has no grazing or haying Bromegrass species occasionally have shown short-term injury.
restrictions but allow 3 days for animals to graze in untreated areas
before transferring them to areas with sensitive broadleaf plants. T19. NRCS Policy on Noxious Weed Control in CRP.
May be applied to waters edge and in seasonally dry wetlands. Do Taken from ND NRCS Exhibit 3, 2-CRP Manual, para. 210.
not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is Established CRP Stands: Policy requires that no clipping or spraying
present. Milestone can be applied to the soil under the canopy of of entire fields should be done during the primary nesting period (April
several trees. Refer to label for list of tree species. Apply only as a 15 to August 1) for normal weed control. If noxious weeds are present
directed spray under the canopy. Do not apply Milestone over-the- and the critical control period for the weed falls in the primary nesting
top of any tree. Legume plant and tree species are very susceptible period, spot treatment of weeds is allowed. Herbicides chosen should
to Milestone. maintain the grass and legume mixture. If this is not possible, control
of the noxious weeds is a priority over maintaining legumes in the
T16. Plateau (imazapic) with MSO adjuvant at 1 qt/A and UAN at 1 mix. Always notify your local USDA Service Center before making any
qt/A applied from early September to mid-October controls many herbicide applications.
grass and broadleaf weeds, including foxtail and leafy spurge in
right-of-ways, pasture, rangeland, and CRP. Warm- season New CRP Stands: Policy requires that weeds (noxious, common,
grasses are more tolerant than cool-season grasses. Highest rate volunteer grain, etc.) be controlled in CRP. Clipping and/or spraying
provides longer control but increases grass injury. Plateau does not during establishment should be used to control weed growth and
control absinth wormwood. Plateau does not injure desirable reduce competition for the new seedlings. Clipping and/or spraying
forage grasses or some broadleaf species including lead plant may be done at any time during the establishment period. If noxious
(Amorpha canescens), purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea), weeds are present, control of noxious weeds is a priority over
prairie wild rose (Rosa arkansana), willow, (Salix species), and wild maintaining legumes in the mix. If the legume is killed after spraying
raspberry (Rubus species). and before the grass/alfalfa stand is established then a legume must
be reseeded. Once the stand is established follow the above
T17. Tordon (picloram) at 4 to 8 pt/A applied as a spot treatment guidelines for established CRP stands. Always notify your local USDA
controls broadleaf perennial weeds such as leafy spurge, common Service Center before making any herbicide applications.
milkweed, field bindweed, Canada thistle, and Russian knapweed
on rangelands and permanent grass pastures. Tordon at 1 to 2 *Or generic equivalent.
pt/A applied POST will suppress growth of perennial broadleaf
weeds. Retreatment at the same rates is necessary the following
year. The most cost-effective broadcast spring-applied treatment
for leafy spurge control is Tordon at 1 pt/A plus 2,4-D* at 2 pt/A
applied annually for 3 to 5 years. Do not apply Tordon with dry
fertilizers.

Tordon is a restricted pesticide because it is toxic to most

broadleaf plants. Spray drift will damage broadleaf crops and
plants. Tordon is water soluble and may leach in the soil;
consequently, do not apply in areas where a sandy porous surface
and substrata overlay ground water 10 feet or less below the
surface. Tordon must not be allowed to drift into surface water
(including wells), irrigation water and drainage ditches or near
shelterbelts, shrubs, or trees.

Do not cut grass for feed within 2 weeks after treatment at Tordon
rates greater than 2 pt/A. Tordon is excreted in the urine which
restricts transfer of livestock from treated grass areas onto
sensitive broadleaf crop areas for 12 months after application
without first allowing 7 days of grazing on untreated grass. When
the Tordon rate exceeds 2 pt/A, the total area treated should not
exceed 25% of a land owner’s acreage found in any particular
104
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PERENNIAL WEEDS
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PERENNIAL WEEDS - T20 - 21
T20. Leafy spurge. Eight insects species have been released in
North Dakota for biological control of leafy spurge. Flea beetles Research at NDSU has shown that the leafy spurge gall midge is
(Aphthona spp.) have been the most effective insects due to root compatible with herbicide treatment in an integrated leafy spurge
feeding by larvae, rapid establishment, and increase after management program. Herbicides such as Tordon or 2,4-D should be
introduction, and ease in capture to transport to additional applied at the optimum growth stage for leafy spurge control. Some of
locations. Flea beetles are distributed through the ND Biological the area (perhaps 15 to 25%) must be left untreated to sustain the
Control Program. Contact your county weed officer or board insect population. This integrated program may be most useful near
member for information. Release flea beetles on a well-drained wooded areas or rough terrain. Consult NDSU Ext. Service Circulars
south-facing slope with a moderate density of leafy spurge (60 to W-866, Integrated Management of Leafy Spurge; W-1088 Leafy
90 plants/square yard) with minimal grass cover. Do not collect or Spurge Biology, Ecology, and Management W-1183; and Leafy
move flea beetles, cultivate, burn site, or apply insecticide within Spurge Control Using Flea Beetles, for further details.
0.25 mile of release site for 3 to 5 years to allow establishment.
During establishment, landowners should prevent expansion of the Grazing. Sheep and goats provide an alternative to herbicides for
leafy spurge infestation by treating uninfested perimeters with controlling leafy spurge top-growth in pasture and rangeland with
herbicides. The best time to collect and distribute flea beetles is large infestations or along waterways and tree areas. Grazing alone
between 1000 to 1500 accumulated growing degree days (AGDD) reduces but does not eliminate leafy spurge infestation. Grazing
for sunflower. Scout for establishment when the total AGDD for slows the spread and allows grasses to be grazed by livestock.
sunflower reaches 1100 to 1200. Flea beetle density prior to 1200 Grazing should be started in spring when plants first emerge. Divide
and after 1600 AGDD is low. infested areas into sections so animals can repeatedly graze new
Collect Beetles growth. NDSU research has shown that grazing leafy spurge with
goats followed by a fall-applied herbicide treatment provided more
rapid and better long-term leafy spurge control than either method
used alone. Consult NDSU Ext. Service Circular W-866, Integrated
Beetle Population

Management of Leafy Spurge, for details.

First Emergence Population Peak Population Decline

Recommended stocking rates vary with terrain, leafy spurge density,

and rainfall during the growing season. Sheep should be grazed at
about 3 to 6 head/A/month or 1 to 2 ewes/A. Angora goats should be
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 grazed at 12 to 16 goats/A/month or 3 to 4 goats/A. Grazing with
Growing Degree Days for Sunflower goats controls leafy spurge with little utilization of the grass species.
The stocking rate will decline over time as the leafy spurge infestation
is reduced. Animals should be contained for 3 to 5 days so viable
Use an insect sweep net to collect beetles to estimate density. seed can pass through the digestive system before they are moved to
Collect beetles from 10:00 am to 3:00 pm, greater than 70 F, little non-infested areas. Which animal to utilize will depend on a land
or no wind, sunny skies, and when leafy spurge foliage is dry. manager's specific conditions, such as fencing, availability of animals,
Sweep 5 times over an area of 1 m2.. Count the number of flea need to overwinter, and prevailing markets at the time. Consult NDSU
beetles by removing excess trash and non-flea beetle insects and Extension Service Circular R-1093, Controlling Leafy Spurge Using
pour beetles into a graduated container. Every 10 ml of flea beetles Goats and Sheep, for further details.
is approximately 1000 individuals.
T21. Purple loosestrife. Three insect species have been released
Redistribute flea beetles to other leafy spurge infestations when into North Dakota for purple loosestrife control. The insects and plant
500 to 1000 beetles per 5 minute sweeping period are collected. parts attacked are:
Over-harvest of beetles is not possible because many flea beetles Galerucella pusilla - a leaf-feeding beetle
fall to the ground prior to being swept or are on the soil surface Galerucella calmariensis - a leaf-feeding beetle
laying eggs. Redistribute flea beetles in a small area of 10 ft2 or Hylobius transversovittatus - a root-mining weevil
less. A successful release should result in 50 or more flea beetles Biological agents hold promise for large infestations, thereby reducing
in 5 sweeps the summer following release. If densities are less the spread from neighboring states. However, purple loosestrife
than 50 flea beetles/5 sweeps then re-infest the site with additional infestations in North Dakota are very small and isolated and should
flea beetles. A portion of the release area can be treated with be controlled by chemical and/or mechanical methods. Biological
picloram plus 2,4-D (2 pt + 2 pt) from early to mid-September to control agents for purple loosestrife may not work well in urban areas
reduce leafy spurge density and increase insect establishment. because mosquito spraying severely reduces populations of
biocontrol agents.
Research at North Dakota University has shown greater leafy
spurge control when herbicides are combined with flea beetles *Or generic equivalent.
compared to either used alone. Contact your county weed officer
for date, time, and location of flea beetle collection in your area and
information on purchasing collection equipment. An instructional
video is available from the North Dakota Department of Agriculture,
“How To Raise Leafy Spurge Flea Beetles, North Dakota’s
Biological Control Program”.

Leafy spurge gall midge (Spurgia esulae) prevents galled stems

from flowering, thereby decreasing seed production. The gall
midge generally infests only part of a leafy spurge population so
seed production is reduced but not eliminated. A second control
method is needed to reduce the original infestation and prevent
spread by roots and seeds of plants not galled.
105
HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEEDS Metabolic resistance is believed to be present in many other weed
X1. Herbicide resistance occurs with repeated use of a specific species.
herbicide or a combination of herbicides for control of weed
species that contain some plants in the population with resistant Herbicide sequestration / Altered herbicide localization - Nearly
genes. The resistant type will increase with each use of the all plants with this type of resistance are injured shortly after the
herbicide(s) because the gene pool in the field will shift from herbicide application because the movement of herbicide is either
susceptible to resistant. This shift may be permanent, assuming impeded, moved away from the target site, or moved to a location
that the resistant type plants are equally “fit” in the cropping where it is ineffective. This may be at the whole-plant or cellular level.
environment. Use of one herbicide from a group with one Herbicide sequestration is considered low-level resistance because
mechanism of action may give resistance to other herbicides with increasing rates applied to smaller plants increases mortality.
the same mechanism of action. However, weed specificity for Examples of herbicide sequestration include biotypes of glyphosate-
resistance is known for different herbicides within a mechanism of resistant horseweed, ryegrass, common and giant ragweed, and
action group. For example, if a wild oat population is resistant to weed biotypes resistant to paraquat. Variable lambsquarters control
one ACCase inhibitor herbicide, other ACCase inhibitor herbicides may result from limited glyphosate translocation.
may or may not provide control.
Target-site amplification - Some glyphosate-resistant kochia,
Weed populations with wide genetic diversity may develop Palmer amaranth, and waterhemp express increased levels of
resistance rapidly, especially for herbicides with a single herbicide-susceptible EPSPS target-site protein. These plants can
mechanism of action. Large plant numbers, prolific seed have up to 100 copies or more of the EPSPS gene, and produce
production, high rates of weed migration/spread, and diverse more target-site enzyme than glyphosate can fully inhibit.
environmental conditions may contribute to high genetic diversity.
For example, kochia developed resistance rapidly in North Dakota Cross and Multiple Resistance
to SU herbicides because of genetic diversity and the single mode A plant with a single resistance mechanism that survives treatment
of action (ALS inhibition). Weeds may vary in resistance to with chemicals within the same mechanism of action is cross resistant
herbicides of the same mechanism of action group, especially if the to those chemicals. Resistance that develops to one ALS herbicide
herbicides are from different chemical classes. For example, chemistry often confers cross resistance to other ALS herbicide
weeds resistant to SU herbicides may or may not be cross- chemistries. In some cases, resistance that develops to a SU confers
resistant to the Imi class of ALS inhibitors. Weeds may also vary in cross resistance to imidazolinones.
resistance to herbicides of the same chemical class, depending on
their specific resistance mutation(s). Table X1 lists herbicides A plant with two or more resistance mechanisms that survives
within various mode of action groups as a guide for possible cross treatment with different chemicals within a different mechanism of
resistance. action has multiple resistance, example: a kochia plant that survives
SU and atrazine has multiple resistance.
Types of Resistance
Altered target site - Genetic mutations within a herbicide site of Herbicide-resistant weed species in ND:
action can prevent complete herbicide interaction with binding (#) = Herbicide mode of action, see pages 108-109.
sites, allowing the target-site protein to remain functional. The - ACCase inhibitor herbicides (1): wild oat and green foxtail.
incomplete inhibition of the altered site of action may result in little - ALS inhibitor herbicides (2): green foxtail, kochia, marshelder,
to no observed plant injury. Where the herbicide has such little mustard, ragweed, redroot/powell pigweed, waterhemp, and wild oat.
inhibitory effect on the site of action, plants may survive greater E. black nightshade and redroot pigweed - Imi herbicides.
than 10 times the normal herbicide rate (considered high-level - Mitotic inhibitor (3): green foxtail - Treflan, Sonalan, Prowl.
resistance). Mechanisms of action where high-level resistance is - Growth regulator (4): kochia - 2,4-D and dicamba, Starane
most often seen include ACCase, ALS, and photosystem II - Photosystem II inhibitor (5, 7): kochia.
inhibitors. However, target-site alterations may only partially reduce - EPSP synthase inhibitor (9): Horseweed (marestail), kochia,
a herbicide's inhibitory effect. Such are considered low-level common ragweed, waterhemp, and lambsquarters = unconfirmed.
resistance because plants are unlikely to survive greater than 10 - PPO inhibitor (14): ragweed and waterhemp (suspected).
times the normal use rate. Plants with low-level target-site
resistance may sometimes be controlled when the herbicide is Multiple Resistance:
applied to small plants at high-end label rates. Examples of low- Green foxtail - Group 1 + 2 Kochia - Group 2 + 4 + 9
level resistance due to target-site alterations include common Ragweed - Group 2 + 9 + 14 Waterhemp - Group 2 + 9
ragweed resistant to PPO inhibitors, and goosegrass and some Wild oat - Group 1 + 2, 8 + 26
ryegrass resistant to glyphosate.
Herbicide-resistant weed species in other U.S. states:
Altered herbicide metabolic processes - Plants prevent - ALS inhibitor (2): Yellow foxtail, giant foxtail, lambsquarters,
herbicide toxicity by rapid degradation. Corn degrades atrazine by sunflower, P Amaranth, cocklebur, ragweed, and Russian thistle.
this mechanism. This type of resistance is more complex than - Growth regulator (4): Wild mustard, field bindweed, waterhemp.
altered site-of-action type resistance because it involves several - Photosystem II Inhibitor (5): Yellow foxtail, redroot pigweed,
plant processes. Plants with altered metabolism resistance can Powell amaranth, lambsquarters, common ragweed, and waterhemp.
degrade several unrelated herbicides of different modes of action - EPSP Synthase Inhibitor (9) (glyphosate): Kochia, R. Thistle,
through multiple genes controlling metabolic processes. horseweed, ragweed, Palmer Amaranth, waterhemp, and
lambsquarters (suspected)
Plant injury may occur because plants can not rapidly degrade - Glutamine synthetase (10) (glufosinate): Italian ryegrass.
absorbed herbicide, causing this mechanism to be considered low- - PPO inhibitor (14): Palmer amaranth, ragweed and waterhemp.
level resistance. Therefore increasing the herbicide rate to smaller - Very Long Chain Fatty Acid Inhibitor (15): waterhemp and Palmer
plants may control more plants. Examples of altered herbicide amaranth
metabolism include some ryegrass resistant to ACCase, ALS, and - HPPD inhibitor (27): P amaranth and waterhemp.
photosystem II inhibitors, and velvetleaf resistant to atrazine.
Multiple Resistance:
Waterhemp - Group 2 + 4 + 5 + 9 + 14 + 27.
106
Horseweed (marestail) and kochia - Group 2 + 9. will reduce weed emergence and allow flexibility in POST herbicide
Waterhemp, common ragweed, and giant ragweed: timing. Residual PRE herbicides applied to soil and early POST (if
Group 2 + 9 or Group 2 + 14 or Group 2 + 9 + 14. labeled) will suppress weed emergence through canopy closure,
Palmer amaranth: Group 2 + 3 + 5 + 9 + 14 particularly those with a long germination pattern (waterhemp). Use
PRE herbicides that will effectively control problem weeds.

Weeds expressing some natural tolerance to glyphosate: 5. Apply effective POST herbicides. Apply herbicides that include
Cinquefoil, clover, lambsquarters, common mallow, dandelion, multiple mechanisms of action in tank-mix or in sequential
galinsoga, horseweed (marestail), kochia, nightshade, nutsedge, applications. Two or more herbicides in mixture must have activity
Pennsylvania pellitory, prickly lettuce, purslane speedwell, against potentially resistant weeds to be effective. Herbicides in most
smartweed, velvetleaf, waterhemp, wild buckwheat. commercial mixtures do not target the same weed species. Effective
tank-mixtures on weeds will reduce selection of herbicide-resistant
Weeds expressing some natural tolerance to glufosinate biotypes more successfully than rotating herbicide modes of action.
(Liberty): grasses, lambsquarters, yellow nutsedge. Antagonism may occur with some mixtures, especially between
contact and systemic herbicides.
For a comprehensive list of resistant weeds in North Dakota, 6. Use high herbicide rates and effective adjuvants. Full rates kill
U.S., and world see web site: www.weedscience.com weeds with low-level resistance and dead plants cannot produce
resistant progeny. Reduced rates allow plants with low-level
GENERAL WEED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: resistance to survive, hybridize, and produce progeny with elevated
The following strategies should be effective in reducing problems resistance. Hybrid plants (>1 resistance gene) express a higher level
with herbicide tolerant and resistant weed biotypes, but no single of resistance and require even higher herbicide rates to kill the plant.
strategy is likely to be totally effective. Dead weeds means zero tolerance (no seed production, zero
resistant progeny) and is effective resistance weed management.
Weed resistance in weeds cannot be prevented, but can be
delayed. Herbicide rotations, management, and tillage will only 7. Spray small annual weeds. Generally, small weeds (<3 inches)
delay resistance by the length of time the selection pressure for a are more susceptible to herbicides than large weeds. Even weeds
given herbicide is removed by an alternative control method. with low level herbicide resistance are more susceptible at 1 inch than
Resistance may occur first in fields where repeated use of a single at larger growth stages.
mode of action herbicide is used in a growing season or across
several growing seasons. The gene pool does not revert back in 8. Practice Zero Tolerance. Scout fields after row closure and kill
absence of the original selection, except when the resistant plants uncontrolled weeds. Seed from escaped weeds will contribute to the
are poorly fit. Fitness has not been greatly different for resistant weed seedbank and will require diversified weed management
and susceptible biotypes and should not be relied upon for strategies of mowing, cultivation/tillage, and hand weeding to achieve
resistance management. near 100% weed control. Timely cultivation can improve weed control
and handpulling is effective for single plants or small patches.
Integrated weed management uses multiple strategies to manage
weed populations including the following: 9. Control weeds in field perimeters, drown out, and non-crop
- Scouting, proper weed identification, and weed mapping. areas. Weeds surviving a partial herbicide dose on field borders can
- Use crop canopy/competition to improve weed control. be a repository for the introduction of resistant weeds into a field.
- Use weaknesses in the biology of weed species which include Control weeds in all areas of the field where crop is not growing
traits, life cycles, and ecology. including field edges, fence lines, waterways, ditch banks, and areas
- Judicious use of and multiple approaches with herbicides. where crop has either not been planted or has been destroyed.
- Use mechanical weed control as appropriate.
- Regular evaluation and adjustments of weed management 10. Rotate herbicides with different mechanisms of action in
strategies. consecutive years. Diverse crop rotations can introduce herbicides
with different mechanisms of action to delay herbicide resistance. A
1. Scout fields before and soon after herbicide application. mix of dead plants, unaffected plants, and plants showing
Correctly identify weeds. Use effective herbicides, handweeding, intermediate responses indicate herbicide resistance has occurred.
cultivation/tillage, and other methods of weed control to kill weeds
that escape or germinate after chemical application. Scout fields at 11. Clean tillage and harvest equipment to ensure weed seed will
the end of the season and draw field maps to denote locations of not be transported between fields. This is particularly important in
weed species, weed density, and weed escapes. Save maps as a crops that are harvested with a platform header equipped combine.
field record.
12. Evaluate weed management at the end of each season and
2. Diversified crop sequences with different life cycles e.g. winter revise to improve weed control the next year.
annual crops (winter wheat), perennial crops (alfalfa) and summer
annual crops (spring wheat, corn or beans) results in different For more information:
planting and harvest times, more herbicide options, and decreased 1. Documented herbicide resistant weeds, herbicide resistance
risk of herbicide resistant weeds. education, and herbicide mode of action see:
http://wssa.net/weed/resistance/
3. Consider weed biology and ecology. Use tillage, crop
sequence, soil fertility, planting date, crop competition, weed seed 2. Take Action web site is an industry-wide partnership between
longevity, and response to herbicides to increase successful weed university weed scientists, major herbicide providers and corn, cotton,
management. sorghum, soybean, and wheat commodity organizations for effective
weed management information and tools.
4. “Don’t forget the PRE”. Apply effective PRE herbicides at full http://takeactiononweeds.com/
rates and include multiple mechanisms of action. PRE herbicides

107
X1. Herbicide Site of Action and Chemical Family for Resistant Weed Management
Common Herbicide Premix or
Site of Action Name Trade name Co-pack Trade names
ACCase Inhibitor (1) clodinafop-P Discover NG. -
fenoxaprop-P Puma = Tacoma = Parity. Wolverine Advanced.
Aryloxyphenoxy fluazifop-P Fusilade DX. -
propionic acid “Fop” quizalofop Assure II = Targa. -
clethodim Select/Max = Volunteer = Intensity. Arrow, -
Cyclohexanedione Clethodim, Section, Select Max, Shadow,
“Dim” Tapout, Vaquero.
sethoxydim Poast. -
Phenylpyrazolin “Den” pinoxaden Axial XL. Axial Star, Axial Bold
ALS Inhibitor (2) imazamethabenz Assert. -
imazamox Beyond = Clearcast = Raptor. Varisto
Imidazolinone imazapic Cadre = Impose = Plateau. Journey.
“Imi” imazapyr Arsenal = Habitat. Sahara.
imazethapyr Pursuit = Thunder. Authority Assist, Extreme=Thunder Master, Lightning,
Matador, Pummel, Torment, Zidua Pro.
Sulfonylurea chlorimuron Classic. Enlite, Valor XLT.
“SU” chlorsulfuron Glean = Telar. Cimarron Max/X-tra, Perspective, Report Extra.
halosulfuron Halomax = Herbivore = Permit = Sandea. -
mesosulfuron Osprey. Rimfire Max.
metsulfuron Ally=Escort=Patriot=Plotter=Rometsol. Accurate Extra, Ally Extra, Chaparral, Cimarron Max,
Cimarron X-tra, Finesse, Report Extra, Travallas.
nicosulfuron Accent Revulin Q
rimsulfuron Matrix = Resolve. Alluvex, Instigate, Prequel, Realm Q, Require Q, Resolve
Q, Steadfast Q.
sulfometuron Oust. -
sulfosulfuron Certainty (turf), Outrider. -
thifensulfuron Harmony = Treaty = Volta. Accurate Extra, Agility, Affinity BS/TM, Afforia, Alluvex, Ally
Extra, Basis, Harmony Extra, Nimble, Rapport BS/TM,
Resolve Q, Sentrallas, Travallas, Treaty Extra.
tribenuron Express = Nuance = Victory. Accurate Extra, Afforia, Affinity/Rapport BS/TM, Agility, Ally
Extra, Harmony Extra, Nimble, Supremacy.
triflusulfuron UpBeet. -
Triazolopyrimidine cloransulam FirstRate. Authority First=Sonic, Surveil.
“TPS” florasulam - GoldSky, Orion, Starane Flex, Quelex.
flumetsulam Python. Hornet, SureStart II, TripleFlex II.
pyroxsulam PowerFlex HL, Teammate. GoldSky, OpenSky, PerfectMatch.
Sulfonylamino- flucarbazone Everest 3.0, Pre-Pare, Sierra.
carbonyltriazolinone propoxycarbazone Olympus. Rimfire Max.
“SACT” thiencarbazone Varro Autumn Super, Capreno, Corvus, Huskie Complete.
Mitotic Inhibitor (3) ethalfluralin Sonalan. -
Dinitroaniline (DNA) pendimethalin Prowl/H20 = Acumen. -
trifluralin Trifluralin = Treflan = Triflurex = Trust/others. Buckle.
Growth Regulators 2,4-D amine/ester 2,4-D, others. See bromoxynil. Crossbow, Curtail, Grazon P+D = Gun
(4) Slinger, Landmaster BW, Weedmaster.
Phenoxy
2,4-D-choline - Enlist Duo
MCPA amine MCPA Amine, Rhomene, others. -
MCPA ester MCPA E, Rhonox, Sword, Wildcard. CurtailM, Hat Trick, Orion, Weld
Benzoic acid dicamba acid Vision Latigo
-bapma salt Engenia -
-dma salt Banvel = Dicamba = Rifle. -
-dga salt Clarity = Sterling Blue, DiFlexx, XtendiMax. DiFlexx Duo, Roundup Xtend
-Na salt Banvel SGF. Agility, Distinct=Overdrive, Require Q, Status, Yukon.
-ipa salt Vision. Fallow Star.
-dea salt - Weedmaster = Banvel + 2,4-D = Brash = Outlaw = Range
Star = Rifle D.
Pyridine aminopyralid Milestone. Capstone, Chaparral, CleanWave.
clopyralid Clean Slate, Spur = Stinger = Reclaim = Curtail/M , WideMatch = Colt, Hat Trick, Hornet,
Transline. PerfectMatch, Resicore, SureStart, TripleFlex.
fluroxypyr Starane = Comet. Axial Star, Colt+Salvo/Sword, Gold/OpenSky, Hat Trick,
Starane Ultra = Vista XRT. PerfectMatch, Supremacy, Starane Flex/ NXT, Colt,
Sentrallas, Travallas, Trump Card = WideMatch = Weld.
picloram Tordon 22K = Triumph 22K. Grazon P+D = GunSlinger, Surmount, Trooper Extra/Pro.
triclopyr Garlon = Remedy. Pathfinder II. PastureGard, Vengeance Plus.
Arylpicolinate halauxifen Elevore Quelex
Pyrimidine aminocyclopyrachlor Method Perspective, Streamline, Viewpoint.
Quinoline quinclorac (dicots) Facet=Quinstar=Quinclorac -

108
 Common Herbicide Premix or
Site of Action Name Trade name Co-pack Trade names
Photosystem II atrazine Atrazine, others. See 2,4-D, dicamba, bentazon, bromoxynil, glyphosate,
Inhibitor (5) - Site A acetochlor, dimethenamid-P, s-metolachlor + or - safener.
Triazine simazine Princep.
Triazinone metribuzin Dimetric = Glory = Metribuzin = Sencor = TriCor Authority MTZ, Boundary=Tailwind, Matador.
Phenyl-carbamate des/phenmedphm Betamix
Photosystem II bentazon Basagran. Storm, Varisto.
Inhibitor (6) - Site B bromoxynil BroClean = Brox = Buctril = Moxy. Huskie/Complete, Talinor, Wolverine Advanced, Carnivore.
Photosystem II diuron Diuron = Direx = Karmex. Krovar, Sahara, WeedBlast.
Inhibitor (7) - Site A - linuron Lorox = Linex = Linuron. -
different than 5 tebuthiuron Spike. -
Lipid Synthesis cycloate Ro-Neet SB. -
Inhibition (8) EPTC Eptam. Imperium.
Thiocarbamate triallate Far-Go. Buckle.
Benzofuran ethofumesate Nortron = Ethofumesate 4SC = Ethotron.
EPSP Synthase glyphosate-ipa, K, Roundup, several generics - see page 71. Enlist Duo, Extreme, Landmaster BW, Roundup Xtend,
Inhibitor (9) dma, mea, (NH4)2 others.
Glutamine Synthet- glufosinate Finale, Liberty, Rely. -
ase Inhibitor (10)
Bleaching: DOXP clomazone Command
Synthase Inhib. (13)
PPO (Protox) Inhibitor acifluorfen Ultra Blazer. Storm.
(14) fomesafen Fomesafen, Flexstar=Rumble, Reflex=TopGun. Flexstar GT 3.5, Marvel, Prefix=Vice.
Diphenylether lactofen Cobra, Phoenix. Stellar.
oxyfluorfen Goal = Collide. -
Imine fluthiacet Cadet. Anthem/Max, Marvel.
N-phenylphthalimide flumiclorac Resource. -
flumioxazin Valor=Brdstar=Chateau=Encompass=Outflank= Afforia, Fierce, Surveil, Enlite.
Panther = Payload = Tuscany. -
Oxadiazole oxadiargyl Raft, Topstar. -
Phenylpyrazole pyraflufen ET, Vida. -
Pyrimidinedione saflufenacil Sharpen. Verdict, Zidua Pro.
Triazolinone carfentrazone Aim = Quicksilver. Spartan Charge, Anthem Flex
sulfentrazone Spartan = Blanket = Portfolio. Authority Assist/Elite/MTZ/First/Supreme, BroadAxe XC,
Spartan Charge
Very Long Chain acetochlor Harness = Confidence. Imperium, Breakfree ATZ Lite=Keystn LA=Volley ATZ Lite,
Fatty Acid Inhibitor Surpass = Breakfree = Volley. Resicore, SureStart=TripleFlex.
(15) Degree, TopNotch, Warrant. -
alachlor Alachlor, Lasso, others. -
Acetamide dimethenamid-P Outlook = Commit = Establish. Armezon Pro, Commit, Establish, Verdict.
metolachlor Parallel PCS, Stalwart. Matador.
meto + safener Dual II, Me-Too-Lachlor, Parallel, Stalwart C. Parallel Plus, Stalwart Xtra.
S-metolachlor Dual Magnum, Brawl, Charger Max. Boundary=Tailwind, BroadAxe XC, Prefix=Vice, Sequence.
S-meto + safener Dual II Magnum, Brawl II, Cinch. Acuron/Flexi, Bicep, Brawl, Charger, Cinch, Halex GT,
Lumax.
Isoxazoline pyroxasulfone Zidua. Anthem/Max/ATZ/Flex, Fierce, Zidua Pro
Auxin Inhibitor (19) diflufenzopyr - Distinct, Overdrive, Status.
Photosystem I diquat Reglone = Diquat. -
Inhibitor (22) paraquat Firestorm, Gramoxone SL, Parazone. -
Unknown (26) quinclorac (grass) Facet. -
Bleaching: HPPD mesotrione Callisto = Tenacity. Acuron/Flexi, Callisto/GT/Xtra, Halex GT, Instigate, Lumax
Inhibition(27) EZ, Realm Q, Resicore, Revulin Q.
Triketone tembotrione Laudis. Capreno, DiFlexx Duo.
- bicyclopyrone - Acuron/Flexi, Talinor
Isoxazole isoxaflutole Balance Flexx. Corvus, Prequel.
Pyrazolone pyrasulfotole - Huskie/Complete, Wolverine Advanced.
topramezone Impact = Armezon. Armezon Pro, ImpactZ
- tolpyralate - -
Cellulose Inhib. (29) indaziflam Alion -
Fatty Acid cinmethylin - -
Thioesterase. (30) methiozolin - -
Cold, Hard STEEL (31): Plow, cultivator, rotary-hoe, etc.
Adapted from WSSA Herbicide Classification System For Resistant Weed Management. Weed Technol. 17:606-608.

109
HERBICIDE CARRYOVER Y3. Breakdown of SU Herbicides (with exceptions):
Y1. Herbicide persistence into the next growing season may In general, most SU herbicides are broken down by acid hydrolysis
restrict rotational crops. The following information discusses and can leave a residue in soil for more than one year. The chemical
herbicide degradation for some chemistries known to carryover. reaction ceases at soil pH above 6.8.

General Rules For Herbicide Breakdown Exceptions: Express*, Harmony*, Option, and UpBeet are rapidly
1. Many herbicides are broken down in soil by microbial broken down by soil mirobes. Pemit and Resolve*/Matrix* are broken
decomposition. In addition, SUs and triazines are broken down down faster by hydrolysis as pH moves above and below pH of 7.0.
by chemical reactions like acid hydrolysis. Herbicide breakdown is slowest in neutral soil pH of 7.0.
2. Herbicide molecules must be free from binding to soil particles
or organic matter for soil microorganisms to degrade. Most SU herbicides are:
3. Most herbicide molecules are more tightly adsorbed to soil 1. Not leached, nor volatile, nor broken down by photodegradation.
particles in dry soils than moist soils. 2. Affected by pH. Water solubility increases as pH increases.
4. Chemical degradation of herbicides in soil is affected by soil pH. 3. Broken down primarily by acid hydrolysis. Microbial degradation is
Acid hydrolysis nearly ceases at soil pH above 6.8. very slow.
4. Non-microbial hydrolysis for most residual SU herbicides ceases at
Effect of pH on Herbicide Activity and Persistence soil pH above 6.8.
Negative charges (-) on soil particles and organic matter adsorb 5. SU herbicides are undissociated (neutral charge) at pH less than
positive-charged (+) compounds or substances. Soil pH influences 7.0 and are adsorbed to soil and OM. As soil pH increases above 7.0
adsorption and availability of the following herbicides by molecules are (-) charged, are in a free form, do not bind with (-)
determining the electrical charge of the herbicide molecules: charged soil particles, and are are available for plant uptake.
Imidazolinones, SUs, Triazines, and Triazolopyrimidines (TPS). Even at low pH ranges, SU herbicides are so biologically active
at low concentrations that plant response may still occur.
Molecules become (-) charged when a proton is removed or
become (+) charged when a proton is added. Most herbicides SU herbicides carryover more in high pH soils (above 6.8) because
become (+) charged in acid (H+) pH conditions. Positively charged acid hydrolysis ceases above that level. Hydrolysis is minimally
herbicide molecules are adsorbed to the (-) charges on soil affected by soil moisture, organic matter, soil texture, soil microbes,
particles soil particles. and soil compaction or aeration. Hydrolysis is affected by soil
temperature and soil pH. As temperature increases and pH
Y2. Breakdown of Imidazolinone (Imi), TPS Herbicides, and decreases below 6.8, hydrolysis increases.
some HPPD herbicides (Callisto).
In general, breakdown occurs by soil microbes and breakdown Y4. Breakdown of Triazine Herbicides
occurs more rapidly and herbicide activity increases as soil Triazines are degraded by hydrolysis similar to SU herbicides.
pH increases. Rate of breakdown decreases in dry conditions. Imi Therefore, the same factors affecting SU breakdown also affect
and TPS herbicides are: breakdown of triazine herbicides - See Y3. Some slight differences
1. Broken down by microbes - not broken down by hydrolysis. are noted below. Triazine herbicides are:
2. Not degraded in anaerobic (waterlogged soil) conditions. 1. More active in high pH soils.
3. Not volatile, not photodegraded, not leached beyond 12 inches. 2. Broken down by photodegradation only when herbicide remains on
5. Weakly bound to soil but strongly bound to OM. soil surface for extended periods.
6. Adsorbed more strongly as soil dries and through time.
Imi herbicides molecules adsorb to OM in dry soil but can desorb Triazine molecules are (+) charged at soil pH < 7.5. Positive charged
and go into soil solution in wet/moist soil allowing molecules to triazine molecules bind to (-) charges on soil and OM making them
become free for plant uptake and microbial breakdown. For unavailable for plant uptake and microbial breakdown. This is why pH
sensitive crops like sugarbeet, the adsorption and desorption sensitive herbicides like atrazine and Sencor* can be used with less
process may occur over several years causing crop injury from risk of crop injury in low pH soils. However, as pH fluctuates across
herbicide residues that become available after moisture events. the field, herbicide availability may be radically altered ranging from
7. Negatively (-) charged, not adsorbed, and free for plant uptake complete crop safety and erratic weed control at low pH to crop injury
and microbial degradation at soil pH >6.5 for Imi herbicides and pH and adequate weed control at high pH.
>7 for TPS herbicides.
8. Strongly bound to OM at pH <6.5 for Imi herbicides and pH <7 At high soil pH, the opposite reaction occurs. At soil pH > 7.5, triazine
for TPS herbicides. For Imi herbicides: Amount adsorbed changes herbicide molecules donate protons (H+) resulting in (H + OH = H2O)
little from 6.5 to 8. At soil pH <6.5, pH reduction as small as 0.2 pH so the molecules have a net neutral charge, which do not bind to soil
units can DOUBLE the amount adsorbed. particles and OM, and are free for plant uptake and microbial
decomposition.
Large variation in pH can exist in the same field. In low pH,
residues of Imi herbicides can injure sensitive plants for many Y5. Persistence of phytotoxic levels of a herbicide for more than 1
years. year can be a problem with some herbicides. Herbicide residues are
most likely to occur following years with low rainfall because chemical
In summary, activity and degradation of Imi and TPS herbicides and microbial activity needed to degrade herbicides are limited in dry
increase as soil pH increases. Herbicide adsorption increases as soil. Crop damage from herbicide residues can be minimized by
OM matter increases and as soil pH decreases. All factors applying the lowest herbicide rate required for good weed control, by
increasing microbial activity also increase herbicide degradation using band rather than broadcast applications, and by moldboard
(warm, moist soils). Degradation increases in soils with pH above plowing before planting the next crop. Moldboard plowing reduces
6.5 (Imi) or 7 (TPS) because herbicide molecules are not adsorbed phytotoxicity of some herbicides by diluting the herbicide residue in a
and are in soil solution for plant uptake and microbial breakdown. large volume of soil. Moldboard plowing is effective in reducing the
residual effects of atrazine, Nortron, Prowl, Sencor*, Sonalan, and
Treflan*.

*Or generic equivalent.

110
Y6. Herbicide residues often can be detected by bioassay. HERBICIDE CARRYOVER - Y6-14
Representative soil samples of the whole field are obtained by
sampling many places to the depth of the tillage layer. A soil Y10. Flexstar/Reflex (fomesafen) at 0.75 to 1 pt/A may have a
sample free of herbicide residues can serve as the untreated residue the year following application to soybean, dry bean, or potato.
check. The samples should be dried and the clods broken so that Most crops can be planted the next growing season except canola,
the largest particles are no larger than a wheat kernel. Prepare two crambe, flax, safflower, sugarbeet, and sunflower. Fomesafen is
or more samples of untreated check soil and the test soil in pots or weakly adsorbed by OM but mobility and amount available for plant
other containers with holes in the bottom for water drainage. uptake increases as soil pH increases above 6.5. Degradation is
through soil microbes and under anaerobic conditions. Conditions that
The crop to be grown in the field should be used as one bioassay inhibit microbial activity also reduce fomesafen breakdown. Cold or
species. Alfalfa and canola also should be planted as an additional dry conditions after application reduce rate of breakdown. Northern
bioassay species because of their relative sensitivity to many production areas, like ND, have a shorter growing season and the soil
residual herbicides. Plant seeds of large-seeded crops like corn or temperature is colder for longer periods of time, which limits
soybean at 1 seed per 1 to 2 square inches, or seeds of small- breakdown. Late applications in beans decreases the amount of time
seeded crops like cereals or flax at about 1 seed/sq inch. Water as that breakdown can occur.
needed but do not over-water. Thin plant stands when seedlings
are 2 to 3 inches tall to allow sufficient space for adequate growth. Ways to reduce risk of fomesafen carryover include lower application
Position containers in direct sunlight and maintain temperature at rates, banded herbicide applications, and tillage to dilute herbicide
70 to 75 F. Observe the plants 2 to 3 weeks after emergence. residues. The approximate ranking of non-labeled crops from most to
Record visible and physical measurements such as plant height least tolerant is cereals, potato, oil-seed rape/canola, field corn,
and leaf length for abnormalities. sunflower, sugarbeet, sorghum, and alfalfa.

Symptoms of some herbicides like atrazine and metribuzin do not Y11. Metribuzin* may not have residue the following year at 0.25 lb
develop until 2 to 3 weeks after emergence. Observe roots of ai/A, but rates over 0.5 lb ai/A may damage susceptible crops the
plants grown in root inhibiting herbicides, such as dinitroanilines. next year. The approximate ranking of crops from most to least
Window bioassay does not provide accurate information for ALS tolerant is potato, soybean, dry edible bean, corn, barley, wheat, oat,
herbicide carryover. sunflower, flax, and sugarbeet.

Field Bioassay Instructions: Plant several strips of desired crops Y12. Nortron* (ethofumesate) often has a residue the year following
across the field perpendicular to the direction the suspect herbicide use on sugarbeet. The approximate ranking of crops from most to
was applied. Strips should be spaced to represent different field least tolerant is sunflower, dry beans, soybean, corn, barley, and
conditions (texture, pH, and drainage). If no visible signs of injury, wheat. Moldboard plowing usually will eliminate crop injury. Nortron
stand reduction, or yield reduction occur, then the field can be should be applied in a band to reduce cost and reduce potential crop
seeded with the desired crop the next growing season. Do not injury from residues the following year.
plant if injury occurs and the bioassay must be repeated the next
growing season to determine the safety of the crop to existing Y13. Sonalan (ethalfluralin), Prowl/Prowl H20 (pendimethalin), and
residues. Treflan* (trifluralin) are similar herbicides called dinitroanilines. Under
dry soil conditions these herbicides can persist in soil for more than 1
Y7. Atrazine* at rates over 0.38 lb ai/A generally has residue the year. Sonalan has less soil residue than Treflan* and Prowl. Land
year following application to corn in North Dakota. If soil moisture is treated with Sonalan in the spring may be planted to any crop the
deficient, atrazine may cause injury to susceptible crops the next year except sugarbeet. Sunflower, soybean, potato, and dry
following year. Corn and millet are tolerant to atrazine while other edible bean are quite tolerant of dinitroaniline herbicides. The
crops vary in susceptibility. The approximate ranking of crops from approximate ranking of other crops from most to least tolerant is
most to least tolerant is corn, sorghum, millet, flax, soybean, soybean, flax, alfalfa, barley, wheat, corn, oat, and sugarbeet.
barley, wheat, oat, sunflower, canola/mustard, alfalfa, and
sugarbeet. Y14. Spartan (sulfentrazone) residue may remain in soil the following
season. Most grass and broadleaf crops can be planted the following
Y8. Balance Flexx (isoxaflutole) may have a residue the following year except canola, crambe, lentil, and sugarbeet. Spartan is
year. Breakdown is primarily by microbial activity. Risk of Balance degraded by soil microbes, is not affected by sunlight, and is not
carryover increases as precipitation occurring during the growing volatile. Precipitation after PRE application activates the herbicide by
season decreases. Balance becomes more active as soil texture moving it into the soil where microbial degradation can oocur. Spartan
becomes more coarse and organic matter decreases. solubility increases as soil pH increases above 6.5, as soil texture
changes from fine to coarse, and as OM decreases. As Spartan
Y9. Dicamba at rates greater than 1.5 pt/A may remain as a solubility increases availability for plant uptake increases, weed
residue in soil. Most grass and broadleaf crops can be planted 4 control increases, and risk of crop injury increases. The approximate
months or more after application at 1 pt/A. Refer to specific ranking of crops from most to least tolerant is soybean, flax, chickpea,
dicamba label for crop rotation restrictions . The approximate mint, sunflower, potato, field pea, dry edible beans, safflower,
ranking of crops from most to least tolerant is corn, barley, wheat, crambe, canola, lentil, and sugarbeet.
oat, flax, potato, buckwheat, soybean, dry edible bean, sunflower,
and sugarbeet. *Or generic equivalent.

*Or generic equivalent.

111
Y15. Crop Rotation Restrictions for North Dakota
Alf- Bar- Can- CRP Dry Field Edibl Pot- Saff Soy- Sgr- Sun- HRS/
Herbicide alfa ley ola Corn grss bean pea Flax Oat Leg.1 ato lowr bean beet flwr Drm
---------------------------------------- months after application (d = days) ------------------------------------------
Acuron/Flexi 18/10 4 18 0 18 18 18 18 10 18 10 18 10 18 18 4
Ally Extra (e) (0.3 oz/A) 22e 10 22 22 6 22e 22e 22 10 22e 22 10 22 22b 10 1/10
Anthem/Max 10 11 18 0 18 11 6-8 18 11 6-81 4 18 0 15 4 4
Anthem Flex (r) 10 11 18 0 18 11 6 18 11 6 4 18 0 12 4 1
Armezon/Pro 9 3/4n 9 0 18 9n 9 18 3/4n 18 9 18 9 18 9 3/4n
Atrazine* (0.38 lb ai) NCS NCS NCS 0 NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS 10 NCSb NCS NCS
(0.38-0.5 lb 2CS NCS 2CS 0 2CS 2CS 2CS NCS 2CS 2CS NCS 2CS 10 2CSb 2CS 2CS
ai)
(0.5-1 lb ai) 2CS 2CS 2CS 0 2CS 2CS 2CS 2CS 2CS 2CS 2CS 2CS 10 2CSb 2CS 2CS
Authority Assist 12 9.5 40b 10 12 4 4 26 18 4/121 26 18 0 40b 18 4
Authority Elite 12 4.5 12 10 12 0 0 12 12 0/121 4 12 0 36b 0 4.5
Authority First/Sonic 12 12 24 10 30b 12 12 30b 12 30b 18 30b 0 30b 30b 4
Authority MTZ 12 4 24 10 12 12 18 18 18 18 12 18 0 24b 12 4
Authority Supreme (r) 12 11 24 10 18 9 0 0 12 9 4 18 0 24 0 4
Autumn Super (i) 18 9j 18 1 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 2 24 18 3
Balance Flexx (j) 10 6 18 0 18 18 18 18 6 18 6 6 6 18 10 6
Banvel* (0.5 lb ai) NCS 3d/oz NCS NCS 0h NCS NCS NCS 3d/oz NCS NCS NCS 45 d NCS NCS 3d/oz
(>0.5 lb ai) NCS NCS NCS NCS 0h NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS 90 d NCS NCS 3d/oz
Beyond 9 18t 18 8.5 9 0 0 18 9 9 18t 18 0 18t 9 3
Boundary 4.5 8 12 4 12 12 8 12 12 12 0 12 0 18 12 8
BroadAxe XC 12 4.5 12 10 12 12 0 12 12 0/121 4 12 0 36b 0 4.5
Capreno (i) 18 10 18 0 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 10 18 18 4
Callisto/GT 10 4 10 0 18 18 10g 0 0 18 10 18 10 18 10 4
Callisto Xtra NCS NCS NCS 0 18 18 18g NCS 18 18 NCS 18 NCS 18 NCS NCS
Clarity* (0.5 lb ai) 4 22 d 4 4 0h 4 4 4 22 d 4 4 4 4 4 4 22 d
(>0.5 lb ai) 6 44 d 6 6 0h 6 6 6 44 d 6 6 6 6 6 6 44 d
Corvus (i) 17 9 17 0 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 9 17 17 4
Curtail*/M* 10.5m 1 5 1 1 10.5m 18 5 1 18 18 10.5m 10.5m 5 10.5m 1
DiFlexx Duo 10 4 10 0 4 10 10 18 18 18 10 18 6 10 10 4
Everest* soil pH: <8/>8 11/18 9 9 11 NCS 9 11/18 9 18/24 11/24a 9 9 9 9 4 0
Extreme 4 18 40b 8.5 4 4 4 26 18 4 26 18 0 40b 18 0/4
Facet L 24b 10 10 10 10 24b 24b 24b 10 24b 24b 24b 10 24b 10 0
Far-Go NCS 0 NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS 18 NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS 0
Fierce 10 11 18 7d/1 18 11 6 18 11 11 4 18 0 15 4 1
FirstRate 9 12 18 9 18 9 9 18 9 18 18 18 0 30b 30b 4
Flexstar/GT 3.5 18 4/9a 18 10/18a 18 0 12 18 4/9a 12 0 18 0 18 18 4/9a
Halex GT 10 4.5 12 0 18 18 10g 12 4.5 18 10 18 10 18 10 4.5
Harness* 9 NCS NCS 0 NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS 4
Huskie 4c 0.25 9 9 B 9 9 9 0.25 9/181 9 9 4 9 9 0.25
Huskie Complete 9c 9 9 9 18b 9 9 9 9 9/181 18b 18b 9 9 9 3
Impact 9 3 9 0 18 18n 18n 9 3 18 9 18 9 18 9 3
Instigate 18 18 18 0 18 18 18 10 18 18 10 18 10 18 10 9
Laudis 10 4 10 0 18 10g 10 18 4 18 10 18 8 10g 10 4
Liberty 280 6 2.33 0 0 2.33 6 6 6 2.33 6 2.33 6 0 0 6 2.33
Lumax EZ (<3 pt/A) 18 4.5 18 0 18 18 18 18 NCS 18 18 18 NCS 18 18 NCS
Marvel 18 4 18 10 18 0 10 18 4 18 0 18 0 18 18 4
Matrix* 12 9/18p 18 0 18 10 18 18 9 18 0 18 4 18 10 9
Metribuzin* (u) 4 8u 12 4 4 12 8 12 12 8 12 12 4 18 12 8u
Milestone (b) 36b B 24b 12b B B B B B B B B B B B B
112
 Alf- Bar- Can- CRP Dry Field Edibl Pot- Saff Soy- Sgr- Sun- HRS/
Herbicide alfa ley ola Corn grss bean pea Flax Oat Leg.1 ato lowr bean beet flwr Drm
---------------------------------------- months after application (d = days) ------------------------------------------
Nortron* 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 0 12 12
Olympus (0.2-0.4 oz) B 10 10 10 10 10 10 B 24 10 B B 10 10 10 0/9
Osprey 10 1 10 12 10 3 3 10 10 10/31 10 10 3 10 1 0.25
PerfectMatch 10.5 9 9 9 9 10.5 10.5 9 9 18 18 10.5 10.5 9 10.5 1
Permit* 9 2 15 1 2 9 9 B 2 9 9 B 9 36 18 2
Plateau 36 24 48b 36 0 36 36 36 24 36 48b 36 18 48b 36 12
PowerFlex HL 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 9 9 1
PrePare NCS 9 9 NCS NCS 9 11 9 18 24 9 9 9 9 9 0/4
Prequel 10j 9 18 0 18 18j 18 18 9 18 6 18 10 18j 18 9
Prowl EC / H2O NCS NCS NCS 0s NCS 0 0 NCS NCS 0 0 NCS 0 2CS 0 NCS
Pursuit 4 18 40b 8.5 4 4 4 26 18 4 26 18 0 40b 18 4
Quelex 9 0 9 3 3 9 9 9 3 9/15 15 9 3 15 3 0
Raptor 9 18t 18 8.5 9 0 0 18 9 9 18t 18 0 18t 9 3
Realm Q 18 9 18 0 18 18 18 10 9 18 10 18 10 18 10 9
Reflex 18 4 18 10 18 0 12 18 4 12 0 18 0 18 18 4
Require Q/Resolve Q 18 9 18 0 18 10 10 10 9 18 0 18 10 18 10 9
Resicore 10.5 10.5 18 0 18 18 18 18 10.5 18 18 18 10.5 18 10.5 4
Revulin Q 18 10 10 0 18 18 18 10 10 18 10 18 10 18 10 10
Rimsulfuron*(1ozDF/A) 10j 9 10j 0 18 10 18 18 9 18 0 18 10 10j 10 9
Sharpen (1 fl oz) (v) 4 0 4 0 4 4 0 4 0 0/11 4 4 0-1 4 4 0
(2 fl oz) (v) 5 0 5 0 5 5 0 5 0 0/21 5 5 1-2 5 5 0
(3 fl oz) (v) 6 0 6 0 6 6 2 6 0 2/31 6 6 2-3 6 6 0
Solstice 10 4 10 0 18 18 10g 0 0 18 10 18 10 18 10 4
Sonalan NCS NCS 0 NCS 13w 0 0 NCS NCS 0 NCS NCS 0 2CS 0 NCS
Spartan Charge 12 4 24 4 12 0 0 0 12 0/121 4 12 0 24b 0 4
Spartan Elite 12 4.5 12 10 12 0 0 12 12 0/121 4 12 0 36b 0 4.5
Starane Flex 9 0 9 3 0 9 9 9 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 0
Status (h) 4 4 4 0.25 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1
Stinger* 10.5 0 0 0 0 10.5m 18 0 0 18 18 10.5m 10.5m 0 10.5m 0
SureStart II 18 NCS 26b 0 26b 12/18 NCS 26b NCS NCS 18 26b NCSj 26b 18 4
Surpass* 9 NCS NCS 0 NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS NCS 4
Surveil 12 B B 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 18 B 0 30b 30b 3
Talinor (a) 9 1 9 0 18 9/15a 10 9 3 15 9 18 10 15 9 1
Tordon (1.5 oz) 2CS NCS 2CS 2CSx 1 2CS 2CS NCS NCS 2CS 2CS 2CS 2CS 2CS 2CS NCS
Travallas (e) 22 1day 12 12 B 22 12 12 B 22 B B 12 B 12 1day
Treflan* (y) 0 NCS 0 NCS 18/21 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 2CS 0 NCS
TripleFlex II 18 NCS 26b 0 26b 12/18 NCS 26b NCS NCS 18 26b NCSj 26b 18 4
Valor / Chateau See page 6
Varisto 9 18t 18 8.5 9 0 9 18 9 9 18t 18 0 18t 9 3
Varro 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 18b 9 3 9 9 3
WideMatch* 10.5 0 4 0 0 10.5 10.5z 4 0 18 18 10.5 10.5 0 10.5 0
Wolverine Advanced 4c 1 9 9 B 9 9 9 1 9/181 9 9 4 9 9 1
Zidua See page 6
Zidua Pro 10 18 40b 8.5 40 11 6 26 18 6 26 18 0 40b 18 4
*Or generic equivalent.
1 Edible legumes = chickpea (garbanzo bean)/lentil.

NCS = Next cropping season after herbicide application.

2CS = Second cropping season after herbicide application.
MAA = months after application.

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Herbicides that allow most crops to be planted the year following application:
2,4-D, 2,4-DB, acetochlor, Affinity, Afforia, Aim, Alluvex, Axial, Basagran, Betamix, Buctril, Cadet, Cobra, Discover, diquat, Dual, DiFlexx, Engenia, Enlist
Duo, Eptam, Express, glyphosate, GoldSky, Harmony, LeadOff, Liberty, Linuron*, MCPA, OpenSky, Orion, Outlook, paraquat, POST grass herbicides,
PowerFlex, Resource, Ro-Neet, Sentrallas, Sharpen, Starane/NXT, Status, Storm, Supremacy, Teammate, Ultra Blazer, UpBeet, Verdict (v), Vida, Warrant,
Xtendimax.
Field Bioassay Instructions - Refer to label or paragraph Y6 in the narrative section.

a Refer to label - restrictions may be adjusted based on herbicide rate, rainfall, tillage, soil type, soil pH, bioassay, and ND 24(c) labels.

B or b = Bioassay. Do not plant until field bioassay indicates it is safe. Crop rotation after atrazine* is rate and soil pH dependent.
Python, Hornet, and SureStart/TripleFlex = 26 month rotation + successful field bioassay.
FirstRate = 30 month rotation + successful field bioassay. Pursuit = 40 month rotation + successful field bioassay.
c Requires thorough tillage and 12 inches of rain.

d days

e These rotation intervals apply only to 0.3 oz/A. Dry pea, dry bean, lentil, and alfalfa can be planted after 10 months if soil pH is 6.8 or lower, or 22 months
if soil pH is 6.9 to 7.9. Canola, corn, flax, soybean, and potato require 22 months and 18 inches precipitation. Above soil pH 7.9, soil bioassay must be
performed.

g Cumulative precipitation between application and planting of rotational crops is 20 inches. Soil pH >6. No HPPD herbicide applied the previous year. For
Laudis only: Cumulative precipitation of 20 inches. 10 MAA rotation interval applies to all dry bean types except red kidney and cranberry (18 MAA).
Thorough tillage must precede planting of sugarbeet.

h Any rotational crop may be planted 120 days following application of dicamba at 1.5 pt/A or less, excluding days when ground is frozen. For all crops
and rates greater than 1.5 pt/A allow 45 days per 1 pt/A of dicamba used excluding days when ground is frozen.

i Crops with a 9 or 10 month rotation restriction require 15 inches of cumulative precipitation after application. Crops with an 17 or 18
month rotation restriction require 30 inches of cumulative precipitation after application. Soil at 7.5 pH or above require crop rotation to
be extended from 9 or 10 months to 17 or 18 months and from 17 or 18 months to 24 months.

j Requires 15 inches of cumulative precipitation during the growing season following application. An 18 month restriction applies to
Prequel and rimsulfuron* applied above rates indicated or if drought follows application. Refer to label if higher rates are used.

m Do not plant dry bean, dry pea, soybean or sunflower for 18 months on soil with less than 2% OM and rainfall less than 15 inches during the 12 MAA OR
may be planted 12 MAA if risk of injury is acceptable. Perform a field bioassay prior to planting for areas that receive less than 15 inches of rainfall and
have less than 2% OM. Do not plant lentil, potato or any other broadleaf crop grown for seed for 18 months unless risk of injury is acceptable.

n Alfalfa, canola, dry pea, dry bean, potato, soybean, and sunflower can be planted 9 months after applying Armezon Pro at 20 fl oz/A or less or Armezon
at 0.74 fl oz or less. Small grains can be planted 3 months after applying Armezon and 4 months after Armezon Pro.

p Barley can be planted 9 months after application in Cass, Grand Forks, Pembina, Towner, Traill, and Walsh counties of ND.
In all other counties of ND allow an 18 month rotation restriction before planting barley.

r Rotation interval is dependent on rate.

s Corn can be planted only if Prowl*/H20 are applied PRE. DO NOT APPLY PPI.

t Rotation to barley is: 9 months if (>18 inches water + >6.2 soil pH) or (moldboard plow with <18 inches water or <6.2 soil pH) or 18 months if (<18
inches water or soil pH <6.2).
Rotation to potato is: 9 months: soil pH >6.2 and rainfall is >18 inches/year or 18 months: soil pH <6.2 and rainfall is <18
inches/year
Rotation to sugarbeet: 18 months: soil pH >6.2 or 26 months if soil pH is <6.2.

u Must add 2 months if soil pH is 7.5 or above. Wheat and barley can be planted 4 MAA following dry pea, lentil or soybean.

v Do not include time when soil is frozen. Sunflower and safflower are the most sensitive crops.
For Verdict: Fall seeded cereals can be planted 4 months after application. All crops can be planted the spring following application.

w CRP grasses may be planted 13 MAA but a field bioassay must be performed prior to planting CRP grasses. The manufacturer
assumes no liability for injury. Fall is recommended as the best time to plant CRP grasses.

x Do not plant corn or sorghum until soil samples analyzed for Tordon residue indicates no detectable levels present.
Restriction is based on non-legal herbicide residue that may be found in corn and sorghum and not on crop safety.

y Oats, sorghum, and annual or perennial grass crops may be planted at least 12 MAA in areas that received 20 inches or more of precipitation during the
growing season. CRP grasses may be planted 18 MAA if Treflan* is spring-applied or 21 MAA if fall-applied.

z For rotation to field pea in 10.5 months, precipitation must be greater than 7 inches during the 10.5 months following application and greater than 5.5
inches of precipitation from June 1 to August 31 following application. Otherwise allow 18 months.

*Or generic equivalent.

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Y16. Herbicide residue and fall cover crop establishment. Greater flexibility is provided where the cover crops is only used
for conservation practices. However, the grower assumes all risk if
Late summer/ fall-seeded cover crops promote soil health, protect the herbicide interferes with the establishment of the cover crop.
water quality, and enhance wildlife habitat. Cover crop response to Consider soil type, soil pH, and precipitation patterns on herbicide
spring-applied herbicides is limited but crop tolerance research is degradation. In general, herbicides with crop rotation restrictions
ongoing at several academic institutions. Herbicides labels may be of 4 months or less should be safe to most cover crops as they
expanded to consider soil residue effects on establishment of cover have half-lives of 30 days or less. This information was adapted
crops. Refer to pages 108 to 112 for current data base. Use from information developed by Dr. Bill Curran and Dr. Dwight
rotational restrictions of common crops or herbicide effectiveness Lingenfelter, Pennsylvania State University.
on common weeds with close relatives of fall seeded cover-crops:
- Use alfalfa for other legumes/pulse species. Residues may accumulate in cover crops that may be fed to
- Use canola/mustard for Cruciferae species: radishes and turnips. animals as forage and consumed by humans. Follow rotational
- Use small grains and wild oat for other grass species. restriction on labels when planting cover crops that may be grazed
or harvested for forage to avoid illegal residues.
Herbicide rate, half-life values, and comments.
Herbicide Rate/A Half-lives Comments
(days1)
2,4-D 0.5 to 1 pt 7 Allow 30 days prior to planting broadleaf crops.
Dicamba 0.5 to 1 pt 5 to 14 Allow 45 days/pt as a general rule for dicamba degradation.
Dual II Magnum 1 to 2 pt 15 to 50 Ryegrass may be more susceptible than other crops.
Flexstar 0.75 to 1 pt 100 Small-seeded legume and brassica crops may be more susceptible than other crops.
Glyphosate 32 to 48 fl oz 47 -
Liberty 22 to 36 fl oz 7 -
Spartan 4.5 to 12 fl oz 36 Small-seeded legume and brassica crops may be more susceptible than other crops.
Valor 2 to 3 oz 12-18 Small-seeded legume and brassica crops may be more susceptible than other crops.
1 Note: In general, herbicides with half-lives of 30 days or less should allow planting of cover crops after 4 months.
Estimates derived from the WSSA Herbicide Handbook, 2014.

Risk of cover crop injury based on highest damage recorded at 5 ND locations in 2016-2017.
Herbicide* Radish Turnip Field pea Lentil Flax Oat Barley Dwarf Essex Rape
Dicamba MR HR LR MR MR LR MR MR
Everest MR MR LR MR LR LR LR MR
Goldsky MR MR LR LR MR LR LR LR
Huskie LR LR LR LR MR LR LR MR
PowerFlex LR LR LR MR MR LR LR MR
Quelex MR MR LR LR LR LR LR LR
Supremacy LR LR LR LR LR LR LR LR
Varro MR LR LR LR LR LR MR LR
WideMatch MR MR HR HR LR LR LR MR
2,4-D MR LR LR LR LR LR LR MR
* or generic herbicide.
Key: LR - low risk - 0 to 20% injury, MR - medium risk = 21 to 50% injury, HR - high risk = 51 to 100 injury, Strike through = severe injury.
Products were chosen due to known residual activity. Other products may be safe for cover crops. This list is not all-inclusive. Most
instances of medium or high risk were observed in only one environment. Most combinations were LR in most environments. High OM,
high rainfall, tillage, low pH, and other factors will reduce the risk of herbicide carryover to cover crops. If cover crops will be grazed or
harvested in some way (including haying), refer to label regarding grazing restrictions.
Reference for additional information include:
‘Herbicide Rotation Restrictions in Forage and Cover Cropping Systems’
http://wcws.cals.wisc.edu/new-fact-sheet-herbicide-rotation-restrictions-in-forage-and-cover-cropping-systems/
by the University of Wisconsin, June, 2014. It contains tables summarizing rotation restriction intervals in months along with specific
restrictions for forages grown after commonly used herbicide applications in small grains, soybean, and corn.

‘Herbicide Use May Restrict Grazing Options for Cover Crops’

https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/Herbicide-use-may-restrict-grazing-options-for-cover-crops
by Iowa State University Extension, December, 2016.
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Y17. Herbicide residue analysis for soil, water, and plant
tissue. 1. Contact a lab from Y17
2. Contact the lab to determine:
- quantity of plant material needed testing
- plant tissue collection and packaging instructions
The following list shows laboratories that can analyze for - if the lab can test for the suspect herbicide
herbicide residues: - testing for more than one herbicide will cost additional money
3. Collect plant tissue samples <2 weeks after the drift event
4. Collect samples from actively growing parts of the plant
A & L Great Lakes Lab
(i.e. for soybeans, collect the top 2-3 nodes)
3505 Conestoga Drive, Fort Wayne, IN 46808
5. Collect plant samples from the field which has not been injured. It
219-483-4759, http://www.algreatlakes.com
may be difficult to determine meaningful conclusions from a tissue
AgSource Harris Laboratories test without a sample taken from non-injured plants.
300 Speedway Circle, Lincoln, NE 68502 To avoid contamination collect non-injured plant samples first
402-476-0300, http://www.agsource.com followed by plant samples from damaged areas. Collecting
additional samples from the field in areas between the injured and
Agvise Laboratories
non-injured parts can be beneficial but cost prohibitive for residue
PO Box 510, 604 Hwy 15, Northwood, ND 58267
analysis.
701-587-6010, www.agviselabs.com
6. Send plant samples to the lab as quickly as possible for testing
902 13th St N, Benson, MN 56215, 320-843-4109
or freeze samples quickly after sampling to prevent plant tissue and
APT Labs Inc. herbicide degradation. Follow instructions from laboratory.
1050 Spring St., Reading, PA 19610 7. Herbicide residue analysis results will come back as a
610 375-3888, www.aptlabsinc.com concentration in leaf tissue, either ppm or ppb. The number have
little meaning without a check to compare to (see #5).
Carbon Dynamics Institute, LLC
8. The residue analysis results only support evidence of chemical
2835 Via Verde Dr, Springfield, IL 62703-4325
injury. Tissue tests alone are not strong evidence of causality.
217-585-8340 Specialize Group 4 residue analysis
9. Grain can also be sent for herbicide analysis. Similar procedures
Columbia Food Laboratories, Inc. should be used including the use of a ‘untreated/check’ sample that
12423 NE Whitaker Way is herbicide free.
Portland, OR 97230 10. Significantly higher concentrations of herbicide than uninjured
503-695-2287, www.columbiafoodlab.com/ plant samples indicates damage. If similar concentrations may
[email protected] (Can test plant tissue). mean no herbicide damage but visual symptoms (and yield
damage) may still indicate otherwise.
Hazelton Environmental Services
525 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711
Susceptibility of crops to soil residue - most to least tolerant:
608-232-3300
Chlorimuron: soybean > wheat > oat > corn > sorghum >
Midwest Laboratories sunflower > alfalfa > canola > sugarbeet.
13611 B Street, Omaha, NE 68144
402-334-7770, www.midwestlabs.com Clomazone: soybean > corn > sorghum = sunflower > alfalfa =
wheat = oat.
Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories, Inc.
Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota
Dinitroaniline: soybean > alfalfa > wheat > corn > sorghum > oat >
800-782-3557, www.mvtl.com
annual rye.
Montana State Analytical Laboratory
McCall Hall, PO Box 173620 Imazethapyr: soybean > alfalfa > corn > wheat > oat > sunflower >
Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717 sorghum > canola > sugarbeet.
406 994-3383, Heidi Hickes
Atrazine: corn > sorghum > millet > flax > soybean > barley >
SGS Brookings
wheat > oat > sunflower > canola/mustard > alfalfa> sugarbeet.
Rose Neal, Agricultural Services, Analytical Scientist
241 34th Ave, Brookings, SD 57006
Amount of herbicide active ingredient from a postemergence
605-692-7611 x294
application to cause injury:
rose.neal@ sgs.com www.sgs.com/agriculture
Glyphosate on soybean = 10% of x rate (0.75 lb ae/A)
South Dakota Agriculture Laboratories, Brookings Biospace Glyphosate on corn = 1% of x rate (0.75 lb ae/A)
Dr. Regina Wixon, [email protected] Dicamba on soybean = 0.005% of x rate (0.5 lb ae/A)
1006 32nd Ave #103 / #105, Brookings, SD 57006-4728 Dicamba on soybean: Residue levels of dicamba in soybean tissue
605-692-7325, www.sdaglabs.com does not predict yield loss because of environmental factors, stage
of growth at time of exposure, continued metabolism of dicamba in
soybean plants, and exudation of dicamba from roots into soil.
Soybean tissue may show no dicamba residue in plants tissue if not
collected soon after exposure. Soybean plants exposed to
dicamba and glyphosate at or near reproductive stages will cause
more damage and risk of yield loss than exposure during the
vegetative growth. Soybean injury and yield loss will be greater
under drought stress conditions.

Collecting tissue samples and interpreting residue test results.

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Herbicide residue levels in soil to cause injury.

Herbicide Crop ppm ppb

Atrazine Alfalfa 0.04-0.1 40-100
Sugarbeet <0.005 <5
Soybean 0.15-0.25 150-250
Oat 0.06-0.15 60-150
Wheat 0.075-0.18 75-180
3 inch sample 6 inch sample
(No-till) (moldboard
plow)
Alfalfa/Oat <0.17 ppm <0.08 ppm
Corn >0.35 ppm >0.17
Soybean 0.17-0.35 ppm 0.08-0.17 ppm
Classic Corn 0.001-0.002 1-2
Wheat 0.002-0.005 2-5
Command Corn 0.05-0.2 50-200
Alfalfa/Wheat 0.015-0.1 15-100
Dinitroanil Corn 0.1-0.2 100-200
ine Sugarbeet 0.05-0.1 50-100
Wheat 0.2-0.3 200-300
Pursuit Corn <0.01-0.03 10-30
Sorghum 0.004-0.015 4-15
Sugarbeet <0.001 <1
1 ppm = 1,000 ppb.
*Safe values for herbicide residues differ by soil type and pH
because of differences in availability in soil. Low-range values are
for coarse textured soils with low levels of organic matter, higher
values are for fine textured soils with high organic matter.

Dicamba residue levels in plant tissue and visual injury

symptoms to cause seed yield loss.
Herbicide Crop ppm ppb Injury Yield loss
Dicamba Dry bean 0.03-0.20 30-200 20-35% >=25%
Field pea 0.02-0.03 20-30 10-25% >= 6%
Data is from one herbicide exposure and is not representative of
multiple exposures. The higher values of concentration and
visible injury represent dicamba applied alone. Dicamba applied
with glyphosate can cause visible injury and reduced yield at
lower concentrations in the rate range listed. Residue levels will
be greater the closer plant foliage is sampled to the exposure
event. Residue levels do not predict yield loss because of
environmental factors, stage of growth at time of exposure,
continued metabolism of dicamba, and possible exudation of
dicamba. Dry bean plants exposed to dicamba at or near
reproductive stages will cause more damage and risk of yield loss
than exposure during the vegetative growth. Dicamba injury as
dead growing points, aborted flowers, and empty or mis-figured
pods will determine amount of yield loss. Visual injury is more
predictive of yield loss than a tissue test. A tissue test can confirm
if a herbicide active ingredient is present in plants rather than
predict the extent of damage.

117
 Pinto bean response to low doses of dicamba, Carrington, ND, 2015-18.
Treatmenta Plant Seed

Biomass Physiological
Herbicide Rate reductionb maturity Yield Germinationc
lb ae/A % day of year lb/A %

untreated
check x 0 243 2,300 87
dicamba 0.00044 19 256 1,970 86
0.0044 31 271 1,280 67
0.044 48 280 150 26
LSD
(0.05) 10 12 790 32
aApplication at bud- to early bloom-stage plants. Rate as Xtendimax:

0.00044=0.019 fl oz/A; 0.0044=0.19 fl oz/A; 0.044=1.9 fl oz/A.

bVisually evaluated 21 days after treatment.
cData from three site-years.

Glyphosate residue levels in plant tissue is not an accurate method to predict crop yield loss.

Dry bean plants exposed to glyphosate at or near reproductive stages will cause more damage and risk of yield loss than exposure during
the vegetative growth. Damage to reproductive tissue will determine degree of yield loss.

Pinto bean response to low doses of glyphosate, Carrington, ND, 2015-18.

Treatmenta Plant Seed
Biomass Physiological
Herbicide Rate reductionb maturity Yield Germinationc
lb ae/A % day of year lb/A %

untreated
check x 0 243 2,300 87
glyphosate 0.00088 6 242 2,160 86
0.0088 11 253 1,790 89
0.088 32 279 860 57
LSD (0.05) 10 12 790 NS
aApplication at bud- to early bloom-stage plants. Rate as Roundup Powermax:

0.00088=0.025 fl oz/A; 0.0088=0.25 fl oz/A; 0.088=2.5 fl oz/A.

bVisually evaluated 21 days after application.

cData from three site-years.

Publications on Herbicide Injury Symptoms:

W-1141 Herbicide and Nonherbicide Injury Symptoms on Spring Wheat and Barley, NDSU Extension Service.

A-1085 Herbicide Mode of Action and Sugarbeet Injury Symptoms

NDSU Extension Service

PNW-498 Herbicide Drift and Carryover Injury in Potatoes

Ag Publications, U of ID, 208 885-7982, [email protected]

Web sites:
Google:
Herbicide Mode of Action and Injury Symptoms (U of MN):
z.umn.edu/cropinjury
Herbicide Mode of Action Symptoms, U of WI
Dicamba Injury to Soybean, U of WI
Recognizing Residue and Drift Injury in Canola, Alberta Res. Council

118
 Air Temperature Inversions
Since the 1990’s, industry and the U.S. EPA have recognized that off-target movement of pesticides can be amplified
by air temperature inversions. Thus, pesticide labeling often contains cautionary language regarding making
applications when an air temperature inversion is or will be in place. This language has evolved in recent years to
strong prohibitions regarding applications of certain pesticides during air temperature inversions. Recently introduced,
low volatility formulations of dicamba, used in over the top applications to tolerant soybean varieties, are now
specifying prohibitions of applications from two hours before sunset to one hour after sunrise as a means to further
reduce the impact of air temperature inversions.

Air temperature inversions are an environmental phenomenon that have long been recognized to adversely impact
the deposition of fine spray drops. The following graphic demonstrates that fine spray drops reach the target very
slowly and this makes them more susceptible to lateral movement off target in light winds. Especially when they
encounter dense, cooler air, near the ground, in an air temperature inversion.

Dense air suspends fine spray drops, and small ones can move large distances in low-wind conditions.

In addition, air stability near the earth surface allows for the accumulation of volatile pesticide molecules which may
easily move down range in a light breeze to non-target sites. When this happens, sensitive plants and animals may
be adversely impacted.

Multiple site observations of air temperature inversions have been collected in North Dakota since 2017. The
following graphic from 2017 demonstrates that air temperature inversion begin to build two to three hours before
sunset and then begin to dissipate 30 to 120 minutes after sunrise.

119
This is an accumulation of inversion data from 11 NDAWN locations in North Dakota during June, July and August 2017. This figure
indicates that an inversion will begin late in the day before sunset, continue all night and begin to dissipate soon after sunrise, when
the sun starts to heat the Earth.

While air temperature inversions are typically associated with wind speeds of zero to three miles per hour, our
observations indicate that significant inversion conditions can exist at much greater speeds. See the following
graphic:

Significant inversion conditions can exist in wind speeds of 6 mph or more. This chart shows the percent of time that several
NDAWN stations indicated an air temperature inversion. For example, 4.80% of the time an inversion of 1 degree existed with a 3
mph breeze.

Air temperature inversions can be measured on most 24 hour days. The observations from 2018 at Grafton, North
Dakota illustrates this. However, there is wide variation regarding the intensity of inversions from day to day. Calm
atmospheric conditions are usually associated with the most intense inversion observations.

120
Daily minimum and maximum inversion temperatures, Grafton, N.D., June 2018. Temperature difference was measured at 1 meter
and 3 meters (F) above ground level at the NDAWN station. Details for June 2018 is available at:
https://ndawn.ndsu.nodak.edu/station-info.html?station=77

A comprehensive explanation of air temperature inversions and their potential impact on pesticides can be found in
the NDSU publication, “Air Temperature Inversions Causes, Characteristics and Potential Effects on Pesticide Spray
Drift (AE1705 (Revised October 2019)). The publication is available on-line at: https://tinyurl.com/NDSU-Inversion-
AE1705

Pesticide applicators now have excellent tools for identifying air temperature inversions. In North Dakota and in
portions of Minnesota and Montana, NDSU operates the NDAWN Mesonet Weather System. Selected stations (131
as of October 2019) monitor actual air temperature inversion intensity by comparing air temperature at three meters
and at one meter. Observations and recordings are made every five minutes and reported on the world wide web at:
https://ndawn.ndsu.nodak.edu An Android and iPad app is available for reporting station readings and to send alerts
when an inversion observation occurs. Details can be found here: https://www.ndsu.edu/ndscoblog/?p=4031 Finally,
Innoquest, a developer of application spray equipment accessories makes a hand held tool for measuring air
temperature inversions. You can find more information on their device here: https://innoquestinc.com

121
 Delta T: A Tool for Pesticide Application Decision Making

Delta T is the temperature difference between a dry bulb (air temperature sensor exposed directly to the air) and a wet
bulb (air temperature sensor enclosed in wetted material so that water is constantly evaporating from it and cooling the
bulb). The higher the Delta T value, the drier the atmosphere is with greater potential to evaporate spray drops.

Delta T is the primary method by which applicators in Australia decide when and how to apply pesticides to improve
efficacy and reduce spray drift. It originated in the early 1990’s. It was designed in the era when the primary spray nozzle
was a flat fan. Because these nozzles produce a relatively high proportion of fine spray drops, there was widespread
concern, especially in the drier and hotter parts of Australia, that significant evaporation of these fine drops would lead to
coverage/efficacy issues as well as increased spray drift. The Australian’s also use relatively low Delta T values as an
indication that an air temperature inversion is likely occurring and/or the humidity is so high that fine spray drops would
have a tendency to move further down range.

The Delta T concept has gained some adoption in the arid portions of Western Canada. Weather instrumentation
manufacturers in North America have also built a Delta T value into their devices. Kestrel Meters and Weather Flow both
make instruments that report a Delta T value. In the United States, Delta T has not been widely used. It is not part of
standard pesticide application curricula.

Figure 1. is a graphic depicting how the Delta T value changes relative to humidity and temperature. Delta T is reported
on the right side of this graphic. It is expressed in degrees F. On the bottom of the graphic, the legend describes whether
it is acceptable or not to spray, what is optimum, and when are the conditions marginal and under what circumstances.
Temperatures reported in the chart are not rounded to customary five or ten degree increments. That is because this
chart was originally created in degrees Celsius. In order to maintain the integrity of the curves, Fahrenheit degrees have
simply been substituted to replace the Celsius temperatures.

122
 Figure 1. Delta T values for determining when to make pesticide applications. This graphic was created by
NDSU Ag Communications.

A typical flat fan spray nozzle set at 40 psi will produce 30% or more fine spray drops. All those drops are likely to
evaporate before they hit the target with a Delta T value of 18 or more. That will result in coverage and efficacy issues.
Further, because ALL the spray drops are shrinking because of evaporation, more and more of the spray will be
subjected to wind movement and drift. The impact of evaporation on a spray application can be partially offset by
increasing droplet size. Coarse or greater spray quality drops, those often produced by an Air Induction or a Turbo Teejet
Induction nozzle, can be used up to a Delta T of 21.6. But after that, the evaporation rate becomes so problematic that
applications are no longer recommended.

123
 Table 1. Sample weather variables from selected NDAWN Stations . The Delta T value is reported in green
because the estimated Delta T is less than 14.4. degrees F but more than 3.6 degrees F. This is in the preferred
range for spraying.

Just like other weather variables, Delta T will change throughout the day. Generally, in the early morning hours, the value
will be low, but as the day warms, the number will rise. As evening and night sets in, the numbers will fall again. In North
Dakota, Delta T values will generally be higher in the SW and lower in the NE region of the state (relatively warmer and
drier climate versus a cooler and higher precipitation one).

Delta T is an excellent way to understand the impact of temperature and humidity on a spray drop. Delta T values are
reported every five minutes through the North Dakota Agriculture Weather Network (NDAWN). They are located on the
world wide web at: https://ndawn.org

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Z1. Restrictions on Grazing/Feeding/Haying of Crops Treated with
Herbicides.
Herbicide Crop Time interval Herbicide Crop Time interval
DAA = days after application WAA = Weeks after appl. Far-Go Chickpea, small grain Not allowed
Field pea 120 DAA
Acuron/Flexi Corn 45 DAA
Lentil No restriction
Aim Corn, small grain No restriction
Fenoxaprop Small grain No restriction
Acetochor Corn No restriction
Fierce Corn, Soybean Not allowed
Anthem Corn, Soybean Not allowed
FirstRate Soybean 25 DAA
Armezon/Pro Corn 45 DAA
Flexstar / GT 3.5 Soybean Not allowed
Assure II/Targa Canola/mustards, chickpea, dry Not allowed
Fusilade DX/Fusion Soybean Not allowed
bean, dry pea, lentil, soybean,
sugarbeet Glyphosate labels indicate that for all registered crops and applications
unless otherwise noted there is an 8 week after application (WAA)
Atrazine* Corn 21 DAA
restriction for grazing, feeding and haying.
Authority Assist/Elite/First/MTZ Soybean Not allowed Glyphosate Alfalfa – Preharvest 1.5 DAA
Axial Star/XL Barley, Wheat - Graze/Feed 30 / 60 DAA Spot – Bayer 3 DAA
- Generics 14 DAA
Balance Flexx Corn No restriction Renovate - < 1.5 lb ae/A 3 DAA
Basagran* Corn 12 DAA - > 1.5 lb ae/A Not allowed
Dry edible bean, dry pea No restriction Renovation - Generics 8 WAA
Soybean 30 DAA Alfalfa - Roundup Ready 5 DAA
Barley – Preharvest After harvest
Beyond Clearfield canola, CF wheat No restriction Postharvest - Bayer 7 DAA
Clearfield sunflower Not allowed
- Generics 8 WAA
Boundary Potato 40 DAA Canola Not allowed
Soybean 40 DAA Canola - RR 8 WAA
Chickpea - Preharvest 8 WAA
BroadAxe XC Pea 60 DAA
Corn – Preharvest 8 WAA
Soybean 30 DAA
Postharvest – Bayer 7 DAA
Sunflower Not allowed
- Generics 8 WAA
Bromoxynil* Alfalfa 30 DAA Corn RR – Preharvest 7 DAA
Corn, small grain 45 DAA Postharvest 7 DAA
CRP, Grass establishment Not allowed Dry bean - Preharvest Not allowed
Flax No restriction Dry pea - Preharvest 8 WAA
Flax 8 WAA
Bromoxynil + MCPA* Small grain 45 DAA
Lentil 8 WAA
Cadet Corn 30 DAA Potato - Preharvest 8 WAA
Soybean Not allowed Soybean – Preharvest
Bayer - < 22 fl oz/A 14 DAA
Callisto Corn 45 DAA
- > 22 fl oz/A 25 DAA
Oat 30 DAA
Generics - < 6 qt/A 25 DAA
Callisto Xtra Corn 60 DAA Postharvest 8 WAA
Soybean - RR – Preharvest
Capreno Corn 45 DAA
Bayer – 14 DAA
Chateau Alfalfa 25 DAA Generics – Not allowed
Corvus Corn 45 DAA Postharvest 8 WAA
Sugarbeet 8 WAA
Curtail*/M* CRP, small grain - graze/feed 7 DAA Sunflower Not allowed
- hay Not allowed Wheat – preharvest After harvest
Defol 750 Corn, soybean, dry beans Not allowed Postharvest - Bayer 7 DAA
- Generics 8 WAA
Dicamba Corn > milk stage
CRP - non-lactating animals No restriction GoldSky Small grains - Graze / Hay 7 / 28 DAA
- lactating - see label < 70 DAA Halex GT Corn 45 DAA
Small grain - non-lactating No restriction
Hornet Corn No restriction
- lactating - see label 7 DAA
- haying forage 37 DAA Huskie Wheat, Barley - Forage/Straw 25 / 60 DAA
DiFlexx/Duo Corn 45 DAA Huskie Complete Wheat - Forage/Straw 25 / 60 DAA
Discover NG Small grain 30 DAA Impact Corn 45 DAA
Dual/II/Magnum* Soybean - PPI/PRE 30 DAA Laudis Corn 45 DAA
Soybean - POST Not allowed
Liberty Liberty Link canola or soy Liberty Not allowed
Corn 30 DAA
Link corn - Grazing - No restriction
Dry bean, chick/field pea 120 DAA
Forage 60 DAA
Potato, safflower, sunflower Not allowed
Lumax EZ Corn 45 DAA
Eptam Alfalfa, sunflower No restriction
Marvel Soybean Not allowed
Everest 3.0/Sierra Wheat 30 DAA
Extreme RR soybean Not allowed
Facet L Small grain 7 DAA haying

125
Herbicide Crop Time interval Herbicide Crop Time interval
MCPA CRP, small grain - hay 30 DAA Spartan / Charge Dry pea, dry bean, chickpea, No restriction
- graze dairy/meat animal 7 DAA soybean, sunflower
Flax, grass establishment 7 DAA
Starane* Corn 47 DAA
Metribuzin Field pea, lentil, soybean 40 DAA Small grain - graze/feed 7 DAA
- hay 14 DAA
Olympus Small grain - grain and straw 71 DAA
- forage No restriction Starane Flex* Small grain 7 DAA
Orion Small grains 7 DAA Starane NXT* Small grain 45 DAA
Osprey Winter wheat - forage 30 DAA Status Corn 32 DAA
- hay/grain/straw 60 DAA
Stinger Canola/mustards, sugarbeet 7 DAA
Outlook Corn 45 DAA
Storm Soybean Not allowed
Soybean Not allowed
Sulfonylurea Herbicides -
Panoflex Preplant, Postharvest 7 DAA
DF formulations of generics - small grain, soybean Not allowed
Paraquat* (PRE and Corn, dry bean, field pea 7 DAA
Sulfonylurea Herbicides - - Feeding, Forage 7 DAA
post-harvest) sunflower (desiccant), small grain
SG formulations - Hay 30 DAA
Permit* Corn 30 DAA small grain, soybean - Straw No restriction
Dry beans See label
Supremacy Small grains Not allowed
Plateau CRP No restriction
Surveil Soybean Not allowed
Grass establishment Not allowed
Talinor Barley, Wheat - Graze/Feed 30 / 60 DAA
Poast Alfalfa 7 DAA
Canola, dry bean, dry pea, flax, lentil, flax, No restriction Teammate Wheat - Graze / Hay 7 / 28 DAA
potato, sunflower sugarbeet Thistrol Field pea Not allowed
Soybean Not allowed
Travallas Grazing or forage 7 DAA
PowerFlex Wheat - Graze / Hay 7 / 28 DAA
Haying 30 DAA
Prowl* Wheat 28 DAA
Treflan* Canola/mustard, dry bean pea,
Corn 21 DAA
lentil, potato, safflower, sunflower,
Soybean No restriction
sugarbeet. Not allowed
Chickpea, dry bean, dry pea, Not allowed
Chickpea, flax, soybean,
lentil, potato, sunflower
small grain. No restriction
Pursuit Alfalfa 30 DAA
Ultra Blazer Soybean Not allowed
Chickpea, soybean Not allowed
Dry edible bean 7 DAA Valor Corn No restriction
Field pea 120 DAA Soybean Not allowed
Lentil No restriction Wheat >5 inches
Python Corn No restriction Varisto Dry edible bean, dry pea No restriction
Soybean Not allowed Soybean 30 DAA
Quelex Small grain graze/hay 7/21 DAA Varro Wheat: forage/hay/straw 7/30/60 DAA
Raptor Alfalfa, dry bean, field pea, soybean No restriction Verdict Corn 80 DAA
Soybean Not allowed
Reflex Dry edible bean Not allowed
Warrant Soybean Not allowed
Resolve*/Matrix* Corn 30 DAA
Potato Not allowed WideMatch* Corn 47 DAA
Small grain - graze/forage- hay 7 DAA
Revulin Q Corn 45 days
14 DAA
Rimfire Max Wheat 30 DAA
Wolverine Advanced Wheat, Barley- Forage/Straw 25 / 60 DAA
Select* Alfalfa 15 DAA
XtendiMax Soybean hay/forage 7/14 DAA
Canola, chickpea, dry bean, flax, Not allowed
potato, soybean, sunflower, Zidua/Pro Corn, Soybean Not allowed
sugarbeet 2,4-D CRP, grass - hay 30 DAA
Sentrallas Grazing or forage 7 DAA - graze/feed dairy animal 7 DAA
Haying 30 DAA - graze/feed meat animal 3 DAA
Small grain
Sequence Pod crops 120 DAA
- graze/feed/hay dairy animal 14 DAA
Soybean 30 DAA
- graze/feed/hay meat animal No restriction
Sharpen Small grains 30 DAA
2,4-DB Alfalfa 30 DAA
Soybean, legume forage 65 DAA
Soybean 60 DAA
Corn 80 DAA
Sierra Small grain 30 DAA *Or generic equivalent.
Sonalan Canola/mustard, dry bean
soybean, sunflower Not allowed
Field pea No restriction
Sonic Soybean Not allowed

126
Grazing and Haying Restrictions for Herbicides Used in Pasture and Rangeland.
Lactating dairy animals All animals except lactating dairy animals
Before Before Before Before Removal before
Herbicide1 grazing hay harvest grazing hay harvest slaughter
------- days after application ------- ---------- days after application ----------
Amber 0 30 0 30 0
Cimarron Max* 7 - 0 0 30
Cimarron Xtra* 0 0 0 0 0
Crossbow 1 year 1 year 02 1 year 3
Curtail* 14 30 0 30 73
Dicamba1
Up to 1 pt 7 37 0 0 30
Up to 2 pt 21 51 0 0 30
Up to 4 pt 40 70 0 0 30
Up to 16 pt 60 90 0 0 30
Escort* 0 0 0 0 0
Facet L No grazing restrictions. Allow 7 days before haying.
FallowMaster* 8 weeks 8 weeks 8 weeks 8 weeks 8 weeks
Fuego 7 30 0 30 30
Glyphosate1
Pre/Renovation - < 1.5 lb ae/A No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction
- > 1.5 lb ae/A 8 weeks 8 weeks 8 weeks 8 weeks 8 weeks
Spot Spray - Bayer6 7 7 7 7 7
- Generics 14 14 14 14 14
Broadcast 8 weeks 8 weeks 8 weeks 8 weeks 8 weeks
Grazone P+D 7 30 7 30 3
Landmaster BW*5 7 30 3 30 3
Method 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year -
Milestone 0 0 0 0 0
paraquat*4 1 month 1 month 1 month 1 month 0
Perspective 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year -
Plateau 0 7 0 7 0
Rave 7 0 0 0 0
Redeem 1 year 1 year 0 1 year 3
Spike7 0 1 year 0 1 year 0
Stinger* 0 0 0 0 0
Telar* (<0.3 oz/A) 0 0 0 0 0
Tordon 22K8 14 14 0 14 3
2,4-D/MCPA1 7 30 0 30 3

*Or generic equivalent.

1Check individual product labels containing the same active ingredients for restrictions and uses.
2One year if more than 1.5 gallons/A is used.
3Withdrawal not needed if 2 weeks or more of time elapsed since application.
4Restrictions based on degree of new seedlings established before grazing. Suggested at least 6 inches of grass or legume growth.
5No restrictions if 10% or less of the area is treated.
6Do not treat more than one-tenth of any given acre at one time with spot or wiper application. Remove livestock before application.
7If no more than 20 lb/A is used.
8Remove livestock to untreated grass pastures for 7 days before transferring livestock to broadleaf or pasture areas. Removal before

slaughter statement only applies to animals grazing treated forage for 2 weeks immediately after application.

127
 Control of Volunteer Glyphosate Resistant (GR) Crops
PRE Control of volunteer GR canola:
>90% PRE = Acuron/Flexi, Authority Assist (7-9 fl oz), Authority First/MTZ/Elite/BroadAxe XC (20-26 fl oz = 75-85%), Balance Flexx,
Fierce, FirstRate, Instigate, Realm Q (POST), Resolve Q, Sharpen (2-3 fl oz), Sonic, SureStart (2 pt), Surveil, Verdict.
<70% PRE = Anthem, Authority Assist (6 fl oz), Authority MTZ, Boundary, Metribuzin, Sharpen (1 fl oz), SureStart II (1.5-2 pt), Spartan,
Valor, Zidua.

POST Control of volunteer GR canola:

>90% POST = Most ALS herbicides. SureStart II (1.5-2 pt), Teammate (3-leaf).
<70% POST = Aim, Cadet, Basagran >6-leaf, Cobra, Harmony*, Realm Q, Resolve Q, Sharpen >bolting, Talinor, Ultra Blazer >3-leaf.

Canola - begin flower

Corn - 10-18 inches

Corn - 18-24 inches

Corn - 24-40 inches

Canola - begin bolt

Soybean - V2-V3

Soybean - V4-V6
Canola - 3-leaf

Canola - 6-leaf
Canola - Pre
Rate

**See section below table for

more herbicides
POST Grass Herbicides*
Assure II* / Fusilade DX 3 - 5 fl oz N N N N N E E G-E N N
Select* 3 - 6 fl oz N N N N N G-E P-G P-F N N
Select Max 6 - 9 fl oz N N N N N G-E P-F P N N
Broadleaf Herbicides
Armezon/Impact + atrazine 0.5 floz+0.38 lbai E E E F P N N N P P
atrazine* + oil adjuvant 0.38 lb ai E G-E P N N N N N E P
0.5 lb ai E G-E G P P N N N E F
Bromoxynil & MCPA* 0.8 pt - E F-G - - N N N E E
Callisto + atrazine (3/8 lb ai) 3 fl oz E E E E E N N N P P
Capreno + atrazine (3/8 lb ai) 3 fl oz - E G-E - - N N N G G
Curtail* 0.25 - 0.5 pt - G-E F-G - - N N N F-G P-F
Dicamba 4 - 12 fl oz N-P P P P P N N N E E
Express* 0.167 oz DF/0.25 oz SG - E G-E F-G F P P P P P
Extreme* 1.5 pt E E G-E P P F-G F P N N
FirstRate/Sonic 0.2 - 0.3 oz E E F-E P-F F - - - N N
Flexstar + MSO 0.38 - 0.75 pt - E E E E N N N N N
Harmony 0.33 oz DF / 0.5 oz SG - E G-E P P N N N N N
Hornet 1 - 2 oz P-F G-E F-E - - N N N E F
Huskie/Complete 11-15/13.7 fl oz - E E E E N N N G G
Laudis + atrazine (3/8 lb ai) 3 fl oz - E E E F N N N G G
Liberty + AMS 32 - 43 fl oz N E G-E P-F P N N N G F-G
MCPA* 1 pt P E E G-E G N N N G F
Permit 1.5 oz E E E - - N N N E G
B-mix*+Nortron*+UpBeet+ MSO** 1.4 pt+0.23 pt+0.25 oz - P-F N-P N N P-F N-P N-P F N-P
Pursuit* + MSO 2 fl oz G-E E G-E P P G F P N N
Raptor + MSO 1 - 2 fl oz - E G-E P-F P P-F P N-P N N
4 fl oz - E E G F G-E F P N N
Status 2.5 oz N F P N N N N N E G-E
4 oz N G F P P N N N E E
Stinger* + oil adjuvant 1 - 2 fl oz N N N N N N N N F-G F
3 - 4 fl oz N N N N N N N N E G-E
Varisto + MSO 11 -16 fl oz - E E G F P-F P N-P N N
21 fl oz - E E E E G-E F P N N
UpBeet + MSO** 0.5 to 1 oz - G N-P N N P-F N-P N-P F N-P
WideMatch* 0.13 - 0.25 pt N P P N N N N N F-E P-G
Wolverine Advanced 1.7 pt - E E E E E E E G G
2,4-D* 0.5 pt N G P N N N P P P P
1 pt N E E G-E P N P P - -
*Or generic equivalent.
**Two applications at 10 to 14 days interval.
Weed control ratings in this section are based on the following scale:
E = Excellent = 90 to 99% control P = Poor = 40 to 65% control
G = Good = 80 to 90% control N = None = No control
F = Fair = 65 to 80% control “-“ = insufficient information

128
 Herbicide Effectiveness, Residual Activity in Soil (soil-applied),
and Persistence in Soil (POST applied)
The following ratings show relative herbicide effectiveness at labeled rates. Under favorable conditions control may be
greater than indicated and under unfavorable conditions herbicides may give erratic results. Dry and cool weather increases
herbicide persistence while wet and/or warm weather reduces herbicide persistence.

Mode of Action**

Buckwheat, Wild

Lambsquarters
Brome, Downy
Barnyardgrass

Foxtail, Yellow
Foxtail, Green

Quackgrass

Horseweed
Cocklebur,

(Marestail)
Volunteer

Wild Oat

Common
Cereals

Kochia
Acetochor 15 E P-F G-E G-E N P P-F P P N-P P-F F-E
Acuron5,15,27,27 E G E E N P P G-E E G-E E E
Acuron Flexi 15,27,27 E F E E N P P P G G-E G-E E
Afforia 2,2,14 N F-G P P N N N P-F N F-E F-G G-E
Atrazine* (0.38 lb ai/A) 5 P G P P N F-G F-G P N - F F
Atrazine* (0.5 - 0.75 lb ai/A) 5 F G-E P P-F P G-E G-E G-E F-G - G-E E
Authority Assist 2,14 P F-G P P N N N P P F E E
Auth. Elite/BroadAxe XC 14,15 P-E P-F F-E F-E N P-F P-F P-G P F-G E E
Authority First / Sonic 2,14 N F-G P P N N N P E P-E E E
Authority MTZ 5,14 P-F F-G P-F P-F N P P F-G P-F F E G-E
Balance Flexx 27 E - E F-G P N N N P G-E G-E E
Boundary 5,15 F-G - F-E F-E N P P F-G P F F-G G
Callisto 27 N - N N N N N N P G-E P E
Corvus 2,27 E G G-E G - P F-G P F G E E
Dicamba 4 N N N N N N N E E F-E E G
Dual/II/Magnum* 15 P-E P-F F-E F-E N P P-F N-P N N N-P P-F
Eptam 8 E - E E F-G G G-E F P N P F
Fierce 14,15 G G-E E G-E N N P P-F P F-G F-E F-E
Instigate 2,27 N - N N N N N P-F G-E F-G P-F E
Lumax EZ 5,15,27 G G G-E G-E N P P G-E F-G E E E
Metribuzin* 5 P-F F-G P-F P-F N-P P-G N F-G P-F F F-G P-F
Nortron/Ethotron 8 P - F-G F-G P E G F-G P - F-G F
Olympus 2 F F-G P P P N F-G P - N P1 P
Outlook* 15 G-E P-G G-E G-E N F-G P N N N N F-G
Permit* 2 N - N N N N N N E P1 N1 G-E
PrePare 2 P-F N-P G-E P-F N N F-G - P N F-G1 F
Prequel 2,27 E - G-E G-E N G-E G-E N G-E G-E G G-E
Prowl*/Sonalan*/Treflan* 3 E F-G E1 E N N-P P P N N P F-G
Resicore 4,15,27 E P-F G-E G-E N P N G-E G-E G-E P-F E
Rimsulfuron* 2 G - G F-G N G F P F P1 G1 F
Ro-Neet 8 E - E E P G-E G P-F P - P F-G
Sharpen (1 fl oz/A) 14 N N N N N N N P-G P P-G P-F P-F
Sharpen (2-3 fl oz) 14 N N N N N N N G-E G G-E E E
Spartan/Charge 14/14 N F-G P P N N N P-F P F F-E G-E
SureStart II/TripleFlex II 2,4,15 E - E E N G P E E G-E G-E1 E
Surveil 2,14 N F-G P P N N N P-F E F-E F-E F-E
Valor* 14 N F-G P P N N N P-F N F-E F-G G-E
Verdict (10-18 fl oz) 14,15 F-G P-G G-E G-E N F P G-E G G-E E E
Warrant (Pre to weeds) 15 E - G-E G-E N P P N N P P F
Zidua/Anthem 15/14 E F-G G-E G-E N N F-E P P N-P F P
Zidua Pro 2/15/ E F-G E E N P-F F-E G-E G-E F F-E E
14
PPI = Preplant Incorporated, Pre = Preemergence. Shallow PPI = greater and more consistent weed control compared to PRE.
*Or generic equivalent. **Numbers represent herbicide mode of action from a numerical classification system: 100-101.
1Except where resistant populations have developed.

129
Weed control ratings in this section are based on the following scale:
E = Excellent = 90 to 99% control P = Poor = 40 to 65% control
G = Good = 80 to 90% control N = None = No control Residual Weed Activity:
F = Fair = 65 to 80% control “-“ = insufficient information S = Short = 0 to 2 weeks
M = Medium = 2 to 6 weeks
Herbicide persistence ratings are for residues present 12 months after application: L = Long = 6 to 12 weeks
O = Often S = Seldom N = None VL = Very long = >12 weeks

Mustard, Wntr. Annual

Residual weed activity

Waterhemp / Palmer3

Wormwood, Biennial
Nightshade, E/Black

Ragweed, Common

Smartweed, Annual
Nightshade, Hairy

Pigweed, Redroot
Mallow, Common

Thistle, Russian

Thistle, Canada
Lanceleaf Sage

Prickly Lettuce
Mustard, Wild
Marshelder

Sunflower
SOIL- APPLIED
HERBICIDES*
Acetochlor N N P F - F-G F-G G-E F-E - N-P P N-P F N N S-M
Acuron G - E E E E E E E G-E E E E E G-E N L
Acuron Flexi G - E E E E E E E G-E E E E E G N M
Afforia N E P G-E G-E E G-E G-E G-E F-G N-P F P F-G G N M
Atrazine* (0.38 lb ai/A) G - F G G F F F P-F - P F F G G N M
Atrazine*(0.5 - 0.75 lb ai) E - E E E E E E G E E E G E E N L
Authority Assist - F P-G E E E E E F-E P N G-E P G-E G-E N L
Auth. Elite/BroadAxe XC N - P-G P P G-E F-G G-E G-E P N G-E N G-E F-G N M-L
Authority First / Sonic E - E E E E E E F-E - G-E E E G-E G N L
Authority MTZ F-G F-G E G-E G-E G-E F-G E F-E G-E F-G G-E P-F G-E G-E N M-L
Balance Flexx - N G E G-E G-E G-E E G G-E G-E F-G P G G-E N M
Boundary F F G-E G-E G-E P P G-E G-E G-E P-F G P G-E G-E N M
Callisto - - E E E E E E G-E - G E E - - N M
Corvus - - G-E E G-E G-E G-E E E G-E G-E G-E F F G-E N M
Dicamba P-F P E P P E E G F-G G-E E E G-E G G-E F-G S
Dual/II/Magnum* N - N N - N N F-G F-G N N N N P N N S-M
Eptam N P-G P P P F F G F-G P F P N P N N S
Fierce - E P G-E G-E G-E F-E G-E G-E F-G F-G F-G P G-E G-E N M
Instigate - - E E E E E E G-E N F-G E E - - N M
Lumax EZ G - E E G-E E E E G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E N L
Metribuzin* F - E G-E G-E P P G-E F-G G-E P-F G P-F G-E G-E N M
Nortron/Ethotron - P P P-F - F-G F-G G-E F-G - P G-E P F-G - N L
Olympus - - - G G P P P N P P P P P - N L
Outlook* N N N P-F - F-G F-G G-E G - N N N P-F N N S-M
Permit* - - - E E N N F-E N - E E - N N N M
PrePare N F - - G G G G N P N F-G N F P N M
Prequel - - F-G E E G-E G-E G-E G G-E G-E F-G P-F P-F G-E N M
Prowl*/Sonalan*/Treflan* N - N N P N-P N-P E G-E N N P N F-G N N VL
Resicore - - E E E E E E G-E - E E E - E N M
Rimsulfuron* N - N F - P P E N - F P F P N N M
Ro-Neet N F-G P P P F-G F-G G F-G P F P N P - N S
Sharpen (1 fl oz/A) - P-G - P-G P-G P-G - F-G F P F F P-G P-G P-G N S
Sharpen (2-3 fl oz/A) - G-E - E E G-E - E G-E G-E G-E E G-E E E N M
Spartan/Charge N - P-G P P E F-G F-E F-E P N G-E N G-E G N L
SureStart II/TripleFlex II G - E E E G-E G-E G-E P G-E F-G G-E E F-G E F M
Surveil E - E E E G-E G-E G-E G F-E F-G G-E E G-E G N L
Valor* N E P G G E G-E G-E G-E F-G N-P F P F-G G N M
Verdict (10-18 fl oz) - G-E - E E G-E - E E G-E G-E E G-E E E P M
Warrant (Pre to weeds) N - N P - F-G F-G G-E G - N N N N N N S-M
Zidua/Anthem - - P P - F-G F-G G G - P-F F N F F N M-L
Zidua Pro - - E E E E E E G-E - F-G E F-G E E N L
*Or generic equivalent.
1Except where resistant populations have developed.

130
 Volunteer Cereals

Buckwheat, Wild
Mode of Action

Lambsquarters
Brome, Downy
Barnyardgrass

Foxtail, Yellow
Foxtail, Green

Quackgrass

Horseweed
Cocklebur,

(Marestail)
Common
Wild Oat

Kochia
POST- APPLIED
HERBICIDES*
Affinity BS* (1:1) + 2,4-D 2,2,4 N N N N N N N G-E G F1 E1 E
Thifen&Triben* (2:1) + 2,4-D 2,2,4 N N P P N N N G-E E F1 E1 E
Audit* (3:1) + 2,4-D 2,2,4 N N P P N N N G-E E F1 E1 E
Affinity TM* (4:1) + 2,4-D 2,2,4 N N P P N N N G-E E F1 E1 E
Aim 14 N N N N N N N P P N F-E F-G
Armezon/Pro + atrazine 5,27 E F-G G-E G-E - - - E E G E E
Assure II / Targa 1 E P-E E F-G E E G-E1 N N N N N
Atrazine (0.38 lb ai/A) 5 F F-G F F N F F G-E P G E E
Atrazine (0.5 - 0.75 lb ai/A) 5 F-G G F F-G P F-G F-G E G E E E
Axial Star 1,4 G-E N E G-E N N E1 P E - E N
Axial XL 1 G-E N E G-E N N E1 N N N N N
Basagran* 6 N N N N N N N P-G G-E P-F P-E F-E
Betamix 5,5 P N F F N N N F P-F - F-G G
Betamix + Nortron 5,8 P N F-G F-G N N N F-G F - F-G G-E
Beyond 2 E G-E E G-E F G-E E1 P G-E P1 E1 F
Bromoxynil* 6 N N N N N N N G-E E F G-E G
Bromoxynil & MCPA* 4,6 N N N N N N N G-E E F-G G-E E
Cadet 14 N N N N N N N N-P N N P-F F-G
Callisto 27 N - N F N N N P E F-G P-F E
Callisto Xtra 5,27 N F-G N F N N N G-E E E E E
Capreno + atrazine 2,5,27 G G G G N F-G G-E G G-E G G-E E
Cobra/Phoenix 14 N N N N N N N P G-E N P-F N
Curtail* / M* 4,4 N N N N N N N G E G P G
Dicamba2 (1-4 oz ai/A) 4 N N N N N N N E E F-E G-E1 G-E
Dicamba2 (8 oz ai/A) 4 P N P P N P P E E G-E E1 E
DiFlexx2 4 N N N N N N N E E G G-E E
DiFlexx Duo2 4,27 E F-G F G-E N N N E E G-E E E
Discover NG 1 E N E G-E P N E1 N N N N N
Enlist Duo2 4,9 N N N N N N N P-G E G-E1 F-E1 E
Everest 3.0/Sierra 2 P P-F E P-G P N G-E1 F N N N P
Express* 2 N N N N N N N P N-F N1 E1 P-F
Express* + 2,4-D 2,4 N N N N N N N F G G1 E1 E
Extreme* 2,9 E G-E E E E E E G E E1 E G
Fenoxaprop* 1 E N E E N N E1 N N N N N
FirstRate 2 N - N N N N N P-F E G-E1 P1 P
Flexstar 14 N N P-F P-F N N N P G-E N-P G-E P-F
Flexstar GT 14 E G-E E E E E E P-G E P-G G-E1 G-E
Fusilade DX 1 E F-G G-E G-E G E E1 N N N N N
Glyphosate2 9 E G-E E E E E E P-G E G-E1 F-E1 P-E1
Goal/Collide 14 P N P P P P F-G G-E E - G-E G
GoldSky 2,4 G-E F-G F-G G-E F - G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E
Halex GT 9,15,27 E G E E E E E P-G E G-E1 E E
Harmony* (1/12 oz) 2 N N N N N N N N N N N F-G
Harmony* (0.3 to 0.6 oz) 2 N N N N N N N G-E P N N E
Hornet 2,4 N - N N N N N F-G E E F-G1 P-F
Huskie 6,27 N N N N N N N E E G-E G-E E
Huskie Complete 2,6,27 G-E F F-G F-G P N G-E E E G-E G-E E
Impact + atrazine (3/8 lb ai) 5,27 E F-G G-E G-E - - - E E G-E E E
Laudis + atrazine (3/8 lb ai) 5,27 E F-G F G-E - - P-F E E G-E E E
Liberty 10 E - E G P F-G G-E E E F-G E F-G
Lumax EZ (3 pt) 5,15,27 N F-G N F N N N E G G-E E E
Marvel 14,14 N N P-F P-F N N N P G-E N-P G-E P-F
131
 Nightshade, Hairy

Pigweed, Redroot
Mallow, Common

Thistle, Russian

Thistle, Canada
Lanceleaf Sage

Mustard, Wntr.

Prickly Lettuce
Mustard, Wild

Waterhemp /

Wormwood,
Nightshade,

Smartweed,

Persistence
Marshelder

Ragweed,

Sunflower

Herbicide
POST- APPLIED

Common

Biennial
Palmer3
E/Black
HERBICIDES* (cont.)

Annual

Annual
Affinity BS*(1:1) + 2,4-D* F-G F E E E F-G F-G G F-G G-E1 G1 G G E1 F-G G-E N
Thif & Trib*(2:1) + 2,4-D* G-E F E E E F-G F-G E F-G E1 E1 E G-E E1 F-G G N
Audit* (3:1) + 2,4-D* G-E F E E E F-G F-G E F-G E1 E1 E G-E E1 F-G G N
AffinityTM*(4:1) + 2,4-D* G-E F E E E F-G F-G E F-G E1 E1 E G-E E1 F-G G N
Aim - - P P P N-P N-P G F-G P N N P F - N N
Armezon/Pro + atrazine E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E G S
Assure II / Targa N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Atrazine (0.38 lb ai) E - G-E P-G P-G G-E G-E E F E P G F-E E - N S
Atrazine (0.5 - 0.75 lb ai) E - E G-E G-E E E E G E F-G E G E - P S
Axial Star - F-G P P P P P N N E E N E P N N N
Axial XL N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Basagran* P P G-E E E N F-G F-E N-E G P-F E E G G-E F-G N
Betamix P P G G-E - F-G F-G G F - F F P P P N N
Betamix + Nortron P-F N G G-E - G G G F - F-G F-G P P P N S
Beyond E P G-E E E E E E N E1 N G-E E G-E1 P N-P S
Bromoxynil* E P E F-G F-G E E F P-F F-G E G-E G-E E P-F P N
Bromoxynil & MCPA* E P E E G-E E E G F-G F-G E G E E F P-F N
Cadet - - - - - - - F-G P-G - N - - - - N N
Callisto - - E E E E E E G-E N P E E - - N S
Callisto Xtra E G-E E E E E E E E E F E E E E P S
Capreno + atrazine - F-G G-E E E E G-E E E G G-E E E E G-E F O
Cobra/Phoenix E G-E G E - P P G-E G - P-E P P-F P P N N
Curtail* / M* F-G F-E E E E E E P P-G E E E E G E G-E S
Dicamba2 (1-4 oz ai/A) F P E P P G-E G-E P-G P-G G E E E F G-E F S
Dicamba2 (8 oz ai/A) F-G P E P P E E F-E P-E E E E E F-G E F-G S
DiFlexx2 G P E P P G G P-G P-G G E E E F G-E F-G S
DiFlexx Duo2 G G E E G-E E E E G-E G-E E E E G-E E G S
Discover NG N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Enlist Duo E P-F E E G-E P-G P-G E F-E1 E E P-E E G F-E G-E N
Everest 3.0/Sierra N N N E E E1 N G-E N P N E P-F N - N S
Express* N P-F E E E P-F - F-E N G1 N F-G F E1 P-F G N
Express* + 2,4-D F-G F-E E E E F-G F-G G F-G G-E G G F-G E F-G G-E N
Extreme* E G-E E E E E E E P-E1 E G-E1 P-E E G-E P-E G-E O
Fenoxaprop* N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
FirstRate P - E G-E P N N P N - E1 E E - P N O
Flexstar E G-E G-E E E G-E F-G E P-E - P-E G-E F - P N O
Flexstar GT E F-E E E E G-E G E P-E F-G F-E E G-E G F-E F-G O
Fusilade DX N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Glyphosate2 E P-G G-E G-E G-E P-G P-G E P-G1 P-G G-E1 P-E G-E G F-E G-E N
Goal/Collide E - - F F G-E G-E E G-E G-E G F F-E G-E G N N
GoldSky - F-G - E G-E G G G-E G-E G F-G G G-E F-G1 - P-F N
Halex GT E P-G E E E E E E G-E1 F-G E E E G E G-E S
Harmony* (1/12 oz) N N N E P N N G N P1 N F-G P P1 N N N
Harmony* (0.3 - 0.6 oz) N F G-E E G-E N N G-E P-E G-E1 N E G-E G-E1 N N N
Hornet E - E E E G-E G-E P-F N E E F-G E F-G E G-E O
Huskie E G E E G-E E E E E F-G E G-E E E G F-G S
Huskie Complete E G E E G-E E E E E F-G E G-E E E G F-G S
Impact + atrazine E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E G S
Laudis + atrazine - G E E E E E E E E E E E E E G S
Liberty E G E E G-E G-E G-E E F-E G-E G-E E E G-E E P N
Lumax EZ (3 pt) E - E E E E E E E E E E E E E P S
Marvel E G-E G-E E E G-E F-G E E - G-E G-E F - P N O
132
 Horseweed (Marestail)
Cocklebur, Common
Volunteer Cereals

Buckwheat, Wild
Mode of Action

Lambsquarters
Brome, Downy
Barnyardgrass

Foxtail, Yellow
Foxtail, Green

Quackgrass

Wild Oat

Kochia
POST- APPLIED
HERBICIDES* (cont.)

Maverick/Outrider 2 - F-G P-F P-F G N E N - F P1 P

MCPA 4 N N N N N N N N G F-G N E
Metribuzin* 5 F N F F P P - P-F P-F P-F P-F F-G
OpenSky 2,4 G-E F-G F-G G-E F - G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E
Olympus 2 F F-E P-F P-F F-G N G-E1 - - P - -
Orion 2,4 N N N N N N N G F-G - G1 E
Osprey 2 G F-G P-F P-F N-P N G-E1 N N N N N
Paraquat 22 G - G G P F-G G F F-G F-G G-E E
PerfectMatch 2,4 G-E F-g F-G G-E F - G-E E E G-E F-E1 G
Permit* 2 N N N N N N N P E - P1 N
Poast 1 E P-G E E F G-E G-E1 N N N N N
PowerFlex 2 G-E F-G F G - - G-E F-G - - F1 G-E
Pursuit* 2 G - G F-G N G F1 P G-E N E1 P
Quelex 2,4 N N N N N N N G-E - G-E F G-E
Raptor 2 E F-E E G-E F G-E E1 P G-E N E1 P-F
Raze 2,4 G F-G E G N-P N E1 F-G E N E P
Realm Q 2,27 G-E - G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E P-F E F-G P-F1 E
Reflex* 14 N N N N N N N P G N-P F-E P
Require Q 2,4 G-E - G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E E F-G G-E1 F-G
Resicore 4,15,27 N N N N N N N G-E E G-E P-F E
Resolve Q 2,2 G-E - G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E P N N E1 F-G
Resource 14 N - N N N N N - F N P F-G
Revulin Q 2,27 G-E - G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E P-F E F-G P-F1 E
Rimfire Max 2,2 G P-F P-F P-F F N G-E1 N - P N -
Rimsulfuron 2 G-E - G-E G-E G-E G-E G-E N N N E1 F
Select* / Select Max 1 E P-E E E G-E E E N N N N N
Starane Ultra 4 N N N N N N N P E - F-E N
Starane Flex 4 N N N N N N N G E - F-E P
Starane NXT* 4,6 N N N N N N N E E G-E E E
Status 4,19 P-F N P-F P-F N P P E E G-E G-E E
Stinger* (<0.061 lb ai/A) 4 N N N N N N N F G-E G N N
Stinger* (>0.061 lb ai/A) 4 N N N N N N N F-G E G-E N P
Storm 6,14 N N P-F P-F N N N P-F F-G N P-E F-E
Supremacy 2,2,4 N N P P N N N E E F1 E E
SureStart II/TripleFlex II 2,4,15 E - E E N G P E E G-E G-E1 E
Talinor 6,27 N N N N N N N E E G-E G-E E
Teammate 2 G-E F-G F-G G F N G-E F-G - - F1 G
Ultra Blazer 14 N N P-F P-F N N N P F-G N P-E N
UpBeet (0.5 to 1 oz/A) 2 N N F-G F-G N N-P N F-G P - F-E1 P
UpBeet + Betamix 2,5 P N F-G F-G N P N F-G F-G - E1 G-E
Varisto 2,6 E F-E E G-E F G-E E1 P-G E N E1 F-E
Varro 2 G-E F G-E G P N G-E P-F - - N P
WideMatch* 4,4 N N N N N N N E E G-E F-E1 N-F
Wolverine Advanced 1,6,27 E N E E N N E1 E E G-E G-E E
2,4-D2 4 N N N N N N N P G-E F-E P E
2,4-DB/Butyrac 4 N N N N N N N P E - N G-E
1Herbicides will not control resistant biotypes or provide minimal control in tank-mix/premixes with alternative modes of action.

133
 Herbicide Persistence
Waterhemp / Palmer3

Wormwood, Biennial
Nightshade, E/Black

Ragweed, Common
Mustard, W. Annual

Smartweed, Annual
Nightshade, Hairy

Pigweed, Redroot
Mallow, Common

Thistle, Russian

Thistle, Canada
Lanceleaf Sage

Prickly Lettuce
Mustard, Wild
Marshelder

Sunflower
POST- APPLIED
HERBICIDES* (cont.)

Maverick/Outrider - N - E E - - P N - - - E - P N O
MCPA G-E P G E G-E P-F P-F P-F P G G F G P F-G P-F N
Metribuzin* - - - P-G P-G P P G P-G P-G P-F P-F P-F - - N O
OpenSky - F-G - E G-E G G G-E G-E G F-G G G-E F- - P-F N
Olympus - - - E E - - P-F N - - - - - - - O
Orion F-G P F-G E E F F E P E E G E F- G F-G N
Osprey N N N E E N N F N N N N N G1
N N N S
Paraquat E G G E G G-E G-E E E F-G G-E E E E - P N
PerfectMatch P-F F-E E G-E G G-E G-E G-E N E E G E P G G-E S
Permit P - G-E E E P P F N - G- F-G E - P N O
Poast N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
PowerFlex - - - E E - - E N P-F - F E G - P-F N
Pursuit* E P E E E E E E N E1 N G G-E P- N N O
Quelex - - - E E G-E G-E G-E - F G-E G-E F F - P-F S
Raptor E P G-E E E E E E N G1 N G-E E G- P N-P N
Raze N F-G P E E E E E N G-E G-E G G-E F PG N S
Realm Q - - E E E E E E G-E N P E E - - N S
Reflex* E - G E E G P G-E G-E - P-E G P-F - P N O
Require Q P-F P-F E E E N G-E F-E F-G G-E F F-G G-E G G-E F-G S
Resicore - - E E E E E E F-E - E E E - E N
Resolve Q - P-F - E E G/N P-F F-E N P-F F-G F-G P P1 N N S
Resource - - - - - - - F-G N-P - N-P - - - - N N
Revulin Q - - E E E E E E G-E N P E E - - N S
Rimfire Max N N - E E - - P-F N - - N - - - - S
Rimsulfuron - - - E E G/N P-F E N - P F P P1 N N S
Select* / Select Max N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
Starane Ultra - F-G P P P P P N N E E N E P N N N
Starane Flex - F-G P G G P P G-E N E E P E G1 N N N
Starane NXT* E F-G E E E E G-E P P-F G E E E G-E P-F P N
Status G G E E G G G G-E G-E E E E E E E G S
Stinger* (<0.061 lb ai/A) P F G-E N N G-E G-E N N G-E F-E G G P G-E F-G S
Stinger* (>0.061 lb ai/A) F F-G E N N E E N N E G-E G-E G-E P-F E E S
Storm P-F P F-G E G-E F-G F-G E F-E G P-F E F-E G G-E N N
Supremacy G-E F-E E E E F-G F-G E N E1 E E E E1 F-G G N
SureStart II/TripleFlex II G - E E E G-E G-E G-E P G-E F-G G-E E F-G E F O
Talinor E G E E G-E E E E E F-G E G-E E E F F-G S
Teammate - - - E E - - E N P-F - F E G - P-F N
Ultra Blazer P-F N F E - F-G F-G E G-E - N-F E P-F G P N N
UpBeet (0.5-1 oz) N-P G N G-E G F F F F N F F N N-P N N N
UpBeet + Betamix P-F G-E G E - G G G-E F - F-G G G P P N N
Varisto E P E E E E E E N G1 P-F E E G- G-E F-G S
Varro N - - G F - - F-G F1 - - - - P - - S
WideMatch* F F-E E P P G-E G-E P N E G-E G E P E G-E S
Wolverine Advanced E G E E G-E E E E G-E F-G E G-E E E G F S
2,4-D2 P-F P E E F-G N-P N-P F-G F E E P E G F-G F N
2,4-DB/Butyrac - - - P P - - P N - P P - P - N N
* Or generic equivalent.
1 Herbicides will not control resistant biotypes or provide minimal control in tank-mix/premixes with alternative modes of action.
2 Weed control is dependent on rate, size of weeds, environmental conditions, and number of applications.
3 Waterhemp and Palmer ratings assume populations are ALS-resistant.

134
 North Dakota Herbicide Compendium
The listings are approximate average retail prices for small quantities. Herbicide prices do not include cost of additives, surfactants, oils, fertilizer or application costs. Prices vary
depending on area of the state, wholesaler, bulk discounts, seasonal changes, quantities purchased and particular programs the manufacturing company offers. Consult local
agricultural suppliers for exact price in area.
Brand Product/A Cost $/A
ProductSite of action-pg 100-101 Company equivalent Active ingredients Formulation $/Unit Low Med High Low Med High
Aatrex 4L5 Syngenta - atrazine 4F 14.50 gal 0.75 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 1.40 2.70 3.60
Aatrex Nine-O5 Syngenta - atrazine 90DF 3.70 lb 0.42 lb 0.56 lb 0.83 lb 1.60 2.10 3.10
Abundit Edge9 Corteva RU PM glyphosate-k salt 4.5SL 22.15 gal 22 fl oz 32 fl oz 44 fl oz 3.80 5.50 7.60
Accent Q2 Corteva Accent nicosulfuron + isoxadifen safener 54.5DF 18.00 oz 0.67 oz 1.25 oz 1.8 oz 12.10 22.50 32.40
Accurate Extra2,2,2 FMC Ally Extra thifensulf & triben & metsulfuron 37.50+18.75+15DF 4.25 oz 10 A/pk - 5 A/pk 0.85 - 1.70
Acumen3 Tenkoz Prowl pendimethalin 3.3EC 35.00 gal 2.4 pt 3 pt 3.64 pt 10.50 13.10 15.90
Acuron5,15,27,27 Syngenta - atra&meto&meso&bicyclo&benox 1+2.14+0.24+.06ZC 66.50 gal 1.5 qt 2.25 qt 3 qt 24.90 37.40 49.90
AcuronFlexi15,27,27 Syngenta - meto & meso & bicyclo & benox 2.86+0.32+.08ZC 79.50 gal 1.2 qt - 2.25 qt 23.90 - 44.70
Affinity BrdSpec2,2 FMC - thifensulfuron & tribenuron 1:1 25 + 25SG 8.40 oz 0.4 oz 0.6 oz 1 oz 3.40 5.00 8.40
AffinityTankMix2,2 FMC - thifensulfuron & tribenuron 4:1 40 + 10SG 7.80 oz 0.6 oz 0.75 oz 1 oz 4.70 5.90 7.80
Afforia2,2,14 Corteva - flumioxazin & thifensulf & triben 40.8 & 5 & 5SG 5 oz 2.5 oz 3 oz 3.75 oz 12.50 15.00 18.70
Agility4,2,2,2 FMC - dicamba&thifen&triben&metsulf 57.8+4.7+2.4+1.9SG 2.27 oz 1.6 oz 2.4 oz 3.2 oz 3.60 5.40 7.30
Aim EC14 FMC - carfentrazone-ethyl 2EC 156.00 qt 1/2 fl oz - 1 fl oz 2.40 - 4.90
Alion29 Bayer - indaziflam 1.67EC 13.75 fl oz 5 fl oz 5.75 fl oz 6.5 fl oz 68.80 79.10 89.40
Alluvex2,2 Corteva - thifensulfuron & rimsulfuron 1:1 16.7 + 16.7SG 5.40 oz 1.5 oz - 1.5 oz 8.10 - 8.10
Ally2 FMC - metsulfuron-methyl 60XP 8.50 oz 0.05 oz 0.1 oz 0.3 oz 0.40 0.90 2.60
AllyExtra SG2,2,2 FMC - thifensul & triben & metsulf 27.3+13.6 +10.9SG 7.60 oz 0.3 oz - 0.5 oz 2.30 - 3.80
Amber2 Syngenta - triasulfuron 75DF 10.00 oz 0.14 oz 0.28 oz 0.56 oz 1.40 2.80 5.60
Anthem14,15 FMC - fluthiacet & pyroxasulfone 0.0632 + 2.09SC 2.85 fl oz 5 fl oz 9 fl oz 13 fl oz 14.30 25.70 37.10
AnthemATZ5,14,15 FMC - atra & fluthiacet & pyroxasulfone 4+0.014+0.485SC 101.75 gal 1.75 pt 2.75 pt 3.75 pt 22.30 35.00 47.70
AnthemFlex14,15 FMC - carfentrazone & pyroxasulfone 0.267 + 3.733SC 570.00 gal 2 fl oz 4 fl oz 4.5 fl oz 8.90 17.80 20.00
AnthemMaxx14,15 FMC - fluthiacet & pyroxasulfone 0.126 + 4.174SC 760.00 gal 2.5 fl oz 4.5 fl oz 6.5 fl oz 14.80 26.70 38.60
Armezon27 BASF Impact topramezone 2.8SC 16.35 fl oz 0.33 fl oz 0.5 fl oz 0.75 fl oz 5.40 8.20 12.30
ArmezonPro15,27 BASF topramezone & dimethenamid 0.1 + 5.25SC 140.00 gal 16 fl oz 20 fl oz 24 fl oz 17.50 21.90 26.30
Arrow1 ADAMA Select clethodim 2EC 73.50 gal 4 fl oz 6 fl oz 8 fl oz 2.30 3.40 4.60
Arsenal2 BASF - imazapyr-ipa salt 2AS 70.00 gal 1 qt 2 qt 3 qt 17.50 35.00 52.50
Assure II1 AMVAC - quizalofop-ethyl 0.88EC 88.48 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 10 fl oz 2.80 5.50 6.90
Atra-55 Drexel - atrazine 5F 20.25 gal 0.75 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 1.90 3.80 5.10
Atrazine 4L5 Several - atrazine 4L 17.00 gal 0.75 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 1.60 3.20 4.30
Atrazine 90DF5 Several - atrazine 90DF 4.23 lb 0.42 lb 0.83 lb 1.11 lb 1.80 3.50 4.70
Audit 1:12,2 UPL - thifensulfuron & tribenuron 1:1 25 + 25XP 11.00 oz 0.4 oz 0.6 oz 1 oz 4.40 6.60 11.00
Audit 1:12,2 UPL - thifensulfuron & tribenuron 4:1 40 + 10XP 8.30 oz 0.6 oz 0.75 oz 1 oz 5.00 6.20 8.30
Authority Assist2,14 FMC - imazethapyr & sulfentrazone 0.67 + 3.33L 2.90 fl oz 6 fl oz 7.5 fl oz 9 fl oz 17.40 21.80 26.10
Authority Edge15, 14 FMC - pyroxasulfone & sulfentrazone 1.52 + 2.73 SC - 11.7 fl oz 13.7 fl oz 15.7 fl oz - - -
Authority Elite15,14 FMC BroadAxe S-metolachlor & sulfentrazone 6.3 + 0.7EC 104.00 gal 20 fl oz 25 fl oz 32 fl oz 16.30 20.30 26.00
Authority First2,14 FMC Sonic cloransulam & sulfentrazone 7.9 + 62.1WDG 4.53 oz 4 oz 6 oz 8 oz 18.10 27.20 36.20
Authority MTZ5,14 FMC - metribuzin & sulfentrazone 27 + 18WDG 32.10 lb 8 oz 12 oz 15 oz 16.10 24.10 30.10
Authority Supreme14,15 FMC pyroxasulfone & sulfentrazone 2.08 + 2.08SC 400.00 gal 5 fl oz 8 fl oz 11 fl oz 15.60 25.00 34.40
Autumn Super2,2 Bayer - iodosulfuron & thiencarbazone 6 + 45WDG 21.75 oz 0.5 oz - 0.5 oz 10.90 - 10.90

135
 Brand Product/A Cost $/A
ProductSite of action-pg 100-101 Company equivalent Active ingredients Formulation $/Unit Low Med High Low Med High
Avadex MA8 Gowan Far-Go triallate 10G 1.40 lb 10 lb 12.5 lb 15 lb 14.00 17.50 21.00
Avalanche Ultra14 Winfield - acifluorfen-Na salt 2SL 67.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 8.40 12.60 16.80
Axial Bold1,1 Syngenta - Fenoxaprop + pinoxaden 0.457 + 0.228 EC 121.00 gal 15 fl oz - 15 fl oz 14.20 - 14.20
Axial Star4,1 Syngenta - fluroxypyr & pinoxaden & safnr 0.73 + 0.42EC 123.00 gal 16.4 fl oz - 16.4 fl oz 15.80 - 15.80
Axial XL1 Syngenta - pinoxaden&cloquintocet safener 0.42EC 117.50 gal 16.4 fl oz - 16.4 fl oz 15.10 - 15.10
Balance Flexx27 Bayer - isoxaflutole & cyprosulfamide 2SC 3.93 fl oz 3 fl oz 4.5 floz 6 fl oz 11.80 17.70 23.60
Banvel4 Several - dicamba-dma salt 4SL 75.00 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 16 fl oz 2.30 4.70 9.40
Barrage HF4 Helena - 2,4-D ethylhexyl-ester 4.7SL 44.00 gal 6 fl oz 9 fl oz 13 fl oz 2.10 3.10 4.50
Basagran6 Several - bentazon-Na salt 4SL 55.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 6.90 10.30 13.80
Basagran 5L6 BASF Basgran bentazon-Na salt 5SL 65.50 gal 0.8 pt 1.2 pt 1.6 pt 6.60 9.80 13.10
Basis Blend2,2 Corteva ResolveQ rimsulfuron & thifen & isoxadifen 20 + 10SG 7.15 oz 1.25 oz - 1.5 oz 8.90 - 10.70
Beacon2 Syngenta - primisulfuron-methyl 75DF 36.00 oz 0.38 oz 0.5 oz 0.76 oz 13.70 18.00 27.40
Bentazon6 Willowood Basagran bentazon-Na salt 4SL 50.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 6.30 9.40 12.50
Betamix5,5 Bayer - desmedipham & phenmedipham 0.65 + 0.65EC 90.00 gal 4.62 pt 6 pt 7.7 pt 52.00 67.50 86.60
Beyond2 BASF Raptor imazamox-NH4 salt 1SL 450.00 gal 2 fl oz 3 fl oz 4 fl oz 7.00 10.50 14.10
Bicep II Magnum5,15 Syngenta - atrazine & S-metolachlor 3.1 + 2.4L 37.00 gal 2.1 qt 2.35 qt 2.6 qt 19.40 21.70 24.10
Bicep Lite II Magnum5,15 Syngenta - atrazine & S-metolachlor 2.67 + 3.23L 53.00 gal 1.5 qt 1.9 qt 2.2 qt 19.90 25.20 29.20
Bison6,4 Winfield Bronate bromoxynil ester & MCPA ester 2 + 2EC 50.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 6.30 9.40 12.50
Blanket14 Tenkoz Spartan sulfentrazone 4L 227.00 gal 3 fl oz 4.5 fl oz 6 fl oz 5.30 8.00 10.60
Boundary15,5 Syngenta - S-metolachlor & metribuzin 5.25 + 1.25L 80.00 gal 1.2 pt 1.6 pt 2.45 pt 12.00 16.00 24.50
Brash4,4 Winfield Weedmstr 2,4-D-dma & dicamba-dma salt 2.87 + 1SL 28.00 gal 0.5 pt 2 pt 4 pt 1.80 7.00 14.00
Brawl15 Tenkoz Dual Mag S-metolachlor 7.62EC 83.00 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 13.80 17.30 20.80
Brawl II15 Tenkoz Dual II M S-metolachlor & benoxacor safen 7.64EC 87.00 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 14.50 18.20 21.80
Breakfree15 Corteva Surpass acetochlor & dichlormid safener 6.4EC 65.00 gal 1.5 pt 2 pt 2.25 pt 12.20 16.30 18.30
Breakfree NXT Lite15,5 Corteva Harness X acetochlor & atrazine 4.3 + 1.7L 36.50 gal 1.5 qt 1.8 qt 2.1 qt 13.70 16.40 19.20
Broadrange 554 Wilbur-Ellis 2,4-D 2,4-D-diethylamine salt 5.03L 36.00 gal 0.38 pt 0.75 pt 1.5 pt 1.70 3.40 6.80
BroadAxe XC15,14 Syngenta Auth. Elite S-metolachlor & sulfentrazone 6.3 + 0.7EC 108.00 gal 20 fl oz 25 fl oz 32 fl oz 16.90 21.10 27.00
Broclean6 Loveland Buctril bromoxynil-ester 2EC 51.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 6.40 9.60 12.80
Bromac6,4 Loveland Bronate bromoxynil-ester & MCPA-ester 2 + 2EC 47.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 5.90 8.80 11.80
Bromac Advanced6,4 Loveland Bron.Adv. bromoxynil-ester & MCPA-ester 2.5 + 2.5EC 60.00 gal 0.8 pt 1.2 pt 1.6 pt 6.00 9.00 12.00
Brox6 Albaugh Buctril bromoxynil-ester 2EC 47.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 5.90 8.80 11.80
Brox M6,4 Albaugh Bronate bromoxynil-ester & MCPA-ester 2 + 2EC 50.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 6.30 9.40 12.50
Brox M Ultra6,4 Albaugh Bron. Adv. bromoxynil-ester & MCPA-ester 2.5 + 2.5EC 60.00 gal 0.8 pt 1.2 pt 1.6 pt 6.00 9.00 12.00
Buccaneer/Plus9 Tenkoz Roundup glyphosate-ipa salt 3SL 22.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 5.50 8.30 11.00
Butyrac 2004 Albaugh - 2,4-DB-dma salt 2SL 27.75 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 6.90 10.40 13.90
Cadet14 FMC - fluthiacet-methyl 0.91SL 300.00 qt 0.4 fl oz 0.65 fl oz 0.9 fl oz 3.80 6.10 8.40
Callisto27 Syngenta - mesotrione 4SE 264.00 gal 2 fl oz 2.5 fl oz 3 fl oz 4.10 5.20 6.20
Callisto GT9,27 Syngenta - mesotrione & glyphosate 0.38 + 3.8SE 40.20 gal 2 pt - 2 pt 10.00 - 10.00
Callisto Xtra27,5 Syngenta - mesotrione & atrazine 0.5 + 3.2SC 46.75 gal 15 fl oz 22 fl oz 24 fl oz 5.50 8.00 8.80
Candor4,4 Nufarm Crossbow triclopyr-bee & 2,4-D-bee 1 + 2SL 42.00 gal 1 qt 3 qt 6 qt 10.50 31.50 63.00
Capreno27,2 Bayer - tembo & thiencarbazone & isox 2.88 + 0.57SC 5.10 fl oz 3 fl oz - 3 fl oz 15.30 - 15.30
Capstone4,4 Corteva - aminopyralid-3ipNH4 & triclopyr 0.1 + 1SL 43.00 gal 4 pt 5 pt 6 pt 21.50 26.90 32.30
Carnivore4,4,6 Winfield - MCPA & floroxypyr & bromoxynil 1.67+0.67+1.67EC 55.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 6.90 10.30 13.80
Casoron 4G UPL - dichlobenil 4G 2.74 lb 100 lb 150 lb 200 lb 274 411 548
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 Brand Product/A Cost $/A
ProductSite of action-pg 100-101 Company equivalent Active ingredients Formulation $/Unit Low Med High Low Med High
Casoron 10G UPL - dichlobenil 10G 7.50 lb 40 lb 60 lb 80 lb 300 450 600
Chaparral4,2 Corteva - aminopyralid-K salt+ metsulfuron 52.5 + 9.45DF 92.50 lb 1 oz 2 oz 3 oz 5.80 11.60 17.30
Charger Basic15 Winfield Dual Mag. S-metolachlor 7.62EC 57.00 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 9.50 11.90 14.30
Charger Max15 Winfield Dual II M S-metolachlor & benoxacor safen 7.64EC 61.00 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 10.10 12.70 15.30
Chateau14 Valent Valor flumioxazin 51WDG 5.75 oz 1.5 oz 2 oz 2.5 oz 8.60 11.50 14.40
Cheetah10 Nufarm Liberty glufosinate-NH4 salt 2.34SL 68.25 gal 29 fl oz 32 fl oz 43 fl oz 15.50 17.10 22.90
Cheetah Max10 Nufarm - fomesafen & glufosinate-NH4 salt 1 + 2SL 24 fl oz - 24 fl oz - - -
Cimarron X-tra2,2 Bayer - chlorsulfuron & metsulfuron 37.5 + 30DF 17.00 oz 0.5 oz 1 oz 2 oz 8.50 17.00 34.00
Cinch15 Corteva Dual II M S-metolachlor & benoxacor safen 7.64EC 107.50 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 17.90 22.40 26.90
Cinch ATZ Lite5,15 Corteva Bicep II L atrazine & S-metolachlor 2.67 + 3.23L 44.00 gal 1 qt 1.5 qt 1.9 qt 11.00 16.50 20.90
Clarity4 BASF - dicamba-dga salt 4SL 92.00 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 16 fl oz 2.90 5.80 11.50
Clash4 Nufarm Clarity dicamba-dga salt 4SL 80.00 gal 2 fl oz 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 1.30 2.50 5.00
Clean Slate4 Nufarm Stinger clopyralid-monoethanolamine salt 3SL 185.00 gal 1.3 fl oz 2.6 fl oz 0.25 pt 1.90 3.80 5.80
Cleansweep D4,4,6 Nufarm - fluroxypyr-e & 2,4-D-e & bromox 0.64 + 1.6 + 2EC 70.00 gal 1 pt 1.25 pt 1.5 pt 8.80 10.90 13.10
Cleansweep M4,4,6 Nufarm - fluroxypyr-e & MCPA-e & bromox 0.67+1.67+1.67 EC 68.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 8.50 12.80 17.00
CleanTraxx1 Corteva - penoxsulam & oxyfluorfen 0.083 + 3.93EC 3pt 3.75 pt 4.5 pt - - -
CleanWave4,4 Corteva - aminopyralid & fluroxypyr 0.08 + 1.12EC 65.00 gal 10 fl oz 12 fl oz 14 fl oz 5.10 6.10 7.10
Clethodim1 Several Select clethodim 2EC 85.00 gal 4 fl oz 6 fl oz 8 fl oz 2.70 4.00 5.30
Cobra14 Valent - lactofen 2EC 204.25 gal 8 fl oz 10 fl oz 12.5 fl oz 12.80 16.00 19.90
Collide14 UPL Goal oxyfluorfen 2EC 98.00 gal 4 pt 6 pt 8 pt 49.00 73.50 98.00
Colt AS4,4 Loveland WideMatch clopyralid-MEAsalt & fluroxypyr-e 0.75 + 0.75EC 55.00 gal 1 pt 1.25 pt 1.33 pt 6.90 8.60 9.10
Colt + Salvo4,4 Loveland - fluroxypyr-ester & 2,4-D-ester 0.75 + 3EC 48.00 gal 1 pt 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 6.00 8.00 10.00
Colt + Sword4,4 Loveland - fluroxypyr-ester & MCPA-ester 0.71 + 2.84EC 55.00 gal 1.125 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 7.70 10.30 13.80
Comet4 Nufarm Starane fluroxypyr-ester 1.5EC 64.00 gal 0.5 pt 0.67 pt 1 pt 4.00 5.40 8.00
Confidence15 Winfield Harness acetochlor & safener 7EC 62.00 gal 1.25 pt 1.75 pt 2.25 pt 9.70 13.60 17.40
Confidence Xtra15,5 Winfield Harness X acet & dichlormid & atra 4.3 + 1.7F 38.00 gal 1.2 qt 1.5 qt 1.8 qt 11.40 14.30 17.10
Cornerstone/Plus9 Winfield Roundup glyphosate-ipa salt 3SL 15.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 3.80 5.60 7.50
Corvus27,2 Bayer - isox&thiencarbazone&cyprosulf 1.88 & 0.75SC 6.65 fl oz 3.3 fl oz 4.5 fl oz 5.6 fl oz 21.90 29.90 37.20
Credit 41 Extra9 Nufarm Roundup glyt-ipa salt 3SL 15.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 3.80 5.60 7.50
Credit Xtreme9 Nufarm - glyphosate-ipa & K salt 2.5 + 2 SL 18.00 gal 22 fl oz 32 fl oz 44 fl oz 3.10 4.50 6.20
Crossbow4,4 Corteva - triclopyr-bee & 2,4-D-bee 1 + 2SL 44.00 gal 1 qt 3 qt 6 qt 11.00 33.00 66.00
Curtail4,4 Corteva - clopyralid-mea & 2,4-D-3ipa salt 0.38 + 2SL 60.50 gal 2 pt 2.67 pt 4 pt 15.10 20.20 30.30
Curtail M4,4 Corteva - clopyralid-acid & MCPAioester 0.42 + 2.35SL 69.00 gal 1.75 pt 2 pt 2.33 pt 15.10 17.30 20.10
Dacthal AMVAC - DCPA 6F 185.50 gal 8 pt 10 pt 14 pt 186 232 325
Dacthal AMVAC - DCPA 75WDG 20.00 lb 8 lb 10 lb 14 lb 160 200 280
Deadbolt6,4 Wilbur-Ellis - bromoxynil-ester & 2,4-D-ester 2 + 2.5EC 68.00 gal 12.8 fl oz - 12.8 fl oz 6.80 - 6.80
Defol Drexel Na chlorat Sodium chlorate 5SL 7.00 gal 4.8 qt - 4.8 qt 8.40 - 8.40
Detonate4 Tenkoz Banvel dicamba-dma salt 4SL 72.00 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 16 fl oz 2.30 4.50 9.00
Diablo4 Nufarm Banvel dicamba-dma salt 4SL 43.00 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 16 fl oz 1.30 2.70 5.40
Dicamba4 Several Banvel dicamba-dma salt 4SL 50.00 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 16 fl oz 1.60 3.10 6.30
DiFlexx4 Bayer Clarity dicamba-dga & cyprosulfamide 4SL 179.00 gal 8 fl oz 12 fl oz 16 fl oz 11.20 16.80 22.40
DiFlexx Duo4 Bayer - dic-dga & tembotrione & safener 1.86 + 0.27SC 84.00 gal 24 fl oz 32 fl oz 40 fl oz 15.80 21.00 26.30
Dimetric EXT5 Winfield Sencor metribuzin 75DF 20.50 lb 0.25 lb 0.33 lb 0.5 lb 5.10 6.80 10.30

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 Brand Product/A Cost $/A
ProductSite of action-pg 100-101 Company equivalent Active ingredients Formulation $/Unit Low Med High Low Med High
Dimetric5 Winfield Sencor metribuzin 3F 89.00 gal 0.5 pt 0.67 pt 1 pt 5.60 7.50 11.10
Discover NG1 Syngenta - clodinafop & oil adjuvant 0.5EC 141.00 gal 12.8 floz 14.5 floz 16 fl oz 14.10 16.00 17.60
Diquat 22 Nufarm Reglone diquat-dibromide salt 2SL 48.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 6.00 9.00 12.00
Diuron7 Several - diuron 80WDG 22.50 lb 0.75 lb 2 lb 6 lb 3.10 8.30 24.90
Dog Fight2,9 Loveland Extreme imazethapyr-acid & glyt-ipa salt 0.17 + 2SL 26.00 gal 1.5 pt 2.25 pt 3 pt 4.90 7.30 9.80
Double Header15,27 Loveland - acetochlor & mesotrione 3.2 + 0.38 52.00 gal 1.7 qt 2 qt 2.4 qt 22.10 26.00 31.20
Draft2,2 Rotam Harm Extr thifensulfuron & tribenuron 50 + 25DF 17.00 oz 0.3 oz - 0.3 oz 5.10 - 5.10
Dual Magnum15 Syngenta - S-metolachlor 7.62EC 89.50 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 14.90 18.70 22.40
Dual II Magnum15 Syngenta - S-metolachlor & benoxacor safen 7.64EC 111.50 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 18.50 23.30 27.90
Duramax9 Corteva Rodeo glyphosate-dma salt 4SL 30.00 gal 24 fl oz 36 fl oz 48 fl oz 5.60 8.40 11.30
Durango DMA9 Corteva Roundup glyphosate-dma salt 4SL 20.00 gal 24 fl oz 36 fl oz 48 fl oz 3.80 5.60 7.50
Elevore4 Corteva halauxifen-methyl 0.572 EC 892.00 gal 1 fl oz - 1 fl oz 7.00 - 7.00
Encompass14 Tenkoz Valor flumioxazin 51WDG 6.00 oz 2 oz 2.5 oz 3 oz 12.00 15.00 18.00
Engenia4 BASF - dicamba-BAPMA salt 5SL 104.00 gal 12.8 fl oz 19.2 fl oz 25.6 fl oz 10.40 15.60 20.80
Enlist Duo4,9 Corteva glyphosate-dma & 2,4-D-choline 1.7 + 1.6SL 29.00 gal 3.5 pt 4 pt 4.75 pt 12.70 14.50 17.20
Enlist One4 Corteva 2,4-D-choline 3.8SL 43.50 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 5.40 8.20 10.90
Eptam8 Gowan - EPTC 7EC 56.00 gal 2.3 pt 4 pt 6.75 pt 16.10 28.00 47.30
Escort XP2 Bayer Ally metsulfuron-methyl 60XP 7.00 oz 0.33 oz 1 oz 2 oz 2.30 7.00 14.00
Establish15 Tenkoz Outlook dimethenamid 6EC 180.00 gal 16 fl oz 18 fl oz 21 fl oz 22.50 25.30 29.50
Ethofumesate16 GCS Nortron ethofumesate 4SC 70.00 gal 6 pt 7 pt 7.5 pt 52.50 61.30 65.60
Ethotron16 UPL Nortron ethofumesate 4EC 80.00 gal 6 pt 7 pt 7.5 pt 60.00 70.00 75.00
Everest 3.02 UPL - flucarbazone-Na salt & safener 1.75OD 7.00 fl oz 1.5 fl oz - 2 fl oz 10.50 - 14.00
EverpreX15 Corteva - S-metolachlor 7.62 EC 74.50 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 12.40 15.60 18.60
Express SG2 FMC - tribenuron-methyl 50SG 12.65 oz 1/4 oz 1/3 oz 1/2 oz 3.20 4.20 6.30
Extra Credit 59 Nufarm Roundup glyphosate-ipa salt 3.75SL 28.00 gal 1.6 pt 2.4 pt 3.2 pt 5.60 8.40 11.20
Extreme2,9 BASF - imazethapyr-acid & glyt-ipa salt 0.17 + 2SL 26.50 gal 1.5 pt 2.25 pt 3 pt 5.00 7.50 9.90
Fallow Star9,4 Albaugh Fallow Mst glyt-ipa & dicamba-ipa salt 1.1 + 0.5SL 19.00 gal 22 fl oz 32 fl oz 44 fl oz 3.30 4.80 6.50
Far-Go EC8 Gowan - triallate 4EC 55.00 gal 1 qt 1.25 qt 1.5 qt 13.80 17.20 20.60
Facet L 4,26 BASF - quinclorac 1.5L 99.50 gal 22 fl oz 32 fl oz 64 fl oz 17.10 24.90 49.80
FeXapan4 Corteva XtendiMax dicamba-dga salt + VaporGrip 2.9SL 58.00 gal 22 fl oz 33 fl oz 44 fl oz 10.00 15.00 19.90
Fierce14,15 Valent - flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone 33.5 + 42.5WDG 6.43 oz 3 oz 3.33 oz 3.75 oz 19.30 21.40 24.10
Fierce MTZ5,14,15 Valent flumioxazin&pyroxasulfone+metri 0.5+0.64+1.5 SC 220.00 gal 1 pt 1.25 pt 1.5 pt 27.50 34.40 41.30
Firestorm22 UPL Paraquat paraquat-dichloride 3SL 35.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 8.80 13.10 17.50
FirstRate2 Corteva - cloransulam-methyl 84WDG 41.50 oz 0.3 oz 0.6 oz 0.75 12.50 24.90 31.10
Flexstar14 Syngenta - fomesafen-Na salt & adjuvants 1.88EC 58.50 gal 0.5 pt - 0.75 pt 3.70 - 5.50
Flexstar GT 3.514,9 Syngenta - fomesafen & glyt & adjuvants 0.56 + 2.26SL 36.00 gal 1.75 pt - 2.68 pt 7.90 - 12.10
Foma 1.8814 Drexel Flexstar fomesafen-Na salt & adjuvants 1.88EC 33.00 gal 0.5 pt - 0.75 pt 2.10 - 3.10
Foma 2.014 Drexel Reflex fomesafen-Na salt 2EC 45.00 gal 0.5 pt - 0.75 pt 2.80 - 4.20
FomAsate14,9 Drexel Flexstr GT fomesafen & glyt & adjuvants 0.56 + 2.26SL 25.00 gal 1.75 pt - 2.68 pt 5.50 - 8.40
Fomesafen1.8814 Willowood Flexstar fomesafen-Na salt & adjuvants 1.88EC 39.00 gal 0.5 pt 0.75 pt 2.40 0.00 3.70
Forefront HL4,4 Corteva - aminopyralid-3ipNH4 & 2,4-D 0.41 + 3.33EC 62.50 gal 1.2 pt 1.5 pt 2.1 pt 9.40 11.70 16.40
Framework3 Winfield Prowl pendimethalin 3.3EC 33.00 gal 2.4 pt 3 pt 3.64 pt 9.90 12.40 15.00
Frequency27 BASF Impact topramezone 2.8SC 860.00 gal 1 oz 2 oz 4 oz 6.70 13.40 26.90
Full Deck4,4,4 Helena - MCPA & fluroxypyr & clopyralid 2.48+ 0.66 + 0.57SL 95.00 gal 1 pt 1.25 pt 1.5 pt 11.90 14.80 17.80
138
 Brand Product/A Cost $/A
ProductSite of action-pg 100-101 Company equivalent Active ingredients Formulation $/Unit Low Med High Low Med High
FulTime NXT15,5 Corteva - acetochlor & atrazine 2.4 ME + 1.6L 42.00 gal 2.5 qt 2.7 qt 3 qt 26.30 28.40 31.50
Fusilade DX1 Syngenta - fluazifop-P butyl 2EC 122.00 gal 6 fl oz 10 fl oz 12 fl oz 5.70 9.50 11.40
Garlon 4 Ultra4 Corteva - triclopyr-ester 4EC 103.00 gal 1 qt 2 qt 4 qt 25.80 51.50 103.00
Glory5 ADAMA Sencor metribuzin 75DF 14.25 lb 0.25 lb 0.33 lb 0.5 lb 3.60 4.70 7.10
Glyphogan/Plus9 ADAMA Roundup glyphosate-ipa salt 3SL 18.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 4.50 6.80 9.00
GlyStar 5Extra9 Albaugh Rodeo glyphosate-ipa salt 4SL 25.00 gal 24 fl oz 36 fl oz 48 fl oz 4.70 7.00 9.40
GlyStar Gold9 Albaugh Roundup glyphosate-ipa salt 3SL 18.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 4.50 6.80 9.00
GlyStar Original9 Albaugh Roundup glyphosate-ipa salt 3SL 18.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 4.50 6.80 9.00
GlyStar Plus9 Albaugh Roundup glyphosate-ipa salt 3SL 15.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 3.80 5.60 7.50
Goal14 Corteva Collide oxyfluorfen 2EC 62.50 gal 4 pt 6 pt 8 pt 31.30 46.90 62.50
GoldSky2,2,4 Corteva - pyroxsulam&florasulam&flurox 0.11+0.018+0.71OD 145.00 gal 1 pt - 1 pt 18.10 - 18.10
Gramoxone SL 3.022 Syngenta Paraquat paraquat-dichloride 3SL 31.50 gal 1.3 pt 2 pt 2.7 pt 5.10 7.90 10.60
Graslan L4,4 Corteva Grazon picloram-3ipa & 2,4-D-choline 0.81 + 3SL 38.00 gal 1.5 pt 2 pt 2.5 pt 7.10 9.50 11.90
GrazonNext4,4 Corteva - aminopyralid-3ipa + 2,4-D-3ipa 0.33 + 2.67SL 56.25 gal 1.5 pt 2 pt 2.6 pt 10.50 14.10 18.30
Grazon P+D4,4 Corteva Graslan picloram-3ipa & 2,4-D-3ipa 0.54 + 2SL 35.50 gal 2 qt 3 qt 4 qt 17.80 26.60 35.50
GunSlinger4,4 Albaugh Grazon picloram-3ipamine&2,4-D-3ipa 0.54 + 2 S 35.00 gal 2 qt 3 qt 4 qt 17.50 26.30 35.00
Habitat2 BASF Arsenal imazapyr-ipa salt 2SL 130.00 gal 1 qt 2 qt 3 qt 32.50 65.00 97.50
Halex GT27,9,15 Syngenta - mesotrione & glyt-K & S-meto 4.39 SC (1:10:10) 52.00 gal 3 pt 3.6 pt 4 pt 19.50 23.40 26.00
Halomax2 Aceto Permit halosulfuron-methyl 75DF 22.00 oz 0.67 oz 1 oz 1.33 oz 14.70 22.00 29.30
Harmony SG2 FMC - thifensulfuron-methyl 50SG 31.00 oz 0.3 oz 0.45 oz 0.7 oz 9.30 14.00 21.70
Harness15 Bayer - acetochlor & furilazole safener 7EC 70.50 gal 1.25 pt 1.75 pt 2.25 pt 11.00 15.40 19.80
Harness Max15 Bayer - acet & meso &furilazole safener 3.52 + 0.33EC 57.00 gal 40 fl oz 55 fl oz 88 fl oz 17.80 24.50 39.20
Harness Xtra15,5 Bayer - acet & furilazole & atrazine 4.3 + 1.7F 48.00 gal 1.2 qt 1.5 qt 1.8 qt 14.40 18.00 21.60
Harness Xtra 5.6L15,5 Bayer - acet & furilazole & atrazine 3.1 + 2.5F 48.00 gal 1.5 qt 1.7 qt 2.3 qt 18.00 20.40 27.60
Hat Trick4,4,4 Loveland - clop-mea&fluroxy-mhe&MCPAe 0.51 + 0.51 + 1.8EC 52.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 6.50 9.80 13.00
Helmquat22 Helm Agro Gramoxon paraquat-dichloride 3SL 26.50 gal 0.67 pt 1 pt 1.33 pt 2.20 3.30 4.40
Herbivore2 Winfield Permit halosulfuron-methyl 75DF 17.00 oz 0.67 oz 1 oz 1.33 oz 11.40 17.00 22.60
Hornet2,4 Corteva - flumetsulam & clopyralid-K salt 18.5 + 60WDG 4.50 oz 2 oz 3 oz 4 oz 9.00 13.50 18.00
Huskie6,27 Bayer - brom & pyrasulfotole & mefenpyr 1.75 + 0.31EC 99.00 gal 11 fl oz 12.8 fl oz 13.7 fl oz 8.50 9.90 10.60
Huskie Complete6,27,2 Bayer - brom&pyrasulf&thiencarb&mfnpr 1.46+0.26+0.042OD 171.00 gal 13.7 fl oz - 13.7 fl oz 18.30 - 18.30
Hydrothol 191 UPL Herb. 273 endothall 2G 4.50 lb - - - - - -
Hyvar X Bayer - bromacil 80WP 98.00 lb 3 lb 7 lb 15 lb 66 154 330
Impact27 AMVAC Armezon topramezone 2.8SC 17.50fl oz 0.33 fl oz 0.5 fl oz 0.75 fl oz 5.80 8.80 13.10
ImpactZ5,27 AMVAC topramezone & atrazine 0.26 & 4SC 150.00 gal 8 fl oz - 10.7 fl oz 9.40 - 12.50
Impose2 ADAMA Plateau imazapic-NH4 salt 2SL 1.78 fl oz 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 12 fl oz 7.10 14.20 21.40
Incinerate27 Winfield Callisto mesotrione 4SE 139.00 gal 2 fl oz 2.5 fl oz 3 fl oz 2.20 2.70 3.30
Instigate2,27 Corteva Realm Q rimsulfuron & mesotrione 4.17 + 41.67WDG 3.15 oz 5.25 oz - 7 oz 16.50 - 22.10
Intensity1 Loveland Select clethodim 2EC 60.00 gal 4 fl oz 6 fl oz 8 fl oz 1.90 2.80 3.80
Intensity One1 Loveland Select Max clethodim 1EC 91.00 gal 6 fl oz 8 fl oz 12 fl oz 4.30 5.70 8.50
Interline10 UPL Liberty glufosinate-NH4 salt 2.34SL 81.25 gal 22 fl oz 29 fl oz 36 fl oz 14.00 18.40 22.90
Karmex7 ADAMA Diuron diuron 80XP 4.80 lb 2 lb 6 lb 8 lb 9.60 28.80 38.40
Keystone LA NXT15,5 Corteva Harness acetochlor & atrazine 4 + 1.5L 53.00 gal 1.33 qt 1.5 qt 1.8 qt 17.60 19.90 23.90
Kochiavore6,4 Winfield - 2,4-De&bromox-e&fluroxypyr-e 1.67&1.67&0.67EC 60.00 gal 1 pt - 1.5 pt 7.50 - 11.30

139
 Brand Product/A Cost $/A
ProductSite of action-pg 100-101 Company equivalent Active ingredients Formulation $/Unit Low Med High Low Med High
Krovar I6,7 Bayer - bromacil & diuron 40 + 40DF 11.50 lb 6 lb 12 lb 16 lb 69 138 184
Landmaster BW 9,4 Albaugh - glyphosate-ipa & 2,4-D-ipa salt 0.9 + 1.5SL 16.00 gal 27 fl oz 40 fl oz 54 fl oz 3.40 5.00 6.80
Latigo4,4 Helena Weedmstr dicamba-acid & 2,4-D-acid 1.8 + 2.4 SL 74.00 gal 0.33 pt 0.67 pt 1 pt 3.10 6.20 9.30
Latir2,14 ADAMA - flumioxazin & imazethapyr 31.5 + 23.5WDG 3.2 oz 3.8 oz 4.25 oz - - -
Laudis27 Bayer - tembotrione & isoxadifen safener 3.5 + 1.75SC 3.70 fl oz 3 fl oz - 3 fl oz 11.10 - 11.10
Liberty 28010 BASF - glufosinate-NH4 salt 2.34SL 49.50 gal 29 fl oz 32 fl oz 43 fl oz 11.20 12.40 16.60
Linex7 TKI - linuron 4L 90.00 gal 8 fl oz 12 fl oz 16 fl oz 5.60 8.40 11.30
Lorox7 TKI - linuron 50DF 25.00 lb 1 lb 2 lb 3 lb 25.00 50.00 75.00
Lumax EZ5,27,15 Syngenta - atrazine & mesotrione & S-metol 0.94 + 0.25 + 2.5SE 61.00 gal 3 pt 4 pt 5 pt 22.90 30.50 38.10
Mad Dog/Plus9 Loveland Roundup glyphosate-ipa salt 3SL 13.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 3.30 4.90 6.50
Maestro 2EC6 Nufarm Buctril bromoxynil-ester 2EC 44.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 5.50 8.30 11.00
Maestro 4EC6 Nufarm Buctril bromoxynil-ester 4EC 80.00 gal 0.5 pt 0.75 pt 1 pt 5.00 7.50 10.00
Maestro Adv.6,4 Nufarm Bron. Adv. bromoxynil-ester & MCPA-ester 2.5 + 2.5EC 60.00 gal 0.8 pt 1.2 pt 1.6 pt 6.00 9.00 12.00
Maestro D6,4 Nufarm - bromoxynil-ester & 2,4-D-ester 2 + 1.9EC 50.00 gal 0.75 pt 1.33 pt 2 pt 4.70 8.30 12.50
Maestro MA6,4 Nufarm Bronate bromoxynil-ester & MCPA-ester 2 + 2EC 48.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 6.00 9.00 12.00
Makaze9 Loveland Roundup glyphosate-ipa salt 3SL 16.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 4.00 6.00 8.00
Makaze Yield Pro9 Loveland - glyphosate-ipa salt+IBA+cytokinin 3+0.005+0.0009SL 28.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 7.00 10.50 14.00
Marvel14,14 FMC - fomesafen & fluthiacet 2.88 + 0.12SC 170.50 gal 5 fl oz 6 fl oz 7 fl oz 6.70 8.00 9.30
Matador15,5,2 Loveland - metochlr & metrib & imazethapyr 4 + 0.56 + 0.13SL 50.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 12.50 18.80 25.00
Matador S15,5,2 Loveland - metochlr & metrib & imazethapyr 3.38 + 0.75 + 0.17SL 60.00 gal 1.9 pt - 2.4 pt 14.30 - 18.00
Matrix2 Corteva - rimsulfuron 25DF 13.39 oz 1 oz - 1.5 oz 13.40 - 20.10
Mauler5 Valent Sencor metribuzin 4F 130.50 gal 6 fl oz 9 fl oz 12 fl oz 6.10 9.20 12.20
MCPA amine4 Several - MCPA-amine 4SL 23.17 gal 0.4 pt 1 pt 2 pt 1.20 2.90 5.80
MCPA ester4 Several - MCPA-ester 4EC 24.00 gal 0.5 pt 1 pt 2 pt 1.50 3.00 6.00
Mes-O-sate27,9,15 Drexel Halex GT mesotrione & glyt-K & S-meto 4.39 SC (1:10:10) 40.00 gal 3.6 pt - 4 pt 18.00 - 20.00
MesoTryOne27 Drexel Callisto mesotrione 4SE 160.00 gal 2 fl oz 2.5 fl oz 3 fl oz 2.50 3.10 3.80
Me-Too-Lachlor15 Drexel Dual Mag. metolachlor 8EC 40.00 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 6.70 8.40 10.00
Me-Too-Lachlor II15 Drexel Dual II M metolachlor & benoxacor safen 7.8EC 40.00 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 6.70 8.40 10.00
Method4 Bayer - aminocyclopyrachlor-K 2SL 4.75 fl oz 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 12 fl oz 19.00 38.00 57.00
Metribuzin5 ADAMA Sencor metribuzin 75DF 22.50 lb 0.25 lb 0.33 lb 0.5 lb 5.60 7.40 11.30
Milestone / VM4 Corteva - aminopyralid-3ipNH4 salt 2SL 331.5 0gal 3 fl oz 5 fl oz 7 fl oz 7.80 12.90 18.10
Moxy6 Winfield Buctril bromoxynil-ester 2EC 56.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 7.00 10.50 14.00
NextStep NG1 UPL Discover clodinafop & oil adjuvant 0.5EC 156.00 gal 12.8 floz 14.5 floz 16 fl oz 15.60 17.70 19.50
Nimble2,2 FMC Harm Extr thifensulfuron & tribenuron 2:1 50 + 25DF 6.50 oz 0.15 oz 0.3 oz 0.6 oz 1.00 2.00 3.90
Nortron SC16 Bayer - ethofumesate 4EC 90.00 gal 6 pt 7 pt 7.5 pt 67.50 78.80 84.40
Olympus2 Bayer - propoxycarbazone-Na salt 70WDG 13.75 oz 0.4 oz 0.5 oz 0.6 oz 5.50 6.90 8.30
OpenSky2,4 Corteva - pyroxsulam&fluroxypyr 0.107+0.95SE 135.50 gal 1 pt - 1.25 pt 16.90 - 21.20
Orion2,4 Syngenta - florasulam & MCPA-ehe 0.033 + 2.34EC 348.00 case 17 fl oz - 40 A/case 8.70
Osprey2 Bayer Silverado mesosulfuron-methyl 4.5WDG 3.40 oz 3.2 oz 4 oz 4.75 oz 10.90 13.60 16.20
Oust XP2 Bayer - sulfometuron-methyl 75XP 7.00 oz 2 oz 6 oz 8 oz 14.00 42.00 56.00
Oust Extra2,2 Bayer - sulfometuron & metsulfuron 56.25 + 15DF 6.00 oz 3 oz 4 oz 5 oz 18.00 24.00 30.00
Outflank14 ADAMA Valor flumioxazin 51WDG 6.00 oz 1.5 oz 2 oz 3 oz 9.00 12.00 18.00
Outlaw4,4 Helena Weedmstr 2,4-D-ehe & dicamba-acid 1.45 + 1.09SL 55.00 gal 1.5 pt 1.75 pt 2.75 pt 10.30 12.00 18.90
Outlook15 BASF - dimethenamid-P 6EC 131.00 gal 10 fl oz 14 fl oz 18 fl oz 10.20 14.30 18.40
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 Brand Product/A Cost $/A
ProductSite of action-pg 100-101 Company equivalent Active ingredients Formulation $/Unit Low Med High Low Med High
Outrider2 Valent Maverick sulfosulfuron 75DF 15.70 oz 0.33 oz 0.50 oz 0.67 oz 5.20 7.90 10.50
Overdrive4,19 BASF Distinct dicamba-Na & diflufenzopyr-Na 50 + 20WDG 2.80 oz 4 oz 6 oz 8 oz 11.20 16.80 22.40
Palace15,27 Tenkoz Zemax S-metolachlor & mesotrione 3.34 + 0.33SC 52.50 gal 1.6 qt 2 qt 2.4 qt 21.00 26.30 31.50
Panoflex2,2 Corteva - thifensulfuron & tribenuron 1:4 10 + 40SG 9.50 oz 0.3 oz 0.45 oz 0.6 oz 2.90 4.30 5.70
Panther SC14 Nufarm Valor flumioxazin 4SC 425.00 gal 1.5 fl oz 2 fl oz 3 fl oz 5.00 6.60 10.00
Panther Pro2,5,14 Nufarm flumioxazin&metri&imazethapyr 0.67 + 3 + 0.56SC 190.00 gal 12 fl oz - 12 fl oz 17.80 - 17.80
Parallel15 ADAMA Dual II metolachlor & safener 7.8EC 41.00 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 6.80 8.60 10.30
Parallel PCS15 ADAMA Dual metolachlor 8EC 27.50 gal 1.33 pt 1.67 pt 2 pt 4.60 5.70 6.90
Paraquat 22 Willowood Gramoxon paraquat-dichloride 3SL 26.00 gal 0.67 pt 1 pt 1.33 pt 2.20 3.30 4.30
Parazone22 AMVAC Gramoxon paraquat-dichloride 3SL 23.00 gal 0.67 pt 1 pt 1.33 pt 1.90 2.90 3.80
Parity1 Tenkoz Puma fenoxaprop-P ethyl 1EC 170.00 gal 0.33 pt 0.4 pt 0.67 pt 7.00 8.50 14.20
Pathfinder II4 Corteva Garlon triclopyr-acid/bee 0.75EC 48.30 gal 2.7 gal 8 gal 10.7 gal 130 386 517
Patriot2 Nufarm Escort metsulfuron-methyl 60DF 5.80 oz 0.33 oz 1 oz 2 oz 1.90 5.80 11.60
Peak2 Syngenta - prosulfuron 57DF 16.50 oz 0.25 oz 0.38 oz 0.5 oz 4.10 6.30 8.30
PerfectMatch2,4,4 Corteva - pyroxsulam & clopyr & fluroxypyr 1.66SE 136.50 gal 1 pt - 1 pt 17.10 - 17.10
Permit2 Gowan - halosulfuron-methyl 75DF 20.75 oz 0.67 oz 1 oz 1.33 oz 13.90 20.80 27.60
Perspective4,2 Bayer - aminocyclopyrachlor+chlorsulf 39.5 + 15.8DF 6.80 oz 3 oz 4.75 oz 8 oz 20.40 32.30 54.40
Phoenix14 Valent - lactofen & adjuvants 2EC 215.00 gal 8 fl oz 10 fl oz 12.5 fl oz 13.40 16.80 21.00
Pin-Dee3 Drexel Prowl EC pendimethalin 3.3EC 35.00 gal 2.4pt 3 pt 3.6 pt 10.50 13.10 15.80
Pixxaro EC4,4 Corteva - Halauxifen-methyl + fluroxypyr 2.43 EC - 6 fl oz - - - -
Plateau2 BASF - imazapic-NH4 salt 2SL 150.00 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 12 fl oz 4.70 9.40 14.10
Plotter2 Rotam Ally metsulfuron-methyl (cropland) 60DF 5.80 oz 0.05 oz 0.1 oz 0.3 oz 0.30 0.60 1.70
Poast1 BASF - sethoxydim 1.5EC 101.00 gal 0.5 pt 1 pt 1.5 pt 6.30 12.60 18.90
Portfolio4F14 Wilbur-Ellis Spartan sulfentrazone 4L 555.00 gal 3 fl oz 4.5 fl oz 6 fl oz 13.00 19.50 26.00
PowerFlex HL2 Corteva - pyroxsulam+cloquintocet safener 13.1WDG 6.55 oz 2 oz - 2 oz 13.10 - 13.10
Pramitol EC Several - prometon 25EC 38.50 gal 5 gal 7.5 gal 10 gal 193 289 385
Pramitol 5S Several - prometon 5PS 3.03 lb 150 lb 200 lb 400 lb 454 605 1210
Prefix15,14 Syngenta - S-metolachlor & fomesafen 4.34 + 0.95EC 54.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 6.80 10.10 13.50
Pre-Pare2 UPL Everest flucarbazone-Na salt 70WDG 24.75 oz 0.3 oz - 0.3 oz 7.40 - 7.40
Prequel 2,27 Corteva - rimsulfuron & isoxaflutole 15 + 30SG 7.90 oz 1.66 oz 2 oz 2.5 oz 13.10 15.80 19.80
Presidual5,5 Winfield Boundary S-metolachlor & metribuzin 5.25 + 1.25L 71.00 gal 1.2 pt 1.6 pt 2.45 pt 10.70 14.20 21.70
Primero2 Rotam Accent nicosulfuron 75DF 10.00 oz 0.33 oz 0.5 oz 0.67 oz 3.30 5.00 6.70
Princep 4L5 Syngenta - simazine 4L 24.25 gal 2 qt 3 qt 4 qt 12.10 18.20 24.30
Princep Caliber 905 Syngenta - simazine 90DF 5.18 lb 1.8 lb 3 lb 4.4 lb 9.30 15.50 22.80
Prowl H2O3 BASF - pendimethalin 3.8ACS 47.00 gal 2.1 pt 2.6 pt 3 pt 12.30 15.30 17.60
Pruvin2 ADAMA Resolve rimsulfuron 25SG 8.75 oz 0.75 oz - 1 oz 6.60 - 8.80
Purestand2 Nufarm Ally metsulfuron-methyl 60DF 5.75 oz 0.05 oz 0.1 oz 0.3 oz 0.30 0.60 1.70
Pursuit2 BASF - imazethapyr-NH4 salt 2AS 430.00 gal 2 fl oz 2.5 fl oz 3 fl oz 6.70 8.40 10.10
Python2 Corteva - flumetsulam 80WDG 13.15 oz 0.8 oz 1 oz 1.33 oz 10.50 13.20 17.50
Quelex4,2 Corteva - halauxifen & florasulam 0.1 + 0.1WDG 111.83 lb 0.75 oz - 0.75 oz 5.20 - 5.20
Quik-Quat22 Drexel Paraquat paraquat-dichloride 3SL 35.00 gal 0.67 pt 1 pt 1.33 pt 2.90 4.40 5.80
Range Star4,4 Albaugh Weedmstrt 2,4-D-dea & dicamba-dea salt 2.87 + 1SL 29.50 gal 1 pt 2 pt 4 pt 3.70 7.40 14.80
Rapport BrdSpec2,2 Nufarm Affinity BS thifensulfuron & tribenuron 1:1 25 + 25DF 7.15 oz 0.4 oz 0.6 oz 1 oz 2.90 4.30 7.20
Rapport TankMix2,2 Nufarm Affinity TM thifensulfuron & tribenuron 4:1 40 + 10DF 6.65 oz 0.6 oz 0.75 oz 1 oz 4.00 5.00 6.70
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 Brand Product/A Cost $/A
ProductSite of action-pg 100-101 Company equivalent Active ingredients Formulation $/Unit Low Med High Low Med High
Raptor2 BASF - imazamox-NH4 salt 1SL 446.50 gal 3 fl oz 4 fl oz 5 fl oz 10.50 14.00 17.40
Realm Q2,27 Corteva Instigate rimsulfuron & meso. & isoxadifen 7.5+31.25SG 4.33 oz 4 oz - 4 oz 17.30 - 17.30
Reflex14 Syngenta - fomesafen-Na salt 2EC 53.50 gal 0.5 pt 0.75 pt 1 pt 3.30 5.00 6.70
Reglone22 Syngenta - diquat-dibromide salt 2SL 66.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 8.30 12.40 16.50
Relegate4 Nufarm Remedy triclopyr-ester 4EC 55.00 gal 1 qt 1.5 qt 2 qt 13.80 20.60 27.50
Rely 28010 BASF Liberty glufosinate-NH4 salt 2.34SL 75.00 gal 48 fl oz 56 fl oz 82 fl oz 28.10 32.80 48.00
Remedy Ultra4 Corteva - triclopyr-ester 4EC 68.00 gal 1 qt 1.5 qt 2 qt 17.00 25.50 34.00
Resicore4,15,27 Corteva - clopyralid & acetochlor & meso 0.19 + 2.8 + 0.3SC 60.00 gal 2.25 qt 2.5 qt 3 qt 33.80 37.50 45.00
Resolve Q2,2 Corteva Alluvex rimsulfuron & thifen & isoxadifen 18.4 + 4SG 8.43 oz 1 oz - 1.25 oz 8.40 - 10.50
Resource14 Valent - flumiclorac-ester 0.86SL 209.50 gal 2 fl oz 4 fl oz 6 oz 3.30 6.50 9.80
Revulin Q2,27 Corteva - nicosulfuron & meso. & isoxadifen 14.4 + 36.8SG 5.25 oz 3.4 oz 3.7 oz 4 oz 17.90 19.40 21.00
Rifle4 Loveland Banvel dicamba-dma salt 4SL 45.00 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 16 fl oz 1.40 2.80 5.60
Rifle D4,4 Loveland Weedmstrt 2,4-D-dea & dicamba-dea salt 2.87 + 1SL 31.00 gal 0.5 pt 2 pt 4 pt 1.90 7.80 15.50
Rimfire Max2,2 Bayer - propoxy-Na & meso & mefenpyr 4.76 + 1.91WDG 3.37 oz 3 oz - 3 oz 10.10 - 10.10
Ringside14 Tenkoz Reflex fomesafen-Na salt 2EC 41.38 gal 0.5 pt 0.75 pt 1 pt 2.60 3.90 5.20
Rodeo9 Corteva - glyphosate-ipa salt 4SL 30.00 gal 24 fl oz 36 fl oz 48 fl oz 5.60 8.40 11.30
Ro-Neet SB8 Helm Agro - cycloate 6EC 173.00 gal 4 pt 4.5 pt 5.33 pt 86.50 97.30 115.30
RT 39 Bayer Roundup glyphosate-K salt 4.5SL 17.25 gal 22 fl oz 32 fl oz 44 fl oz 3.00 4.30 5.90
RU PowerMax9 Bayer Roundup glyphosate-K salt 4.5SL 21.25 gal 22 fl oz 32 fl oz 44 fl oz 3.70 5.30 7.30
RU WeatherMax9 Bayer Roundup glyphosate-K salt 4.5SL 28.00 gal 22 fl oz 32 fl oz 44 fl oz 4.80 7.00 9.60
Rugged4 Winfield 2,4-D acid 2,4-D-acid 3.49EC 32.35 gal 0.67 pt 1.33 pt 2.5 pt 2.70 5.40 10.10
Rumble14 ADAMA Flexstar fomesafen-Na salt & adjuvants 1.88EC 60.00 gal 0.5 pt 0.75 pt 1 pt 3.80 5.60 7.50
Saber4 Loveland 2,4-D a 2,4-D-dma salt 3.8SL 22.00 gal 0.5 pt 1 pt 2 pt 1.40 2.80 5.50
Salvo4 Loveland 2,4-D e 2,4-D-ester 5EC 36.00 gal 6.4 fl oz 9.6 fl oz 12.8 fl oz 1.80 2.70 3.60
Sandea2 Gowan Permit halosulfuron-methyl 75DF 41.00 oz 0.67 oz 1 oz 1.33 oz 27.50 41.00 54.50
Scorch4,4,4 Nufarm - 2,4-D & floroxypyr & dicamba 3 + 0.75 + 1EC 49.60 gal 1 pt 2 pt 4 pt 6.20 12.40 24.80
Scout10 Valent Liberty Glufosinate-NH4 Salt 2.34 SL 63.00 gal 29 fl oz 32 fl oz 43 fl oz 14.30 15.80 21.20
Section1 Winfield Select clethodim 2EC 120.00 gal 4 fl oz 6 fl oz 8 fl oz 3.80 5.60 7.50
Section Three1 Winfield Shadow clethodim 3EC 103.50 gal 2.66 floz 5.33 floz 10.66 floz 2.20 4.30 8.60
Select Max1 Valent - clethodim 1EC 100.00 gal 8 fl oz 12 fl oz 16 fl oz 6.30 9.40 12.50
Sentrallas2,4 FMC - thifensulfuron & fluroxypyr 0.25 & 1.3OD 116.00 gal 7 fl oz 9 fl oz 14 fl oz 6.30 8.20 12.70
Sequence9,15 Syngenta - glyphosate-K salt & S-metolachlor 2.25 + 3SC 45.50 gal 1.5 pt 2.5 pt 3 pt 8.50 14.20 17.10
Shadow1 UPL Select clethodim 3EC 91.00 gal 2.66 floz 5.33 floz 10.66 floz 1.90 3.80 7.60
Sharpen14 BASF - saflufenacil 2.85SC 702.50 gal 1 fl oz 2 fl oz 3 fl oz 5.50 11.00 16.50
Showdown9 Helena Roundup glyphosate-ipa & NH4 salt 2.7 + 0.3SL 20.00 gal 22 fl oz 32 fl oz 44 fl oz 3.40 5.00 6.90
Shredder E-994 Winfield - 2,4-D-beester 6.1EC 30.00 gal 0.33 pt 0.67 pt 1.33 pt 1.20 2.50 5.00
Sierra2 Syngenta Everest flucarbazone-Na salt & safener 3.5SC 15.00 fl oz 0.5 fl oz 0.75 fl oz 1 fl oz 7.50 11.30 15.00
Simazine L5 Several Princep simazine 4L 18.50 gal 2 qt 3 qt 4 qt 9.30 13.90 18.50
Simazine DF5 Several Princep simazine 90DF 4.13 lb 1.8 lb 3 lb 4.4 lb 7.40 12.40 18.20
Sinbar TKI - terbacil 80WP 47.75 lb 0.5 lb 2 lb 4 lb 23.90 95.50 191.00
Sinister14 Helena Reflex fomesafen-acid 2.87SL 132.25 gal 0.52 pt - 0.52 pt 8.60 - 8.60
Smack Down15,4,2 Loveland SureStart aceto&clopyr&flumet&dichlormid 3.75+0.29+0.12SC 45.00 gal 1.5 pt 2 pt 3 pt 8.40 11.30 16.90
Solida2 FMC Matrix rimsulfuron 25DF 18.00 oz 1 oz - 1.5 oz 18.00 - 27.00
Solstice27,14 FMC - mesotrione & fluthiacet 3.784 + 0.216SC 379.00 gal 2.5 fl oz - 3 fl oz 7.40 - 8.90
Sonalan HFP3 Gowan - ethalfluralin 3EC 45.00 gal 1.5 pt 3 pt 4.5 pt 8.40 16.90 25.30
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 Brand Product/A Cost $/A
ProductSite of action-pg 100-101 Company equivalent Active ingredients Formulation $/Unit Low Med High Low Med High
Sonalan 10G3 Gowan - ethalfluralin 10G 1.65 lb 6 lb 11.5 lb 17 lb 9.90 19.00 28.10
Sonic2,14 Corteva Authrty 1st cloransulam & sulfentrazone 7.9 + 62.1WDG 4.37 oz 4 oz 6 oz 8 oz 17.50 26.20 35.00
Spartan14 FMC - sulfentrazone 4L 199.00 gal 3 fl oz 4.5 fl oz 6 fl oz 4.70 7.00 9.30
Spartan Charge14,14 FMC - carfentrazone & sulfentrazone 0.35 + 3.15SE 248.50 gal 3.75 fl oz 4.5 fl oz 5.75 fl oz 7.30 8.70 11.20
Spartan Elite15,14 FMC BroadAxe S-metolachlor & sulfentrazone 6.3 + 0.7EC 125.00 gal 20 fl oz 25 fl oz 32 fl oz 19.50 24.40 31.30
Spike7 Corteva - tebuthiuron 80DF 22.00 lb 2.5 lb 3.75 lb 5 lb 55.00 82.50 110.00
SpitFire4,4 Nufarm - dicamba & 2,4-D 0.5 + 3.07SL 30.75 gal 1 pt 2 pt 4 pt 3.80 7.70 15.40
Spur4 Albaugh Stinger clopyralid-monoea salt 3SL 185.00 gal 1.3 fl oz 2.6 fl oz 0.25 pt 1.90 3.80 5.80
Stalker2 BASF Arsenal imazapyr-ipa salt 2SL 300.00 gal 48 fl oz 2 qt 3 qt 113 150 225
Starane Flex2,4 Corteva - florasulam & fluroxypyr 0.042 + 0.833EC 67.00 gal 13.5 fl oz - 13.5 fl oz 7.10 - 7.10
Starane NXT6,4 Corteva - bromoxynil & fluroxypyr-ester 2.33 + 0.583EC 77.00 gal 14 fl oz 21 fl oz 27.4 fl oz 8.40 12.60 16.50
Starane Ultra4 Corteva - fluroxypyr-ester 2.8EC 218.50 gal 0.25 pt 0.35 pt 0.54 pt 6.80 9.60 14.70
Status4,19 BASF - dic-Na&diflufenzpr-Na&isoxadifen 40 + 16WDG 3.70 oz 5 oz 7.5 oz 10 oz 18.50 27.80 37.00
Streamline4,2 Bayer - aminocyclopyrachlor + metsulf 39.5 + 12.6DF 7.00 oz 4.75 oz 7.5 oz 9.5 oz 33.30 52.50 66.50
Stealth3 Loveland Prowl pendimethalin 3.3EC 32.00 gal 2.4 pt 3 pt 3.64 pt 9.60 12.00 14.60
Sterling Blue4 Winfield Clarity dicamba-dga salt 4SL 52.50 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 16 fl oz 1.60 3.30 6.60
Stinger4 Corteva Stinger clopyralid-monoea salt 3SL 346.50 gal 1.3 fl oz 2.6 fl oz 0.25 pt 3.50 7.00 10.80
Storm14,6 UPL - acifluorifen & bentazon 1.33 + 2.67SL 85.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 10.60 15.90 21.30
Strut4 Loveland Clarity dicamba-dga salt 4SL 63.00 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 16 fl oz 2.00 3.90 7.90
Supremacy4,2,2 UPL - fluroxypyr & thifen & tribenuron 25 + 4.5 + 1.5WDG 1.75 oz 4 oz 5 oz 6 oz 7.00 8.80 10.50
SureStart II15,4,2 Corteva - aceto&clopyr&flumet&dichlormid 3.75+0.29+0.12SC 68.50 gal 1.5 pt 2 pt 3 pt 12.80 17.10 25.70
Surflan3 UPL - oryzalin 4EC 52.00 gal 2 qt 3 qt 4 qt 26.00 39.00 52.00
Surpass NXT15 Corteva - acetochlor & dichlormid safener 6.4EC 78.50 gal 1.5 pt 2 pt 2.25 pt 14.70 19.60 22.10
Surveil14,2 Corteva Gangster flumioxazin & cloransulm 36 + 12WDG 96.00 lb 2.1 oz 2.8 oz 4.2 oz 12.60 16.80 25.20
Sword4 Loveland - MCPA ester 5.2EC 35.00 gal 3 fl oz 1 pt 2 pt 0.80 4.40 8.80
Tacoma1 Winfield Puma fenoxaprop-P ethyl 1EC 150.00 gal 0.33 pt 0.4 pt 0.67 pt 6.20 7.50 12.60
Tailwind15,5 ADAMA Boundary S-metolachlor & metribuzin 5.25 + 1.25L 75.00 gal 1.2 pt 1.6 pt 2.45 pt 11.30 15.00 23.00
Talinor6,27 Syngenta - bromoxynil & bicyclopyrone 1.77EC 79.25 gal 13.7 fl oz - 18.2 fl oz 8.50 - 11.30
Tapout1 Helena Select clethodim 1EC 100.00 gal 4 fl oz 6 fl oz 8 fl oz 3.10 4.70 6.30
Targa1 Gowan Assure II quizalofop-ethyl 0.88EC 91.00 gal 7 fl oz 8 fl oz 10 fl oz 5.00 5.70 7.10
Tavium4,15 Syngenta - Dicamba-dga salt + VaporGrip + S-metolachlor 3.38 CS 51.75 gal - 56.5 fl oz - 22.80 22.80 22.80
Teammate2 Corteva - pyroxsulam & safener 21.5WDG 205.00 lb 1 oz - 1 oz 12.80 - 12.80
Thistrol4 Nufarm - MCPB 2EC 52.75 gal 2 pt 4 pt 6 pt 13.20 26.40 39.60
Thunder2 Albaugh Pursuit imazethapyr-NH4 salt 2AS 330.00 gal 2 fl oz 2.5 fl oz 3 fl oz 5.20 6.40 7.70
Thunder Master2,9 Albaugh Extreme imazethapyr-acid & glyph-ipa salt 0.17 + 2SL 22.00 gal 1.5 pt 2.25 pt 3 pt 4.10 6.20 8.30
Top Gun14 Loveland Reflex fomesafen-Na salt 2EC 41.00 gal 0.5 pt 0.75 pt 1 pt 2.60 3.80 5.10
Tordon 22K4 Corteva - picloram-K salt 2SL 63.00 gal 1 pt 2 pt 4 pt 7.90 15.80 31.50
Torment14,2 ADAMA - fomesafen & imazethapyr 2 + 0.5 104.75 gal 0.75 pt - 1 pt 9.80 - 13.10
Transline4 Corteva Stinger clopyralid-monea salt 3SL 193.25 gal 0.67 pt 1 pt 1.33 pt 16.20 24.20 32.10
Travallas2,2,4 FMC - metsulfuron & thifen & fluroxypyr 0.025&0.25&1.3OD 1.12 fl oz 10 fl oz - 10 fl oz 11.20 - 11.20
Treaty2 Nufarm Harmony thifensulfuron-methyl 75DF 9.50 oz 1/12 oz 0.3 oz 0.6 oz 0.80 2.90 5.70
Treaty Extra2,2 Nufarm Harm. Extr thifensulfuron & tribenuron 50 + 25DF 8.00 oz 0.15 oz 0.3 oz 0.6 oz 1.20 2.40 4.80
Treflan HFP3 Gowan - trifluralin 4EC 21.00 gal 1 pt 2 pt 4 pt 2.60 5.30 10.50
Treflan TR-103 Gowan - trifluralin 10G 1.16 lb 5 lb 10 lb 20 lb 5.80 11.60 23.20
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 Brand Product/A Cost $/A
ProductSite of action-pg 100-101 Company equivalent Active ingredients Formulation $/Unit Low Med High Low Med High
TriCor 4F5 UPL Sencor metribuzin 4F 94.75 gal 6 fl oz 8 fl oz 16 fl oz 4.40 5.90 11.80
TriCor 75DF5 UPL Sencor metribuzin 75DF 17.90 lb 0.25 lb 0.33 lb 0.67 lb 4.50 5.90 12.00
Trifluralin EC3 Several Treflan trifluralin 4EC 24.5. gal 1 pt 2 pt 4 pt 3.10 6.10 12.30
Triflurex3 ADAMA Treflan trifluralin 4EC 25.00 gal 1 pt 2 pt 4 pt 3.10 6.30 12.50
Trimec Classic4,4,4 PBI - 2,4-D-amine & MCPP & dicamba 3.32EC 43.00 gal 3.25 pt 3.8 pt 4.33 pt 17.50 20.40 23.30
TripleFlex II15,4,2 Bayer SureStart aceto&clopyr&flumet&furilazole 3.75+0.38+0.12SC 80.00 gal 1.5 pt 2 pt 3 pt 15.00 20.00 30.00
Trisidual15,4,2 Winfield SureStart aceto&clopyr&flumet&furilazole 3.75+0.38+0.12SC 55.00 gal 1.5 pt 2 pt 3 pt 10.30 13.80 20.60
Triumph 22K4 Albaugh Tordon picloram-K salt 2SL 61.00 gal 1 pt 2 pt 4 pt 7.60 15.30 30.50
Trooper 22 K4 Nufarm Tordon picloram-K salt 2SL 60.00 gal 1 pt 2 pt 4 pt 7.50 15.00 30.00
Trooper Extra4,4,4 Nufarm - picloram-3ipa & 2,4-D-3ipa & dic 0.5 + 2 + 0.5S 39.00 gal 1 pt 2 pt 4 pt 4.90 9.80 19.50
Trooper P+D4,4 Nufarm Grazon picloram-3ipa & 2,4-D-3ipa salt 0.54 + 2 S 25.00 gal 2 qt 3 qt 4 qt 12.50 18.80 25.00
Trooper Pro4,4 Nufarm Surmount picloram-3ipa & fluroxypyr-mhe 1 + 1S 56.00 gal 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 14.00 21.00 28.00
Trump Card4,4 Helena - fluroxypyr-ester & 2,4-D-acid 0.66 + 2.65EC 75.00 gal 1 pt 2 pt 3 pt 9.40 18.80 28.10
Truslate4,4 Nufarm WideMatch clopyralid-mea & fluroxypyr-mhe 0.75 + 0.75EC 70.00 gal 0.75 pt 1 pt 1.33 pt 6.60 8.80 11.60
Truslate Pro4,4,4 Nufarm - clop-mea & flurox-mhe & MCPAe 0.5 + 0.64 + 1.75EC 53.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 6.60 9.90 13.30
Trust3 Winfield Treflan trifluralin 4EC 25.00 gal 1 pt 2 pt 4 pt 3.10 6.30 12.50
Trycera4 Helena Garlon triclopyr-acid 4EC 135.00 gal 1 qt 2 qt 4 qt 33.80 67.50 135.00
Tuscany SC14 Nufarm Valor flumioxazin 4 SC 540.00 gal 2 fl oz 3 fl oz 4 fl oz 8.40 12.70 16.90
Ultra Blazer14 UPL - acifluorfen-Na salt 2SL 47.50 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 5.90 8.90 11.90
Unison4 Helena Hardball 2,4-D-acid 1.74SL 40.00 gal 1 pt 1.75 pt 2.5 pt 5.00 8.80 12.50
UpBeet2 FMC - triflusulfuron-methyl 50DF 19.00 oz 0.25 oz 0.3 oz 0.5 oz 4.80 5.70 9.50
Valor EZ14 Valent - flumioxazin 4SC 4.10 fl oz 2 fl oz 2.5 fl oz 3 fl oz 8.20 10.20 12.30
Valor SX14 Valent - flumioxazin 51WDG 3.75 oz 2 oz 2.5 oz 3 oz 7.50 9.40 11.30
Vanquish4 Nufarm - dicamba-dga salt 4SL 85.00 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 16 fl oz 2.70 5.30 10.60
Varisto6,2 BASF - bentazon & imazamox 4 + 0.19SL 136.50 gal 16 fl oz 21 fl oz 27 fl oz 17.10 22.40 28.80
Varro2 Bayer - thiencarbazone & mefenpyr 0.083OD 232.00 gal 6.85 fl oz - 6.85 fl oz 12.40 - 12.40
Vaquero1 Wilbur-Ellis Select clethodim 2EC 107.00 gal 4 fl oz 6 fl oz 8 fl oz 3.30 5.00 6.70
Vastlan4 Corteva Garlon triclopyr-choline 4SL 95.00 gal 1 qt 2 qt 4 qt 23.80 47.50 95.00
Velossa5 Helena Velpar hexazinone 2L 130.00 gal 2 pt 4 pt 6 pt 32.50 65.00 97.50
Velpar5 TKI - hexazinone 2L 87.25 gal 2 pt 4 pt 6 pt 21.80 43.60 65.40
Verdict14,15 BASF - saflufenacil & dimethenamid-P 0.57 + 5EC 211.75 gal 10 fl oz 13 fl oz 16 fl oz 16.50 21.50 26.50
Verdure X22 Helm Agro Reglone diquat-dibromide salt 2SL 105.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 13.10 19.70 26.30
Victory2 Nufarm Express tribenuron-methyl 75DF 9.30 oz 1/8 oz 1/6 oz 1/3 oz 1.20 1.60 3.10
Vida14 Gowan ET pyraflufen-ethyl 0.208EC 3.72 fl oz 0.5 fl oz 2 fl oz 5.5 fl oz 1.90 7.40 20.50
Viewpoint4,2,2 Bayer - aminocycpyrchlr&imazapyr&met 22.8 + 31.6 + 7.3DF 5.00 oz 13 oz 16 oz 18 oz 65.00 80.00 90.00
Vise15,14 ADAMA Prefix S-metolachlor & fomesafen 4.34 + 0.95EC 60.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 7.50 11.30 15.00
Vision4 Helena Banvel dicamba-acid 3.8SL 94.00 gal 4 fl oz 8 fl oz 16 fl oz 2.90 5.90 11.80
Vista XRT4 Corteva Starane fluroxypyr-ester 2.8AE 170.00 gal 6 fl oz 12 fl oz 22 fl oz 8.00 15.90 29.20
Volley15 Tenkoz Surpass acetochlor & dichlormid safener 6.4EC 76.75 gal 1.5 pt 2 pt 2.25 pt 14.40 19.20 21.60
Volta2 Rotam Harmony thifensulfuron-methyl 75DF 7.60 oz 1/12 oz 0.3 oz 0.6 oz 0.60 2.30 4.60
Volta Extra2,2 Rotam Harm. Extr thifensulfuron & tribenuron 50 + 25DF 8.00 oz 0.15 oz 0.3 oz 0.6 oz 1.20 2.40 4.80
Volunteer1 Tenkoz Select clethodim 2EC 84.00 gal 4 fl oz 6 fl oz 8 fl oz 2.60 3.90 5.30
Voucher4,4 Helena Strn+Swrd MCPA-acid & fluroxypyr-ester 2.6 + 0.64SL 65.00 gal 1 pt 2 pt 3 pt 8.10 16.30 24.40
Warrant15 Bayer ~Degree acetochlor (microencapsulated) 3ME water based 29.50 gal 1.25 qt 1.5 qt 2 qt 9.20 11.10 14.80
Warrant Ultra15 Bayer acetochlor & fomesafen 2.83 + 0.64EC 36.50 gal 48 fl oz - 48 fl oz 13.70 - 13.70
144
 Brand Product/A Cost $/A
ProductSite of action-pg 100-101 Company equivalent Active ingredients Formulation $/Unit Low Med High Low Med High
Weed Blast5,7 Loveland - bromacil & diuron 4 + 4G 7.00 lb 40 lb 50 lb 60 lb 280 350 420
Weedone 6384,4 Nufarm - 2,4-D-acid & 2,4-D-ester 2.8EC 24.30 gal 0.67 pt 2 pt 3 pt 2.00 6.10 9.10
Weedmaster4,4 Nufarm - 2,4-D-dea & dicamba-dea 2.87 + 1SL 27.00 gal 0.5 pt 2 pt 4 pt 1.70 6.80 13.50
Weld4,4,4 Winfield - MCPAe & fluroxypyr & clopyralid 1.75 + 0.64 + 0.5EC 58.00 gal 1 pt 1.5 pt 2 pt 7.30 10.90 14.50
Whiteout4 Loveland - 2,4-D-ehe (solventless) 5.64EC 23.00 gal 0.33 pt 0.67 pt 1.33 pt 0.90 1.90 3.80
WideMatch4,4 Corteva - clopyralid-mea & fluroxypyr-mhe 0.75 + 0.75EC 70.00 gal 0.75 pt 1 pt 1.33 pt 6.60 8.80 11.60
Wildcard4 Helena - MCPA-ester 4EC 45.00 gal 0.5 pt 1 pt 2 pt 2.80 5.60 11.30
Wildcard Xtra6,4 Helena Bronate bromoxynil-ester & MCPA-ester 2 + 2EC 65.00 gal 0.75 pt 1 pt 1.5 pt 6.10 8.10 12.20
Wolverine Adv.1,27,6 Bayer - fenox&pyrasulf&bromox&mefenpr 0.4 & 0.13 & 1.05EC 92.50 gal 1.7 pt 1.7 pt 19.70 - 19.70
XtendiMax4 Bayer Clarity dicamba-dga salt + VaporGrip 2.9SL 59.50 gal 22 fl oz 33 fl oz 44 fl oz 10.20 15.30 20.50
Yukon4,2 Gowan - dicamba-Na & halosulfuron-CH3 55 + 12.5 WDG 3.75 oz 4 oz 6 oz 8 oz 15.00 22.50 30.00
Zidua15 BASF - pyroxasulfone 85WDG 8.58 oz 3 oz 4 oz 5 oz 25.70 34.30 42.90
Zidua SC15 BASF - pyroxasulfone 4.17SC 764.00 gal 1.75 oz 4 oz 6.5 oz 10.40 23.90 38.80
Zidua Pro2,14,15 BASF - pyrox&saflufenacil&imazethapyr 2.28+0.48+1.33SC 438.00 gal 4.5 fl oz - 4.5 fl oz 15.40 - 15.40
2,4-D Products4 Several - 2,4-D
2,4-D amine4 3.8SL 14.61 gal 0.5 pt 2 pt 4 pt 0.90 3.70 7.30
2,4-D ester4 3.8EC 20.66 gal 0.5 pt 2 pt 4 pt 1.30 5.20 10.30
LV ester4 5.7EC 23.00 gal 0.33 pt 2 pt 4 pt 0.90 5.70 11.50

145
 North Dakota Adjuvant Compendium
For other adjuvants: www.herbicide-adjuvants.com/

Nonionic Surfactant (NIS) High Surfactant Petroleum Oil Concentrate (HSPOC)

Activator 90 Loveland $32.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
Between United Suppl. $20.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
APSA-80 Amway $32.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
Diplomat Rosens $21.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
ChemSurf 90 United Suppl. $32.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
Exchange Precision Labs $26.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Wetcit Oro Agri $75.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
Hi-Load Simplot $26.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Haf-Pynt Drexel $31.00 gal 0.25 to 0.8% v/v
High Load Wilbur-Ellis $26.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Hypertonic CHS $33.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
High Mark Loveland $26.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Induce Helena $31.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
Sitka CHS $24.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Insist 90 Willbur-Ellis $24.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
Stake West Central $24.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
K-Tone West Central $33.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
Superb HC Winfield $25.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Liberate LeciTech Loveland $44.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
Pen-A-trate II Precision Labs $32.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
Prefer 90 West Central $33.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v Methylated Seed Oil (MSO)
Preference Winfield $35.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v Emulate CHS $22.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Protyx Precision Labs $100.00 g 0.125% v/v Fire-Zone Helena $27.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
R-11 Wilbur-Ellis $32.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v Hasten Wilbur-Ellis $34.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Rainier EA Wilbur-Ellis $37.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v MES-100 Drexel $15.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Surf-AC 910 Drexel $25.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v MSO Leci-Tech Loveland $27.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Tradition 93 Rosens $ - gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v MSO Ultra Precision Labs $26.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Translate United Suppl. $38.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v Noble Winfield $23.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Wet-Sol 99 Schaeffers $28.00 gal 0.25 to 0.5% v/v Persist Ultra J.R. Simplot $20.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Premium MSO Helena $20.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
NIS Approved for use in Water Succeed United Suppl. $19.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Surfactants approved for use in bodies of water are: Sundance II Rosens $21.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Activate Plus Agridex Class Act NG Induce Superspread MSO Wilbur-Ellis $27.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Level 7 Liberate L-Tech Preference R-11 Upland MSO West Central $22.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Top Surf X-77
MSO & Organosilicone Surfactant
Surfactant & Silicone Air Force United Suppl. $47.00 gal 4 to 6 fl oz/A
Freeway Loveland $110.00 g 0.75 to 2 pt/100 gal Dyne-Amic Helena $57.00 gal 4 to 6 fl oz/A
Kinetic Helena $115.00 g 0.75 to 2 pt/100 gal Inergy Winfield $55.00 gal 4 to 6 fl oz/A
Sil-Fact Drexel $45.00 gal 0.75 to 2 pt/100 gal Sil-MES 100 Drexel $40.00 gal 4 to 6 fl oz/A
Silkin Winfield $100.00 g 0.75 to 2 pt/100 gal Syl-Tac Wilbur-Ellis $63.00 gal 4 to 6 fl oz/A
Speed Precision Labs $135.00 g 0.25 to 2 pt/100 gal
Sur-Plus United Suppl. $87.00 gal 0.5 to 2 pt/100 gal MSO & Basic pH Blend
Sylcoat Wilbur-Ellis $122.00 gl 0.75 to 2 pt/100 gal Entro Various $28.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Renegade EA Wilbur-Ellis $30.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Surfactant & Deposition/Retention (Drift Retardant)
Cerium Elite West Central $41.00 gal 1 qt/100 gal MSO & Deposition/Retention (Drift Retardant)
Fixate Pro West Central $41.00 gal 1 qt/100 gal StrikeLock Winfield $ - gal 0.5 to 1 pt/A
MasterLock Winfield $55.00 gal 5 to 8 fl oz/A
Parachute West Central $42.00 gal 3 to 4 fl oz/A
MSO & Surfactant & Deposition/Retention (Drift Retardant)
Plexus Rosens $ - gal 10 to 12 fl oz/A
Surfactant & Drift Retardant & Antifoam
Powerlock Winfield $55.00 gal 5 to 8 oz/A
High Surfactant Methylated Oil Concentrate (HSMOC)
Cide Winder Helena $42.00 gal 1 to 1.5 pt/A
Surfactant & Nano-technology (carbon tubes)
Destiny HC Winfield $40.00 gal 1 to 1.5 pt/A
Chem Xcel Gen 3 C&R Enterprise $62.50 gal 22-25 fl oz/gal herb. Duce Helena $36.00 gal 1 to 1.5 pt/A
Nano Excel Enviro Science - 2 to 8 fl oz/A Glacier EA Wilbur-Ellis $50.00 gal 1 to 1.5 pt/A
Nano-Revolution 3.0 Max Systems $145.00 g 2 to 8 fl oz/A Hot MES Drexel $20.00 gal 1 to 1.5 pt/A
Hybrid Miller $34.50 gal 1 to 1.5 pt/A
Petroleum Oil Concentrate (POC/COC) Kixyt Precision Labs $44.00 gal 1 to 1.5 pt/A
Agri-Dex Helena $21.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A Savvy West Central $37.00 gal 1 to 1.5 pt/A
Herbimax Loveland $22.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A Top Shelf Loveland $32.00 gal 1 to 1.5 pt/A
Rendur Crop Oil West Central $14.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A Woodside CHS $37.00 gal 1 to 1.5 pt/A
Peptoil Drexel $12.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Prime Oil Winfield $15.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
Protyx Aerial Precision Labs $21.00 gal 0.5 pt/A
R-Way Rosens $ - gal 1 to 2 pt/A
ROC Crop Oil Wilbur-Ellis $15.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A

Crop (Soybean) Oil Concentrate

BeanOil Drexel $15.00 gal 1 to 2 pt/A
146
 ADJUVANTS CONTAINING AMMONIUM AMS & WCA* & Surfactant & Deposition & Defoamer
Ammonium sulfate (AMS) / Urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) Veracity West Central $26.00 gal 3 qt/100 gal

Fertilizer
Basic pH Blend
AMS (Dry) Various $0.35 lb 4 to 8.5 lb/100 gal
Axon CHS $24.00 gal 1% v/v
AMS (liquid) Various $6-9 gal 2 to 4 qt/A
Linkage West Central $24.00 gal 1% v/v
28% UAN/Bulk Various $3-10 gal 2 to 4 qt/A Newtone Winfield $30.00 gal 1% v/v
Quad 7 Loveland $22.00 gal 1% v/v
AMS & Surfactant (NIS) Sequestra Drexel $24.00 gal 1% v/v
Cayuse Plus Wilbur-Ellis $27.00 gal 2 to 6 qt/100 gal
Class Act NG Winfield $13.00 gal 2.5% v/v Acidic AMS Replacement (contains AMADS)
Class Act Flex Winfield $15.00 gal 1 to 4 % v/v
AMADS - Monocarbamide dihydrogen sulfate = urea + sulfuric acid
Deliver Precision Labs $14.00 gal 2.5% v/v
Impressive DB Rosens $1.25 lb 2.25 lb/A Aduro Winfield $32.00 gal 4 pt/100 gal
Powerhouse Rosens $12.00 gal 5 to 10 qt/100 gal Brimstone Wilbur-Ellis $42.00 gal 4 pt/100 gal
Precinct West Central $13.00 gal 2.5% v/v ET-4000 MK Ag Service $31.00 gal 4 pt/100 gal
Re-Duce Helena $12.00 gal 1% v/v Fixate CHS $32.00 gal 4 pt/100 gal
Surfate Loveland $23.00 gal 1% v/v Gun Smoke Loveland $40.00 gal 4 pt/100 gal
Ultra Surf AMS United Suppl. $10.00 gal 2.5% v/v Hel-Fire Helena $36.00 gal 4 pt/100 gal
Wheelhouse CHS $13.00 gal 2.5% v/v Import Precision Labs $37.00 gal 4 pt/100 gal
Jackhammer West Central $32.00 gal 4 pt/100 gal
AMS & Drift Retardant (Deposition)
AMS 20/10 United Suppl. $1.60 lb 10 lb/100 gal Acidic WCA*
Array Rosens $2.50 lb 9 lbs/100 gal ET-4000 MK Ag Service $31.00 gal 4 pt/100 gal
Lox Plus Drexel $15.00 gal 1 to 2 gal/100 gal Regulator 2.0 Max Systems $22.00 gal 2 to 4 qt/100 gal
StrikeZone MXD Helena $5.00 gal 2 lb/100 gal
Vector Rosens $7.50 gal 2 lb/100 gal
Acidic WCA* & Surfactant & Base Oil
Simplyx Precision Labs $40.00 gal 0.5 pt/A
AMS & Defoamer
*Non ammonium / non-AMS water conditioning agent
AMS-Xtra Drexel $4.00 gal 2.5 to 5% v/v
Omnix LDF Precision Labs $9.00 gal 2.5 to 5% v/v

AMS & Deposition & Defoamer

AMS-Supreme Drexel $15.00 gal 2.5 to 5% v/v
Border Xtra DF Precision Labs $2.00 lb 18 lb/100 gal
Border Xtra 8L Precision Labs $13.00 gal 2.5% v/v
Drift-Gard Rosens $ - gal 9 lb/100 gal

AMS & Surfactant & Deposition & Defoamer

AMS-All Drexel $11.00 gal 1 to 5 gal/100 gal
Blue Diamond NWC,Emerado $15.00 gal 1 to 2 qt/100 gal
Bronc Triple Wilbur-Ellis $43.00 gal 10 lb/100 gal
Pay Off Plus United Suppl. $2.00 lb 10 lb/100 gal
Zenith Rosens $1.80 lb 1.5 to 2.25 lb/A
AMS & Surfactant & Paraffinic oil
Flame Loveland $42.00 gal 0.5% v/v

AMS & WCA* (AMS Replacement)

Alliance Winfield $18.00 gal 1.25% v/v
Bronc Max Wilbur-Ellis $25.00 gal 0.5 to 1% v/v
Choice W-Master Loveland $30.00 gal 0.5% v/v
Enact Rosens $25.00 gal 0.5% v/v
SeQuel Helena $17.00 gal 1 to 5 pt/100 gal
Transport LpH Precision Lab $20.00 gal 0.5% v/v

AMS & WCA* & Deposition

AMS 2000 United Suppl. $1.25 lb 10 to 17 lb/100 gal
AmSol Plus United Suppl. $6.00 gal 2.5 gal/100 gal
Double Down United Suppl. $8.00 gal 2.5 gal/100 gal
Rush Winfield $25.00 gal 2 to 4 qt/100 gal

AMS & WCA* & Deposition & Defoamer

Holzi Drexel $1.60 lb 9 lb/100 gal
Stay Down Rosens $ - gal 5 lb/100 gal
147
 ADJUVANTS CONTAINING NO AMMONIUM UTILITY ADJUVANTS

WCA* / AMS Replacement Deposition/Retention - Drift Retardants

Choice Trio Loveland $29.00 gal 0.5% v/v Affect GC United Suppl. $40.00 qt 1 to 2 fl oz/100 gal
Citron Farm Direct $3.50 lb 2.2 lb/100 gal Border EG 250 Precision Labs $1.20 oz 10 oz/100 gal
Class Act Ridion Winfield $- 0.5 to 2% v/v Buckhorn Total CHS $58.00 gal 2 to 6 fl oz/A
Cut-Rate Wilbur-Ellis $2.75 lb 3 to 4 lb/100 gal Cognitive 1 West Central $34.00 gal 2 to 4 qt/100 gal
Quest/Request Helena $22.00 gal 0.5% v/v Corral Poly Winfield $25.00 qt 4 to 12 fl oz/100 gal
Speedway United Suppl. $38.00 gal 0.5% v/v Crosshair Wilbur-Ellis $51.00 gal 4 fl oz/A
Direct Precision Labs $34.00 qt 1 to 4 oz/100 gal
WCA* & Surfactant In-Place Wilbur-Ellis $51.00 gal 4 fl oz/pt-lb
InterLock Winfield $60.00 gal herbicide
Best Shot CHS $- 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
Lox Drexel $25.00 gal 4 to 6 fl oz/A
Fastrack United Suppl. $28.00 gal 0.75% v/v
Placement Winfield $45.00 gal 4 to 8 fl oz/A
Flame Loveland $42.00 gal 0.5% v/v
Point Blank Helena $42.00 qt 2 to 6 fl oz/100 gal
Jackhammer Elite West Central $27.00 gal 2 qt/100 gal
Sedate Max West Central $58.00 gal 2 to 6 fl oz/A
Last Chance West Central $- 0.25 to 0.5% v/v
Transport Ultra Precision Labs $39.00 gal 0.25 to 0.75% v/v
Wheelhouse Pro CHS $27.00 gal 2 qt/100 gal Deposition/Retention & Defoamer
Compadre Leci-Tc Loveland $58.00 gal 1 pt/100 gal
WCA* & HSMOC
Zaar Helena $37.00 gal 1% v/v Acidifying Agents
BS-500 Drexel $17.00 gal 2 to 4 pt/100 gal
WCA* & Surfactant & Deposition/Retention & Defoamer Complete Winfield $44.00 gal 1 to 3 pt/100 gal
Denali EA Wilbur-Ellis $35.00 gal 0.4 to 4 pt/100 gal
Strike Force Loveland $65.00 gal 2 qt/100 gal
Indicate 5 United Suppl. $48.00 gal 2 to 4 pt/100 gal
Trapline Pro CHS $62.00 gal 2 qt/100 gal
Induce pH Helena $37.00 gal 2 to 4 pt/100 gal
Trapline Pro II CHSl $51.00 gal 2 qt/100 gal
LI-700 Leci-Tech Loveland $39.00 gal 2 to 4 pt/100 gal
Veracity Elite West Central $62.00 gal 2 qt/100 gal
New Balance Precision Lab $44.00 gal 2 to 4 pt/100 gal
Veracity Elite II West Central $51.00 gal 2 qt/100 gal
SuperSpread 7000 Wilbur-Ellis $31.00 gal 0.5 to 2 pt/100 gal
Weather-Gard Loveland $65.00 gal 2 qt/100 gal
Sequestra Drexel $24.00 gal 1 to 5 gal/100 gal
Complete Leci-Tec
Tri-Fol Wilbur-Ellis $36.00 gal 0.5 to 4 pt/100 gal

WCA* & Deposition/Retention & Defoamer

Compatibility Agents
AccuQuest WM Helena $36.00 gal 1 to 3 qt/100 gal
Blendex Helena $55.00 gal 1 to 5 pt/100 gal
Formula 1 United Suppl. $30.00 gal 1 to 3 qt/100 gal
CompatibilityAgent West Central $35.00 gal 1 to 3 pt/100 gal
*Non ammonium / non-AMS water conditioning agent Complete Winfield $44.00 gal 1 to 3 pt/100 gal
Convert Precision Labs $50.00 gal 1 to 6 pt/100 gal
EZ-Mix Loveland $38.00 gal 1 to 4 pt/100 gal
Mix Drexel $20.00 gal 1 to 4 pt/100 gal
Mix-All Rosens $45.00 gal 1 to 4 pt/100 gal
Compatibility Plus United Suppl. $41.50 gal 1 to 2 pt/100 gal

Spray Tank Cleaners

Tank Cleaner Various $12-25 qt 1 to 2 qt/100 gal
Tank Cleaner Various $5-7.00 lb 1 to 2 lb/100 gal

148
Understanding a Water Quality Analysis but the following scale can be used:
Soft = <75 ppm
Report Mod. hard = 75 – 150 ppm
1. Water pH Hard = 150 – 300 ppm
Generally, the normal pH range of water used for application has Very hard = > 300 ppm
little effect on herbicide efficacy. Carbamate and
organophosphate insecticides quickly degrade through alkaline The amount of AMS needed to overcome antagonistic ions can
hydrolysis at water pH above 7. Water pH above 7 significantly be calculated as follows:
increases degradation of Cobra, Resource, and Valor, however, Lbs AMS/100 gal = (0.002 X ppm K) + (0.005 X ppm Na) +
these herbicides have very low water solubility and alkaline (0.009 X ppm Ca) + (0.014 X ppm Mg) + (0.042 X ppm Fe).
degradation would affect only the soluble fraction of the herbicide. This does not account for antagonistic minerals on the leaf
Increasing water pH to 9 can reduce precipitation and nozzle surface on some species like lambsquarters, sunflower, and
plugging with the sugarbeet micro-rate treatment. Most velvetleaf which may require additional AMS. Apply AMS at 8.5
sulfonylurea herbicides, POST HPPD herbicides, Select, Status, lbs/100 gallons of water unless water hardness requires more.
and Sharpen are more soluble at high pH and efficacy can be
greater when applied in water with pH above 7. Some adjuvants 4. Sodium Absorption Ratio
marketed for glyphosate reduce water pH. Low pH forces some Water high in sodium, when added to clay soils, may have a
salt formulated herbicides into the acid state that may not be detrimental effect. Excess sodium will attach to clay particles and
soluble in the amount of water being sprayed and thus plug displace other ions, namely chloride and sulfide. A high SAR
nozzles and reduce efficacy. Herbicides need to be in solution for may indicate a limited ability for plants to extract water from the
absorption into plant foliage. See #23 on page 93 for additional soil. The adjusted SAR has reference to bicarbonates. Some
information. water in the Northern Plains is very high in bicarbonates, which
increases the SAR problem. Water quality standards for SAR are
2. Total Dissolved Solids and Electrical Conductivity as follows:
The major mineral constituents in Northern Plains water and their Excellent = <3
ionic charges are: Good = 3–5
Cations (+ charge) = calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium Permissible = 5 – 10
(Na), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). Doubtful = 10 – 15
Anions (- charge) = sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl), bicarbonate Unsuitable = >15
(HCO3), and nitrate (NO3).
5. Residual Sodium Carbonate
The sum of all the minerals dissolved in a sample of water is Values greater than 0 increase the sodium hazard.
normally referred to as the total dissolved solids (TDS). The
higher the TDS, the more electric current water can conduct. 6. Bicarbonates
Because of this characteristic, a measure of the electrical Since bicarbonate is anionic (-) it is always associated with a
conductivity (EC) is often used to provide a quick, economical cation (+) like sodium or calcium to make sodium or calcium
estimate of the TDS in water. If the EC is less than 500 bicarbonate in ground water. The corresponding cation (Ca, Na)
umho/cm, water quality problems for herbicides are unlikely. may have a greater role in herbicide antagonism than the
Water EC values in ND and western U.S. run between 1000 and bicarbonate. High sodium and sodium bicarbonate antagonism
2,500. Usually hardness and cation concentration, not TDS, are of herbicides is usually overcome by ammonia type adjuvants.
used to evaluate water quality on herbicide performance. Small amounts of antagonistic salts do not appear to reduce
herbicide efficacy with full use rates. This is because the use rate
3. Hardness was established for efficacy using various waters. However in
Water hardness is caused by potassium, calcium, magnesium, principle to optimize herbicide efficacy, any amount of
and iron. These minerals can react and antagonize most all antagonistic salts will have some negative effect and to optimize
POST herbicides registered. Almost all POST herbicides are efficacy for all conditions always apply AMS to overcome even
weak acid herbicides and can ionize (separate into neutral, + low amounts of antagonistic salt.
and - molecules) in acidic pH. Negative charged molecules can
bind with cationic minerals resulting in antagonism. The ester Water with high bicarbonate levels may have low levels of other
formulations of growth regulator herbicides are oil soluble and do anions like chloride and sulfate. Calcium chloride is also
not react directly with the salts in the water. However, these oil antagonistic and spray water pH should be below 7. Bicarbonate
type liquid herbicide formulations include an emulsifier to mix levels greater than 500 ppm may reduce herbicide efficacy of
with water. Sometimes these emulsifiers when mixed in water Achieve, Poast, Select, MCPA amine, and 2,4-D amine. When
with salts cause an oil-like scum or precipitate in the spray water using water with more than 500 ppm bicarbonates the high rate
reducing efficacy and plugging nozzles. of these herbicides should be used and applied at the most
susceptible weed stage for efficacy. Bicarbonate also increases
Sodium contributes to water hardness but functions to soften water pH and high bicarbonate levels may also be associated
water similar to home water softener systems. Hardness levels with high water pH (See #1 above). Water bicarbonate levels in
are reported in mg/L (ppm) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). MT, ND, and MN range from 200 to 1,000 ppm.
Hardness values are calculated by adding meq/L of Ca and Mg
then multiplying by 50. Hardness of individual cations can be Analysis of spray water sources can determine water quality
confusing because they can be reported as milliequivalents/L effects on herbicide efficacy.
(meq/L), milligrams per liter (mg/L), parts per million (ppm), or
grains per U.S. gallon (gpg). The mg/L and ppm are considered Water samples can be tested at:
equal, and 1 grain per gallon is equal to 17.1 mg/L or ppm. USPS: NDSU Dept 7680, Fargo, ND 58108-6050,
UPS and Physical Address: NDSU Soil and Water Laboratory,
To convert meq/L to ppm, multiply meq/L x atomic number of the Waldron Hall 202, 1360 Bolley Dr. NDSU, Fargo, ND 58102.
atom: K meq/L x 39.102, Na x 22.991, Mg x 12.156, Ca x 20.04. 701 231-7864.
Water hardness values in MT, ND, and MN run between 0 and
2,500 ppm. There are variations in water hardness classifications
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Horseweed - Weed Of The Year Fall applications:
- Glyphosate + 2,4-D with/without (w/o) Sharpen
Horseweed, also called marestail or Canada fleabane (Erigeron - Glyphosate + Sharpen
canadensis), was chosen as the Weed of the Year due to - Glyphosate + dicamba (follow crop rotation restrictions)
widespread infestations across the state of North Dakota in 2019. - Glyphosate + Valor + 2,4-D (consider applying Valorseparate
The wet and challenging fall weather also means little to no control from glyphosate + 2,4-D to avoid antagonismfrom rapid burn on
of fall-emerged plants was accomplished. We expect this weed to foliage)
be abundant and difficult to control in many fields during the 2020
planting season. Wheat
Preplant or PRE: Glyphosate + 2,4-D or with Sharpen
Horseweed is a winter annual or summer annual weed that is
native to North America. In North Dakota, horseweed is most POST: 2,4-D + Starane Flex w/o SU, Huskie/HuskieComplete,
troublesome when it emerges in the fall, overwinters as a rosette, GoldSky, Kochiavore, PerfectMatch,WideMatch, and Weld.
and then elongates (bolts) in early spring. In contrast, in some
Midwest states, spring-emerging horseweed has been more Dry pea
troublesome because of late emergence in May and June. Preplant or PRE:
Horseweed’s wide emergence window often allows it to escape -Glyphosate + Sharpen w/o Spartan
preplant and PRE herbicides. In addition, many POST herbicides -Glyphosate + Metribuzin
do not provide effective horseweed control. Thus, it is imperative
that horseweed be controlled in the fall, the spring burndown, and POST: Basagran (2 pt/A required for 80% control) + MSO – plants
with spring residual herbicides to control later-emerging weeds. must be very small to expect control
Horseweed typically grows 3 to 6 feet tall and can produce up to
200,000 seeds per plant. Similar to dandelion, horseweed seed is
attached to a white pappus that is easily dispersed several Soybean
hundred yards by wind. It has been reported that up to 91% of the Fall: Glyphosate + 2,4-D w/o Sharpen
fall-emerging plants survive until spring. Over-wintering rosettes
will start to bolt fairly early in the spring. Horseweed is much Preplant or PRE:
easier to control in the rosette stage than the bolting stage. - Glyphosate + dicamba (no plantback interval for approved
dicamba products in RR2Xtend soybean)
History - Glyphosate + 2,4-D ester (7 day plantback for ester)
Horseweed tends to thrive in no-till systems, but is more easily - Glyphosate + Sharpen (plantback interval: 0 day – 1 oz;14 days
controlled using conventional tillage. Plants that emerge in the fall – 1.5 oz; 30 days – 2 oz; 60 days – 3 oz). Tank mixing Sharpen
are typically killed easily with spring tillage. An Indiana survey with Group 14 herbicides mayincrease the plantback interval.
showed horseweed was found in 61% of no-till fields, 24% in - Glyphosate + 2,4-D + Sharpen (follow plantbackintervals)
reduced-till fields, and 8% in conventional-till fields. It has been - 2,4-D + Gramoxone + Metribuzin
shown that tilling the top 0.25 inch of soil provides about 95% - Glyphosate + Elevore (14 day plantback interval)
horseweed control. - Apply residual herbicide: Spartan, Valor, or Metribuzin
Horseweed’s ability to emerge in the fall and throughout the POST:
growing season allows it to be very competitive with crops. An - FirstRate - will not control ALS-resistant plants
Ohio State University study showed the effect of horseweed on - RR2Xtend Soybean – Approved dicamba formulations
soybean yields: - LL Soybeans – Glufosinate (Liberty, Cheetah, Interline, Scout)
·51 bu/A where the burndown treatment failed to control emerged - Enlist E3 Soybean – 2,4-D choline w/o glufosinate or glyphosate
plants.
·57 bu/A where the burndown treatment was effective, but there Horseweed control summary:
was no residual herbicide. 1)Apply effective herbicides in the fall.
·65 bu/A where the burndown was effective and residual 2)Apply residual herbicides in the spring.
herbicides were used. 3)Apply herbicides to rosette horseweed plants. Bolted plants are
much more difficult to control.
Resistance 4)Apply herbicides in at least 10-15 gallons per acre.
Horseweed biotypes are tolerant/resistant to many herbicide 5)Apply Sharpen or Sharpen + Spartan with MSO + AMS.
groups: 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, and 27. Glyphosate-resistant and
glyphosate + ALS-resistant horseweed has been found in several
locations in North Dakota. 2,4-D has been a common product
used to control horseweed in many states. Some states now
indicate that 2,4-D is not as effective as it once was. Thus, it is
important to use multiple modes of action to control horseweed
and not rely on one herbicide year after year. It is critical that
growers not rely on glyphosate alone to control horseweed.

Control
Horseweed is most easily controlled in the fall. Therefore, control
efforts should always begin in the fall. Consider rotation
restrictions when selecting fall or spring herbicides.

150
 Summary of new information in the 2020 Weed Control Guide:
www.ndsu.edu/weeds - Web version of ND Weed Control Guide.

HERBICIDE UPDATE:
Discontinued products: Leadoff, Fusion.

Restricted Use Products (RUP):

Dicamba formulations of Tavium.

Weed Guide Updates

-Added a Rye and Millet tables to the small grains section

-Added Authority Edge to soybean, sunflower, and dry pea.

-Added Fierce MTZ to soybean section.

-Added TruFlex Canola

-Added dicamba drift onto Dry Edible Beans information

-Expanded discussion on air temperature inversions

-Moved remarks paragraphs from back of book so that the

corresponding paragraphs for a crop directly follow that crop’s
herbicide tables.

Roundup Xtend soybean - Refer to Bayer, BASF, Corteva, and

Syngenta web sites for application information.

Enlist Soybean – Added Section with information on Enlist One

and Enlist Duo.

Crop rotation restrictions updated for several herbicides - pages

6, 112-114.

Herbicide Resistant Weeds:

-updated name for Herbicide Mode of Action Group 30.

Weed of the Year - Horseweed - page 150

Discussion on air temperature inversions - page 119.

151