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Thermodynamics of An Ic Enegine

The document discusses the thermodynamics of an internal combustion engine powertrain for Team XLR8. It covers the objectives of selecting an engine and designing the powertrain, mounting, intake/exhaust, and differential. It then provides an overview of basic thermodynamic concepts like systems, boundaries, states, energy forms, properties, processes, the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Finally, it introduces internal combustion engines and covers components, cycles, and the four stroke operation of petrol and diesel engines.

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SWAGATAM BAZ
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44 views

Thermodynamics of An Ic Enegine

The document discusses the thermodynamics of an internal combustion engine powertrain for Team XLR8. It covers the objectives of selecting an engine and designing the powertrain, mounting, intake/exhaust, and differential. It then provides an overview of basic thermodynamic concepts like systems, boundaries, states, energy forms, properties, processes, the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Finally, it introduces internal combustion engines and covers components, cycles, and the four stroke operation of petrol and diesel engines.

Uploaded by

SWAGATAM BAZ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Affiliated Club

THERMODYNAMICS OF
AN IC ENGINE
POWERTRAIN = Engine + Transmission Unit + Battery Unit and Electricals

- By SWAGATAM BAZ, JUME II


- Powertrain core Member
POWERTRAIN UNIT MAIN
OBJECTIVES FOR TEAM XLR8
• Engine Selection – Based on performance and Competition Rules
• Engine Mounting – Based on mounting points of the particular engine and
also on weight distribution,
• Air Intake and Exhaust (Includes design and simulation)
• Powertrain design – Chain Drive Design.
• Differential

NOTE: For the Electricals, it’s preferred to have External experts.


BASIC THERMODYNAMICS 1
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside
the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from its
surroundings
➢ Selection of boundary plays a important
Role
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS 2

Piston-cylinder arrangement

State Properties
Pressure

Volume

Temperature

Enthalpy

Entropy

Internal Energy
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS 3
• FORMS OF ENERGY
• Stored. (internal energy E)
• In transition. (heat and work)

• Poperties
• Intensive Properties (density ,enthalpy,twmperature)
• Extensive Properties (mass ,volume)

• Function f= F(x,y,z,t) where x,y,z,t can be p,v,T,h,s,u etc


• Point Function or State Function. (Internal energy , entropy etc)
• Path Function. (heay and work)

• Types of Thermodynamics Processes


• Cyclic process - when a system in a given initial state goes through various processes and finally
return to its initial state, the system has undergone a cyclic process or cycle.
• Reversible process - it is defined as a process that, once having take place it can be reversed. In
doing so, it leaves no change in the system or boundary.
• Irreversible process - a process that cannot return both the system and surrounding to their original
conditions
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS 4
• Some Important Processes
• Isobaric process (Δp=0)
• Isochoric process(Δv=0)
• Isothermal process (ΔT=0)
• Adiabatic process (ΔQ=0)
• Isentropic process (Δs=0) (Reversible adiabatic process)
• Throttling process (Δh=0)
• Quasi-static process (infinitesimally small points)
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
❑ ∮δQ = ∮ δW (for a cyclic process)
❑ ∮ (δQ−δW)=0
❑ ∮ denotes the cyclic integral for the closed path.
❑ δQ=dU+ δW (for a noncyclic process)
(specific for closed system)

❑ ENTHALPY
❑ h = u + pv

❑ Limitations
❑Direction of the process
❑Process is at all feasible or not.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
❑ The Kelvin-Planck statement : It is impossible for a heat
engine to produce net work in a complete cycle if it
exchanges heat only with bodies at a single fixed
temperature.
❑ Clausius’statement : It is impossible to construct a device
which, operating in a cycle, will produce no effect other
than the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body
❑ Heat Engine.
❑ Refrigerator. applications
❑ Heat pump.
❑ Efficiency/ COP = desired quantity/input quantity

❑ Entropy

❑ Clausius inequality
INTRODUCTION TO
INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE
INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINE
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

HEAT ENGINE
•Heat Engine is a machine which converts heat energy supplied to it into mechanical work.
•Heat energy is supplied to the engine by burning the fuel.
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINES
• Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines) In IC engines, combustion of fuel takes
place inside the engine cylinder. Examples: Diesel Engines, Petrol Engines, Gas
engines.
• External Combustion Engines (EC Engines) In EC engines, combustion of fuel takes
place outside the working cylinder. Examples: Steam Engines and Steam turbines
CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
➢ Cycle of operation (No of Strokes per cycle)
• Two Stroke cycle Engines
• Four Stroke Cycle Engines
➢ Thermodynamic Cycle or Method of Heat addition
• Otto Cycle Engines (Combustion at constant volume)
• Diesel Cycle Engines (Combustion at constant Pressure)
• Semi Diesel Engines (Dual Combustion Engines
➢ Types of Fuel Used
• Petrol Engines
• Diesel Engines
• Gas Engines
➢ Ignition Method
• Spark Ignition (SI)
• Compression Ignition (CI)
However there can be still many more classifications like based on cooling system ,valves location etc other than this.
COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINE
IMPORTANT TERMS
➢ Bore: Inside diameter of the cylinder is termed as Bore.
➢ Top Dead Center (TDC): The extreme position reached by the piston
at the top of the cylinder in the vertical engine is called Top Dead
center.
➢ Bottom Dead Center (BDC): The extreme position reached by the
piston at the Bottom of the cylinder in the vertical engine is called
Bottom Dead center. 9 I.C ENGINE TERMINOLGOGY
➢ Stroke: The nominal distance travelled by the piston in the cylinder
between the extreme upper and lower positions of the piston (TDC
&BDC) is termed as stroke.
➢ Compression ratio (r): It is the ratio of Maximum cylinder volume to
the Clearance volume.
➢ Cylinder volume (v): It is the sum of swept volume and the
Clearance volume. V = Vs + Vc
➢ Swept volume (Vs): It is the volume of space generated by the
movement of piston from one dead center to another dead center.
➢ Clearance Volume( Vc): It is the space in the cylinder, when the
piston is at Top Dead Center
IDEAL OTTO CYCLE
.
1
S=c

2
Qi Qh W
n

3 S=c
QL

Isentropic process
4
Qout
MORE ON OTTO CYCLE
➢ Compression ratio varies from 5 to 8 (It is
the ratio of Maximum cylinder volume to the
Clearance volume. )

➢ The pressure at the end of compression is


about 6 to 12 bar.
➢ The temperature at the end of the
compression reaches 250o C to 350o C
➢ It is a Spark Ignition (SI) engine.
➢ Its working is based on otto cycle
➢ Practical /actual otto cycle.
FOUR STROKE CYCLE PETROL
➢ Suction Stroke (First Stroke of the Engine) ENGINES
• Piston moves down from TDC to BDC
• inlet valve is opened and the exhaust valve is closed.
• Pressure inside the cylinder is reduced below the atmospheric pressure.
• The mixture of air fuel is sucked into the cylinder through the inlet valve

➢ Compression Stroke (Second Stroke of the piston)


• Piston moves up from BDC to TDC
• Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
• The air fuel mixture in the cylinder is compressed.

➢ Working or Power or Expansion Stroke (Third Stroke of the Engine)


• The burning gases expand rapidly. They exert an impulse (thrust or force) on the piston. The piston is
pushed from TDC to BDC
• This movement of the piston is converted into rotary motion of the crankshaft through connecting
rod.
• Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.

➢ Exhaust Stroke (Fourth stroke of the piston)


• Piston moves upward from BDC
• Exhaust valve is opened and the inlet valve is closed.
• The burnt gases are forced out to the atmosphere through the exhaust valve (Some of the burnt
gases stay in the clearance volume of the cylinder)
• The exhaust valve closes shortly after TDC
• The inlet valve opens slightly before TDC and the cylinder is ready to receive fresh charge to start a
new cycle.

P.S : video on working of petrol engine


IDEAL DIESEL CYCLE

S=C W
2
Qi
n

3
S=C

4
Qout
MORE ON DIESEL CYCLE
• Compression ratios are often between 14∶1 and 23∶1
for direct injection diesel engines, and between 18∶1
and 23∶1 for indirect injection diesel engines.
• Pressure ranges from 35 to 40 bar.
• Temperature ranges from 600oC to 700o C.
• It is a Compression Ignition (CI) engine.
• Its working is based on diesel cycle.
• Practical/actual Diesel cycle
FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
➢ Suction Stroke (First Stroke of the piston)
• Piston moves from TDC to BDC
• Inlet valve is opened and the exhaust valve is closed.
• The pressure inside the cylinder is reduced below the atmospheric pressure.
• Fresh air from the atmosphere is sucked into the engine cylinder through air
cleaner and inlet valve.
➢ Compression stroke (Second stroke of the piston)
• Piston moves from BDC to TDC
• Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
• The air is drawn during suction stroke is compressed to a high pressure and
temperature

➢ Working or power or expansion stroke (Third stroke of the


piston)
• The burning gases (products of combustion) expand rapidly.
• The burning gases push the piston move downward from TDC to BDC
• This movement of piston is converted into rotary motion of the crank shaft
through connecting rod.
• Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.

➢ Exhaust Stroke (Fourth stroke of the piston)


• Piston moves from BDC to TDC
• Exhaust valve is opened the inlet valve is closed.
• The burnt gases are forced out to the atmosphere through the exhaust
valve. (some of the burnt gases stay in the clearance volume of the
cylinder)
• The exhaust valve closes shortly after TDC
• The inlet valve opens slightly before TDC and the cylinder is ready to
receive fresh air to start a new cycle.

P.S : video on working of diesel engine


SI ENGINE & CI ENGINE
• Spark Ignition(SI) Engines • Compression Ignition(CI) Engines
• It is an engine in which the spark is • It is an engine in which heat of
used to burn the fuel. compressed air is used to burn the
fuel.
• Petrol is used as fuel.
• Diesel is used as fuel, injected into
• It operates on Otto cycle. the combustion chamber.
• Spark plug is used to produce spark • It operates on Diesel cycle.
for the ignition.
• Heat of compressed air is used for the
• Intake: (Air + fuel) ignition.
• Intake: Only air

NOTE: In Motorsports events, we use SI (Petrol) Engines.


MULTI-CYLINDER OPERATION
SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE
MULTIPLE CYLINDER ENGINE
ALL THE BEST
#keepexcellerating

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