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Chapter 8 – Varieties of American Nationalism

A Growing Economy
a) Banking, Currency, and Protection
i. War of 1812 stimulated manufacturing, but after war produced chaos in shipping and
banking—need for new Bank of the United States charter its expiration 1811 and not
renewed, protecting new industries, transport systems
ii. After expiration of charter state banks offered difft currencies at difft values—
confusion and counterfeiting. Congress passed new charter for Bank of US 1816—its
size and power essentially forced state banks to issue safer currency
iii. Manufacturing had grown tremendously due to imports being cut off, textile industry
increased exponentially btwn Embargo of 1807 and War. Factories in NE no longer
family operations. Francis Lowell developed new loom 1813 in Boston Manufacturing
Company—first process of both spinning and weaving
iv. After war English ships swarmed American ports, wanted to reclaim old markets with
prices below cost. 1816 Congress passed tariff to protect “infant industries” from
competition aboard—farmers objected b/c paid higher price
b) Transportation
i. W/o transport network manufacturers couldn’t access raw materials and send finished
goods to markets in US—should fed govt finance roads?
v. 1807 Jefferson’s Sec Treasury Albert Gallatin proposed revenue from Ohio land sale go
to fund National Road. Crucial Lancaster Pike built in PA—both allowed for the
beginning of transport of commodities like textiles
vi. Steam-powered shipping (advancements of Robert Fulton) expanded on rivers and
Great Lakes. Steamboats on Miss. stimulated already agricultural economy of South &
West b/c cost to transport products to market lowered
vii. Despite progress of turnpikes + steamships serious gaps in trasportation. 1815 John
Calhoun introduced bill to use federal funds to finance internal improvements, but
Madison vetoed it in 1817 b/c believed unconstitutional
viii. Remained to state govts + private enterprise to build needed transit networks
Expanding Westward
a) The Great Migrations
i. Westward movement affected economy, factor in Civil War, peoples thrusted together.
Pop. + econ. pressures, land availability, decreased Indian resistance
ix. Immigration and natural growth increased Eastern population, agricultural lands
occupied. Slaves in S limited work opportunity. West attractive b/c War of 1812
lessened Native opposition by pushing Indians west + establishing forts on Great Lakes
and Miss. R., govt “factor system” of goods to Indians
c) White Settlers in the Old Northwest
i. Shelters primitive, clearings in forest for crops to supplement game and domestic
animals, rough existence w/ poverty and loneliness
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x. Migrants journeyed westward in groups, some formed communities and schools,

churches, other institutions. Mobility a large part of life
xi. Farm economy based on modest seized farms w/ grain cultivation + livestock
d) The Plantation System in the Southwest
i. Cotton longs in Old South had lost much fertility but market continued to grow for it,
Black Belt of SW lands could support thriving cotton
xii. First arrivals small farmers, wealthier planters followed buying and clearing smaller
lands. Brought w/ them slaves, eventually mansions grew up from simpler log cabins
symbolizing emergence of a newly rich class
xiii. Rapid growth in NW and SW resulted in new states after War of 1812: Indiana 1816,
Mississippi 1817, Illinois 1818, Alabama 1819
e) Trade and Trapping in the Far West
i. Trade began to develop btwn western regions in US in 19th century + beyond
xiv. Mexico (controlled Texas, CA, Southwest) won independence from Spain 1821,
opened territories to trade in order to grow their fortunes. US merchants such as
William Becknell displaced Indian traders and inferior Mexican products lost out to
new US traders—Mexico lost its markets it in own colonies
xv. Fur traders such as Jacob Astor’s American Fur Company eventually extended to
Rockies, instead of pelts from Indians increasingly trapped their own
xvi. Trappers (“mountain men”) first wedge of white movement, changed society by
interacting with Indians and Mexicans. 1822 Andrew and William Ashley founded
Rocky Mountain Fur Company, recruited trappers to live permanently in Rockies
(Utah, New Mexico)
xvii. Lives of trappers bound up with expanding market economy—relied on fur companies
for credit, depended on Eastern merchants for livelihood
f) Eastern Images of the West
i. Ppl in East only dimly aware of trappers’ world and their reshaping of it
xviii. Explorers dispatched by US govt to chart territories. 1819/1820 Steven Long sent by
War Dept to explore, wrote influential report with dismissive conclusions for future
settlement (like Zebulon Pike 15 yrs before)
The Era of Good Feelings
a) The End of the First Party System
i. James Monroe, Madison’s Sec of State, elected Republican president 1816. W/
Federalist decline faced party faced no serious opposition, after War of 1812 no serious
international threat—wanted republic w/o partisan factions
xix. For Sec of State chose New Englander and former Federalist John Quincy Adams, John
Calhoun named Sec of War—Monroe took pains to include northerners, southerners,
easterners, westerners, Feds and Repubs in Cabinet
xx. After election national goodwill tour, re-elected 1820 w/o any opposition
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g) John Quincy Adams

i. Committed nationalist, important task promotion of American expansion
xxi. US already annexed W Florida, 1817 began negotiations w/ Spanish minister Lius de
Onis. Meanwhile, American commander in Florida Andrew Jackson used orders from
Sec of War Calhoun to invade Florida to stop Seminole raids—known as Seminole war.
Adams wanted to use as excuse to annex
xxii. Onis realized he had little choice, Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 ceded Florid and lands
north of 42nd parallel to US, US gave up Texas claims
h) The Panic of 1819
i. Panic followed period of high foreign demand for US goods, rising prices had
stimulated land boom in western US. Availability for easy credit to settlers and
speculators—from govt, state and wildcat banks
xxiii. 1819 management at Bank of US tightened credit, led to series of state bank failures,
led to financial panic—those in West blamed it on bank
xxiv. Depression for 6 years followed, but growth ultimately continued
Sectionalism and Nationalism
a) The Missouri Compromise
i. Missouri applied for statehood 1819, although slavery already established NY Rep
James Tallmadge’s Amendment gradual emancipation—controversial
xxv. Since beginning new states had come into Union in pairs (1 from N, 1 from S),
Missouri entrance would increase power of North over South
xxvi. Maine had also applied for statehood, Henry Clay threatened South would block
entrance in Missouri not permitted to be a slave state
xxvii. Compromise in Maine-Missouri Bill, Senator Jesse Thomas’s Amendment to ban
slavery in rest of Louisiana Ter. north of MO’s 3630’ border also passed
i) Marshall and the Court
i. John Marshall chief justice from 1801-1835. Strengthened judicial system at expense of
executive and legislature, increased fed power over states, advanced interest of
propertied and commercial classes
xxviii. Supported inviolability contracts in Fletcher v. Peck (1810) which held GA legislature
could not repeal contract acts of previous legislature. Dartmouth College v.
Woodward(1819) affirmed constitutionality of federal review of state court decisions—
states had given up some sovereignty by ratifying Constitution, therefore their courts
must submit to federal jurisdiction
xxix. “Implied powers” of Congress upheld in McCulloch v Maryland (1819) by upholding
Bank of United States, attorney Daniel Webster argued establishment legal under
“necessary and proper” clause, power to tax involved “power to destroy”. States
therefore could not tax now-legal Bank
xxx. Strengthened Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce in Gibbons v
Ogden(1824)—Fed govt gave license to Thomas Gibbons for ferry even transport btwn
NY and NJ even though NY state had granted Aaron Ogden monopoly—Marshall
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argued that Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce + navigation “complete

in itself” + could exercise to the utmost
xxxi. Decisions established primacy of fed govt over states in regulating economy, protected
corporations + private economic institutions from local govt 
j) The Court and the Tribes
i. Marshall court decisions w/ Natives affirmed supremacy of US and carved out position
for Native Americans within the constitutional structure
xxxii. In Johnson v McIntosh (1825) Marshall described the basic right of Natives to tribal
lands that preceded all other American law. Individual Americans could not buy or take
land from tribes, only fed govt could do that
xxxiii. Worchester v Georgia (1832) invalidated law to regulate citizen access to Cherokee
lands. Only fed govt had power to do that, tribes described as sovereign entities w/
exclusive authority and territorial boundaries
xxxiv. Marshall court did what Const had not—establish place for Indian tribes in American
political system. Sovereign, but fed govt “guardian” over its “ward” 
k) The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine
i. US foreign policy mainly centered on Eur, but after War of 1812 Spanish Empire in
decline w/ new revolutions, US developing profitable trade w/ Latin America rivaling
GB as principal trading pattern
xxxv. 1815 US proclaimed neutrality in wars btwn Spain and rebellious colonies, 1822
President Monroe established diplomatic relations w/ 5 new nations
xxxvi. 1823 Monroe announced policy (later known as “Monroe Doctrine”) that American
continent not be considered subject of future colonization by European powers, any
foreign challenge would be unfriendly
xxxvii. Monroe Doctrine developed b/c Americans feared Spanish allies (such as France)
would aid it in retaking lost empire, fear of GB taking over Cuba
The Revival of Opposition
a) The “Corrupt Bargain”
i. In 1824 Republican caucus nominated William Crawford of Georgia for presidency,
but other candidates received nominations from state legislatures
xxxviii. Candidates included: Sec of State John Quincy Adams had little popular appeal,
Speaker of the House Henry Clay had personal following and strong program in the
“American System” to strengthen home industry and Bank, Andrew Jackson little
political experience but a military hero and TN allies
xxxix. Jackson received more popular and electoral votes tan other candidates but not
majority, Twelfth Amendment (passed after contested 1800 election) required House of
Reps to choose among top three candidates—Clay threw endorsement behind Adams
b/c Jackson a political rival in West + Adams a nationalist and likely American system
supporter
xl. Adams named Clay Sec of State, Jackson’s followers enraged at seeming “corrupt
bargain”—haunted Adams throughout presidency
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l) The Second President Adams

i. Adams proposed nationalist program reminiscent of Clay’s American System but
Jacksonians in Congress blocked most of it. Southerners in Congress blocked delegates
to international conference called by Simon Bolivar in Panama in 1826 b/c Haiti was
sending black delegates
xli. Georgia wished to remove remaining Creek and Cherokee Indians from state to gain
more land for cotton planters. Adams refused to enforce treaty made btwn Indians +
Georgia. Governor defied president and proceeded w/ removal
xlii. Adams supported tariff on imported goods 1828 b/c NE textile manufacturers
complained of competition. To be passed concessions made to middle + west states on
other tariffs—bill signed hated by all, called “tariff of abominations”
m)Jackson Triumphant
i. By 1828 presidential election new 2-party system had begun to emerge from divisions
btwn Republicans. National Republicans supported John Quincy Adams and economic
nationalism, opposing them was Democratic Republicans of Andrew Jackson who
called for assault on privilege and widening of opportunity
xliii. Campaign of personal charges, Jackson’s wife Rachel accused of bigamy, she was so
upset that she ultimately died—Jackson blamed opponents
xliv. Jackson won decisive but sectional victory. Adams strong in New England & mid-
Atlantic. Jackson believed victory similar to Jefferson’s 1800 win