JELET-2020 Information Bulletin.

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APPENDIX –7

Syllabus for JELET

1. For B.Sc. candidates - Mathematics pass course syllabus of the University of Calcutta. (question
nos. 1 to 100)
2. For Diploma holders in Pharmacy - Diploma Level syllabus in Pharmacy as prescribed by the
Pharmacy Council of India. (question nos. 1 to 100)
3. Common to all diploma holders in engineering and technology- (question nos. 1 to 70)
(A) ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS:
a) Matrix and vector
Matrix - Definition - Order of a matrix - Leading element - Principal diagonal. Types of
matrices - Null matrix -Square matrix - Identity matrix - Upper and lower triangular matrix -
Symmetric matrix.
Determinant of a square matrix - Minors and cofactors - Procedures for evaluation -
Properties of determinants (no deduction) - Evaluation of determinant by Ohio’s method (4th
order) - Problems.
Concept of vector-Addition and subtraction of vectors- Multiplication of a vector by
a scalar - Position vector of a point - Ratio formula - Rectangular resolution of a
vector - Dot and cross product - Geometrical interpretation -Distributive law -
Applications.
b) Numerical methods
Meaning of interpolation - Difference table - Newton’s forward interpolation formula (no
deduction) - Problems. Introduction to numerical integration - Formulae for composite
trapezoidal and Simpson’s 1/3 rule (no deduction) - Related problems. Numerical solution of
non-linear equations - Formula for Newton-Raphson method (no deduction) - Problems.
Numerical solution of system of linear equation - Gauss-Elimination Method (no deduction) -
Problems.
c) Differential equations
Definition - Order and degree of a differential equation - Differential equations of 1st
order and 1st degree - Separation of variables - Problems. Homogeneous differential
equations - Equations reducible to the homogeneous form - Problems. Exact differential
equations - equations reducible to the exact form - problems. Linear equations -
Bernoulli’s equations. Differential equations of 2nd order with constant coefficients -
Complementary function and particular integral – Problems
d) Partial differentiation
Function of two or more variables - Definition and meaning of partial derivatives (1st \
order). Homogeneous functions - Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions (no deduction)
- Problems.
e) Probability and statistics
Introduction - Random experiment - Sample space - Events. Classical and axiomatic
definition of probability. Addition and multiplication theorem - Related problems. Statistics
- Frequency distribution. Measure of central tendency - Mean - Median - Mode - Standard
deviation - Simple problems

(B) Electrical technology

a. Kirchoff’s law
Kirchoff's voltage and current laws, Star-delta transformations - Simple problems on all
topics.
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b. A. C. fundamentals
Concept & significance of R.M.S. value, peak value, average value, crest factor and form
factor of sinusoidal voltage/current - Equation of instantaneous value of sinusoidal
voltage / current - Simple problems on all.
c. A. C. series circuit
R-L & R-C A.C. series circuit (no deduction, only the expressions of voltage, current &
power for sinusoidal sources), power factor, power triangle simple problems.
d. Storage cell, transformer, motors etc.
Basic Principle of: Storage cell, DC. motors, Transformer, A.C. generators & motors (No
deduction & problems).
e. Magnetic circuit
Concept on magnetic circuit, Definitions and units of magnetic flux, m.m.t. and
reluctance, analogy with electrical circuit, simple problems.
f. Motor starter
Need of motor starter mentioning some names useful for D.C. motors & A.C. motors.
g. Motors for industrial uses
Simple Electrical Circuit for motor installation, using block diagram of different components.
h. Power generation, transmission and distribution
Brief idea about the power generation, transmission and distribution using block diagram of
different stages.
i. Voltage stabilizer and UPS system
Brief idea about the operational principle of voltage stabilizer and UPS system (no description
of internal circuit)
j. House wiring
Simple idea house wiring starting from commencement of supply, using necessary diagram,
role of fuses / MCB, fault finding & earthing concept.
k. Lighting schemes
Types of lighting scheme and factors considered for designing lighting schemes i.e.
illumination level, uniformity of illumination, colour of light, glare, mounting height, spacing
between luminaries, colour of surrounding walls etc.
l. Wattmeter and Meggar
Uses & connection diagram of Wattmeter - Use of Meggar with circuit diagram.
m. Electrical energy and measurement
Electrical energy measurement (no mathematical deduction & description of apparatus) -
circuit diagram for single phase energy-meter connection.

(C) COMPUTER APPLICATIONS & PROGRAMMING

a. Introduction to computer
Brief history of evolution of computers
Various components of computer (brief knowledge)
Hardware-CPU, inputs output system, primary memory, secondary memory.
Peripherals devices - Printers, plotter, scanners, digitals cameras, web cam. sound card &
speaker systems, dicta phone
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Software Operating system, system software like compilers and device drivers, and
various application software (definitions only).
b. Information representation
Number system: Binary, Octal & Hexadecimal
Conversion of number systems, signed and unsigned representation
Binary arithmetic & compliments,
Character codes: ASCII. BCD & Gray codes
c. Basics of software
Classification of Software systems-system software and application software.
Basic concepts of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and device drives
Operating system - Single user, multi user, graphical user interfaces and characters user
interfaces.
Case studies: MS - DOS, Windows
d. Introduction to programming
Algorithm and flowchart
Different types of programming languages - machine level, assembly level and high-level
languages (basic concepts only)
Brief introduction to different high-level languages including C
Basics of C-Language
Branching and loping statements
Arrays and user defined functions
e. Computer networking and internet
Basics of Computer Networking - LAN, MAN, WAN (definitions only)
Client - Server architecture (elementary level)
Internetworking concepts of world wide web, domain name system emails
Web browsing, use of search engines, web site hosting (elementary level).

(D) ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

a. Air and environment

Man & Environment. Overview {socio-economic structure & occupational exposures)
- Scope of Environmental Engineering - pollution problem due to urbanisation &
industrialisation
b. Air pollution
Causes of air pollution - types & sources of air pollutants - Climatic & Meteoro-logical effect
on -air pollution concentration -formation of smog & fumigation
c. Analysis of air pollutants
Collection of Gaseous Air Pollutants - Collection of Participate Pollutants -Analysis of Air
Pollutants like: Sulphur dioxide - Nitrogen oxide - Carbon monoxide - Oxidants & Ozone -
Hydrocarbons - Particulate Matter
d. Air pollution control measures and equipment
Control of Particulate Emission - Control of Gaseous Emission - Flue Gas Treatment Methods:
Stacks Gravitational and Inertia! Separation. Settling Chambers, Dynamic Separators.
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Cyclones. Filtration, Liquid Scrubbing. Spray Chambers. Packed Towers. Orifice and Venturi
Scrubbers, Electrostatic Precipitators. Gas/ solid Absorption, Thermal Decomposition.
e. Methods and approach of air pollution control
Controlling smoke nuisance — Develop air quality criteria and practical emission
standards - creating zones suitable for industry based on micrometeorology of air area —
Introducing artificial methods of removal of particulate and matters of waste before
discharging to open atmosphere
f. Water and environ water sources
Origin of waste water — Type of ‘water pollutants and their effects
g. Different sources of water pollution
Biological Pollution (point & non-point sources) - Chemical Pollutants: Toxic Organic &
Inorganic Chemicals - Oxygen demanding substances - Physical Pollutants: Thermal Waste
- Radioactive waste – Physiological Pollutants: Taste affecting substances - other forming
substances
h. Water pollution and its control
Adverse effects on: Human Health & Environment, Aquatic life, Animal life, Plant life —
Water Pollution Measurement Techniques - Water Pollution Control Equipment &
Instruments - Indian Standards for Water Pollution Control
i. Soil polluting agencies and effect of solution
Liquid & Solid Wastes - Domestic & industrial Wastes - Pesticides - Toxic: Inorganic &
Organic Pollutants - Soil Deterioration - Poor Fertility, Septicity. Ground Water Pollution,
Concentration of Infecting Agents in Soil
j. Solid waste disposal
Dumping domestic & Industrial Solid Wastes: Advantages & Disadvantages -
Incineration: Advantages & Disadvantages - Sanitary Land Field: Advantages &
Disadvantages - Management of Careful &Sanitary Disposal of Solid Wastes
k. Noise and environmental management system, noise pollution and control
Noise Pollution: Intensity, Duration - Types of Industrial Noise - III effects of Noise -Noise
Measuring & Control - Permissible Noise Limits
l. Environmental legislations, Authorities and systems
Air & Water Pollution Control Acts & Rules (Salient Features only) - Functions of State /
Central Pollution Control Boards - Environmental Management System ISO 14000 (Salient
Features only).

4. Only for diploma holders in engineering and technology except agricultural engineering and
printing technology - (question nos. 71 to 100)
(A) Engineering mechanics
a. Group – A
(i) Module 1 – Introduction - Concept of Engineering Mechanics - Statics & Dynamics - Scalar
Quality –Vector Quality-Addition & Subtraction of Vectors- Basic units-Derived Units-Si
units-Principles of dimensional homogeneity.
(ii) Module 2 – System of forces - Definition of a force with explanation - Linear
representation of force - System of co-planar forces - Parallelogram Law of Forces -
Composition and Resolution-Transmissibility of forces - Action and Reaction - Triangle
Law & Polygon Law of forces - Determination of Resultant by Analytical and graphical
method with equal-train space diagram – Vector diagram.
(iii) Module 3 – Moments and couples - Definition of moment of a force about a point -
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Physical significance of moment -Moment of a system of parallel and inclined forces -

Varignon’s Theorem -Definition of moment of a couple - Physical significance of Couples
Equivalent couples -Resultant of any number of coplanar couples - Replacement of a
force about a point by an equal like parallel force together with a couple -Properties of
couples.
(iv) Module 4 – Condition of equilibrium - Lami’s Theorem - Triangle Law & Polygon Law
of equilibrium-Conditions of equilibrium of co-planer system of concurrent forces -
Conditions of equilibrium of co-planar system of non-concurrent parallel forces (like &
unlike) -Conditions of equilibrium of co-planar system of non-concurrent non-parallel
forces (simple problems excluding statically indeterminant).

a. Group - B
(i) Module 5 – Friction - Definition - Useful and harmful effects of friction - Laws of Static
friction - Coefficient of friction -Angle of friction -Angle of repose - Equilibrium of a body
on a rough inclined surface with and without external force.
(ii) Module 6 – Centre of gravity - Concept & definition - Centre of mass - Centroid
Methods of finding out centroids of simple area by (i) Geometrical consideration and (ii)
Method of Moments. [**Method of integration should be learnt in Strength of materials
on 2nd Semester]
Finding the centroid of the following areas by any method:
uniform triangular lamina, (ii) uniform rectangular lamina, (iii) uniform circular lamina,
Finding the centroid of the following sections using the method of moment: (i) T-section,
(ii) equal and unequal angle-sections, (iii) equal and

unequal l-sections, iv) different cut-out sections as shown in the following figures.
(iii) Module 7 – Moment of inertia - Definition and unit; M I of a lamina; Theorems of finding
out M I by Parallel axis theorem and Perpendicular axis theorem; Radius of Ryratinn;
Finding out M I of the following sections using formula only (i) Rectangular section, (ii)
Square section , (iii) circular section, (iv) triangular section; M I of irregular areas such as
l-sections, T-sections, - Related simple problems.
(iv) Module 8 – Simple machines - Definition of Machine - Difference between Machine &
Lever - Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Ratio and Efficiency with their relationship -
Frictional Effort Load -Condition of reversibility / irreversibility - Law of Lifting
Machines -Maximum mechanical advantage - Maximum efficiency - Effort vs. load curve
-Efficiency vs. load curve -Different types of lifting machine with their mechanical
advantage, velocity ratio & efficiency such as wheel and axle (simple & differential),
Crab winch (single & double purchase), Weston pulley block, worm & worm wheel,
simple screw jack.

b. Group-C
(i) Module 9 – Rectilinear motion - Motion equations (with deduction S=Vt, V=u + ft, S=ut +
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1/2ft2, V2=U2 + 2fS) Newton’s Second Law of linear motion P = mf (deduction) -

Conservation of momentum of a body -No Numerical problems.
(ii) Module 10 – Curvilinear motion - Angular displacement -Angular speed -Angular
velocity- Relation between angular speed & angular velocity - Angular acceleration -
Relation between linear & angular velocity - Relation between linear & angular
acceleration -Centripetal and centrifugal force (numerical problems)
(iii) Module - 11 – Work, power, energy - 2 Definitions. Units, Potential Energy (mgh), Kinetic
Energy (1/2 m v2), Laws of conservation of Energy. Change of Kinetic energy=Work
done by acting force. Simple numerical problems.

(B) Strength of materials

a. Group — A
(i) Module 1 – Simple stress and strain
Scope of subjects Use of structure, importance of knowledge of stress, strain and
deformation in structure, safety and economy. Engineering materials: Definitions and
examples Mechanical properties of engineering materials: Elasticity, Plasticity,
Ductility, Hardness. Fatigue, Creep Brittleness (definition, examples and applications).
Stress and strain: Tensile, Compressive, Shear
Stress-strain diagram: Principles of tensile testing in universal testing machines
showing salient points such as elastic limit, proportional limit, yield points, breaking
points etc., ultimate stress, working stress and factor of safety.
Stress - Strain relations: Hooke’s law, Young’s Modulus, Modulus of rigidity, Poission’s
ratio.

b. Group — B
i. Module 2 – Shear force and bending moment
Definition and Types of beams, supports and loads.
Shear force and bending moment in beams: Definitions, sign conventions and inter-
relationships
Shear force and bending moment diagrams (with simple problems):
Cantilever beams with point loads and Uniformly Distributed Loads (DDL),
Simply supported beams with point loads and UDL.
Simply supported overhanging beam with point load.
ii. Module 3 – Bending stress in beams
Pure bending of beam: Assumptions, deduction of bending equation with usual
notations, moment of resistance, section modulus.
Problems on bending stress about axis parallel to the plane of bending: For rectangular
circular & l- section.
c. Group — C
i. Module 4 – Deflection of beams
Differential equation of elastic curve — Relation among deflection, slope, shear force,
bending moment and rate of loading — Sign convention of slope and deflection.
Standard formula (no proof, only simple problems) for maximum slope of deflection of
cantilever beam subjected to point load at free end, uniformly distributed load on entire
span;
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simply supported beam carrying a point load at mid span, uniformly distributed toad on
entire span.
ii. Module 5 – Columns and struts
Definitions of Columns & Struts — Long, Medium & Short columns — Effective Length
— Slenderness Ratio — Critical load — Safe load — Different kinds of end conditions —
Euler’s formula for critical load (no deduction and no problem).

5. Only for diploma holders in agricultural engineering- (question nos. 71 to 100):

(A) Soil and water engineering
a. Module 1: Watershed Hydrology
Hydrologic cycle, Precipitation-forms, rainfall measurement, mass curve, point rainfall,
frequency analysis of point rainfall, plotting position, Interception, infiltration,
evapotranspiration- estimation and measurement, Stream number, stream length, stream
area, stream slope, Runoff-factors affecting, measurement of runoff, Hydrograph -
Components, base flow separation, Unit hydrograph theory, Synthetic unit hydrograph,
Flood routing - graphical methods of reservoir flood routing, Drought and its classification.
b. Module 2: Surveying and Leveling
Introduction-classification and basic principles, Principle and method of Chain surveying,
Plane table surveying, Compass surveying. Errors in measurements-their elimination and
correction. Leveling, Contouring. Computation of area and volume, Theodolite surveying,
traversing and adjustment of errors.
c. Module 3: Fluid Mechanics
Definition and Properties of fluids, Unit measurement, Fluid statics, Dynamics of fluid flow,
Bernoulli’s theorem, venturi-meter, orifice-meter and nozzle, siphon; Laminar flow: Stress-
strain relationships, General equation for head loss in pipes, energy losses through pipe
fittings, Darcy Equation, flow through network of pipes, hydraulic gradient and energy
gradient, Measurement of discharge through pipes and open channel.
d. Module4: Soil Mechanics
Classification of soil, Index properties of soil- void ratio, porosity, density, water content,
particle size distribution, consistency limits and permeability, seepage flow-net and drain-
age, compaction, consolidation, earth pressure and retaining structure, shear strength, soil
stabilization, soil exploration, stability of slope, Foundation Engineering.
e. Module 5: Soil and Water Conservation
Mechanics and types of erosion and their causes, Estimation of Soil loss, Biological control
measures, Stream bank erosion, Wind erosion control, Design of permanent soil conservation
structure: chute, drop and drop inlet spillways, Design of Contour bunds, contour trenches,
contour stone walls, contour ditches, Terraces.
f. Module 6: Ground Water, Pump and Well Technology
Introduction: geologic formations, Types of aquifer and wells, Ground water exploration
technique, Aquifer properties, aquifer properties, Various types of tube wells, hydraulics of
well and well performance, installation of well screen, joining of pipes, completion and
development of well, Water lifting devices, Pump Characteristics and Pump selection,
installation and troubleshooting.
g. Module 7: Irrigation and Drainage
Soil-water-plant relationship, irrigation and drainage for sustainable crop production, Land
grading and land preparation for Irrigation and Drainage, Design of Irrigation channel, Water
conveyance and Control Structures, Irrigation water requirement, Methods of Irrigation-
Flood, boarder, furrow, check basin, Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems. Types of drain- age
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systems and drainage materials.

h. Module 8: Building materials and Structures
Simple stress-strain, stress-strain-tension, compressive, shear, stress-Strain relation-ship,
elasticity, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, modulus of rigidity, Poisson’s ration, Mohr’s
circle, shear force and bending moments diagram, moment of inertia, middle third rule,
Column and struts.
i. Modules 9: Remote Sensing and GIS
Definition: History of Remote Sensing: Abroad\India, Concepts of scale, Resolution,
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Optical \ Microwave, Visible region: Blue, Green and Red wave-
length portion, Wavelength and frequency: their relation and units of measurement,
Polarization; Coherent & Incoherent radiation; Doppler Effect, Energy transmission,
atmospheric characteristics, Map - Definitions - Representations - Point line polygon
common coordinate systems.

(B) Farm machinery and power

a) Module 1: Crop Production Technology
Climatic zones of West Bengal and its characteristics, Classification of crop, Effect of
different weather parameters on crop growth and development, Principles of tillage, Tilth
and its characteristics, Tillage implements, Conservational Tillage, Conventional Tillage,
Soil-water-plant relationship, Crop rotation, cropping systems, mono, double and multiple
cropping, Sowing, Intercultural operation, harvesting, processing, storage and protection of
crops, Soil forming rocks and minerals- origin, classification and composition, Weathering
of rocks and minerals, Soil forming process and the factors, Soil profile, Soil Proper-
ties- Physical - soil texture, structure, densities, pore spaces, Chemical properties - pH, Soil
water composition and classification, Soil moisture constants and function, Soil air, Soil
temperature.
b) Module 2: Farm Machinery
Status and scope of farm mechanization, Classification and constructional details and
principles of operation of manually operated, animal drawn and power operated implements
and machinery for primary and secondary tillage, puddling, Sowing and planting
equipment, fertilizer application, Description, operation and calibration, Inter-cultivation
tools, plant protection equipment, Principle of crop harvesting and threshing, Chaff
cutters and silage filling equipment, Land development machinery, Human engineering and
safely in farm machinery, Selection.
c) Module 3: Farm Engine and Tractors
Power availability on the farms from animate and inanimate sources of energy, their
capacities and efficiencies, Tractor engine components and their principle of working,
Engine valve and valve mechanism and valve timing diagram, Fuel and Air supply system,
Cooling and Lubrication System, Ignition and starting and electrical system, Engine
Governing, Transmission systems of wheel and track type tractors, Clutch and brake,
gearbox, differential, PTO, Belt pulley and draw-bars and final drive mechanisms, Power tiller
and small farm engines for farm operation, Performance and cost analysis of farm tractors
and power tillers.
d) Module 4: Renewable Energy Sources
Introduction to conventional and non-conventional energy sources, Patterns of fuel
consumption, Potential of solar, wind, biogas, biomass, geothermal and other renewable
energy sources, Solar Cooker, Water Heater, Drier, solar still, solar pond, PV system etc.
Aerobic and anaerobic bio-conversion process, Pyrolysis, gasification and their economics,
selection of size of biogas plants, Wind energy potential, Installed capacity, Study of various
types of wind mills.
e) Module 5: Thermodynamics and Heat Engines
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Thermodynamics properties, closed and open system, flow and non-flow processes, gas laws,
laws of thermodynamics, internal energy, Thermodynamic process of perfect gases, P-V,
P-T and T-S diagrams of pure substances, Second law of thermodynamics, Difference
between heat and work, cyclic heat engines, Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements,
refrigeration and heat pumps, reversibility and irreversibility of process, Boiler performance;
boiler efficiency, Thermodynamic cycles of I.C. engines.

(C) Food processing and post-harvest engineering

Food constituents, micro-organism in deterioration and Preservation of food, Modes of heat
transfer, one dimensional steady-state and unsteady-state heat transfer in simple geometries,
Newton’s law of cooling, Free and forced convection, correlations, heat transfer coefficient,
Introductory radiation heat transfer, Types of heat exchanger, log mean temperature
difference, heat exchanger performance, Introduction to mass transfer pro-cess, Fick’s law,
Molecular diffusion in fluids and solids, Convective mass transfer coefficients, Mass transfer
correlations, Processing equipment and machinery, Utilization of agricultural by product, Unit
operation of various dairy and food processing systems; Pro-cess flow charts for product
manufacture, Manufacture of flavoured milk - cream - butter-condensed milk - Ghee, ice cream etc,
Beverages - ”alcoholic and non-alcoholic - carbonated and non-carbonated, Working principles of
equipment for receiving, pasteurization, sterilization, homogenization, filling and
packaging, butter manufacture, evaporation, drying, freezing, juice extraction, filtration,
Process parameters and equipment for various operations- Cleaning, sorting and grading,
Washing, Handling, Peeling and slicing. Blanching, Mixing, Packaging and storage, Cooling and
Cold storage, drying and dehydration-Pre-drying techniques, Theory of drying, Various types of
dryers and their operation, Quality changes in dried products, quality control techniques and
application.

6. Only for diploma holders in printing technology- (question nos. 71 to 100):

(A) Basic engineering for printing
a) Simple stress and strain
Introduction — Elasticity — Stress and Strain. Types of Stresses: Tensile Stress and
compressive Stress. Elastic Limit— Hook’s’ Law— Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus)
Deformation of a body due to Force acting on it — Simple problems. Principle of
Superposition — Simple problems on uniform cross-section.
b) Mechanical drive
Different types of Mechanical drive and their uses only. Belt & pulley drive: Different types
belt and pulley drive — Open belt drive and cross belt drive. Types of belt and types of pulley
— Velocity ratio. Simple problems.
c) Gear drive
Types or gear and then uses. Definition of different parts of Spur gear. Velocity ratio of spur
gear. Simple problems.
d) Measuring instruments
Types of measuring instruments and their uses. Description, working principle, care &
maintenance of Vernier Callipers and outside micrometer. Reading of Vernier callipers and
outside micrometer.
e) Fastening method
Different types of fastening method with examples. Types of nuts, bolts and their uses.
Welding, Soldering & Brazing and their uses. Different types of rivet and riveted joints.

(B) Printers’ material science

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a) Colloids - Definition of colloid, properties of lyophilic and lyophobic colloids, stability of

colloids, protective action of lyophilic colloids, gold number, definition of gel and emulsion,
application of colloids, gels and emulsions in printing.
b) Polymers - Uses of natural polymers (casein, cellulose, dextrin, egg albumen, gelatine, fish
giue, gum Arabic and starch) and synthetic polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, Teflon,
polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, phenolic resin, amino resin and
polyester resin) in printing.
c) Chemistry of photography - Constituents of a photographic emulsion, uses of gelatine,
preparation of the emulsion, lattice structure of silver chloride and silver bromide, lattice
defects, latent image formation by Gurney-Mott Theory, chemistry of photographic
development, fixing, photographic reduction and chemical intensification, chemical reversal,
elementary idea of silverless films.
d) Chemicals required for Image carriers - a) letterpress and flexography –photo polymeric
stereo making, b) lithography - (graining, coating, developing, etching, lacquering, stencil
removing, gumming, desensitizing) (i) negative working plates-albumen plate, P.S. diazo
and photopolymer plates, driographic (waterless) plate (ii) positive working plates - gum
deep etch plate, P.S. plate, diffusion transfer plate c) gravure - cylinder making (sensitising,
developing, etching, finishing) d) silk screen - (coating, developing, hardening, stencil
removing) direct, indirect, direct- indirect and capillary method.

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