Welding Questionaire: Duties and Responsibilities of Welding Inspector
Welding Questionaire: Duties and Responsibilities of Welding Inspector
QUESTIONAIRE
Duties and Responsibilities of welding inspector
¾ Perform material inspection.
¾ Perform consumable inspection.
¾ Application of inspection gauges, instruments and tools.
¾ Check equipment and accessories.
¾ Witness procedure qualification test.
¾ Witness welder qualification test.
¾ Perform visual inspection.
¾ Review/ Witness NDT.
¾ Witness mechanical test.
¾ Monitor heat treatment.
¾ Observe production and fabrication welding.
¾ Interpret and assure compliance to code/ Standard/ Specification.
¾ Review technical drawing.
¾ Witness weld Repair.
¾ Prepare and compliance inspection records.
1) What is the formula for heat input?
Heat input (j/cm) = current * Voltage* 60
Travel Speed(cm/min)
2) How do you calculate the weld repair percentage?
% RR = (Lr/Lw) * 100
Where, % RR – Percentage repair rate
Lr ‐ Total length of repair in one week
Lw – Total length of weld radiographed in one week
3) What are the types of thermocouples in PWHT?
¾ Type K (Chromel‐ Alumel)
¾ Type J (Iron‐ Constantan).
4) What is HIC?
HIC – Hydrogen induced cracking
5) Different Categories of fluid services in ASME B31.3 ?
Category D
Category M
High pressure flud service
6) What is OCV and CCV?
¾ OCV – Open Circuit Voltage
¾ CCV ‐ Closed Circuit Voltage
7) What are the types of Olets?
Weldolet
Sockolet
Threadolet
Nippolet
8) What factors (give at least four) are taken into account when selecting and designing a joint for a
welding application?
¾ Strength
¾ Accessibility for welding
¾ Minimize distortion
¾ Cost of welding
¾ Accessibility for inspection
9) What is the P no for SS and CS ?
CS – P No is 1
SS ‐ P No is 8
10) What are the supplementary essential variables?
The change in welding condition which will affect the notch toughness properties of a weldment is
known as supplementary essential variable.
11) What are essential variables (procedure) ?
¾ Essential variable procedure‐ A change in welding condition which will affect the mechanical
properties of weldment.
¾ Essential variable performance – A change in welding condition which will affect the ability of a
welder to deposit sound weld metal.
12) What is the standard for welding equipment calibration?
¾ BS EN 7570
13) What are the test required for verifying supplementary essential variables?
Notch toughness test :
¾ Charpy V‐ Notch test
¾ Drop weight
14) What is a welding procedure specification (WPS)?
¾ The WPS is a written document that provides direction to the welder for making production welds
in accordance with Code/ Standard requirements
15) How is Procedure qualification Record (PQR) different from the WPS ( Welding Procedure
Specification)?
¾ Procedure Qualification Record certifies that tests welds performed in accordance with the WPS
meet requirements and summarizes the specific test results.
16) What is weld map and how it is used?
¾ It is an isometric drawing showing the location and numerical identification of each weld used in the
construction of a process piping system. Each weld when completed is labeled with the weld
number indicated on the weld map, the date completed, and the welder / welding operator
identification number or code.
17) What is the chemical compostion of the low hydrogen electrode – E 7018?
¾ E7018 – C 0.15 , Mn 1.60, Si 0.75 P 0.035, Ni 0.30, Cr 0.20, Mo 0.3, V 0.08.
18) How can you verify that the received electrodes has the chemical composition as per MTC?
¾ By verification of chemical compostion of filler materials through chemical analysis method .
¾ By verifying the heat no. and Lot no. of welding consumables.
19) What are the test required for analysis of consumables and the standard for this analysis?
Tets –
¾ Chemical analysis method
¾ Positive Material Identification (PMI)
Standard –
¾ ASME sec IIC
20) JERES standard for consumable storage & handling procedure for low hydrogen electrode ?
¾ JERES‐W‐11 Appendix A
21) What does L stands for 316L and the compostion?
¾ L stands for low carbon content and the composition is 0.03 %
22) What are the criteria for selecting welding consumables ?
¾ Welding consumable shall be selected based on their mechanical properties, compatibility with the
materials to be joined, their suitability for the intended service, and consideration of polarity,
position and direction of welding.
23) What do you meant by low hydrogen consumables ?
¾ Low hydrogen consumbles are defined as less than or equal to 8 ml of hydrogen per 100 gm of
deposited weld metal.
24) What are dissimilar metal welds?
¾ Any weld joint (excluding weld overlays or strip lining) between ferritic steel and either austenitic
stainless steel, duplex stainless steel, or nickel – based alloys, or Use of stainless steel or nickel –
based filler on ferritic steels.
25) Give the names of two aluminium flake weldable primers ? and the maximum coating thickness?
¾ Bloxide and Deoxaluminate.
¾ The max coating thickness shall not exceed 0.050mm (0.002 inches)
26) What is the heating and cooling rate for PWHT?
¾ The PWHT heating and cooling rates above 316°C shall not exceed 222°C/ hr divided by the weld
thickness in inches, but no case shall it be more than 222°C/hr.
27) On what condition remote current controls are used in field welding?
¾ For field welding , remote Current controls shall be used if the welding is more than 30m from
the welding power source or when the welders are working in remote locations (eg. On elevated
pipe rack).
28) Mention the drying temperatures for low hydrogen SMAW electrodes?
¾ 260‐430°C for 2 hrs min (A5.1)
¾ 370‐430°C for 2 hrs min (A5.5)
¾ 120‐250°C for 2 hrs minimum for SS and nonferrous electrodes.
29) Test Positions of Groove welds
Plate positions:
¾ 1G – Flat Position
¾ 2G‐ Horzontal position
¾ 3G‐ Vertical Position
¾ 4G‐ Overhead Position
Pipe Position:
¾ 1G – Flat Position. (Pipe axis horizontal and rolled during welding so that weld metal is
deposited from above)
¾ 2G – Horizontal Position. (Pipe axis vertical and weld axis in horizontal plane , pipe is fixed)
¾ 5G – Multiple Positions. (Pipe axis horizontal and weld groove in vertical plane , pipe is fixed)
¾ 6G – Multiple Positions. (Pipe is its axis inclined at 45 deg to horizontal, pipe is fixed)
30) Test position of fillet welds
Plate Positions:
1F – Flat Position
2F – Horizontal Position
3F – Vertical Position
4F – Overhead Position
Pipe Positions:
2F and 2FR – Horizontal Position
4F – Overhead Position
5F – Multiple Position
31) What are the types of mechanical tests?
¾ Tension tests
¾ Guided Bend Tests
¾ Fillet weld tests
¾ Notch Toughness Test
¾ Stud Weld Test
32) What is the equation for carbon equivalent ?
CE = C + (Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu) /15
33) Equation for Heat input?
H = 60EI/ 1000S
Where,
H – Heat input (KJ/mm)
E‐ Arc Voltage ( volts)
I – Current (Amps )
S‐ Travel Speed (in/min)
34) What are the different factors that cause HIC ?
¾ A sensitive microstructure
¾ A sufficient level of hydrogen
¾ A high level of stress
35) Advantages of Argon Vs Helium as shielding gas ?
Argon
¾ Good arc starting.
¾ Good Cleaning action.
¾ Good arc stability
¾ Focused arc cone.
¾ Lower arc voltage.
¾ 10‐30 cfh (cubic feet per hour) flow rate.
Helium
¾ Faster travel speeds
¾ Increased penetration
¾ Difficult arc starting.
¾ Less cleaning action.
¾ Less low amp stability.
¾ Flared arc cone.
¾ Higher flow rates (2x)
¾ Higher cost than argon.
Argon / Helium mix
¾ Improved travel speed over 100% argon.
¾ Improved penetration over 100% argon.
¾ Cleaning properties closer to argon.
¾ Improved arc starting over 100% helium.
¾ Improved arc stability over 100% helium.
36) What are the general types of welding and joining processes?
Fusion
¾ Arc
¾ Gas
¾ Power beam
¾ Resistance.
Thermomechanical
¾ Friction
¾ Flash
Mechanical
¾ Fasteners
Solid state
¾ Adhesive
¾ Soldering
¾ Brazing
37) Different types of electrodes?
Cellulosic 6010
¾ Deep penetration in all positions.
¾ Suitability for vertical down welding.
¾ Reasonably good mechanical properties.
¾ High level of hydrogen generated – Risk of cracking in the HAZ.
Ructile 6013
¾ Moderate weld metal mechanical properties.
¾ Good bead profile produced through the viscous slag.
¾ Easily removable slag.
Basic 7018
¾ Low hydrogen weld metal.
¾ Requires high welding current/ speeds.
¾ Poor bead profile ( convex and coarse surface profile)
¾ Slag remove difficult.
38) What are the main metal transfer modes in welding?
¾ Short circuiting
¾ Droplet/ Spray
¾ Pulsed
39) What is the function of shielding gas?
¾ Stabilises the arc roots on the material surfaces.
¾ Ensures smooth transfer of the molten metal from the wire to weld pool.
¾ Forms the arc plasma.
40) Commonly used shielding gases in GTAW?
¾ Argon
¾ Argon + 2‐5 hydrogen
¾ Helium / Helium Argon mixtures
41) What is CTOD ?
¾ CTOD is crack Tip opening Displacement test. The test piece contains a machined notch or a
genuine crack and will be loaded at a rate more representative of service conditions.
42) What is the standard for process (or) plant piping systems?
¾ ASME B31.3
43) What is the standard for power piping systems?
¾ ASME B31.1
44) What is the standard for liquid petroleum transportation and distribution piping systems?
¾ ASME B31.4
45) What is the standard for gas transmission and distribution piping systems?
¾ ASME B31.8
46) What is the code for welding of pipelines and related facilities?
¾ API 1104
47) What is the standard for welding rods, Electrodes and filler metals?
¾ ASME SEC IIC
48) What is the code followed for Non‐ destructive examination?
¾ ASME SEC V
49) What is the code for welding, brazing and fusing qualification?
¾ ASME SEC IX
50) What type of process we are used in field/shop fabrication shop?
¾ Fusion welding
51) What is the classification/ Specification for carbon steel Electrode?
¾ E7018/ AWS A5.1
52) What is the classification/ Specification for carbon steel Filler wire?
¾ ER 70Sx / AWS A5.18
53) Where can we use E‐6010 type electrode?
¾ We can use root pass for deep penetration
54) What is the meaning of ASME?
¾ American society for mechanical engineers
55) Which type of electrode we are using in GTAW Process ?
¾ Non‐consumable tungsten electrode
56) How to handle the Electrodes?
¾ Different grades of electrodes shall be stored separately.
¾ It shall be kept clean, dry and properly stored according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
¾ Before use all low hydrogen electrodes shall be baked and stored in heated containers
¾ Electrodes used shall be free from rust, oil, grease, earth and other foreign matter
57) How many times we can dry the electrodes?
¾ Only one time
58) Why we are baking the electrodes?
¾ To remove the moisture content from the electrodes.
59) What is the code followed for structural steel fabrication?
¾ AWS D1.1
60) What is the standard for welding symbols?
¾ AWS A2.4
61) What is the hydro test pressure?
¾ 1.5 times of the desigh pressure
62) What is the drying temperature for stainless steel electrodes?
¾ 120 to 250 degree pressure
63) What is the drying temperature for low hydrogen electrodes?
¾ 260 to 430 degree temperature baking for two hours
64) What are the defects we can find in visual inspection?
¾ Porosity,undercut, Surface, crack (HIC), Side wall fusion on fusion boundary , Arc strike and
mechanical damage.
65) What is the procedure of Fit‐up inspection ?
¾ Base metal classification, cleaning, alignment,rootgap,rootface, bevel angle & mismatch or
overlap.
66) What is the internal overlap or mismatch for piping?
¾ 1.5mm misalignment is allowed
67) How much root face is allowed?
¾ As per WPS or 1.6+ or – 0.6
68) What is meant by F number?
¾ F number is assign for filler metals by section 9 to reduce the number of procedure and
performance qualification , which is essentially based on their ability of welder with the given
filler metals
69) What is meant by P number?
¾ P number is assign for basemetals by section 9 to reduce the number of procedure and
performance qualification, which is essentially comparable to base metal characteristic such as
mechanical properties , chemical composition ,weldability, etc.
70) What is meant by A number?
¾ A number is chemical analysis for the deposited weld metal.
71) What is the allowable weld bead?
¾ Max 3 times of the electrode diameter.
72) What is the preheat area required on weld joint?
¾ 75 mm from both end of the joint
73) What are the essential variables for SMAW Process?
¾ Current, length of electrode, arc length , angle of electrode, Travel speed,base metal thickness,
base metal, Preheat, Postweld heat treatment, filler metals.
74) What are the essential variable for GTAW Process?
¾ Base metal thickness, base metal, preheat, postweld heat treatment, filler metals, Gas, deletion
of backing.
75) If the welder is qualified in 1” thickness, what is the thickness range qualified?
¾ unlimited
76) If the welder is qualified in 2” diameter, what is the diameter range he qualified?
¾ He is qualified in 1” and above
77) What is the carbon percentage in high, low and medium carbon steels?
¾ High carbon steels – 0.6 to 1.4 %
¾ Medium carbon steels – 0.3 to 0.6%
¾ Low carbon steels ‐ 0.01 to 0.3%
78) What is the interpass temperature for carbon and stainless steels?
¾ Carbon steel ‐ 315°C
¾ Stainless steel‐ 177°C
79) What is the abbreviation of SAES, SAEP, SAMSS?
¾ SAES – Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards
¾ SAEP – Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure
¾ SAMSS – Saudi Aramco Material Standard Speification
80) What is the accepted undercut depth?
¾ 0.8 mm allowed
81) How much percentage is allowed more than test pressure in pressure relief device?
¾ Test Pressure plus 10% ( 10 % should be lesser than 50psi)
82) What is the Gap required for Socket welding?
¾ Minimum 1.5mm before welding
83) What is the minimum fillet weld size in socket weld?
¾ Minimum 3mm fillet size
84) What is the purpose of High frequency start in GTAW Process?
¾ To avoid tungsten inclusion and arc strike
85) What is meant by suffix letter “G” in electrode AWS specification?
¾ Such type of electrode is using in LTS materials. In what chemical content is less than 1% any
one follows Mn, V & Mo.
86) What is mean by WPS ?
¾ Wps is a welding document contains (essential, non‐essential and supplementary variables)
which guideline to welder make sound weld.
87) What is the P numbers for Cr, Mo materials?
¾ It comes under P4 and P5
88) What are the types of support ?
¾ Anchor supports, T‐supports, Shoe supports, Guide supports, Pedestal supports, candy lever
supports, Hanging supports, Dummy supports, Trunion supports, Wear pad supports.
89) What are the types of flanges?
¾ Weld neck flange, Slip on flange, Blind flange, Threaded flange, socket flange, lap joint flange.
90) Tell some types of classes & Purpose?
¾ 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 & 2500 Based on the class only we have to identify suitable gasket
OD & ID,bolt length, nut, torque.
91) What are the types of pipes and schedules?
¾ Welded type, seamless pipe and tubes
¾ SCH – 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80,XS, 100, 120, 140, 160 & XXS
¾ Based on the schedule we have to identify the suitable pipe thickness
92) What are the types of gaskets?
¾ Spiral wound gasket, Composite gasket,Corrugated gasket, Die cut gasket, solid metal gasket.
93) Material familiar with?
¾ LTCS, CS, SS, Duplex, copper Nickel, Low alloy steel
94) Fluid service familiar with?
¾ Normal fluid, D, M‐ fluid services.
95) What is string bead ?
¾ Straight motion of welding.No side to side motion example – SAW weld.
96) What is weave bead ?
¾ Side to side motion while welding
97) How to prepare the WPS ?
¾ The weld should be sound weld: it has to fulfil the minimum requirements of mechanical,
chemical and physical properties
98) What are the parameters required to prepare a WPS?
¾ Pipe diameter, thickness, welding position, current, voltage, electrode and base metal
99) Which standard using in Aramco for welding requirements of pressure vessels?
¾ SAES‐ W‐ 010
100) Which standard using in Aramco for on‐plot piping?
¾ SAES‐W‐011
101) Which standard using in Aramco for welding requirements of pipelines?
¾ SAES –W‐012
102) What is called on‐plot piping?
¾ Inside the plant piping are called on‐plot piping
103) What is called off‐ plot piping?
¾ Outside plant piping are called off‐plot piping.
104) What are the specification used for pipe manufacturer?
¾ API 5L and ASTM
105) What is the purpose of PWHT?
¾ To reduce the residual stress
106) What is the hardness method acceptable in procedure qualification?
¾ Procedure qualification – Vickers method – 250 VHN
¾ Production ‐‐ Brinell method – 200 BHN
PIPING QUESTIONARE
107) If you work on documentation, how can you work as a piping inspector?
¾ Should have knowledge about project applicable standards.
¾ Reviewing of hydrotest packages. (All documents such as NDE reports, PMI reports, Orifice
flange reports, Joint summary sheet shall be reviewed.)
¾ Reviewing of calibration certificates of valves, manifold and pressure gauges.
¾ Reviewing of Mill Test Certificate.
¾ Analyzing the ISO drawings, checking wheather the design pressure is as per the line class.
108) What is the difference between b/w Hydrostatic pressure test & Pneumatic test?
¾ Hydrostatic pressure test is conducted by water or approved liquid as the test medium.
¾ Pneumatic test conducted by using air or other approved gas as the test medium or in
conjunction with liquid.
109) What is the value of test pressure in each test ?
¾ Hydrostatic pressure is not more than design pressure.
¾ Manifold pressure at least 1.2 times the system pressure but not less than discharge
pressure of pump used for pressure testing.
¾ Pneumatic pressure not higher than the test pressure plus the lesser of 345 kPa (50 psi) or
10% of the test pressure.
¾ The instrument impulse lines, whether piping or tubing, between the root isolation valve
and the instrument isolation shall be pneumatically pressure tested (using air or nitrogen)
at 1.25 times the design pressure of the piping system or process equipment to which it is
connected.
110) Can you use pneumatic test in lieu of hydrostatic test?
¾ Pneumatic testing is not permitted without written approval of the company inspector,
unless specifically allowed by this standard or the referenced JERES or JERMS.
¾ When pneumatic testing is not practical (e.g – pressure greater than 1000 psig, physical
configuration , etc) testing with liquid is permitted.
111) What is the calibration requirements for pressure gauge, min number used and its location ?
¾ The calibration interval shall not exceed one (1) one month . Calibration certificates shall be
made available to inspection personnel prior to commencement of the pressure test.
Stickers shall be applied indicating the latest calibration date.
¾ All gauges shall have a range such that the test pressure is with in 30 to 80% of the full
range.
¾ A minimum of two pressure gauges are required for the test system. One pressure gauge
shall be on the test pump and the other(s) on the test system. Their accuracy shall be with
in 5% of one another.
112) Where do we attain test pressure and why ?
¾ We attain test pressure at highest pressure gauge because due to gravity. Effect every 10
m height 1 bar pressure reduces.
113) What we check in water analysis and its value for CS & SS ?
¾ In water analysis we check the PH value and chloride content of water. For CS the PH value
is 7.5 + or – chloride < 250ppm. For SS the PH value is 10.5 + or – 0.5 chloride < 50ppm.
114) What are JERES‐A‐004, JERES‐A‐007, and JERES‐L‐150?
¾ JERES‐A‐004 – General Requirements of pressure testing
¾ JERES‐A‐007‐ Hydrostatic testing fluids and lay up procedure
¾ JERES‐L‐150 – Pressure testing of plant piping & pipelines.
115) What are the equipments excluded from pressure test?
a) Rotating machinery, such as pumps, turbines and compressors;
b) Strainers and filter elements;
c) Pressure relieving devices, such as rupture disks and pressure relief valves;
d) Locally mounted indicating pressure gauges, Where the test pressure will exceed their scale
range.
e) Equipment that cannot be drained;
f) Instrument Devices.
116) What are the types of valves?
Based on function
A. Isolation
1. Gate valve.
2. Ball valve.
3. Plug valve
4. Piston valve.
5. Diaphragm valve.
6. Butterfly valve.
7. Pinch valve.
B. Regulaton
1. Globe valve
2. Needle valve
3. Butterfly valve
4. Diaphragm valve
5. Piston valve
6. Pinch valve
C. Non ‐ Return
1. Check valve.
D. Special purpose
1. Multi‐ port valve
2. Flush bottom valve
3. Float valve
4. Foot valve
5. Line blind valve
6. Knife Gate valve
¾ Method of operation
A) Self‐ operated valves
B) Operated valves.
¾ Based on end connection( arrangement of attachment of the valve with the equipment or the
piping.)
A) Screwed ends.
B) Socket ends.
C) Flanged ends.
D) Butt weld ends.
E) Wafer type ends.
F) Buttress ends.
117) Where we use temporary gaskets?
¾ Used as a test limit during hydro test.
118) What are the types of gaskets?
¾ Based on construction
A) Full face.
B) Spiral wound metallic
C) Ring type
D) Metal jacketed.
E) Inside bolt circle.
¾ Based on material
A) Synthetic rubber
B) Solid Telfon
C) Compressed Asbestos
D) CS ( High pressure fluid)
E) SS (High fluid corrosive)
F) Spiral wound a) Telfon b) CS c) SS
119) Why and how color coding gaskets are done ?
¾ Color coding of gaskets are done based on material specification and the suitable flange rating.
It helps to check correct gaskets are used on flanges, also helps to store and handle gaskets
easily.
120) What is a test limit?
¾ Test limit is the boundary up to which the pressure testing is conducted.
121) What are the types of flanges?
Based on pipe attachment
¾ Slip‐ on – The slip‐ on type flanges are attached by welding inside as well as outside. These
flanges are of forged construction.
Socket weld : The socket weld flanges are welded on one side only, these are used for small bores
lines only .
Screwed : The Screwed‐ on – flanges are used on pipe lines where welding cannot be carried out.
Lap Joint : The lap joint flanges are used with stub ends. The stub ends are welded with pipes &
flanges are kept loose over the same.
Weld neck : The welding neck flanges are attached by butt welding to the pipe. These are used
mainly for critical services where the weld joints need radiographic inspection.
Blind : The Blind flanges are used to close the ends which need to be responded.
Reducing : The reducing flanges are used to connect between larger and smaller sizes without using
a reducer. In case of reducing flanges, the thickness of flange should be that of the higher diameter.
Inegral : Integral flanges are those, which are cast along with the piping component or equipment.
¾ Flanges are based on pressure temperature ratings as :
A) 150
B) 300
C) 400
D) 600
E) 900
F) 1500
G) 2500
¾ Flanges are based facing as :
A) Flat Face. (FF)
B) Raised face. (R/F)
C) Tongue and groove. (T/G)
D) Male and female. (M/F)
E) Ring type joint . (RTJ)
¾ Based on face finish as :
A) Smooth finish.
B) Serrated finish.
122) What do you mean by socket flange? Draw and explain?
¾ Pipe inserted in to the socket of the flange and welded one side only is known to be socket
welding flange.
123) What is the axial gap to given for socket welding?
¾ mm to 3 mm maximum
124) JERES standard for flange
¾ JERES‐L‐109 Selection for pipe flanges, stud bolts and gaskets
¾ JERES‐L‐351 Bolted Flange Assembly
125) How to give a gap in socket flange?
¾ Place gap‐o‐let ring at the inside of socket, gap range is 1.5 to 3 mm. if gap‐o‐let ring is not
available measure the socket length, mark it on the pipe and give 1.5 to 3mm gap during
socket welding.
126) General requirements to be done after hydro test ?
¾ Draining of Test fluid
Release of pressure and draining shall be done on the downstream side of check valves. All vents
shall be opened before draining to facilitate drainage and to prevent formation of a vaccum. No
test fluid shall remain in low spots.
¾ Disposal of Test Fluid
The test fluid shall be disposed in accordance with SAEP‐ 327 or as directed by the owner.
¾ Test Vents and Drains
Vents and drains used only for the pressure test shall be plugged, seal welded and penetrant
tested.
¾ Removal and Reconnection of components
All temporary items installed for testing purposes (e.g. manifolds, valves, blinds, spacers, supports)
shall be removed.
Items that were removed from testing shall be reinstalled.
Items, such as instrument air tubing, check valve discs which were disconnected before testing
shall be reconnected.
Isolation valves closed for the test purposes and that are required to be in the open position for
process reasons shall be opened. If the valve cavity has a drain, the cavity shall be drained.
127) What punch to be closed after hydrotest?
¾ A punches to be closed after hydrotest .
Temporary items shall be removed, bolt torquing, all instruments shall be installed, and
items removed for testing shall be reinstalled.
128) Explain bolt torquing procedure?
¾ Stud bolt tightening procedure
Step 1 Align flanges and gasket. Forced tightening is not allowed to overcome
non acceptable alignment tolerances. Clamp securely in place.
Step 2 Apply lubricants to stud threads over length and nut engagement and to
face of nut which contacts flange. Ensure that the nuts run freely down the
thread of the studs.
Step 3 Install all studs and nuts hand tight, ensure that studs pass freely through the flange
holes. Position the nut on one end of the stud such that only the crown of the stud
projects beyond the face of the nut . The excess stud length should project beyond the
nut on the other side.
Step 4 Number each stud according to its position in the flange as shown on Figure 1: Stud Bolt
Tightening Sequence.
Step 5 For insulting gaskets like PIKOTEK, enough gap (1/2” of gap is recommended) should be
available between flange faces to avoid any damage to seals during inserting the
gaskets, if due to any reasons, seals are damaged, change the seal before installing
PIKOTEK.
Step 6 Matting flange faces and the gaskets should be dry and free from grease, oil or water.
Step 7 Tighten studs per the stud bolt tightening sequence, for 4 to 32 bolts use figure JERES‐
351‐01 and for 36 to 68 bolts see Figure JERES‐351‐02 for bolts numbering and then
follow the tightening sequence of table JERES‐351‐04. An appropriate tool should be
used such as an air impact wrench or equivalent.
Step 8 For joints containing RTJ or Spiral Wound Gaskets, repeat step 7.
Step 9 Tighten the stud bolts in stages to obtain the final required torque from the appropriate
torque Table‐JERES‐351‐02. The first stage should not be more than 30% of the final
torque. The final torque shall be within + or – of the required torque value.
129) What are the instruments to be calibrated before bolt tightening?
¾ Torque Wrench
130) What are the general criteria checked for line‐checking?
¾ All joints (flange,threaded, welded, or mechanical seals) are left exposed for visual leak
detection during the strength test.
¾ All permanent flange joints were inspected, gasket mat’l verified & properly torque.
¾ Drains shall be provided at all low points of the piping system.
¾ Vents and drain valves, both temporary and permanent, conforms with the piping class or
rating.
¾ Supports are installed. Additional temporary Support may be installed as required .
¾ Expansion joints and spring hangers or spring supports are provided with temporary
restraints.
¾ Arc strikes , gouges, and other indications of careless workmanship (such as surface
porosity, uneven, weld profiles, and undercut) shall be removed by grinding and inspected
by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant method.
¾ Drains are provided immediately above check valves ( vertical lines)
¾ All threaded joints up to the first block valve of hydrocarbon pipeline are seal welded.
Threaded engagement has been verified & accepted.
¾ The pressure testing manifold is separately pressure tested to at least 1.2 times the system
test pressure but not less than the discharge pressure of the pump used for the pressure
testing.
¾ Pressure gauges and pressure recorders are calibrated within one (1) month before the
test. Check stickers at the time of the test.
¾ Line compliance with Isometrics:
A) Correct Materials utilized grade/ schedule (bill of mat’ls)
B) Correct flange and fittings rating
C) Construction tolerances per JERES‐L‐350
131) What are H2S services? What are the materials in this service? Why wet are H2S service
definition for refinery ?
Wet H2S Service definition for refining. (HIC Resistant carbon steel)
All refinery service environments containing free water (liquid), to the following service conditions:
o >50 ppmw dissolved H2S in the free water or,
o Free water pH< 4 and some dissolved H2S present, or
o Free water pH> 7.6 and 20 ppmw dissolved hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the
water and some dissolved H2S, or
o 0.05 psia or greater partial pressure H2S in the gas with a gas phase.
o Wet H2S service is not considered if no free water is likely to be present.
o The severity of the service too SCC, HIC and SOHIC is estimated from the
following table according to pH, water H2S content, and HCN content (FCC and
coker unit)
o Water saturated gas containing H2S or liquid saturated in water and H2S have to
be considered.
o Short exposure to wet H2S service due transient operation have to be
Integarated and usually considered as moderate service.
o Wet H2S Service Classification
The following Table‐A provides the basic rules for classification of wet H2S services.
However, classification should be confirmed by a company Represntative to integrate
feedback and operation variation.
Y= H2S( ppm)
(1)
X=pH Y≤50 50<Y≤2000 Y>2000
X≤4 Moderate Severe Severe
4<X≤5 Low(none) Severe Severe
5<X≤7.8 Low(none) Moderate(2) Moderate(2)
X>7.8 Low(none)(2) Moderate(2) Severe
Notes to Table A:
1) H2S in the water phase
2) Severe if HCN > 20 ppm
¾ Process water at ambient temperature containing less than 2% NH4HS with
pressure lower than 4 bars should be considered as moderate wet H2S service if
HCN content is less than 20ppm.
132) NACE – MR‐0175?
¾ Sulphide stress cracking resistant metallic material for oil field equipment.
133) What are the types of CS & SS pipes ?
Carbon Steel : ‐ ASTM A53 Gr. A/B, ASTM A106 Gr. A/B/C, ASTM A333 Gr.1/Gr.6
Stainless Steel : ‐ ASTM A312
TP304/TP304L/TP304H/TP308/TP310/TP316/TP316H/TP317/TP321/TP347/TP347H/TP348/TP348H
.
134) What is the difference between 304 & 308 ?
¾ 304 – Cr‐18‐20%, Ni – 8‐10%
¾ 308 – Cr‐20%, Ni‐ 10%
135) What is a piping line class ? Explain?
Total numbers of characters in this line class is eight.
First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Representation
Flange face Basic Corrosion Main Used for
and rating material allowance service specific
type cases
Eg: 103 CH 2 S M
Explanation Flange face HIC carbon 3mm Wet H2S Category M
rating resistant corrosion sour service
steel allowance service
136) What is tack weld?
¾ Tack weld is the temporary weld to maintain joint alignment. All tack welds shall be made
by qualified welders. Recommended tack thickness is 3.2 – 4.8mm & length is 12.5 –
25.4mm . The minimum number of tack welds for 3.5 inch and below are 3 equally spaced
tacks. Above 3.5 inch 4 equally spaced tacks.
137) What are the different types of fluids in ASME? Explain?
¾ Category D fluid service – non flammable, non toxic and non damaging to human tissues.
(temp range ‐29°c to 186°c)
¾ Category M fluid service – toxic and flammable
¾ High pressure fluid service – based on class 2500 rating for specified design temp. and
material group.
¾ Normal fluid service – Not subjected to D, M or High pressure fluid service.
138) For the verification/ traceability of materials what are the different procedures to be used?
¾ PMI – Positive Material Inspection ( JERES‐A‐0206)
¾ Marking & colour coding ( PFI‐ES‐11. PFI‐ES‐22‐ piping fabrication institute)
¾ Spools are stamped,stenciled, or clearly marked with a permanent marking method,
properly colour‐coded and uniquely identified , labeled & traceable to isometric Drawings.
(JERES‐L‐350)
139) What are the difference between pipe and tube?
¾ Pipe is identified by NPS and thickness is defined by Schedule whereas
Tube is identified by OD & thickness identified by Birmingham wire gauge.
140) What are the documents in hydrotest package ?
a) Table of contents
b) Safety instruction sheet for critical services
c) Flow chart of test packages
d) Pre‐test punch list
9 Test Procedure & Pressure Test Diagram
9 Related P&ID and isometric Drawings
9 Line list
9 Pre‐test punch list checklist I form
e) QA/QC Documentation of the system to be tested.
9 Weld inspection of the system to be tested
9 Weld Map
9 NDE Records
9 As‐Built drawings
9 Isolation valve Test Certificates
9 Flange joint Inspection Report
9 Internal Cleanliness I Flushing Report
f) Pressure Testing
9 Verification of Temporary gaskets
9 Verification of test blind rating
9 Checklist for verification system readliness for testing
9 Calibration certificates for pressure gauge & PSV
9 Calibration certificates for Pressure & Temperature recorders
9 Test manifold certificate
9 Water Analysis (test medium)
9 Pressure Test report form
9 System lay –up certificate
9 Re‐ Instatement or Final Assembly Inspection ( final Punch list)
141) What are the general requirements for pressure gauges?
¾ A minimum of two pressure gauges are required for test systems, with accuracy within
5% of one another.
¾ Pressure gauges and pressure recorders are calibrated within (1) month prior to test.
Stickers applied indicate latest calibration date.
¾ Test gauge is located at bottom of any equipment/ system under test to enable reading
test pressure inclusive of hydrotest head.
¾ All gauges have a range such that the test pressure is within 30% to 80% of the full
range.
142) Why water certificate is necessary for hydrotest?
¾ To know the chloride content and PH value, Water certificate is necessary.
143) What are the difference b/w A punch & B punch?
¾ List of unfinished work or unmatched item according to DRWG and specifications before
Hydrotest.
A‐ To be done before Hydrotest
B‐ To be done before Mechanical completion
144) Why do we provide Drip Leg in Steam Line?
¾ To remove condensate when there is a rise of same in the pipe along the flow direction. If drip
leg is not provided in steam line, the condensate which forms inside the pipe will result in
Water Hammer effect causing damage to piping system.
145) What do you mean by jacketed piping?
¾ Piping which is recognized as providing the most uniform application of heat to the process, as
well as maintain the most uniform processing temperatures where steam tracing is not capable
of maintaining the temperature of fluid constant. Usually used for molten sulphur, Polymers
service.
146) If we are using valves as a test limit, what are the things to be checked?
¾ The valve certificate of seat test to be attached.
147) What is P & ID ?
¾ Piping & instrument Diagram shows piping layouts and detailed notes relating to piping and
instrumentation.
148) Why we are using check valves?
¾ All valves in this category are designed to permit flow of liquid or gas in one direction and close
if flow reverses.
149) What are the applicable piping standards for JER?
Applicable
JERES‐L‐ Scope of Application
Series
standards
101 Material procurement for line pipes, fittings,flanges, valves and
gaskets
105 Material specifications and line class designations
108 Valves selections and material limitations.
109 Selection and limitations on flanges, bolts, and gaskets
110 Limitations on piping joints and components
120 Flexibillity analysis and pipe supports
125 Safety Instructions sheet for piping systems
130` Materials requirements for piping in low temperature service
131 Fracture roughness requirements for line pipe
132 Basic material selection for piping systems
133 Corrosion aspects in piping systems
136 Selection and limitations on carbon steel line pipe
140 Relief requirements for piping systems subject to sum radiation
150 Pressure testing of piping systems
315 Steam Tracing and Jacketed piping
420 Scraper Trap Station piping and Appurtenances
460 Traffic load on line pipes at road crossings and effects of dead
weight
150) What is shot peening ?
¾ Inducing chemical stress in a material surface layer by bombarding it with a selected medium
under controlled conditions.
151) What is cold spring?
¾ Application of mechanical stress (bending twisting pulling) upon a piping segment to achieve
bolting and connection to another segment. It is not acceptable
152) What is an inspection & Test Plan? What is a JERITP?
¾ It is a mandotary item in the quality plan to guide and assure quality in a specific type of work
in a specific sequence of QC activity steps. A JERITP is a JER Inspection & Test Plan indexed by
SATORP standards.
153) What is an isometric drawing?
¾ A detailed piping system/ line drawing with reference to construction and material
requirements.
154) What is often overlooked during orifice flange fabrication ?
¾ Grinding butt welds flush and seal welding orifice .
155) What NDT methods are required during orifice flange installations?
¾ Visual and PT/MT
156) What are the criteria for cold bending ?
¾ Cold bends are made below 649°C, (below 315°c for grades of pipe strengthened by cold work).
¾ Only seamless Grade B pipes are to be used.
¾ For wet source service, cold bends to a radius of 5D or less, are heat treated at 593°c to 649°c
for one hour per 25.4mm of nominal wall thickness, and not less than one hour.
¾ For cold bends with a radius of less than 30D, the nominal diameter ( O.D) divided by the
nominal wall thickness does not exceed 35.0
¾ For wet sour service, each bend has a hardness measurement made at the outer radius of the
bend area. Maximum allowable hardness is 237 Brinell ( 22 HRC)
157) What are the criteria for hot bending?
¾ Furnace hot bends are only be used for grade B pipe.
¾ Furnace hot bends are made at 871°c to 954°c,but may be finished below 871°c provided
the bend is started above 871°c. The pipe is not heated above 954°c prior to the start of
bending.After bending . the bend is cooled in still air.
158) How do we identify Nace carbon steel and normal carbon steel?
¾ By color coding
159) How do we preserve pipes and pipe fittings?
¾ Pipe shall not be stored directly on the ground. Pipe shall be placed on wooden or
sleepers.
¾ Stacking of pipes shall be made in a manner to avoid damage to pipes or coatings.
¾ Fittings and valves shall be stored in shipping crates or on racks. Stainless pipe and
fitting must be separate from carbon steel to avoid contamination.
¾ End bevel protectors shall remain on pipes and fittings while in storage, protectors shall
not damage internal or external coating.
¾ Flange face and threads shall be protected from rust by applying suitable rust
preventives.
160) How to cut a SS pipes and what are the things to be ensured before cutting?
¾ Stainless steel SS pipes – By grinding or plasma cutting providing inernal protection from
spatter, slag……etc.
¾ Before cutting the pipe, the Heat number will be transferred to the cut pieces by low stress
dye stamping. Paint marking or Tagging.
161) What are the tolerances to be followed in piping?
¾ The tolerance for axial dimensions, face‐to‐face, centre‐to‐face and location of attachments
shall be ±3mm maximum.
¾ Flattening of bends, measured as the difference between the largest and the smallest
outside diameter at any cross section, shall not exceed 5% of the nominal diameter of the
pipe. Flattening of bends at weld ends shall not exceed 3% of the nominal pipe diameter.
¾ Lateral transition of branches and connections from the centerline of the run shall not
exceed ±1.5mm.
¾ Flange bolt holes shall straddle the established centerlines. Rotation of flanges, measured as
the offset between elevations of bolt holes on opposite sides of a flange centerline , shall
not exceed ±2.4mm.
¾ The tilt of a flange measured at the periphery across any diameter shall not exceed 1.6mm
from the square position.
¾ For piping over 3‐ inch NPS connected to machinery/ equipment, flange alignment shall be
within the following limits.
a) Vertical bolt hole offset : ±2.4mm
b) Horizontal bolt hole offset ±2.4mm
c) Rotational offset: ±2.4mm
d) Flange face tilt across diameter 0.001 inch per inch of flange outside diameter up to a maximum
of 0.030 inch, and 0.010 inch for all flanges with an outside diameter less than 10 inches.
e) Flange face separation, gasket thickness : ±1.6mm
f) Combination of vertical, horizontal and rotational offset : ±3.2mm
If a spectacle plate is installed between two flanges, these tolerances can be increased by 30%
except for tolerances for flange face tilt across diameter and flange face separation.
A wrinkle (buckle, dent, cracks and mechanical damage) is caused for rejection and is defined as
deviation of the pipe wall from the ideal contour of more than 15% of the normal surface
perpendicular to the surface.
Dimension of the flat spot shall not exceed the value given by the formula :
D= (2tD)
d= largest dimension of the flat spot
t= nominal wall thickness
D=nominal pipe diameter
162) What is line schedule ?
¾ A line schedule gives the full details of P & ID No, Line identification, Line routing, fluid
service, phase, density, temperature ( operating, design and test), pressure( operating,
design and test), insulation type, painting systems, PWHT, Jacketing identification for the
entire unit.
163) How we will represent a slope in P & ID ?
¾ A slope is represented by
(A ratio shall be given)
164) Why weep hole is provided in pad?
¾ Reinforcing pad of welded branch connections shall be pneumatically leak tested with air at
1.75 bar through a minimum of one 1/4 “ (6mm) tapped vent hole for venting and
examined for leaks using a soap solution at a reduced pressure of 0.2 to 0.35 bar. The 6mm
tapped vent shall not be located in the crotch of the branch.
165) What are the 4 types of inspection action points are found in the ITP & Explain?
¾ Hold, Witness, Surveillance, Review
¾ Hold‐QA/QC organization shall be notified of the timing of inspection or test in advance.
Inspection or test shall not be carried out without the|QA/QC organization representative
in attendance.
¾ Witness‐ QA/QC organization shall be notified of the timing of inspection or test in advance
. However, the inspection or test shall be performed as scheduled if the QA/QC
organization representative in not present.
¾ Surveillance – QA/QC organization to monitor work in progress without notice from
construction organization.
¾ Review – Review and approval of documents.
166) What are jackscrews and when are they required?
¾ They are located at flanged connections to facilitate maintenance and removal of spectacle
and orifice plates to facilitate maintenance.
¾ For orifice flanges , jack screws shall be installed at 3 and 9 O clock.
167) What are piping joint limitations?
¾ Socket Welded pipe in hazardous services is 11/2 inch maximum .
¾ For sour service, socket –welded joints are not allowed .
¾ The axial gap between male and female components a maximum of 3mm and minimum of
1.5mm. This gap is obtained prior to welding
¾ In hazardous services, the maximum size of threaded connections is 11/2 inch for standard
fittings and valves
¾ In non‐ hazardous services , the maximum size of threaded connections is 3 inch for
standard fittings and valves.
¾ The minimum number of the engaged pipe threads per nominal size is as follows:
¾ For 1/2” & ¾ “ , 6 threads must be engaged
¾ For 1” through 1‐1/2”, 7 threads be engaged
¾ For 2” through 3”, 8 threads must be engaged
168) What are the general requirements for test manifold and fittings?
¾ Pressure testing manifolds were separately pressure tested to at least 1.2times system test
pressure.
¾ Pressure rating of design of test manifold components (isolation valves, pipe nipples, and
fittings) exceeds system test pressure by 20%.
¾ A blow down valve of adequate pressure rating is installed to depressurize the system
safely.
¾ Test piping , fittings and hoses are designed or have adequate pressure ratings that match
or exceed system class / test pressure.
¾ Paddles or spectable blinds & other fabricated test items used to isolate test sections are
atleast the same code class rating of systems under test.
169) Define Pressure Test, Service Test
¾ Pressure Test –A test conducted to piping or equipment by subjecting it to an internal
pressure using liquid or gas to ensure strength or tightness of the system at the test
pressure.
¾ Service Test‐A leak test conducted at operating pressure using the service fluid.
170) What is material receiving inspection?
¾ Match physical condition in field to service condition shown on Drawings/ Hardware lists
¾ Specification and marking / color‐coding & PMI
¾ Identification of grade by ASTM spec listed on dwg/ bolting list will give clear reqmts.
¾ Identification of fittings and flanges by correct ratings, sizes,class, schedules as marked on
fittings & mill certificates.
¾ For the correct Scheduling of pipe, by a vernier Caliper and ensure piping is within
tolerances.
171) How to calculating the rolling offset in piping?
How to Calculate Rolling Offsets
A rolling offset in a plumbing system is when a pipe changes in both the horizontal and vertical
planes. To visualize the travel of the pipe, imagine a three dimensional box with the pipe entering
at one corner and exiting at the farthest diagonal corner.
Step 1 ‐ Calculating the True Offset
The first number you need to find when calculating a rolling offset is the "true offset" which is
found using Pythagoras' theorem. This simply means that the offset squared plus the rise squared
will equal the true offset squared. You then need to take the square root of the result to get the
true offset.
Step 2 ‐ Finding the Setback and Diagonal
Once you know the true offset you can use a table to determine the setback and diagonal center to
center measurements. See the table below for the most common fitting constants. If your studying
for a plumbing exam you will need to remember the 45˚ constants.
Practice Question
Solve for pipes A, B, and C in the image below using 45 degree fittings and again using 22.5 degree
fittings. The measurements are shown in imperial but all the constants are the same for metric.
Scroll down for answers.
Solve for... 22.5 Degree fitting 45 Degree fitting
Setback
34.81" 14.42"