Drug Educ
Drug Educ
Reviewer Notes in
DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL
WHAT ARE DRUGS? - A drug as defined is a chemical substance used as a medicine or in making medicines which affects the
body and mind and have potential for abuse. Without an advice or prescription from a physician, drugs can be harmful.
PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS - These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase. They are
prescribed according to the individual’s age, weight and height and should not be taken by anyone else.
OVER – THE – COUNTER DRUGS - These are non – prescription medicine, which may be purchased from any pharmacy or
drugstore without, written authorization from a doctor. They are use to treat minor and short term illnesses and any
persistent condition should be immediately referred to a physician
1. Minimal dose – amount needed to treat or heal that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic
effect.
2. Maximal dose – largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect without any accompanying
symptoms of toxicity.
3. Toxic dose – amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms.
4. Abusive dose – amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by the individual who improperly uses it.
5. Lethal dose – the amount of drug that will cause death.
1. Oral – this is the safest and most convenient and economical route whenever possible. There are however, drugs which
cannot be administered this way because the digestive juices readily destroy them or because they irritate the mucous
lining of the gastro –intestinal tract and induce vomiting.
2. Injection - this form of drug administration offers a faster response than the oral method. It makes use of a needle or
other device to deliver the drugs directly into the body tissue and blood circulation.
3. Inhalation – this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs, which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly through the
mucous of the respiratory tract.
4. Topical – this refers to the application of drugs directly to a body site such as the skin and the mucous membrane.
5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by the use of special type of electro current
for local effect.
Toxicology is commonly known as the science of poisons, their effects and antidotes. In connection, drugs may cause
dangerous effects because of any of the following:
a. Overdose – when too much of a drug is taken into the physiological system of the human body, there may be an
over extension of its effects.
b. Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to allergic symptoms such as dermatitis, swelling, fall
in blood pressure, suffocation and death.
c. Idiosyncrasy – it refers to the individual reaction to a drug, food etc., for unexplained reasons. Morphine for
example, which sedates all men, stimulates and renders some women maniacal behaviors.
d. Poisonous Property – drugs are chemicals and some of them have the property of being general protoplasmic
poisons.
e. Side Effects – some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of other organs as well. The effect in the
other organs may constitute a side effect, which are most of the time is unwanted.
Pharmacology is the science or study of drugs including their sources, chemistry, production, use in treating diseases and side
effects.
DRUG TRAFFICKING
On the other side of the globe is the second major drug traffic route, which is composed of the popular Golden Triangle
and the Golden Crescent. The Golden Triangle composed of three countries namely Burma/Myanmar, Laos and
Thailand while Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India compose the Golden Crescent.
In Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle” approximately produced 60% of opium in the world, 90% of opium in the
eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially acknowledge source of Southeast Asian Heroin.
A heroin is produced in the Golden Triangle and passes through nearby countries in relatively small quantities through air
transport while in transit to the United States and European countries.
In Southwest Asia – the “Golden Crescent” is the major supplier of opium poppy, marijuana and heroin products in the
western part of Asia. It produced at least 85% to 90% of all illicit heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.
Middle East – the Becka Valley of Lebanon is considered to be the biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East.
Lebanon is also became the transit country for cocaine from South America to European illicit drug markets.
Spain – is known as the major transshipment point for international drug traffickers in Europe – and became “the
paradise of drug users in Europe”.
South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay and Panama are the principal sources of all cocaine supply in the world due to
the robust production of the coca plants.
Mexico – is known in the world to be the number one producer of marijuana.
Philippines – second to Mexico as to the production of marijuana. It also became the major transshipment point for the
worldwide distribution of illegal drugs particularly shabu and cocaine from Taiwan and South America. It is also noted
that Philippines today is known as the drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia.
India – is the center of the world’s drug map, leading to the rapid addiction among its people.
Indonesia – Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is an
important transit point for drugs en route to Australia and New Zealand.
Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand – is the most favorable sites of drug distribution from the “Golden Triangle” and other
parts of Asia.
China – is the transit route for heroin from the “Golden Triangle” to Hong Kong. It is also the country where the “epedra”
plant is cultivated – source of the drug ephedrine – the principal chemical for producing the drug shabu.
Hong Kong – is the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.
Japan – became the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from the United States and Europe.
Founded during the 1980’s by Columbian drug lords in the name of Pablo Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses Jose
Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine barons Juan David and Ochoa Brothers.
The Medellin Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world’s drug trafficking network. The Columbian
government succeeded in containing the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death, surrender, and arrest of the
people behind the organization. This further resulted to the disbandment of the Cartel led to its downfall.
The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is the rise of the Cali Cartel – the newly emerged cocaine monopoly.
Gilberto Rodriguez Orajuela – better known as Don Chepe – “the Chinese player” heads the syndicated organization.
Under him, the Cali Cartel was considered the most powerful criminal organization in the world.
The Cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this, it was called the best and brightest of the modern
underworld. “They are professionals of the highest order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative and nearly
impenetrable”- US Drug Enforcement Agency.
Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela
The Chinese Triad, also called the Chinese Mafia is the oldest and biggest criminal organization in the world. It is
believed to be the controller of the “Golden Triangle” with international connection on drug trafficking.
The Binondo - based Chinese syndicate has been identified as the nucleus of the Triad Society, the Bamboo gang
based in Taiwan and 14K based in Hong Kong. The Bamboo gang is influenced of the Green gang of the Chinese Triad
while the 14K is the newest among the triad families established only in 1947.
The Filipino – Chinese drug syndicates are groups responsible in smuggling shabu into the country. Most drug
couriers use Hong Kong and Taiwan as their embarkation point for the Philippines. And recently, intelligence reports
reveals that large quintets of shabu are smuggled in the country directly from Mainland China through commercial
airlines and ocean – sea vessels.
The most common “modus operandi” by the syndicates – posing as fishermen along Philippine seas, particularly, the
northern provinces of Luzon such as La Union, Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they drop their loads of shabu to
shoreline based members. The syndicates are famously involved in marijuana cultivation and other drug smuggling
including drug manufacture.
1. Depressants – are group of drugs that has the effect of depressing the Central Nervous System.
2. Stimulants – are group of drugs having the effect of stimulating the Central Nervous System.
3. Hallucinogens – refers to group of drugs that considered mind altering drugs and give general effects of mood distortion.
DEPRESSANTS (downers) – these are drugs which suppress vital body functions especially those of the brain or central
nervous system with the resulting impairment of judgment, hearing, speech and muscular coordination. They dull the minds,
slow down the body reactions to such an extent that accidental deaths and or suicides usually happen. They include the
narcotics, barbiturates, tranquilizers, alcohol and other volatile solvents. These drugs, when taken in, generally decrease both
the mental and physical activities of the body. They cause depression, relieve pain and induce sedation or sleep and suppress
cough.
1. Narcotics – it is derived from the Greek work “narkoticos” meaning sleep. This term originally applied to all compounds
that produce insensibility to external stimuli through depression of the central nervous system. These generally use as
pain killing drugs, it relieves pain and produce profound sleep or stupor.
2. Opium - narcotic drug produced from the drying resin of unripe capsules of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum.
Opium is grown mainly in Myanmar (formerly Burma) and Afghanistan. The legitimate world demand for opium amounts
to about 680 metric tons a year, but many times that amount is distributed illegally.
Opium is extracted from the coagulated juice of poppy plant. The coagulated juice of the opium poppy is usually
encountered as a mass of sticky tar – like gum, ranging in color from dark brown to black. The texture varies from that of
putty of soft tar to the hard, brittle quality of Bakelite, depending on age and exposure to air.
Withdrawal Syndrome – if an addict is suddenly deprived of opiate, the following symptoms may develop.
8 – 16 hours after withdrawal – nervousness, restlessness and anxiety
14 hours later – frequent yawning, sweating, runny nose
24 hours later – symptoms increases, pupils are dilated, goose flesh develops and shivering
36 hours later – severe twisting of muscles, painful cramps of legs and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea
SLANG NAMES: “gum”, “gamot’, “kalamay”, “panocha
a. Morphine – it is the principal derivative of opium. It is the second extraction from opium. It is an active element
derived from opium by chemical process. In 1803, Derosne named it as “salt of opium”. It is a white crystalline
powder, light porous cubes or small white tablets.
Its name was derived from the name “morpheus”, the Greek God of Dreams because of its dreamful effect,
which follows its initial stimulating effect. Physician begun to use morphine as a cure for opium addiction, but all
they managed to do was to transfer the dependents to a drug even stronger than the original effective as a painkiller
six times more potent or stronger than opium, with a high dependence producing potentials.
b. Heroin - It is derived from morphine, consist of crystals so small as to resemble powdered sugar, a fine grade flour or
detergent.
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It is three to five times more powerful than morphine from which it is derived and the most addicting opium
derivative. With continued use, addiction occurs within 14 days.
It maybe sniffed or swallowed but it is usually injected in veins
It is the most powerful opium derivative.
The symptoms of abuse and withdrawal is the same as that of morphine but more severe.
SLANG NAMES: “Snow”, “stuff”, “junk tooth”, “H”
c. Codeine – a component of opium and a derivative of morphine, in most respects a tenth or less as effective as
morphine. It is widely used as ingredient in cough syrup. It is usually taken orally in tables, for pain; or in a liquid
preparation, or variable alcohol content for cough and can also be injected.
it is discovered by Robiquet in the process of discovering drugs that would cure opium and morphine addiction.
It is cough suppressant and analgesic
The symptoms of abuse are the same as morphine but lesser in degree. Its symptoms of withdrawal are less
severe than other drugs.
SLANG NAMES: “School boy”, “cough syrup
d. Demerol and Methadone – methadone was first sensitized in Germany in 1943, when an opiate analgesic was not
available because of war, it was first called “Dolophine” after Adolf Hitler.
common synthetic drugs with morphine – like effects.
Demerol is widely used as a painkiller in childbirth while methadone is the drugs of choice in the withdrawal
treatment of heroin dependents since it relieves the physical craving for heroin.
Paregoric – the name paregoric means “soothing preparation”
China White – these are drug synthesized from the basic morphine molecule but perhaps more than 1,000 times
more potent than heroin. This drug is very dangerous not only because of its potency but also because the
chance is the street chemist will make the substance wrong. It was synthesized several years ago when illicit
laboratories have made some monumental mistakes in the synthesis of some of the analogous.
e. Stimulants (uppers) – these are drugs that produce excitation, alertness and wakefulness, intense feeling of
“highness” and in some cases, a temporary rise in blood pressure and respiration.
they produce the opposite to that of depressants. Instead of bringing about relaxation and sleep, they produce
increased mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger and provide a feeling of well being.
Their medical uses include treatment of Narcolepsy – a condition characterized by an overwhelming desire to
sleep. A person who has narcolepsy goes to sleep as frequently as 5 times a day.
KINDS OF STIMULANTS
1. Cocaine – this is naturally extracted/obtained from the leaves of erythroxylon coca or the coca bush. Coca can be grown
successfully elsewhere in tropical areas and can be harvested 2 – 4 times a year upon climatic conditions. The plant is
called erythroxylon coca and the alkaloid extracted from the leaves has a scientific name which is Cocaine Hydrochloride.
Cocaine was discovered in 1850 by Nietman.
Cocaine is fine, fluffy white, crystalline powder and depending on the degree of refinement, may resemble
snowflakes, camphor, sugar or salt.
People in some parts of the world chew coca leaves. Oral use relieves one from hunger and fatigue.
It was first used as local anesthesia for it blocks the nerve cells causing numbness, it can also constricts blood
vessels.
Hailed as a wonder drug in the late 19th century.
Freebasing - it is a method of reducing the impurities in cocaine. The method produces a type of cocaine that is many time
more powerful than that of normal cocaine. The alkaloids from cocaine (cocaine hydrochloride is treated with a liquid base
such as sodium carbonated or ammonium hydroxide). When the cocaine liquefies, the hydrochloride salts are removed along
with the impurities found in cocaine.
Magnan’s Symptoms - it is the feeling as if grains of sand are lying under the skin or small insects (cocaine bugs) are creeping
on the skin is the most characterized symptoms.
Cocaine “Body Packer” Syndrome - refers to the ingestion of multiple small packages of cocaine for the purpose of
transporting contraband. The drug is placed in a durable, non – digestible container, taken by mouth to be recovered at the
place of destination in the fecal discharge.
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Crack - is a form of cocaine that has been chemically altered so that it can be smoked. It looks like small lumps or shaving of
soap but has a mixture of porcelain. The drug is sold in inch that is referred to us french-fries or teeth.
SLANG NAMES: “leaf”, “snow”, “coke”, “speedballs when mixed with heroin”, “snorr”, “chinese white”, “blow”, “C”, “coca”,
“flake”, “heaven”, “dust”, “paradise”
2. Amphetamine - a group of synthetic drugs, increasing the heart rate and raising blood pressure.
used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief or mild depression and treatment of narcolepsy
SLANG NAMES: “beanies”, “co-pilots”, “foot ball hearts”, “pep pills”, “ampies”
a. SHABU (Methamphetamine Hydrochloride) - it is the most abused stimulants in the Philippines today. It is commonly
known as “poor man’s cocaine”.
It is a white, colorless crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste.
It is taken orally, inhaled, snorted, sniffed or injected.
SLANG NAMES: “upper”, “speed”, “ha”, “ice”, “shabs”, “S”
Depressants (downers) – these are drugs which suppress vital body function especially those of the brain or central nervous
system with the resulting impairment of judgment, hearing, speech, and muscular coordination.
They dull minds, slow down body reactions to such an extent that accidental death or suicides, usually happen.
KINDS OF DEPRESSANTS
1. Barbiturates – are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with anxiety, mental stress and insomnia. They are
also of value in the treatment of epilepsy and hypertension. They are available in capsules, pills or tablets and taken
orally or injected.
It is believed that the name barbiturate was developed because the first synthesis occurred on St. Barbara’s day.
Drugs most frequently prescribed to induced sedation and sleep by both doctors. Small dosage tend to calm nervous
conditions while larger dozes can cause sleep 20 – 60 minutes after taking it orally. An overdose of barbiturates may
progress through stages of sedation, sleep and “coma” to death from respiratory arrest and cardiovascular
complications.
SLANG NAMES: “goofballs”, “footballs”, “barbs”, “blockbuster
2. Methaqualone - is a synthetic sedative which has been widely abused and often caused serious poisoning. It is a sedative
drug in a smaller dose and a hypnotic in a bigger dose.
The effect is similar to barbiturates and action is within 30 minutes after administration; the effect is for 6 – 10
hours.
3. Tranquilizers - are drugs used in treating nervous disorders or calm psychotic patients or mental disorders without
producing sleep.
KINDS OF TRANQUILIZERS
1. Meprobate – a minor tranquilizer used for the relief of anxiety, tension and muscular spasms. It does not produced
sleep in small dosage, but overdose can result in dependence, both physical and psychological.
2. Diazepam – also known as “valium”. It is the most commonly used tranquilizer, which has a slow onset but long
duration of action. Prolonged use will result in dependence both physical and psychological.
4. Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) - are drugs capable of provoking changes in sensation, thinking, self – awareness and
emotion. Alteration of time and space perception (false perception), illusions, hallucinations and delusion.
The results are the very variable; a “high” or a “bad” trip may occur in the same person on different occasions. His
“trips” maybe exhilarating or terrifying good or bad.
Refers to a group of drugs which affects the Central Nervous System producing alteration, intense and varying
emotional changes, ego distortion.
KINDS OF HALLUCINOGENS
1. Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa Lima) – it is the most commonly abused hallucinogen in the Philippines because it can be
grown extensively in the country.
The effects of marijuana include a feeling of grandeur. It can also produce opposite effect, a dreamy sensation of time
seeming to stretch out.
Resin – Producing – (female mj) – THC is found most abundantly in the upper leaves, barks and flowers of the resin –
producing plant.
Fiber – Producing – (male mj) – contains lesser THC
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - most active and are considered responsible for the hallucinogenic effect of mj. THC
contains the highest concentration of the drug. “Phantasmagoria” - sensation that figures are rushing toward him at
tremendous speed, increasing in size as they approach.
Hashish/ Concentrated Cannabis - This is a crude resin extracted from the tops of a marijuana plant.
3 - 4 times stronger than hash and 30 – 40 times stronger than commercial grade mj.
Appears on the street as a very thick liquid
Varies in cooler, generally found in amber, dark green, brown or black
Average strength of THC is 20 – 60 %
Users smoke hash oil by adding it to a mj cigarette or commercial cigarette
Air, heat and light will cause the oil to harden and become useless due to exposure
2. Lysergic Acid Diathylamide (LSD) - the drug was first synthesized by Dr. Albert Hoffman and Dr. Arthur Steel from the
ergot plants – a fungus that parasites rye and other grains and Diathylamide portion.
This drug is the most powerful of the Psychedelics and it is 1, 000 times more powerful than marijuana.
LSD causes perceptual changes so that the user sees colors, shapes or objects more intensely than normal person
can and may have hallucinations of things that are not real. To him the real objects seem to change, buildings seem
to be cracking open, and walls pulsating.
It is colorless, odorless and tasteless
LSD derives its reputation as a “mind blower” – an acidhead may see himself as divided into two parts, an observer
and the experimenting or experiencing self.
3. Peyote - is derived from the surface part of a small gray brown cactus. Peyote emits a nauseating odor and its user
suffers from nausea.
It is used as an intravenous anesthetic and analgesic and used also as treatment for mental disorder
Often produced unpleasant post – operative side – effects including visual disturbances and delirium
6. Psilocybin - this hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican mushroom. These mushrooms induced nausea, muscular
relaxation, mood changes with visions of bright colors and shapes
Hallucinogenic effect may last for 4 – 5 hours and later may be followed by depressions, laziness, and complete loss
of time and space perceptions.
Physiological effects produced by this drug is similar to LSD.
The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory that are used to produce hallucinations. The seeds are
ground into flour, soaked in cold water, then strained through a cloth and drunk.
The active ingredient in the seed is similar to LSD although less potent. The reactions are likened to those resulting
from LSD
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7. Ecstasy - is one of the club drugs most often associated with rave parties. The scientific name for ecstasy is
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA
Taken at a dance or rave, ecstasy's sensory altering properties can be heightened by the high degree of sensory
stimulation (lights, music and crowded dance floors).
perhaps best suited to drug-assisted date rape. Rohypnol is colorless, odorless and tasteless. The drug dissolves with
ease, especially in carbonated drinks. Rohypnol alone can produce incapacitating sedative effects that last between
eight to twelve hours. Mixing alcohol or other depressants with Rohypnol intensifies the drug's sedative effect, and it
can be lethal.
Adding to Rohypnol's "popularity" as a date rape tool is its amnesia-causing properties. When the sedative
properties of Rohypnol wear off, some people experience anterograde amnesia—they have no clear memory of
events that occurred during the drug's acute effects. Rohypnol's reputation as a date rape drug has made it one of
the most notorious of the club drugs.
Rohypnol is known in club drug slang as roofies
Association – the tendency of a drug abuser to look for peer groups where he feels being wanted and accepted.
Experimentation – the tendency of a person to try and explore the effects of drugs due to curiosity or other reasons.
Inexperienced doctors – the tendency of doctors and physicians to unnecessarily prescribe drugs.
Likewise, addiction may also be acquired through
Habituation – repetitious engagement of drug use which is closely related to the experience of the euphoric effect of
drugs, and the relief of pain or emotional discomfort.
Toleration – refers to the necessity to increase the dose to obtain an effect equivalent to the original dose.
Dependence – the altered physiological state brought about by the repeated administration of the drug, which
necessitates the continued use of the drug to avoid withdrawal syndrome.
1. Situational Users – those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy to perform an important work.
Such individual may or may not exhibit psychological dependence.
2. Spree Users – school age users who take drugs for “kicks”, an adventurous daring experience, or as a means of fun. There
may be some degree of psychological dependence but little physical dependence due to the mixed pattern of use.
3. Hard Core Addicts – those, whose activities revolve almost entirely around the drug experience and securing supplies.
They show strong psychological dependence on the drug.
4. Hippies – those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life.
RA 9165 – Known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug’s Act of 2006. It repeals RA 6425.
The board is the highest policy – making and coordination arm as well as the national clearing house of all matters pertaining
to law enforcement and control of dangerous drugs, treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents, drug abuse prevention
and community information, research and statistics on the drug problem, and the training of personnel engaged in the
aforementioned activities.
The Dangerous Drugs Board is directly under the Office of the President. Its Secretariat is under the administrative control
and supervision of the Executive Director, who has the rank of undersecretary and who is assisted by two (2) Deputies with
the rank of assistant secretaries. These are the deputy executive director for administration; and deputy executive director
for operations. The Secretariat of the Board is composed of the following divisions:
The DDB is composed of the: Chairman in the person of Sec. ANSELMO S. AVENIDO, Jr.; two (2) Permanent Board Members,
one of whom is Usec. ROMEO G. VERA CRUZ, while the other one remains vacant; the heads of twelve (12) National
Government Agencies as Ex-Officio Members, namely the Departments of Justice (DOJ), Labor and Employment (DOLE), the
Interior and Local Government (DILG), Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), Foreign Affairs (DFA), Finance (DOF), Health
(DOH), National Defense (DND), Education (DepEd), the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), the National Youth
Commission (NYC), and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA); and two (2) regular members, the President of the
Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP) and the Chairman or President of a Non-Government Organization (NGO). The
permanent consultants are the heads of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and the Philippine National Police (PNP).
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Supply Reduction
The object of supply reduction is to take away the drugs from the person through market denial operations and prevention of
diversion of these drugs to the illicit markets. Supply reduction efforts take the form of law enforcement, the regulatory
compliance, and institution of judicial and legislative measures.
Demand Reduction
The 2nd Pillar, Demand Reduction, is geared towards reducing the consumer’s demand fro drugs and other substances. This
is done through programs on Preventive Education, Treatment and Rehabilitation, and Research. Programs are either school-
based, community-based, or both school and community-based.
Alternative Development
Alternative Development aims to reduce the production of marijuana and eventually eliminate its cultivation through
sustainable rural development and alternative livelihood programs. Its thrust is to develop and implement sustainable
income-generating programs like yakon and jathropa (commonly known as tuba-tuba) propagation and other socio-economic
programs offering health services, Philhealth insurance, education and infrastructure like farm-to-market roads, irrigation
systems, etc.
Civic Awareness
Promotion of Civic Awareness is done through the use of a public communication strategy that utilizes the tri-media in
conveying anti-drug abuse messages and through the conduct of community outreach programs that also deal on the evils of
drug abuse and the legal consequences of being involved in illegal drugs. The Board’s programs and activities for the year
focused on the promotion of a campaign message “Challenge Yourself . . . Be Drug-Free”. A communication plan was
developed to properly and effectively disseminate the message.
The Dangerous Drugs Board has actively maintained cooperative undertakings at the bilateral, regional and international level
on all matters pertaining to drug abuse and illicit trafficking of dangerous drugs.
The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) (Filipino: Kawanihan ng Pilipinas Laban sa Droga) (KPLD) was established
by , and enacted in the year 2002 as the leading anti-drugs office in the Philippines, under the supervision of the , which in
turn, is under the supervision of the President of the Philippines. The agency is tasked with the enforcement of the penal and
regulatory provisions of RA 9165. All other agencies in the Philippines, such as the Philippine National Police, the National
Bureau of Investigation, and the , must inform and coordinate any anti-drug operations with the PDEA. The PDEA is led by a
Director General and assisted by other officials. The more prominent units within the PDEA are the intelligence and
investigation, plans and operations, and the legal and prosecution services. The basic qualifications for becoming a Drug
Enforcement Officer are as follows: 21 to 35 years of age, a college degree holder, has passed the Civil Professional Exam ,
and physically fit.
ALCOHOL
Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to man. Ever since there has been a continuous effect, everywhere, to control
its consumption because of its devastating effects on human life. Many countries all over the world have tried prohibition ban
with little success.
Alcohol is a colorless, tasteless clear liquid. It boils at 78.4 degrees Celsius. It has pleasant odor and gives a burning sensation
to the mouth, esophagus and stomach. Like many drugs, alcohol is toxic. It can poison the human body if taken in large
amount or in combination with other drugs. Alcohol is a depressant not a stimulant.
The kind of alcohol we drink is called ethanol. When people have any alcoholic drink they consume quantities of ethanol.
Ethanol is a by-product of the fermentation process (when yeast and sugar are mixed together and react). Ethanol dissolves
easily in water, so it can be rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract and circulate throughout the body in the blood.
Methyl and ethyl alcohol. Methyl alcohol is very poisonous and is not put in drinks but is use in some industries. Ethyl alcohol
is used in alcoholic drinks, which are made by breweries. The fermentation occurs when germs called yeast act on sugars in
food to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. Fermented brews and spirits contain different amounts of alcohol. The amount
in beer is less than in other drinks. It varies from 2.5% to 8% in different countries.
Types of Drinkers
1. Occasional Drinker – drinks on special occasions or uses alcohol as a home remedy, takes only a few drinks per year.
2. Frequent Drinker – drinks at parties and social affairs. Intake of alcohol may be once a week or occasionally reaches three
or four times per week, uses beverages to release inhibitions and tensions.
3. Regular Drinker – may drink daily or consistently on weekends, usually comes from cultural background where wine and
beer is used with meals to enhance the flavor of the food.
4. Alcohol Dependent – drinks to have good time, excessive drinking occurs occasionally but drinker may not become
alcoholic.
5. Alcoholic – has lost control of his use of alcohol. Alcohol assumes primary goal in his life, even to the exclusion of physical
health and interests of family and society in general.
Euphoria – feeling of well – being, increased confidence, temporary relief from fatigue, pain or depression.
Muscular In coordination – depression of motor function and causes greater dulling of the brain that controls inhibitions.
The person may become hilarious, morose, irritable or excitable without proper cause. He may suffer from slurred
speech and staggering gait.
Respiratory Paralysis – if more liquor is consumed the paralysis of the respiratory centers sets in. The person may suffer
from complete in coordination of muscles, torturous breathing, sleep, coma and death.
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TOBACCO
The tobacco plant, scientifically known as Nicotiana Tabacum, is a plant grown for its leaves, which are smoked, chewed, or
sniffed for a variety of effects. Tobacco is considered addictive because it contains the addictive chemical Nicotine. Sniffing
and chewing tobacco originated in North America and Europe
Tobacco Chemicals
Nicotine – it is the most common important active ingredient in controlled doses. It is an extremely toxic substance. A
typical cigarette contains 1 – 2 mg of nicotine. When smoked, less than 1 mg from each cigarette is filtered or not
depending on the characteristics of the filter, the depth and frequency of inhalation and the length of the butt.
Carbon Monoxide – a poisonous gas similar to the gas that emanates from a car’s exhaust pipe. It impairs the capacity of
the blood to supply adequate amounts of oxygen to the vital organs of the body. It is responsible for the shortness of
breath among smokers.
Tar – the brownish viscous substance known to be the cancer – causing component of tobacco smoking. It also stains the
fingers, teeth, and tongue of the smoker. Along with the other noxious substances in cigarette smoking, it can lead to
lung cancer, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
DRUG TESTING
Duquenois – Levine Test has been found to be the only satisfactory chemical test for the identification of
marijuana. The chloroform soluble color developed in this test is due to the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC) which is the active principal of the marijuana plant
Foehde Add 250 mg. sodium molybdate in 50 cc conclusion H2SO4 A purple red develops immediately
Mecke 50g. selenoius acid in 10 cc conclusion H2SO4 A blue color that pass quickly to green