PUMP SIZING AND SELECTION

CPD Course: Pumps

Henry E. Suarez, pme/rmp

1
 “What you hear you forget; what you see,
you remember; what you do, you
understand” - Anonymous

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 INTRODUCTION

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 What are Pumping Systems

• 20% of world’s electrical energy

demand
• 25-50% of energy usage in some
industries
• Used for
• Domestic, commercial, industrial and
agricultural services
• Municipal water and wastewater services

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 Figure 1
Noria water wheel (From the Ripley’s believe it not)

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 Figure 2
Model of a piston pump made by Ctesbius

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 Figure 3
Archimedes’ screw pump

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 Figure 4
Sa Bayan ni Juan pumps

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 Figure 5
Other pumping system

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Objective of pumping system

• Transfer liquid
from source to
destination
• Circulate liquid
around a system
• Produce required
flow rate
• Produce required
pressure

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Pump - Facts
 Pump changes both velocity and pressure of the
fluid.
 Pump only adds to the system energy.
 Power supplied to the pump is to transfer fluid
at specified flow rate and pressure by
overcoming resistance in the pump and the
system.
 A pump does not create pressure, it only
provides flow. Pressure is just an indication of
the amount of resistance to the flow.
 • Main pump components
• Pumps
• Prime movers: electric motors, diesel engines,
air system
• Piping to carry fluid
• Valves to control flow in system
• Other fittings, control, instrumentation
• End-use equipment
• Heat exchangers, tanks, hydraulic machines

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There are two main categories of pump:
• Rotodynamic pumps.
• Positive displacement pumps.

PUMP

Rotodynamic Positive displacement

Centrifugal

Rotary Reciprocating
Axial flow

Mixed flow
Gear Piston

Turbine
Lobe Diaphragm

Sliding Vane Plunger

Screw 2
Centrifugal Pump PD Pumps
The Table below outlines some of the main differences between centrif
pumps, reciprocating pumps and rotary pumps. Note that “centrifu
“reciprocating” and “rotary” pumps are all relatively broad categories

Parameter Centrifugal Pumps Reciprocating Pumps Rotary Pumps

Optimum Flow and Medium/High Capacity, Low Capacity, Low/Medium Capacity,
Pressure Applications Low/Medium Pressure High Pressure Low/Medium Pressure
Maximum Flow Rate 100,000+ GPM 10,000+ GPM 10,000+ GPM
Low Flow Rate Capability No Yes Yes
Maximum Pressure 6,000+ PSI 100,000+ PSI 4,000+ PSI
Requires Relief Valve No Yes Yes
Smooth or Pulsating Flow Smooth Pulsating Smooth
Variable or Constant Flow Variable Constant Constant
Self-priming No Yes Yes
Space Considerations Requires Less Space Requires More Space Requires Less Space
Costs Lower Initial Higher Initial Lower Initial
Lower Maintenance Higher Maintenance Lower Maintenance
Higher Power Lower Power Lower Power
Fluid Handling Suitable for a wide range Suitable for clean, clear, non- Requires clean, clear, non-
including clean, clear, non- abrasive fluids. Specially- abrasive fluid due to close
abrasive fluids to fluids with fitted pumps suitable for tolerances
abrasive, high-solid content. abrasive-slurry service.

Not suitable for high viscosity Suitable for high viscosity Optimum performance with
fluids fluids high viscosity fluids

Higher tolerance for

Lower tolerance for entrained Higher tolerance for entrained gases
gases entrained gases

5
ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS

5
Centrifugal Pump.
CONSTRUCTION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
• Convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy by centrifugal force on the liquid
• Constitute the most common type of pumping
machinery
• Used to move liquids through a piping system
• Has two main components:
1. Stationary componets, casing, casing cover
and bearings
2. Rotating components, impeller and shaft
• Classified into three categories ; Radial Flow,
Mixed Flow, Axial Flow
Centrifugal pump distinguished from Positive
displacement pump

 Requirement of relative velocity between

the fluid and the impeller.
 Shaped casing or diverging nozzle converts
kinetic energy into pressure energy.
 Liquid in the impeller and casing essential
for pump operation.
WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

• Simplest piece of equipment in any process plant

• Energy changes occur by virtue of impeller and volute
• Liquid is fed into the pump at the center of a rotating
impeller and thrown outward by centrifugal force
• The conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy
supplies the pressure difference between the suction side
and delivery side of the pump

Liquid flow path inside a

centrifugal pump
ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Advantages

• Simple in construction and cheap

• Handle liquid with large amounts of solids
• No metal to metal fits
• No valves involved in pump operation
• Maintenance costs are lower
Impeller of Centrifugal Pump
Types of ImpellersWith
Respect to
Flow.

(a.) Radial flow. (b.) Axial flow. (c.) Mixed flow.

Radial Flow Pump
Mixed Flow Pump
Axial Flow Pump
• Radial Flow – the pressure is developed
wholly by centrifugal force.
• Mixed flow – the pressure is developed partly
by centrifugal force and partly by the lift of
the vanes of the impeller on the liquid.
• Axial flow – the pressure is developed by the
propelling or lifting action of the vanes of the
impeller on the liquid.
For low flows and high pressures, the action of the impeller is
largely radial. For higher flows and lower discharge
pressures, the direction of the flow within the pump is more
nearly parallel to the axis of the shaft, and the pump is said to
have an axial flow. The impeller in this case acts as a
propeller. The transition from one set of flow conditions to the
other is gradual, and for intermediate conditions, the device is
called a mixed-flow pump. Conical designs also featured in
the transition from radial to axial flow conditions.

Specific Speed Range Pump Type

Below 5,000 Radial Flow Pumps
4,000 - 10,000 Mixed Flow Pumps
9,000 - 15,000 Axial Flow Pumps
Types of Impellers With Respect to
Construction.

o Open (with partial shrouds for strength. -

- For abrasive liquids with suspended solids.

o Semi-Open - - For viscous liquids.

o Enclosed - - For clear liquids.

Impellers
Open, Semi-open and enclosed
Impellers
Single and Double Entry Impellers
 Types of Centrifugal Pumps with
Respect to the Construction of the
Casing.
 Volute

 Diffuser

 Regenerative
Volute Casing
It is like a curved funnel increasing in area to
the discharge port, which converts velocity
energy into pressure energy. Also it helps to
balance the hydraulic pressure on the shaft of
the pump- occurs at the recommended
capacity. Running at lower capacity can put
lateral stress on pump shaft, increase wear-
and-tear on the seals, bearings and on the
shaft itself.
Double Volute Pump
Diffuser or Circular Casing

It has stationary diffusion vanes,

surrounding the impeller periphery that
convert velocity energy into pressure
energy.

Conventionally the diffusers are applied

to multistage pumps.
Diffuser Casing
Regenerative(turbine Pump)

The impeller , which has very tight axial

clearance and uses pump channel rings. Liquid
entering the channel from the inlet is picked
up immediately by the vanes on both sides of
the impeller and pumped through the channel
by shearing action. The process is repeated
over and over with each pass imparting more
energy until the liquid is discharged.
Turbine Pump
Turbine Pump
Axially/Radially Split Casing
HEAD – Static Pressure and Liquid Height
Relationship (Head)
• A given pump with a given impeller diameter
and speed will raise a liquid to a certain height
regardless of the weight of the liquid.
• HEAD, feet = Pressure, psi x 2.31/ s.g.
• HEAD,meters = Pressure, bars x 10.2/ s.g.
HEAD – approximately equal to the velocity
energy at the periphery of the impeller.

v2
1. HEAD, feet = --------
2 g (g =32.2 fps2)
RPM x Diam.
2. VELOCITY, fps = -----------------
229
Centrifugal Pumps Important Terms
1. Head – is measured in feet or meters,
- shut off head (the highest height)
- determined by the impeller OD & RPM

2. Capacity – GPM or CMH of fluid to be transported.

- determined by the impeller diameter & speed

3. BEP – Best Efficiency Point

- the point where the power going into the pump is the
closest to the power coming out.
- the point where pump shaft has the least vibration
Centrifugal Pumps Important Terms
4. Specific Gravity – the weight of a liquid compared to
4 C fresh water
- freshwater value – 1.0
- if the fluid floats on the water, the s.g. is less
than 1
- if the fluid sinks in freshwater – s.g. is more
than 1.
5. Velocity – fps or mps;
Ideal velocity – 3 mps (for water).
Centrifugal Pumps Important Terms

6. Gravity – 32.2 ft/sec 2 or 9.8 meters/sec2

7. NPSHr – Net Positive Suction Head Required.
- function of pump design,
- determine by actual test by the manufacturer,
8. NPSHa – Net Positive Suction Head Available.
- is a function of system design.
- hps + hs – hvps – hfs
 Centrifugal Pumps Important Terms

9. BHP – actual horsepower delivered to the

pump;
= Q (gpm) x TDH (feet) x s.g./3960 x eff.
- can also be read from the pump curve at any
flow rate.
10. Specific Speed – is a non-dimensional design
index that identifies the geometric similarity
of pumps.
Effect of Specific Gravity on pressure
Fig. 1 – Identical Pumps Handling Liquids with
Different Specific Gravities. H – 100 ft.
1. Gasoline
SG = 0.75
P = 32.5 psi
2. Water
SG = 1.0
P = 43 psi
3. Brine
SG = 1.2
P = 52 psi.
Fig. 2 a – Suction Lift showing Pump above the Suction Tank
Fig 2 – b Suction Head showing Pump located below
the Suction Tank
Fig. 3 Specific Speed, Ns vs. Impeller Design
Fig. 4 – Calculation of System NPSH Available for typical
suction conditions
Fig. 8 Composite Performance Curve
Centrifugal Pumps Important Terms -
System Curve – develop by end user.
Pump Curve – develop by vendor.
Fig. 9 No Static Head – All Friction
Fig. 10 Positive Suction Head
Fig. 11 – Negative (Gravity) Head
Fig. 12 – Mostly Lift – Little Friction Head
Pump Selection - Technical Schedule
1. Fluid Viscosity, cPs
- Clear Water, Sewage, etc.
2. Capacity – GPM, CMH
3. Total Dynamic Head
3.1 Suction Head, H
- Flooded suction, Suction Lift
3.2 Discharge Head, H
- Discharge velocity
4. Fluid Density – kg/cu. m.
 Pump Selection - Technical Schedule

5. Fluid Temperature – deg. C

6. Power supply.
7. Seal – packing or mechanical seal.
8. Pump material – cast iron, ductile iron,
stainless steel, etc.
Calculate the Total Dynamic Head (TDH)
TDH = Discharge Head,hd + Suction Head, hs
Total Suction Head, hs = hss + hps + hfs
- hss – suction static head
- hps – suction surface pressure head
- hfs - suction friction head
Total Discharge Head, hd = hsd + hpd + hfd
- hsd – discharge static head
- hpd – discharge surface pressure head
- hfd - discharge friction head
 EXAMPLE

20’ 100’

10’ 10’
22’ 2’

10’
Pump

25’

15’

Water Suction Pipe = 3”

170 F Discharge Pipe = 2”
SG 1.0 Q = 100 GPM
Total Suction Head, hs
Static Suction Head, hss - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15’
Suction Surface Pressure Head, hps – - - - - -0’
Suction Friction Head, hfd - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2.1’
Total length of 3” pipe - - - - - - - - - - 35’
1x 90 Deg 3” elbow (from Chart) – - 7.7 ’
Total Equivalent Length of 3” pipe – 42.7’
Friction, (from Chart) 4.96’ x 42.71’/100’ – 2.1’
Total Suction Head, hs
hs = 15’ (static) + 0’ (pressure) + 2.1’ (friction)
hs = 17.1’
Total Discharge Head, hd
Discharge Static Head, hd - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22’
Discharge Surface Pressure Head, hpd – - - - - - - 0’
Discharge Friction Head, hfd - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58.3’
Total Length of 2” pipe - - - - 142’
4x 90 deg 2” elbow, 4x 5.2 – 20.8’
Total equiv. length of pipe - -162.8’
Friction, 35.8’ (from Chart) x 162.8’/100’ – 58.3’
Total Discharge Head, hd:
hd = 22’ (static) + 0’ (pressure) + 58.3’ (friction)
hd = 80.3’
Calculate TDH (refer to the Example)
Q = 100 gpm at 170 F, Water; SG – 1.0
TDH = Total Suction Head, hs + Total
Discharge Head, hd
= 17.1’ + 80.3’
TDH = 97.4 ft

Remark: Please refer to details.

Calculate BHP

100 gpm (Q) x 97.4 ft (TDH) x 1.0

BHP = ---------------------------------------------
3960 x 80% (Eff)

BHP = 3.065
PUMP PERFORMANCE CHART
Pumping: Series and Parallel
Parallel Pump Operation – increased in
GPM/CMH capacity. Few RULES:

1. Both pumps should be identical in

manufacturer, model, size, and impeller
diameter to avoid mismatch problems.
2. Each pump should be equipped with check
valves to stopped the pump from spinning
backward in the event of a pump shutdown,
which typically causes damage.
Parallel Pump Operation – increased in
GPM/CMH capacity. Few RULES:
3. Suction and discharge piping should be
arranged as symmetrically as practical so that
both pumps have the same NPSHa and the
same suction and discharge friction losses.
4. Flow meters should be provided to verify that
each pump is providing flow above its
minimum continuous stable flow.
Centrifugal Pump – FOUNDATION FEW RULES

1. Rigid foundation that prevents torsional

or linear movement of the pump and its
baseplate.
2. Mass of concrete foundation should be at
least 5x the total mass of the supported
equipment.
3. Baseplates must be secured to concrete
foundation with non-shrinking epoxy or
cementitious grout.
Centrifugal Pump – FOUNDATION
FEW RULES
4. Pumps less than 500 HP:
a. top at least 3” wider and
b. 6” longer than the baseplate.
c. for greater than 500 HP – at leas 6” wider
5. To determine bottom width of the foundation, draw
imaginary lines from the center of rotation
downward at 30 degree angles. These lines should
pass through the bottom of the foundation.
Centrifugal Pump – PIPING
FEW RULES
1. Use flexible isolator or connector on both
suction and discharge pipes.
2. Suction pipe should provide a straight,
unrestricted run that is 5x to 10x the
diameter of that pipe, between the suction
reducer and the first obstruction in the line.
3. Install eccentric reducer with the straight
side on top at the pump suction.
Centrifugal Pump – PIPING
FEW RULES
4. The pipe diameter on both inlet and the outlet sides
of the pump should be at least one size larger than
the nozzle itself.
5. Eliminate elbows mounted, or close to, the inlet
nozzle of the pump.
6. Eliminate the potential for vortices or air
entrainment in the suction source.
7. Arrange the piping in such a way that there is no
strain imposed on the pump casing.
The Affinity Law
Formulas for Refiguring Pump Performance with Impeller Diameter or
Speed Change

Diameter and Speed

Diameter Change Only Speed Change Only
Change

17
• The pump Affinity Laws are:
– Flow is directly proportional to impeller speed
– Pressure (head) is proportional to the square of impeller speed
– Power requirement is proportional to the cube of impeller speed

• Succinctly stated:

Where:
Q = Flow rate
H =Delivered pressure (head)
P = Power required
• We can write the pump affinity laws in another, equivalent,
way:

• Then use these forms of the pump affinity law equations to

predict what happens when the rotational velocity of the
impeller is changed.
• Example Problem:

Flow from a pump is measured to be 100 gpm. Delivered

pressure head is 100 ftH2O. Power requirements are 5 h.p.
The pump impeller rotational velocity is increased from 1750
rpm to 3500 rpm. What effect does increasing the impeller
rotational velocity have on flow rate, delivered pressure and
power consumption?
• Solution: Use the pump affinity law equations and substitute
the information in the problem statement:
– Q1 = 100 gpm
– H1 = 100 ftH2O
– P1 = 5 h.p.
– N1 = 1750 rpm
– N2 = 3500 rpm

Doubling impeller velocity increases flow by factor of 2, pressure by a

factor of 4, and power consumption by a factor of 8
• Another Example Problem: For an existing system, flow
from a pump is measured to be 100 gpm. Maximum
delivered pressure head is 100 ftH2O, and current power
requirements are 8 h.p. at an impeller velocity of 875 rpm.
Due to brewery expansion, a new, larger, heat exchanger is
installed which increases the total system pressure head to
150 ftH2O. To what velocity must the pump impeller be
increased in order to overcome the new higher system
backpressure?
• Solution: Write down the information in the problem
statement:
– Q1 = 100 gpm
– H1 = 100 ftH2O
– H2 = 150 ftH2O
– P1 = 8 h.p.
– N1 = 875 rpm
– N2 = ? rpm

• Then algebraically rearrange the relevant Affinity Law

equation:
• Then substitute in the appropriate values from the problem
statement:
– H1 = 100 ftH2O
– H2 = 150 ftH2O
– N1 = 875 rpm

• And solve:

Impeller velocity must be increased from 875 rpm to 1072 rpm, an increase of
approximately 23%
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT ROTARY
PUMPS
Positive Displacement Rotary Pumps

Gear Pumps
Screw Pump
Lobe Pump
Vane Pump
Radial Piston Pump
 Positive Displacement Rotary Pumps
• A positive displacement pump in which rotary
motion carries the liquid from the pumps inlet to its
outlet.
• A Positive Displacement Pump has an expanding
cavity on the suction side of the pump and a
decreasing cavity on the discharge side.
• Liquid is allowed to flow into the pump as the cavity
on the suction side expands and the liquid is forced
out of the discharge as the cavity collapses.
• This principle applies to all types of Positive
Displacement Pumps whether the pump is a rotary
lobe, gear within a gear, piston, diaphragm, screw
etc.
 Continued…
• A Positive Displacement Pump, unlike a
Centrifugal Pump, will produce the same flow
at a given RPM no matter what the discharge
pressure is.
• A Positive Displacement Pump cannot be
operated against a closed valve on the
discharge side of the pump, i.e. it does not
have a shut-off head like a Centrifugal Pump
does. If a Positive Displacement Pump is
allowed to operate against a closed discharge
valve it will continue to produce flow which
will increase the pressure in the discharge line
until either the line bursts or the pump is
severely damaged or both.
 Gear Pumps
• External Gear Pump
Working of External Gear Pump
• The external gear pump is a positive displacement pump
composed of a casing with two meshing gears with
external teeth.
• One gear is driven by the shaft coupled to a driver. This
gear drives the other gear.
• The rotation of the gears is such that the liquid comes
into the inlet port and flows into and around the outer
periphery of the two rotating gears.
• As the liquid comes around the periphery it is discharged
to the outlet port. The flow of the pump is regulated by
the size of the cavity (volume) between the teeth and the
speed of the gears.
 Continued….
• Flow from the outlet is further regulated by the
amount of liquid that slips back to the inlet port.
• The amount of slip depends on the side clearance
of the gears to the casing, the peripheral clearance
of the gear and bore in the casing, gear-to-gear
clearance, developed pressure, and viscosity of the
liquid.
• The lower the viscosity, the greater the slippage.
• As the viscosity increases, the pump speed is
lowered to allow the liquid to fill the space
between the rotating teeth.
 Applications:
• The most common uses for these pumps are
to supply fuel oil for burners, gasoline
transfer, kerosene, fuel oil, and diesel oil.
• They are used for hydraulic devices such as
elevators and damper controls.
• They also pump coolants, paints, bleaches,
solvents, syrups, glues, greases, petroleum,
and lube oils and are used in general
industrial applications.
• External gear pumps can handle small
suspended solids in abrasive applications but
will gradually wear and lose performance.
Internal Gear Pump
 Working of Internal Gear Pump
• The internal gear pump is a rotary flow positive
displacement pump design, which is well-suited for
a wide range of applications due to its relatively low
speed and inlet pressure requirements.
• These designs have only two moving parts and
hence have proven reliable, simple to operate, and
easy to maintain.
• They are often a more efficient alternative than a
centrifugal pump, especially as viscosity increases.
• Internal gear pumps have one gear with internally
cut gear teeth that mesh with the other gear that
has externally cut gear teeth.
 Continued…
• Pumps of this type are made with a crescent-
shaped partition. Designs are available to provide
the same direction of flow regardless of the
direction of shaft rotation.
• As the gears come out of mesh on the inlet side,
liquid is drawn into the pump. The gears have a
fairly long time to come out of mesh allowing for
favorable filling.
• The mechanical contacts between the gears form
a part of the moving fluid seal between the inlet
and outlet ports. The liquid is forced out the
discharge port by the meshing of the gears.
Applications:
• Internal gear pumps are applied in
petrochemical, marine, terminal unloading,
chemical, and general industrial applications for
transfer, lubrication, processing, and low-
pressure hydraulics handling a wide range of fuel
oils, lube oils, and viscous chemicals (both
corrosive and noncorrosive).
Screw Pump
 Screw Type PDRP
• There are many variations in the design of the screw type
positive displacement, rotary pump. The primary differences
consist of the number of intermeshing screws involved, the
pitch of the screws, and the general direction of fluid flow.
• Two common designs are the two-screw, low-pitch, double-
flow pump and the three-screw, high-pitch, double-flow
pump.
• The two-screw, low-pitch, screw pump consists of two screws
that mesh with close clearances, mounted on two parallel
shafts. One screw has a right-handed thread, and the other
screw has a left-handed thread. One shaft is the driving shaft
and drives the other shaft through a set of herringbone timing
gears. The gears serve to maintain clearances between the
screws as they turn and to promote quiet operation. The
screws rotate in closely fitting duplex cylinders that have
overlapping bores.
 continued
• All clearances are small, but there is no actual contact between
the two screws or between the screws and the cylinder walls.
• The complete assembly and the usual flow path are shown in
Figure. Liquid is trapped at the outer end of each pair of screws.
As the first space between the screw threads rotates away from
the opposite screw, a one-turn, spiral-shaped quantity of liquid
is enclosed when the end of the screw again meshes with the
opposite screw.
• As the screw continues to rotate, the entrapped spiral turns of
liquid slide along the cylinder toward the center discharge space
while the next slug is being entrapped.
• The removal of liquid from the suction end by the screws
produces a reduction in pressure, which draws liquid through
the suction line.
Applications:
• Loading / unloading of fuel oil and other products
from: Railway wagon rakes, Truck tankers, Barges,
Ships and Tankers.
• Lubrication, circulation and cooling.
• Process pumping of high viscous products, bitumen,
molasses, soap and similar products.
• Long distance pipeline pumping of viscous products.

Major Industries:
• Petroleum refineries, Terminals, Depots, Oil blending
stations, Thermal power plants, Steel plants,
Fertilizer industries, Petrochemical plants, Carbon
black, Sugar, Paper and Pulp, Marine.
Vane Pump
 Vane Pump
• The simplest vane pump is a circular rotor rotating inside
of a larger circular cavity. The centres of these two circles
are offset, causing eccentricity.
• Vanes are allowed to slide into and out of the rotor and
seal on all edges, creating vane chambers that do the
pumping work.
• On the intake side of the pump, the vane chambers are
increasing in volume. These increasing volume vane
chambers are filled with fluid forced in by the inlet
pressure. Inlet pressure is actually the pressure from the
system being pumped, often just the atmosphere.
• On the discharge side of the pump, the vane chambers are
decreasing in volume, forcing fluid out of the pump. The
action of the vane drives out the same volume of fluid
with each rotation.
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
• Handles thin liquids at relatively higher pressures
• Compensates for wear through vane extension
• Sometimes preferred for solvents, LPG
• Can run dry for short periods
• Can have one seal or stuffing box
• Develops good vacuum

Disadvantages
• Can have two stuffing boxes
• Complex housing and many parts
• Not suitable for high pressures
• Not suitable for high viscosity
• Not good with abrasives
 Applications
• Fuel Transfer
• Auto Industry - Fuels, Lubes, Refrigeration
Coolants
• Bulk Transfer of LPG and NH3
• LPG Cylinder Filling
• Alcohols
• Refrigeration - Freons, Ammonia
• Solvents
Three Lobe Pump
 Working of lobe pump
• Lobe pumps are similar to external gear pumps in
operation in that fluid flows around the interior of the
casing. Unlike external gear pumps, however, the lobes
do not make contact. Lobe contact is prevented by
external timing gears located in the gearbox.
• 1. As the lobes come out of mesh, they create
expanding volume on the inlet side of the pump.
Liquid flows into the cavity and is trapped by the lobes
as they rotate.
• 2. Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the
pockets between the lobes and the casing—it does not
pass between the lobes.
• 3. Finally, the meshing of the lobes forces liquid
through the outlet port under pressure.
 Lobe pump
• Lobe pumps are frequently used in food applications
because they handle solids without damaging the product.
Particle size pumped can be much larger in lobe pumps than
in other positive displacement types. Since the lobes do not
make contact, and clearances are not as close as in other
Positive displacement pumps, this design handles
low viscosity liquids with diminished performance.
• Loading characteristics are not as good as other designs,
and suction ability is low.
• High-viscosity liquids require reduced speeds to achieve
satisfactory performance.
• Reductions of 25% of rated speed and lower are common
with high-viscosity liquids.
• Lobe pumps are used in a variety of industries including
pulp and paper, chemical, food, beverage, pharmaceutical,
and biotechnology. They are popular in these diverse
industries because they offer high efficiency, reliability,
corrosion resistance.
Reciprocating pump
 Pumps are used to increase the energy level of water by virtue of
which it can be raised to a higher level.
 Reciprocating pumps are positive displacement pump, i.e. initially,
a small quantity of liquid is taken into a chamber and is physically
displaced and forced out with pressure by a moving mechanical
elements.
 The use of reciprocating pumps is being limited these days and
being replaced by centrifugal pumps.
 For industrial purposes, they have become obsolete due to their
high initial and maintenance costs as compared to centrifugal
pumps.
 Small hand operated pumps are still in use that include well
pumps, etc
 Main components
 A reciprocation pumps consists of a plunger or a piston that moves
forward and backward inside a cylinder with the help of a
connecting rod and a crank. The crank is rotated by an external
source of power.
 The cylinder is connected to the sump by a suction pipe and to the
delivery tank by a delivery pipe.
 At the cylinder ends of these pipes, non-return valves are
provided. A non-return valve allows the liquid to pass in only one
direction.
 Through suction valve, liquid can only be admitted into the
cylinder and through the delivery valve, liquid can only be
discharged into the delivery pipe.
Main components
Working of Reciprocating Pump
 When the piston moves from the left to the right, a suction
pressure is produced in the cylinder. If the pump is started for
the first time or after a long period, air from the suction pipe
is sucked during the suction stroke, while the delivery valve is
closed. Liquid rises into the suction pipe by a small height
due to atmospheric pressure on the sump liquid.
 During the delivery stroke, air in the cylinder is pushed out
into the delivery pipe by the thrust of the piston, while the
suction valve is closed. When all the air from the suction pipe
has been exhausted, the liquid from the sump is able to rise
and enter the cylinder.
Working of Reciprocating Pump
 During the delivery stroke it is displaced into the delivery
pipe. Thus the liquid is delivered into the delivery tank
intermittently, i.e. during the delivery stroke only.
Classification
Following are the main types of reciprocating pumps:
 According to use of piston sides
 Single acting Reciprocating Pump:
If there is only one suction and one delivery pipe and the
liquid is filled only on one side of the piston, it is called a
single-acting reciprocating pump.
 Double acting Reciprocating Pump:
A double-acting reciprocating pump has two suction and
two delivery pipes, Liquid is receiving on both sides of the
piston in the cylinder and is delivered into the respective
delivery pipes.
Classification
 According to number of cylinder
Reciprocating pumps having more than one cylinder are called
multi-cylinder reciprocating pumps.
 Single cylinder pump:
A single-cylinder pump can be either single or double acting
 Double cylinder pump (or two throw pump):
A double cylinder or two throw pump consist of two cylinders
connected to the same shaft.
 Triple cylinder pump (three throw pump):
A triple-cylinder pump or three throw pump has three cylinders,
the cranks of which are set at 1200 to one another. Each cylinder is
provided with its own suction pipe delivery pipe and piston.
Classification
 According to number of cylinder:
Discharge through a Reciprocating Pump
Let
A = cross sectional area of cylinder
r = crank radius
N = rpm of the crank
L = stroke length (2r)
Discharge through pump per second=
Area x stroke length x rpm/60
N
Qth = A × L ×
60
This will be the discharge when the pump is single acting.
Discharge through a Reciprocating Pump

Discharge in case of double acting pump

 ALN ( A − AP ) LN 
=
Discharge/Second = th 
Q + 
 60 60
( 2 A − AP ) LN
Qth =
60
Where, Ap = Area of cross-section of piston rod
However, if area of the piston rod is neglected

Discharge/Second = 2ALN
60
Slip
Slip of a reciprocating pump is defined as the difference
between the theoretical and the actual discharge.
i.e. Slip = Theoretical discharge - Actual discharge
= Qth. - Qa

Slip can also be expressed in terms of %age and given by

Qth − Qact
% slip = × 100
Qth
 
100 = (1 − Cd )100
Q
= 1 − act
 Qth 
Slip
Slip Where Cd is known as co-efficient of discharge and is
defined as the ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical
discharge.

Cd = Qa / Qth.

Value of Cd when expressed in percentage is known as

volumetric efficiency of the pump. Its value ranges between
95---98 %. Percentage slip is of the order of 2% for pumps in
good conditions.
Power Input
Consider a single acting reciprocating pump.
Let
hs = Suction head or difference in level between centre line of
cylinder and the sump.
hd = Delivery head or difference in between centre line of
cylinder and the outlet of delivery pipe.
Hst = Total static head
= hs + hd
Theoretical work done by the pump
= ρ Qth g Hst
 ALN 
= ρ  g (hs + hd )
 60 
Power Input
Power input to the pump
 ALN 
= ρ  g (hs + hd )
 60 
However, due to the leakage and frictional losses, actual
power input will be more than the theoretical power.
Let η = Efficiency of the pump.

Then actual power input to the pump

ρ
ALN 
 g (hs + hd )
1
= 
η  60 
 Pumps
• Pumps add energy to fluids and therefore are accounted for
in the energy equation
• Energy required by the pump depends on:
– Discharge rate
– Resistance to flow (head that the pump must overcome)
– Pump efficiency (ratio of power entering fluid to power supplied to
the pump)
– Efficiency of the drive (usually an electric motor)

v12 p1 v22 p2
+ + z1 + H pump = + + z2 + H L
2g γ 2g γ

v2
∑ h f + ∑ hminor
HL = ∑ h f + ∑ Ki 2 g
=
Pump Nomenclatures
• (Total) Static head – difference in head between suction and
discharge sides of pump in the absence of flow; equals
difference in elevation of free surfaces of the fluid source and
destination
• Static suction head – head on suction side of pump in absence
of flow, if pressure at that point is >0
• Static discharge head – head on discharge side of pump in
absence of flow

Static
discharge Total static
head head

Static suction
head
Pump Nomenclatures
• (Total) Static head – difference in head between suction and
discharge sides of pump in the absence of flow; equals
difference in elevation of free surfaces of the fluid source
and destination
• Static suction lift – negative head on suction side of pump in
absence of flow, if pressure at that point is <0
• Static discharge head – head on discharge side of pump in
absence of flow

Static
discharge
Total static head
head Static suction lift
 Pump Nomenclatures

Static
discharge
Static head
discharge Total static head
head (both) Static suction lift

Static suction
head

=
Total static head Static discharge head − Static suction head
= Static discharge head + Static suction lift

Note: Suction and discharge head / lift measured from pump centerline
 Pump Nomenclatures
• (Total) Dynamic head, dynamic suction head or lift, and dynamic
discharge head – same as corresponding static heads, but for a given
pumping scenario; includes frictional and minor headlosses

Energy Line

Dynamic
discharge
Total dynamic head
head

Dynamic
suction lift
Example. Determine the static head, total dynamic head (TDH), and total
headloss in the system shown below.

El = 730 ft

ps =−6 psig
El = 640 ft

El = 630 ft pd =48 psig

Total static head = 730 ft − 630 ft = 100 ft

 2.31 ft 
=
TDH { }
 48 − ( −6 )  psi  =  124.7 ft
 psi 
H L =TDH − Static head =(124.7 − 100 ) ft =24.7 ft
 Example. A booster pumping station is being designed to transport water
from an aqueduct to a water supply reservoir, as shown below. The
maximum design flow is 25 mgd (38.68 ft3/s). Determine the required TDH,
given the following:
• H-W ‘C’ values are 120 on suction side and 145 on discharge side
• Minor loss coefficients are
0.50 for pipe entrance
0.18 for 45o bend in a 48-in pipe
0.30 for 90o bend in a 36-in pipe
0.16 and 0.35 for 30-in and 36-in butterfly valves, respectively
• Minor loss for an expansion is 0.25(v22 − v12)/2g

30″ to 48″ El = 6349

expansion 8500′of 36″ pipe w/one to 6357 ft
90o bend and eight
El = 6127 butterfly valves
to 6132 ft

Short 30″ pipe w/30″ 4000′of 48″ pipe

butterfly valve w/two 45o bends
1. Determine pipeline velocities from v = Q/A..
v30= 7.88 ft/s, v36= 5.47 ft/s, v48= 3.08 ft/s

2. Minor losses, suction side:

2
v30
Entrance: = = 0.49 ft
hL 0.50
2g
2
v30
=
Butterfly valve: = 0.16 ft
hL 0.16
2g
 v30
2
− v48
2

=
Expansion: =
hL 0.25   0.21 ft
 2g 
 v 2

Two 45 =
o
=
bends: hL 2* 48
 0.18  0.05 ft
 2g 

∑h L ,minor = 0.91 ft
3. Minor losses, discharge side:

 2
v36 
=
8 Butterfly valves: =
hL 8*  0.35  1.30 ft
 2g 
2
v36
One 90o bend: = = 0.14 ft
hL 0.30
2g

∑h
L ,minor = 1.90 ft
4. Pipe friction losses:

1.85 1.85
hf  Q   Q 
=
S =  hf = L 
L  0.43CD 2.63   0.43CD 
2.63

1.85
 38.7 
h f , suction (=
4000 )  2.63 
2.76 ft
 0.43 (120 )( 48 /12 ) 

1.85
 38.7 
h f ,discharge (=
8500 )  2.63 
16.77 ft
 0.43 (145 )( 36 /12 ) 
5. Loss of velocity head at exit:
v362
Exit: =
hL = 0.46 ft
2g
6. Total static head under worst-case scenario (lowest water
level in aqueduct, highest in reservoir):

Static head =( 6357 − 6127 ) ft =230 ft

7. Total dynamic head required:

TDH = H static + ∑ hL ,minor + ∑ h f + hL ,exit

= ( 230 + [ 0.91 + 1.90] + [ 2.76 + 16.77 ] + 0.46 ) ft

= 252.8 ft
Pump Power

Q ( TDH ) γ
P=
( CF ) E p
• P = Power supplied to the pump from the shaft; also called ‘brake
power’ (kW or hp)
• Q = Flow (m3/s or ft3/s)
• TDH = Total dynamic head
• γ = Specific wt. of fluid (9800 N/m3 or 62.4 lb/ft3 at 20oC)
• CF = conversion factor: 1000 W/kW for SI, 550 (ft-lb/s)/hp for US
• Ep = pump efficiency, dimensionless; accounts only for pump,
not the drive unit (electric motor)

Useful conversion: 0.746 kW/hp

Example. Water is pumped 10 miles from a lake at elevation 100 ft to a
reservoir at 230 ft. What is the monthly power cost at $0.08/kW-hr, assuming
continuous pumping and given the following info:
• Diameter D = 48 in; Roughness ε = 0.003 ft, Efficiency Pe =80%
• Flow = 25 mgd = 38.68 ft3/s
• T = 60o F El = 230 ft 2
• Ignore minor losses

10 mi of 48″ pipe,
ε =0.003 ft
El = 100 ft 1

v12 p1 v22 p2
+ + z1 + H pump = + + z2 + H L
2g γ 2g γ

=
H pump TDH =
z2 − z1 H stat =
H L hf

= H stat + h f
TDH
 El = 230 ft 2

10 mi of 48″ pipe,
ε =0.0003 ft
El = 100 ft 1

= H stat + h f
TDH

H stat =( 230 − 100 ) ft =130 ft Find f from Moody diagram

Lv  2
= =
Re
vD ( 3.08 ft/s )( 4 ft=) 1.01x106
hf = f   ν 1.22x10−5 ft 2 /s
D  2g 
ε
0.003 ft
=v Q=
/ A 3.08 ft/s = = 7.5x10−4
D 4 ft
 El = 230 ft 2

10 mi of 48″ pipe,
ε =0.0003 ft
El = 100 ft 1

= H stat + h f
TDH

H stat =( 230 − 100 ) ft =130 ft Find f from Moody diagram

Lv  2
= =
Re
vD ( 3.08 ft/s )( 4 ft=) 1.01x106
hf = f   ν 1.22x10−5 ft 2 /s
D  2g 
ε
0.003 ft
=v Q=
/ A 3.08 ft/s = = 7.5x10−4
D 4 ft
 El = 230 ft 2

10 mi of 48″ pipe,
ε =0.0003 ft
El = 100 ft 1
ε
Re = 1.01x10 6 = 7.5x10−4
D

f = 0.0185
 
 10*5280 ft   ( 3.08 ft/s )
2

hf (=
0.0187 )    36.4 ft
 4 ft   2 ( 32.2 ft/s ) 
2 

TDH= H stat + h f = (130 + 36.4 ) ft= 166.4 ft

Q ( TDH ) γ ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
38.68 ft /s 166.4 ft 62.4 lb/ft
P = = 918 hp
( CF ) E p  ft-lb/s 
 550  ( 0.80 )
 hp 

 kW   $0.08  hr 
Daily cost (=
918 hp )  0.746   24  $1315 / d
 hp   kW-hr  d
 
 10*5280 ft   ( 3.08 ft/s )
2

hf (=
0.0187 )    36.4 ft
 4 ft   2 ( 32.2 ft/s ) 
2 

TDH= H stat + h f = (130 + 36.4 ) ft= 166.4 ft

P
Q ( TDH ) γ
=
( 38.68 ft /s ) (166.4 ft ) ( 62.4
3

=
lb/ft )
3

918 hp
( CF ) E p  ft-lb/s 
 550 hp  ( 0.80 )
 
 Pump Selection

• Pump curve – indicates TDH provided by the pump as a function

of Q;
– Depends on particular pump; info usually provided by manufacturer
– TDH at zero flow is called the ‘shutoff head’
• Pump efficiency
– Can be plotted as fcn(Q), along with pump curve, on a single graph
– Typically drops fairly rapidly on either side of an optimum; flow at
optimum efficiency known as “normal” or “rated” capacity
– Ideally, pump should be chosen so that operating point corresponds to
nearly peak pump efficiency (‘BEP’, best efficiency point)
Pump Performance and Efficiency Curves

Shutoff head

Rated
hp

Rated
capacity
Pump Selection
 Pump Efficiency
• Pump curves depend on pump geometry (impeller D) and speed
 Pump Selection
• At any instant, a system has a single Q and a single TDH, so both curves must
pass through that point;  operating point is intersection of system and
pump curves
 Pump System Curve
• System curve may change over time, due to fluctuating reservoir
levels, gradual changes in friction coefficients, or changed valve
settings.
Pump Selection: Multiple Pumps
• Pumps often used in series or parallel to achieve desired pumping scenario
• In most cases, a backup pump must be provided to meet maximum flow
conditions if one of the operating (‘duty’) pumps is out of service.
• Pumps in series have the same Q, so if they are identical, they each impart
the same TDH, and the total TDH is additive
• Pumps in parallel must operate against the same TDH, so if they are
identical, they contribute equal Q, and the total Q is additive

Adding a second pump

moves the operating
point “up” the system
curve, but in different
ways for series and
parallel operation
Example. A pump station is to be designed for an ultimate Q of 1200 gpm
at a TDH of 80 ft. At present, it must deliver 750 gpm at 60 ft. Two types of
pump are available, with pump curves as shown. Select appropriate
pumps and describe the operating strategy. How will the system operate
under an interim condition when the requirement is for 600 gpm and 80-ft
TDH?

120
110
100
90
80
70
TDH (ft)

60
50
40 70
Efficiency, %

Pump B
30 60
20 50 Pump A
10 40
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Flow rate (gpm)
Either type of pump can meet current needs (750 gpm at 60 ft); pump B
will supply slightly more flow and head than needed, so a valve could be
partially closed. Pump B has higher efficiency under these conditions, and
so would be preferred.

120
110
100
90
80
70
TDH (ft)

60
50
40 70
Efficiency, %

Pump B
30 60
20 50 Pump A
10 40
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Flow rate (gpm)
The pump characteristic curve for two type-B pumps in parallel can be
drawn by taking the curve for one type-B pump, and doubling Q at each
value of TDH. Such a scenario would meet the ultimate need (1200 gpm at
80 ft), as shown below.

120
110
100
90
80
70
TDH (ft)

60
50
40 70
Efficiency, %

Pump B
30 60
20 50 Pump A
10 40
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Flow rate (gpm)
A pump characteristic curve for one type-A and one type-B pump in
parallel can be drawn in the same way. This arrangement would also meet
the ultimate demand. Note that the type-B pump provides no flow at
TDH>113 ft, so at higher TDH, the composite curve is identical to that for
just one type-A pump. (A check valve would prevent reverse flow through
pump B.) Again, since type B is more efficient, two type-B pumps would be
preferred over one type-A and one type-B.
120
One A and
110
one B in
100 parallel
90
80
70
TDH (ft)

60
50
40 70
Efficiency, %

Pump B
30 60
20 50 Pump A
10 40
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Flow rate (gpm)
At the interim conditions, a single type B pump would suffice.
A third type B pump would be required as backup.

120
One A and
110
one B in
100 parallel
90
80
70
TDH (ft)

60
50
40 70
Efficiency, %

Pump B
30 60
20 50 Pump A
10 40
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Flow rate (gpm)
Cavitation
Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of
vapor bubbles of flowing liquid in a region where the
pressure of the liquid falls below its vapor pressure and the
sudden collapsing of this vapor bubbles in a region of higher
pressure. When the vapor bubbles collapse, a very high
pressure is created. The formation and the collapse of a
great number of bubbles on the surface produce intense
local stresses that damage the surface by fatigue. It may
occur at the entry to pumps or at the exit from hydraulic
turbines in the vicinity of the moving blades

16
Cavitation
Cavitation processes in centrifugal pump
The cavitation phenomenon develops in the impeller pump,
when the pressure of liquid falls below the saturated vapor
pressure at the prevailing temperature ( Ps< Pv of liquid),
small vapor bubbles begin to form and the dissolved gases
are evolved. The vapor bubbles are caught up by the
following liquid and swept into a region of higher pressure,
where they condense. Condensation takes place violently,
accompanied by a tremendous increase in pressure, which
has the character of water hammer blows. These impact
follow each other in rapid succession, the vapor bubbles
bursting both in the immediate vicinity of the surface
attacked and in the pores causing cavitation pitting with 16
many effecting.
Cavitation

16
 Cavitation
HOW TO AVOID CAVITATION? CAVITATION CAN BE AVOIDED IF THE NPSH
AVAILABLE IS LARGER THAN THE N.P.S.H. REQUIRED.

The Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA) is the total

energy per unit weight, or head, at the suction flange of the
pump less the vapor pressure head of the fluid. This is the
accepted definition that is published by the Hydraulic
Institute’s Standards books. The Hydraulic Institute is the
organization that formulates and promotes the use of common
standards used for the pump industry in North America. The
term "Net" refers to the actual head at the pump suction
flange, since some energy is lost in friction prior to the
suction.

16
 Cavitation
HOW TO AVOID CAVITATION? CAVITATION CAN BE AVOIDED IF THE NPSH
AVAILABLE IS LARGER THAN THE NPSH REQUIRED.

Why do we need to calculate the NPSHA? This value is required to

avoid cavitation. Cavitation will be avoided if the head at the
suction is higher than the vapor pressure head of the fluid. In
addition, the pump manufacturers require a minimum NPSH to
guarantee proper operation of the pump at the values of total
head and flow rate indicated on the pump`s characteristic curves.
They call this the NPSHR, where “R” stands for required.

16
Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR)
The NPSH required provides us with the level of head in terms of feet of
water absolute required at the pump suction flange. When that level of
head is insufficient the capacity and head of the pump will drop and
cavitation will occur.

How do the pump manufacturers measure NPSH

required?
The pump manufacturers measure the NPSH. required in a test rig
similar to that shown in Figure 1. The system is run in a closed loop
where flow, total head and power consumed are measured. In order to
provide a low NPSH, a vacuum pump is used to lower the pressure in the
suction tank that will provide a low head at the pump suction. The
pressure in the suction tank is lowered until a drop of 3% (see figure 2)
of the total head is measured. When that occurs the NPSH is calculated
and recorded as the NPSH required for that operating point. The
experiment is repeated for many operating points. Heating coils are also
used to increase the water temperature thereby increasing the vapor
pressure and further lowering the NPSH as needed.
16
Figure 1 Test rig used to measure NPSH
required
17
• Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
‒ Net positive suction head (NPSH) is the pushing force at the intake
of a pump. It is the force of the liquid pushing into the pump due to
gravity, plus other head pressures
‒ It can be thought of as the net positive pressure of the liquid entering
the pump intake, and is determined by liquid head height or liquid
head pressure + gravity pressure, minus friction loss.
‒ NPSH is the head (pressure and gravity head) of liquid in the suction
line of the pump that will overcome the friction resistive forces.

Fluid Dynamics Lecture 3- P 162

• Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR)
‒ NPSHR is the minimum amount of liquid pressure required at the
intake port of a pump

• Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA)

‒ is the amount of positive pressure head available at the pump intake
after pipe friction losses and head pressure contribution has been
accounted for

• It is very important that NPSHA > NPSHR

• Why…..?

Fluid Dynamics Lecture 3- P 163

• When a centrifugal pump is pulling liquid in through the
suction side of the impeller it is creating a large low-
pressure situation immediately upstream of the impeller
• If liquid is unable to flow into the pump intake fast enough,
this low-pressure situation can become a VERY low-
pressure situation.
• If the pump suction is strong enough, a pump can create a
vacuum that is so strong that the pressure within the pipe
immediately upstream of the impeller is low enough for the
liquid to begin to boil
• This situation is given the name “cavitation”
• Cavitation decreases pump performance and can cause
Fluiddamage
Dynamics Lecture 3- to
P 164the pump.
• To avoid this situation, ensure that centrifugal pumps are
properly specified and installed in a location that maximizes
available suction head (i.e. near the low-point within the
piping system).

 Tank #1 Tank #2

Pump

Pump

X Tank #1 Tank #2
Figure 2- Measuring the drop in head to define the
NPSH required at that operating point.
17
In the case where you have no data from the manufacturer for establishing
the NPSHR, Figure 3 provides an estimate for NPSHR for centrifugal pumps

17
 NPSHa in a nutshell

• NPSHa = Pressure head + Static head - Vapor pressure head of your

product – Friction head loss in the piping, valves and fittings.
• “All terms in feet absolute”
• In an existing system, the NPSHa can also be approximated by a gauge on
the pump suction using the formula:
• NPSHa = hpS - hvpS ± hgS + hvS
• hpS = Barometric pressure in feet absolute.
• hvpS = Vapor pressure of the liquid at maximum pumping temperature, in
feet absolute.
• hgS = Gauge reading at the pump suction expressed in feet (plus if above
atmospheric, minus if below atmospheric) corrected to the pump
centerline.
• hvS = Velocity head in the suction pipe at the gauge connection, expressed
in feet.
• NPSHa should always be greater than NPSHr
Bernoulli’s Principle:
• A Swiss scientist
born in 1700’s
that is most
famous for his
work in fluid
pressure.
THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

The laws of Statics cannot solve dynamic

problems. There is no way to solve for the flow
rate, or Q. Therefore, we need a new dynamic
approach to fluid Mechanics.
2/8/2018 170
 The Bernoulli Equation
By assuming that fluid motion is governed only by
pressure and gravity forces, applying Newton’s second
law, F = ma, leads us to the Bernoulli Equation.

P/γ + V2/2g + z = constant along a streamline

(P=pressure γ =specific weight V=velocity g=gravity z=elevation)

A streamline is the path of one particle of water. Therefore, at any

two points along a streamline, the Bernoulli equation can be
applied and, using a set of engineering assumptions, unknown
flows and pressures can easily be solved for.

2/8/2018 171
The Bernoulli Equation
At any two points on a streamline:

P1/γ + V12/2g + z1 = P2/γ + V22/2g + z2

2/8/2018 172
Apply Bernoulli from 1 to 2

 V2

Z
γ = γair

Point 1 = Point 2
P1/γair + V12/2g + z1 = P2/γair + V22/2g + z2
Knowing the z1 = z2 and that V1= 0, we can simplify
the equation
P1/γair = P2/γair + V22/2g
P1 – P2 = ( V22/2g ) γair
 Stagnation Points

On any body in a flowing fluid, there is a stagnation point. Some fluid

flows over and some under the body. The dividing line (the stagnation
streamline) terminates at the stagnation point. The Velocity decreases as
the fluid approaches the stagnation point. The pressure at the stagnation
point is the pressure obtained when a flowing fluid is decelerated to zero
speed by a frictionless process
Apply Bernoulli from 1 to 2

 V2

Z
γ = γair

Point 1 = Point 2
P1/γair + V12/2g + z1 = P2/γair + V22/2g + z2
Knowing the z1 = z2 and that V1= 0, we can simplify
the equation
P1/γair = P2/γair + V22/2g
P1 – P2 = ( V22/2g ) γair
 A Simple Bernoulli Example

If Jun is traveling at 20 ft/s, what pressure does he feel on his

face if the γair= .0765 lbs/ft3?

We can assume P2 = 0 because it is only atmospheric pressure

P1 = ( V22/2g )(γair) = P1 = ((20 ft/s)2/(2(32.2 ft/s2)) x .0765 lbs/ft3
P1 =.475 lbs/ft2
Converting to lbs/in2 (psi)
P1 = .0033 psi (gage pressure)
If the biker’s face has a surface area of 60 inches
He feels a force of .0033 x 60 = .198 lbs
 Bernoulli Assumptions
There are three main variables in the Bernoulli Equation
Pressure – Velocity – Elevation
To simplify problems, assumptions are often made to eliminate
one or more variables

Key Assumption # 1
Velocity = 0
Imagine a swimming pool with a small 1 cm hole on the floor of the
pool. If you apply the Bernoulli equation at the surface, and at the hole,
we assume that the volume exiting through the hole is trivial compared
to the total volume of the pool, and therefore the Velocity of a water
particle at the surface can be assumed to be zero
Bernoulli Assumptions

Key Assumption # 2
Pressure = 0
Whenever the only pressure acting on a point is the
standard atmospheric pressure, then the pressure at
that point can be assumed to be zero because every
point in the system is subject to that same pressure.
Therefore, for any free surface or free jet, pressure at
that point can be assumed to be zero.
Bernoulli Assumptions
Key Assumption # 3
The Continuity Equation
In cases where one or both of the previous
assumptions do not apply, then we might
need to use the continuity equation to solve
the problem
A1V1=A2V2
Which satisfies that inflow and outflow are
equal at any section
 Bernoulli Example Problem: Free Jets
What is the Flow Rate at point 2? What is the velocity at point 3?
Givens and Assumptions:
Because the tank is so large, we assume V1 = 0 (Volout <<< Voltank)
The tank is open at both ends, thus P1 = P2 = P3 = atm  P1 and P2 and P3= 0

Part 1:
1 Apply Bernoulli’s eqn between points 1 and 2
P1/γH2O + V12/2g + h = P2/γH20 + V22/2g + 0
γH2O
simplifies to
h = V22/2g  solving for V V = √(2gh)

A2 2 0 Q = VA or Q = A2√(2gh)
3
 Bernoulli Example Problem: Free Jets

Part 2: Find V3?

Apply Bernoulli’s eq from pt 1 to pt 3
P1/γH2O + V12/2g + h = P3/γH20 + V32/2g – H
Simplify to  h + H = V32/2g
1
Solving for V  V3 = √( 2g ( h + H ))
γH2O

A2 2 Z=0

3
 The Continuity Equation
Why does a hose with a nozzle shoot water further?
Conservation of Mass:
In a confined system, all of the mass that enters the system, must also exit the
system at the same time.
Flow rate = Q = Area x Velocity
ρ1A1V1(mass inflow rate) = ρ2A2V2( mass outflow rate)
If the fluid at both points is the
same, then the density drops out,
and you get the continuity
V1 -> equation:
A1 A2 V2 ->
A1V1 =A2V2
Therefore
Q2 = A2V2
If A2 < A1 then V2 > V1
Q1 = A1V1
A1V1 = A2V2 Thus, water exiting a nozzle has a
higher velocity
 Free Jets

The velocity of a jet of water is clearly related to the depth of water above
the hole. The greater the depth, the higher the velocity. Similar behavior can
be seen as water flows at a very high velocity from the reservoir behind a
large dam.
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
Looking at the Bernoulli equation again:
P/γ + V2/2g + z = constant on a streamline
This constant is called the total head (energy), H
Because energy is assumed to be conserved, at any point along the
streamline, the total head is always constant
Each term in the Bernoulli equation is a type of head.
P/γ = Pressure Head
V2/2g = Velocity Head
Z = elevation head
These three heads summed equals H = total energy
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line

Measures the Pitot measures 1: Static Pressure Tap

static pressure the total head
Measures the sum of the
elevation head and the
1 2 pressure Head.
EL
V2/2g 2: Pitot Tube
HGL
Measures the Total Head
EL : Energy Line
Q
P/γ Total Head along a system
HGL : Hydraulic Grade line
Sum of the elevation and the
pressure heads along a
Z system
 Tank Example
Solve for the Pressure Head, Velocity Head, and Elevation Head at each point,
and then plot the Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line

Assumptions and Hints:

P1 and P4 = 0 --- V3 = V4 same diameter tube
We must work backwards to solve this problem
1

R = .5’
4’ R = .25’
2
3 4

1’
 Point 1:
Pressure Head : Only atmospheric  P1/γ = 0
Velocity Head : In a large tank, V1 = 0  V12/2g = 0
Elevation Head : Z1 = 4’

4’ R = .5’
R = .25’
2
3 4
1’
 Point 2:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 2 and 3
P2/62.4 + V22/2(32.2) + 1 = 0 + 3 + 1
Apply the Continuity Equation
(Π.52)V2 = (Π.252)x13.9  V2 = 3.475 ft/s
P2/62.4 + 3.4752/2(32.2) + 1 = 4  P2 = 175.5 lbs/ft2

Pressure Head :
1
P2/ γ = 2.81’

4’ Velocity Head :
R = .5’
R = .25’ V22/2g = .19’
2
3 4
Elevation Head :
1’ Z2 = 1’
 Point 3:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 3 and 4 (V3=V4) P3/62.4
+3+1=0+3+1
P3 = 0
Pressure Head : P3/γ = 0
Velocity Head : V32/2g = 3’
Elevation Head : Z3 = 1’

4’ R = .5’
R = .25’
2
3 4
1’
 Point 4:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 1 and 4 0+0+4=0+
V42/2(32.2) + 1
V4 = 13.9 ft/s
Pressure Head : Only atmospheric  P4/ γ = 0
Velocity Head : V42/2g = 3’
Elevation Head : Z4 = 1’

1
γH2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3
4’ R = .5’
R = .25’
2
3 4
1’
 Plotting the EL and HGL
Energy Line = Sum of the Pressure, Velocity and Elevation heads
Hydraulic Grade Line = Sum of the Pressure and Velocity heads

V2/2g=.19’

EL

P/ γ =2.81’
V2/2g=3’ V2/2g=3’
Z=4’

HGL
Z=1’ Z=1’
Z=1’
 Pipe Flow and the Energy Equation
For pipe flow, the Bernoulli equation alone is not sufficient. Friction loss
along the pipe, and momentum loss through diameter changes and corners
take head (energy) out of a system that theoretically conserves energy.
Therefore, to correctly calculate the flow and pressures in pipe systems, the
Bernoulli Equation must be modified.
P1/γ + V12/2g + z1 =
P2/γ + V22/2g + z2 + Hmaj + Hmin

Energy line with no losses

Hmaj
Energy line with major losses

1 2
 Major Losses

Major losses occur over the entire pipe, as the friction of

the fluid over the pipe walls removes energy from the
system. Each type of pipe as a friction factor, f, associated
with it.
Hmaj = f (L/D)(V2/2g)

Energy line with no losses

Hmaj
Energy line with major losses

1 2
 Minor Losses

Unlike major losses, minor losses do not occur over the length of the pipe,
but only at points of momentum loss. Since Minor losses occur at unique
points along a pipe, to find the total minor loss throughout a pipe, sum all of
the minor losses along the pipe. Each type of bend, or narrowing has a loss
coefficient, KL to go with it.

Minor
Losses
 Major and Minor Losses
Major Losses:
Hmaj = f (L/D)(V2/2g)

f = friction factor L = pipe length D = pipe diameter

V = Velocity g = gravity

Minor Losses:
Hmin = KL(V2/2g)
Kl = sum of loss coefficients V = Velocity g = gravity

When solving problems, the loss terms are added to the system at the second
analysis point

P1/γ + V12/2g + z1 = P2/γ + V22/2g + z2 + Hmaj + Hmin

Loss Coefficients
Pipe Flow Example
1
Z1 = ?
γoil= 8.82 kN/m3
f = .035 2
Z2 = 130 m
60 m
7m Kout=1
r/D = 0
130 m
r/D = 2

If oil flows from the upper to lower reservoir at a velocity of 1.58

m/s in the D= 15 cm smooth pipe, what is the elevation of the oil
surface in the upper reservoir?
Include major losses along the pipe, and the minor losses
associated with the entrance, the two bends, and the outlet.
Pipe Flow Example
1
Z1 = ?
2
Z2 = 130 m
60 m
7m Kout=1
r/D = 0
130 m
r/D = 2

Apply Bernoulli’s equation between points 1 and 2:

Assumptions: P1 = P2 = Atmospheric = 0 V1 = V2 = 0 (large tank)
0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + Hmaj + Hmin
Hmaj = (f L V2)/(D 2g)=(.035 x 197m * (1.58m/s)2)/(.15 x 2 x 9.8m/s2)
Hmaj= 5.85m
Pipe Flow Example
1
Z1 = ?
2
Z2 = 130 m
60 m
7m Kout=1
r/D = 0
130 m
r/D = 2

0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + 5.85m + Hmin

Hmin= 2KbendV2/2g + KentV2/2g + KoutV2/2g
From Loss Coefficient table: Kbend = 0.19 Kent = 0.5 Kout = 1
Hmin = (0.19x2 + 0.5 + 1) * (1.582/2*9.8)
Hmin = 0.24 m
Pipe Flow Example
1
Z1 = ?
2
Z2 = 130 m
60 m
7m Kout=1
r/D = 0
130 m
r/D = 2

0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + Hmaj + Hmin

0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + 5.85m + 0.24m

Z1 = 136.1 meters
 WORKSHOP

2/8/2018 201
BASIC HYDRAULICS
Hazen-Williams Formula
1.85
4.52Q
PL = 1.85 4.87
C di
• Where:
• PL = friction loss (psi/ft)
• Q = flow (gpm)
• C = roughness coefficient (based on pipe
material)
• di = interior pipe diameter (inches)
 Hazen-Williams C Values
Pipe or Tube C Value
Unlined case or ductile iron 100
Black steel (dry systems including preaction) 100
Black steel (wet systems including deluge) 120
Galvanized (all) 120
Plastic (listed, all) 150
Cement-lined cast or ductile iron 140
Copper tube or stainless steel 150
Asbestos cement 140
Concrete 140
Inside Diameters (di)

Nominal Schedule Schedule Type K CPVC*

Pipe Size 40 10 Copper
1-inch 1.049 1.097 0.995 1.101
1 ¼-inch 1.380 1.442 1.245 1.394
1 ½-inch 1.610 1.682 1.481 1.598
2-inch 2.067 2.157 1.959 2.003
2 ½-inch 2.469 2.635 2.435 2.423
3-inch 3.068 3.260 2.907 2.95
4-inch 4.026 4.260 3.857 N/A
 Equivalent Length Chart
Fittings & Valves Fittings & Valves Expressed in Equivalent Feet of Pipe
1¼
¾ in 1 in 1 ½ in 2 in 2 ½ in 3 in 3 ½ in 4 in 5 in 6 in 8 in 10 in 12 in
in

45° Elbow 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 7 9 11 12
90° Standard
2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 18 22 27
Elbow

90° Long Turn

1 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 9 13 16 18
Elbow
Tee/Cross 3 5 6 8 10 12 15 17 20 25 30 25 50 60
Butterfly Valve - - - - 6 7 10 - 12 9 10 12 19 21
Gate Valve - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6
Swing Check - 5 7 9 11 14 16 19 22 27 32 45 55 65
Problem: Size and select a pump intended for a dormitory with a full capacity of 100
persons. The water consumption is estimated at 40 gallons per capita for
domestic use and 10 gallons per capita for washing. The overhead tank is 25%
capacity of the cistern tank with a 10% allowance for leakage. The height of
8 meters and the location of the overhead tank is at 10 meters.

Calculate the following:

(1) Capacity of the pump to fill the overhead tank in 10 minutes (gpm).
(2) Size of the discharge pipe using a discharge velocity of 10 fps
(3 mps). Size of the drop or suction pipe at 7 fps.
(3) The drop or suction pipe is 3 meters submerged with a foot valve
and a strainer while the piping system which is GI pipe, Sch40 is
limited to 1- check valve, 1- gate valve, 1-suction 90⸰ elbow, 4
discharge pipe 90⸰elbow.
(4) Calculate the total dynamic head of the pump and the motor size
in kilowatts.
(5) Submit a designer’s pump characteristics curve for pump supplier
guide.

2/8/2018 206
 FOR YOUR ATTENTION

2/8/2018