EE448-ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

LECTURE 1: ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM

 Electrical supply system
CONTENTS overview

Typical AC power supply

scheme

Advantages of High
Voltage Transmission

Voltage Regulation and

Transmission Efficiency
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Electric locomotives, Heating, Cooling, Fans,
Blowers, Motors, Illumination are some
applications that converts electrical energy into
useful work.
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The conveyance of electric power from a power station to consumers’ premises is
known as electric supply system.
Electric supply system consist of three principle components:
1)Generation Power station
2)Transmission system
3)Distribution system
The electric supply system can be broadly classified into:
1)DC or AC system
2)Overhead or underground system
ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
GENERATION POWER STATIONS-
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
Generation is simply the conversion of energy from
one form to another.
The three major types of generation are:
FOSSIL
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas are burned to
generate electricity.
The main issues are environmental as burning of fuel
causes pollution therefore low Sulphur content fuel is
used
HYDRO
In hydro plants, electric power is generated by the
water flowing through a turbine which is coupled
solidly to a generator
GENERATION POWER STATIONS-
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
NUCLEAR
In nuclear plants the basic cycle is similar to
that of fossil plant but the required heat is
provided by the nuclear reaction rather from
burning fuels
Due to the stringent government requirements
about the safety of nuclear plants, their
design and operation are much more
complicated than the fossil or hydro units
GENERATION POWER STATIONS-
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
The Non conventional Sources or the renewable
energy sources include:
Wind Energy
The wind energy is one of the most effective renewable
power and relevant technologies for its conversion in useful
form.
A Wind Energy Conversion System is a structure that
transforms the kinetic energy of the incoming air stream
into electrical energy.
Single households to small towns and villages can make
good use of range of wind turbines available today
GENERATION POWER STATIONS-
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
The Non conventional Sources or the renewable
energy sources include:
Solar- PV Energy
A photovoltaic cell is the basic device that converts solar
radiation into electricity. Electricity is produced when
sunlight strikes the solar cell, causing the electrons to
move around.
 GENERATION POWER STATIONS-
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
The Non conventional Sources or the renewable energy
sources include:
Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic material that comes from plants and
animals, and it is a renewable source of energy. Biomass
contains stored energy from the sun. When biomass is
burned, the chemical energy in biomass is released as heat.
Biomass can be burned directly or converted to liquid biofuels
or biogas that can be burned as fuels. Biomass can be
converted to other useable forms of energy such as methane
gas or transportation fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.
 TRANSMISSION SUBSYSTEM

The transmission system consists of:

• A network of overhead lines or
• In densely populated areas, underground cables.

The lines are designed to transmit large amounts of power from

point of generation to the load area.
TRANSMISSION SUBSYSTEM
 TRANSMISSION SUBSYSTEM
We classify transmission lines with reference to:
• A.C OR D.C
The transmission line may be AC or DC depending upon the application.
The overhead AC lines are applied on power systems at voltages in the range of 115 KV to 800
KV
In DC transmission lines , the three phase, 50 Hz voltages and currents are converted to DC,
transmitted on a DC line and are converted back to AC at the other end

• Distance
Long length T.L (> 240 KM )
Medium length T.L (80-240 KM)
Short length T.L (<80 KM )
TRANSMISSION SUBSYSTEM
 DISTRIBUTION SUBSYSTEM
The distribution system consists of a network overhead lines and
underground cables by which the power is distributed to the ultimate
users of electricity that is the LOAD

The utilization of electric power is collectively called load. This

includes the uses of electricity in homes, factories, offices, etc.
 21kV
Step Up
Transformer
TYPICAL AC POWER SUPPLY 21kV/220kV

SCHEME Step Down

Transformer
Different blocks of typical AC power supply scheme are as per 220kV/66kV
following:
Generating Station:
In generating station power is produced by three phase alternators
Step Down
operating in parallel the usual generation voltage is 21 kV.
Transformer
For economy in the transmission of electric power, the generation voltage 66kV/11kV
is stepped up to 220 kV or more at generating station with the
help of three phase transformer.
Step Down
Transformer
Primary transmission: 11kV/380V
The electric power at 220 kV is transmitted by 3-phase,3 wire overhead
system to the out terminals of the city.
 21kV
Step Up
Transformer
TYPICAL AC POWER SUPPLY SCHEME 21kV/220kV

Step Down
Secondary transmission: Transformer
220kV/66kV
At the receiving station (RS) the voltage is reduced to 66kV by step down
transformer.
Primary distribution:
Step Down
At the substation (SS) voltage is reduced from 66kV to 11kV. The 11kV line run Transformer
along important road sides to city. This forms then primary distribution. 66kV/11kV

Secondary distribution:
Step Down
The electric power from primary distribution line is delivered to distribution Transformer
substation (DS). The substation is located near the consumers location and step 11kV/380V
down the voltage to 380 V, 3-phase ,4-wire for secondary distribution. The voltage
between any two phases is 400V and between any phase and neutral is 220V.
ADVANTAGES OF HIGH TRANSMISSION
VOLTAGE
 ADVANTAGES OF HIGH TRANSMISSION
VOLTAGE
Reduces conductor current for given values of P and
cos, the conductor current is
inversely proportional to the
transmission voltage. In other
words, the greater the
transmission voltage, the
lesser is the conductor current.
[Design – Operation]
{Lower cost – Higher loading}
 ADVANTAGES OF HIGH TRANSMISSION
VOLTAGE
Reduces volume of conductor material

for given values of P, l, ρ,

cos and W, the volume of
conductor material required is
inversely proportional to the
square of transmission
voltage. In other words, the
greater the transmission
voltage, the lesser is the
conductor material required.
{Lower cost}
 ADVANTAGES OF HIGH TRANSMISSION
VOLTAGE
Decreases percentage line drop or Decreases voltage regulation

As P, R, X and cos
are constants,
therefore,
percentage voltage
regulation
decreases when the
transmission
voltage increases.