Map Projections in ArcGIS

Gallery of seventy-two map projections currently supported in ArcGIS Pro

2.7 and ArcGIS 10.8.1.

Bojan Šavrič & Melita Kennedy 18 de diciembre de 2020

ArcGIS Pro 2.7 and ArcGIS 10.8.1 currently support seventy-

two unique map projection algorithms and there are another
thirty-two variations of these available in Esri's software. All
together there are hundred and four different map
projections you can select for your map.

Adams Square II
The Adams square II shows the world in a square. It is one of
the two projections presented by Oscar S. Adams in 1925. The
projection is conformal except in the four corners of the
square. In Adams’s original design, the projection displays the
equator and central meridian as diagonals of the square. A
nice property of this projection is that it can be tessellated or
mosaicked. This or similar projection was used by Athelstan
Spilhaus in 1979, with the help of Robert Hanson and Ervin
Schmid, for his world ocean map (right map). Equations for an
ellipsoid of revolution were developed at Esri. It is available in
ArcGIS Pro 2.5 (ArcGIS 10.8) and later.

The Adams square II projection in normal aspect (left map) and

with Spilhaus’ configuration (right map).

Aitoff
The Aitoff projection is a modified azimuthal projection. It is a
compromise projection and its graticule takes the form of an
ellipse. The projection is appropriate for small-scale mapping
of the world. It was developed by Russian cartographer David
A. Aitoff in 1889. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0)
and later.

Aitoff map projection centered on Greenwich.

Albers
The Albers projection is an equal-area conic projection. It uses
two standard parallels to reduce some of the distortion that
would be found in a projection with one standard parallel.
The projection is best suited for land masses extending in an
east-to-west orientation at mid-latitudes. Therefore, it is often
used for maps of the contiguous United States, Europe,
Australia, etc. The projection was introduced by Heinrich C.
Albers in 1805. Ellipsoidal equations were developed by Oscar
S. Adams in 1927. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0)
and later.

Albers map projection with standard parallels on the northern (left map) and southern
(right map) hemisphere.

Aspect-Adaptive Cylindrical
The aspect-adaptive cylindrical projection is a compromise
map projection that adjusts the parallels to the height-to-width
(aspect) ratio of an available canvas. It supports any ratio
between 0.3 and 1. The projection was developed by Bernhard
Jenny, Bojan Šavrič, and Tom Patterson in 2014. It is available
in ArcGIS Pro 2.1 (ArcGIS 10.6) and later.
Aspect-adaptive projection with aspect ratios 0.55 (left map) and 0.7 (right map) centered
on Greenwich.

Azimuthal Equidistant
The azimuthal equidistant projection preserves both distance
and direction from the central point. The world is projected
onto a flat surface from any point on the globe. Although all
aspects are possible (equatorial, polar, and oblique), the one
used most commonly is the polar aspect, in which all
meridians and parallels are divided equally to maintain the
equidistant property. It is believed that the projection was first
used by Egyptians for star charts. It is available in ArcGIS Pro
1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The azimuthal equidistant projection centered on the North pole.

Behrmann
The Behrmann projection is a case of the cylindrical equal-
area map projection with standard parallels set at 30° North
and South. Due to its equal-area property, it highly compresses
polar regions. The projection was introduced by Walter
Behrmann in 1910. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS
8.0) and later.

The Behrmann map projection centered on Greenwich.

Berghaus Star
The Berghaus star projection uses the azimuthal equidistant
projection for the central hemisphere. The other half of the
world is split into five triangular pieces, forming a star around
the circular center. Usually centered at the North Pole, it can
minimize breaks in land masses. The Association of American
Geographers (AAG) incorporated a version of the Berghaus
star projection into the logo in 1911. The projection was
developed by Hermann Berghaus in 1879. Equations for an
ellipsoid of revolution were developed at Esri. It is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 10.0) and later.
 The Berghaus star projection with parameters set to match the look of the AAG logo.

Bonne
The Bonne is an equal-area pseudoconic map projection. Its
graticule takes a form of a heart and it was frequently used to
map continents. The projection was invented by Claudius
Ptolemy about A.D. 100, but it was named after Rigobert
Bonne who extensively used the projection in 1752. It is
available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

Bonne equal-area map projection centered on Greenwich.

Cassini
The Cassini is a transverse cylindrical equidistant projection.
The projection maintains scale along the central meridian and
all lines perpendicular to it. Cassini is analogous to the Plate
Carrée projection in the same way the transverse Mercator is
to the Mercator projection. The projection was developed by
César-François Cassini de Thury in 1745. More accurate
equations for an ellipsoid of revolution were developed later
by Johann G. von Soldner in 1810. Therefore, the projection is
also known as Cassini-Soldner. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0
(ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

Cassini transverse cylindrical equidistant map projection centered on Greenwich.

Compact Miller
The Compact Miller projection is a compromise cylindrical
map projection. It compresses polar areas in comparison to
the Miller cylindrical projection. The Compact Miller is a
special case of the aspect-adaptive cylindrical projection with
the height-to-width (aspect) ratio of 0.6. The projection was
introduced by Bernhard Jenny, Bojan Šavrič, and Tom
Patterson in 2014. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS
10.4) and later.
 The Compact Miller map projection centered on Greenwich.

Craster Parabolic
The Craster parabolic is an equal-area pseudocylindrical
projection for world maps. Projection is similar to sinusoidal
projection except a meridian follows a section of a parabolic
curve. Lateral meridians quite excessively bulge outwards,
producing considerable shape distortion at and near the map
outline. It was presented by John Evelyn Edmund Craster in
1929. It was independently developed by Reinholds V. Putniņš
in 1934, therefore it is also known as Putniņš P4 projection. It
is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and later.

The Craster parabolic equal-area projection centered on Greenwich.

Cube
The Cube is a faceted projection consisting of six square sides,
one for each pole and four along the equator centered at
135°and 45° West, 45° and 135° East meridians. It can be
folded into a cube. Areas between 45° North and 45° South are
projected with the Plate Carrée projection. The projection is
available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 9.0) and later.

The Cube map projection can be folded into a cube.

Cylindrical Equal-Area
The cylindrical equal-area is a projection presenting the world
in a rectangle and maintaining the relative areas on a map.
The projection was first described by the Swiss mathematician
Johann H. Lambert in 1772. Since then, many variations
appeared over the years. The projection is appropriate for
large-scale mapping of the areas near the equator and
generally not recommended for small-scale (world) maps. It is
available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
 The cylindrical equal-area map projection centered on Greenwich.

Double Stereographic
The double stereographic is a planar perspective projection,
viewed from the point on the globe opposite the point of
tangency. Points are transformed from the spheroid to a
Gaussian conformal sphere before being projected to the
plane with the stereographic projection. Projection is
conformal and used for large-scale coordinate systems in New
Brunswick and the Netherlands. It is available in ArcGIS Pro
1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0.1) and later.

The double stereographic map projection centered on Greenwich.

Eckert I
The Eckert I is a compromise pseudocylindrical map
projection with rectilinear meridians and odd appearance.
Projection is simple, but it has no practical use besides making
a world map with an unusual shape. Projection was
introduced by Max Eckert in 1906. It is available in ArcGIS Pro
1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The Eckert I compromise projection centered on Greenwich.

Eckert II
The Eckert II is an equal-area pseudocylindrical map
projection with rectilinear meridians and odd appearance.
Projection has no practical use besides making thematic world
map with unusual shape. Projection was introduced by Max
Eckert in 1906. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0)
and later.

The Eckert II equal-area projection centered on Greenwich.

Eckert III
The Eckert III is a compromise pseudocylindrical map
projection for world maps. The lateral meridians are
semicircles which give the projection a nice rounded shape
and smooth corners where the lateral meridians meet the pole
lines. Projection was introduced by Max Eckert in 1906. It is
available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

Eckert III compromise map projection centered on Greenwich.

Eckert IV
The Eckert IV is an equal-area pseudocylindrical map
projection for world maps. The lateral meridians are
semicircles which give the projection a nice rounded shape
and smooth corners where the lateral meridians meet the pole
lines. Projection is very commonly used for thematic and
other world maps requiring accurate areas. It was introduced
by Max Eckert in 1906 and it is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0
(ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
 Eckert IV equal-area map projection centered on Greenwich.

Eckert V
The Eckert V is a compromise pseudocylindrical map
projection for world maps. It is the arithmetic mean of
projected coordinates of the Plate Carrée and sinusoidal
projections. Meridians are sinusoidal curves, producing
undesirable bulging along the equator on the western and
eastern edges of the map. Projection was introduced by Max
Eckert in 1906. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0)
and later.

Eckert V compromise map projection centered on Greenwich.

Eckert VI
The Eckert VI is an equal-area pseudocylindrical map
projection for world maps. Meridians are sinusoidal curves,
producing undesirable bulging along the equator on the
western and eastern edges of the map. The projection was
introduced by Max Eckert in 1906, who preferred this
projection over the more popular Eckert IV. It is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

Eckert VI equal-area map projection centered on Greenwich.

Eckert–Greifendorff
The Eckert-Greifendorff projection is a modification of the
Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection. Projection appears
to have straight parallels, but they are actually slightly curved.
Boundary meridians quite excessively bulge outwards,
producing considerable shape distortion near the map outline.
Projection was introduced by Max Eckert (at time of its
publication known as Max Eckert-Greifendorff) in 1935.
Equations for an ellipsoid of revolution were developed at
Esri. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and later.
 The Eckert-Greifendorff map projection centered on Greenwich.

Equal Earth
The Equal Earth is an equal-area pseudocylindrical projection
for world maps. It has a pleasing appearance of the land
features and its shape is similar to the Robinson projection.
The projection was jointly developed by Tom Patterson,
Bernhard Jenny and Bojan Šavrič in 2018, and it was quickly
adopted by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
(GISS). It is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.3 (ArcGIS 10.7) and later. 

The Equal Earth map projection centered on Greenwich.

Equidistant Conic
The equidistant or simple conic projection preserves distances
along all meridians and two standard parallels. Projection
often serves as compromise between Lambert conformal
conic and Albers equal-area conic projections. It is best suited
for land masses extending in an east-to-west orientation at
mid-latitudes when area, directions, and angles do not need to
be maintained. The basic projection form was first described
by Claudius Ptolemy about A.D. 100 and various
improvements were made over time, the biggest by Nicolas de
l’Isle in 1745. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and
later.

The equidistant or simple conic projection with standard parallels on the northern (left
map) and southern (right map) hemisphere.

Equidistant Cylindrical
The equidistant cylindrical is also known as equirectangular,
simple cylindrical, rectangular, or when the standard parallel
is the equator, Plate Carrée map projection. A grid of parallels
and meridians forms equal rectangles from east to west and
from pole to pole. It is one of the simplest cylindrical
projections and therefore its usage was more common in the
past. The equidistant cylindrical projection was invented by
Marinus of Tyre about A.D. 100. It is available in ArcGIS Pro
1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
 The equidistant cylindrical map projection centered on Greenwich.

Fuller
The Fuller projection, also known as Dymaxion map, converts
the globe into a 20-sided figure called an icosahedron. Each
side is a geodesic triangle that is then flattened into a two-
dimensional triangle. The facets of the icosahedron are
unfolded in a specific manner to keep the land masses
unbroken. The final version was described by Buckminster
Fuller in 1954 after working on the map for several decades.
For more information, refer to the Buckminster Fuller
Institute website at bfi.org. The projection is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 9.0) and later.

The Fuller map projection can be folded into an icosahedron.

Gall Stereographic
The Gall stereographic projection is a cylindrical map
projection with two standard parallels at latitudes 45° north
and south. The projection is a special case of the perspective
cylindrical projection with the perspective ratio of 1 and the
standard parallel at 45°. It can be constructed geometrically by
projecting the globe onto a secant cylinder from the point on
the equator opposite the given central meridian. The
projection was introduced by James Gall in 1855. It is available
in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The Gall stereographic projection centered on Greenwich.

Gauss–Krüger
The Gauss–Krüger projection is also known as ellipsoidal
version of the transverse Mercator projection. It is similar to
the Mercator, except that the cylinder touches the sphere or
ellipsoid along a meridian instead of the equator. The result is
a conformal projection that does not maintain true directions.
The central meridian is placed in the center of the region of
interest. This centering minimizes distortion of all properties
in that region. This projection is best suited for north–south
areas. The spherical version of the projection was presented
by Johann H. Lambert in 1772. First formulas with ellipsoidal
correction were developed by Carl F. Gauss in 1822. The
Gauss–Krüger name refers to the ellipsoidal form reevaluated
by Louis Krüger in 1912. Gauss–Krüger coordinate systems
and the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate
systems are based on this projection while the State Plane
coordinate systems use it only for all north–south zones.
Various countries use this projection for their topographic
maps and large-scale coordinate systems. It is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The Gauss–Krüger map projection centered on Greenwich.

Geostationary satellite
This projection is used by geostationary satellites that are
returning data located by satellite’s scanning angles. Two
variants exist based on the main scanning direction of the
viewing instrument on-board. It is used by Geostationary
Operational Environmental Satellite R (GOES-R) series and
Meteosat series of geostationary meteorological satellites.
Projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.1 (ArcGIS 10.6) and
later.
 Geostationary satellite projection centered on 65° West.

Gnomonic
This azimuthal projection uses the center of the earth as its
perspective point. It projects great circles as straight lines,
regardless of the aspect. The projection is not conformal nor is
it equal-area. This is a useful projection for navigation
because great circles highlight routes with the shortest
distance. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and
later.

The gnomonic azimuthal map projection centered on the North pole.

Goode Homolosine
The Goode Homolosine is an equal-area pseudocylindrical
projection for world maps, most commonly used in
interrupted form. It is a combination of Mollweide (or
homolographic) and sinusoidal projections, hence the name
homolosine. The Mollweide projection is used north and south
of the 40°44'12'' parallels. The sinusoidal projection is used
between those two latitude values for the equatorial part of
the world. Projection shows discontinuity in the graticule
where both projections join. Projection was introduced by J.
Paul Goode in 1923. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS
9.2) and later.

The Goode Homolosine map projection centered on Greenwich.

Hammer
The Hammer projection is a modification of the Lambert
azimuthal equal-area projection. It is equal-area and its
graticule takes a form of an ellipse. The projection is also
known as the Hammer–Aitoff projection. The Hammer
projection is appropriate for small-scale mapping. It was
developed by Ernst von Hammer in 1892 after being inspired
by the Russian cartographer, David A. Aitoff. Equations for an
ellipsoid were developed at Esri. It is available in ArcGIS Pro
1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and later.
 The Hammer equal-area map projection centered on Greenwich.

Hotine Oblique Mercator

The Hotine projection, also known as oblique cylindrical
orthomorphic or rectified skew orthomorphic, is one version
of the oblique Mercator projection derivations. It is used for
conformal mapping of areas that are obliquely oriented and
do not follow a north–south or east–west trend. Projection’s
formulas were presented by Martin Hotine in 1946. It is
available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The Hotine oblique Mercator projection.

IGAC Plano Cartesiano
Plano Cartesiano by the Geographical Institute Agustín
Codazzi is a projection used for urban maps in Colombia. It is
appropriate for maps at very large scales. Projection
parameter height can be used to locally minimize ground-to-
grid differences. Projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0
(ArcGIS 10.1.0) and later.

IGAC Plano Cartesiano projection centered on Bogota.

Krovak
The Krovak projection, also known as S-JTSK, is an oblique
case of the Lambert conformal conic projection. It is based on
one standard parallel. An azimuth parameter tilts the apex of
the cone from the North Pole. A standard parallel, called a
pseudo standard parallel, defines the shape of the cone. A
scale factor is applied to the parallel to create a secant case.
Projection is used in Czechia and Slovakia and was designed
by Josef Krovak in 1922. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0
(ArcGIS 8.1.0) and later.
 The Krovak oblique conic projection.

Laborde Oblique Mercator

The Laborde projection is one version of the oblique Mercator
projection derivations. It is used for conformal mapping of
areas that are obliquely oriented and do not follow a north–
south or east–west trend. Projection’s formulas were
presented by Jean Laborde in 1926. It is available in ArcGIS
Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 10.0) and later.

The Laborde oblique Mercator projection.

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area
The Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection maintains land
features at their true relative sizes while simultaneously
maintaining a true sense of direction from the center. The
world is projected onto a flat surface from any point on the
globe. Although all aspects are possible (equatorial, polar, and
oblique), the one used most commonly is the polar aspect.
Projection is best suited for individual land masses that are
symmetrically proportioned, either round or square. It was
developed by Johann H. Lambert in 1772 and it is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection centered on the South pole.

Lambert Conformal Conic

Lambert conformal conic map projection is normally based on
two standard parallels, but it can also be defined with a single
standard parallel and a scale factor. It is best suited for
conformal mapping of land masses extending in an east-to-
west orientation at mid-latitudes. Being hardly used before
the First World War, the projection is often used for official
topographic mapping around the world. The State Plane
coordinate systems use it only for all zones that have a greater
east–west extent. Both spherical and ellipsoidal forms of the
projection were developed by Johann H. Lambert in 1772. It is
available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The Lambert conformal conic projection with standard parallels on the northern (left
map)
and southern (right map) hemisphere.

Local
The local projection is a specialized map projection that does
not take into account the curvature of the earth. The
coordinates of the center of the area of interest define the
origin of the local coordinate system. The plane is tangent to
the spheroid at that point, and the differences in z-values are
negligible between corresponding points on the spheroid and
the plane. This map projection is the same as the orthographic
projection, but supported on ellipsoids and spheres, while the
orthographic projection is supported on spheres only.
Projection is designed for very large-scale mapping
applications using local coordinate systems. It is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 9.0) and later.
 The local map projection centered on Europe.

Loximuthal
The loximuthal is a compromise pseudocylindrical projection.
Loxodromes, or rhumb lines, are shown as straight lines with
the correct azimuth and scale from the intersection of the
central meridian and the central parallel. The projection was
first presented by Karl Siemon in 1935. Waldo R. Tobler
independently introduced the projection in 1966 and named it
“loximuthal.” It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and
later.

The loximuthal map projection centered on Greenwich.

McBryde-Thomas Flat-Polar Quartic
McBryde-Thomas flat-polar quartic is an equal-area
pseudocylindrical projection. It is the number 4 projection of
the McBryde-Thomas series and received the most attention. F.
Webster McBryde and Paul D. Thomas introduced it in 1949
for world statistical maps. The projection is based on the
quartic authalic projection. Its boundary meridians quite
excessively bulge outwards, producing considerable shape
distortion near the map outline. It is available in ArcGIS Pro
1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The McBryde-Thomas flat-polar quartic projection centered on Greenwich.

Mercator
The Mercator projection is a conformal cylindrical map
projection. It was originally created to display accurate
compass bearings for sea travel. An additional feature of this
projection is that all local shapes are accurate and correctly
defined at infinitesimal scale. It was presented by Gerardus
Mercator in 1569. The Web Mercator coordinate system, the
de facto standard for web maps and online services, uses a
sphere-based variant of the projection. It is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
 The Mercator cylindrical map projection centered on Greenwich.

Miller Cylindrical
The Miller cylindrical projection is a compromise cylindrical
map projection. The projection is a modification of the
Mercator projection thus they are almost identical near the
equator. Although Miller projection does not project poles to
infinity, distortion is still severe at the poles. Projection was
developed by Osborn M. Miller in 1942. It is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The Miller cylindrical map projection centered on Greenwich.

Mollweide
The Mollweide projection is an equal-area pseudocylindrical
map projection displaying the world in a form of an ellipse
with axes in a 2:1 ratio. It is also known as Babinet, elliptical,
homolographic, or homalographic projection. Projection is
appropriate for thematic and other world maps requiring
accurate areas. It was first introduced by Karl B. Mollweide in
1805 and it is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and
later. 

The Mollweide map projection centered on Greenwich.

Natural Earth
The Natural Earth projection is a compromise
pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. Projection
has rounded corners where lateral meridians meet the pole
lines, which suggest that the Earth has a rounded shape. It was
specifically designed for displaying physical data by Tom
Patterson in 2007. Bojan Šavrič, Tom Patterson, and Bernhard
Jenny published the math for the projection in 2011.
Projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and
later.
 The Natural Earth map projection centered on Greenwich.

Natural Earth II
The Natural Earth II projection is a compromise
pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. It is
distinctive from the Natural Earth projection by the
meridians, which bend steeply toward a short pole line giving
the map a unique appearance among compromise small-scale
projections. It was designed by Tom Patterson. Bojan Šavrič,
Tom Patterson, and Bernhard Jenny published the math for
the projection in 2015. Projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2
(ArcGIS 10.4) and later.

The Natural Earth II map projection centered on Greenwich.

New Zealand Map Grid
The New Zealand map grid is a conformal map projection
specifically designed for large-scale mapping of New Zealand.
Projection method is using Cauchy-Riemann equation of
complex arithmetic and is centered at 173° East and 41° South.
It was designed by W. I. Reilly in 1973 and it is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.0) and later.

The New Zealand map grid projection.

Ney Modified Conic

Ney is a modified Lambert conformal conic projection. The
projection slightly expands the parallels to create complete
concentric circles centered at the pole, resulting in azimuthal
polar map view. It is an appropriate projection to map areas
near the pole. With two standard parallels, one defines which
hemisphere (north or south) is projected in the center.
Mathematics for the projection was introduced by C. H. Ney in
1949. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 10.0) and later.
 Ney modified conic projection centered on the North pole.

Orthographic
The orthographic projection is an azimuthal perspective
projection, projecting Earth’s surface from an infinite distance
to a plane. It gives the illusion of a three-dimensional globe;
therefore, the projection is often used as inset map or for
pictorial views of the Earth from space. This map projection is
the same as the local projection, but only supports spheres. It
is believed that the projection was developed by Egyptians
and Greeks. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and
later.
 The orthographic map projection centered on Caribbean.

Patterson
The Patterson projection is a compromise cylindrical map
projection. It exaggerates high-latitude areas less than the
Miller and Compact Miller projections. Projection maps the
world in a rectangle with a height-to-width ratio of
approximately 0.57. It was designed by Tom Patterson in 2014.
Later that year, he published the math for the projection
together with Bojan Šavrič and Bernhard Jenny. It is available
in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and later.

The Patterson cylindrical map projection centered on Greenwich.

Peirce Quincuncial
The Peirce quincuncial map projection shows the world in a
square. The projection is conformal except in the middle of
the four sides of the square. It was developed by Charles S.
Peirce in 1879. Equations for an ellipsoid of revolution were
developed at Esri. In Peirce’s original design, the projection is
centered at the North Pole which displays the equator as a
square rotated relative to the projection edge. A nice property
of this projection is that it can be tessellated or mosaicked. It is
available in ArcGIS Pro 2.3 (ArcGIS 10.7) and later.

The Peirce quincuncial map projection shown in square (left map) and diamond (right
map) orientation.

Perspective Cylindrical
The perspective cylindrical projection is a cylindrical map
projection, which can be constructed geometrically by
projecting the globe onto a tangent (or secant) cylinder from
the point on the equatorial plane opposite a given meridian. A
special case of the projection is the central cylindrical or
simple cylindrical projection, projecting the globe from its
center. The projection was used in oblique aspect for political
and physical maps of the Soviet Union. It is available in ArcGIS
Pro 2.6 (ArcGIS 10.8.1) and later.
 The central cylindrical, a special case of the perspective cylindrical projection.

Plate Carrée
The Plate Carrée map projection is equidistant cylindrical
projection with the standard parallel located at the equator. A
grid of parallels and meridians forms perfect squares from
east to west and from pole to pole. It is one of the simplest and
oldest map projections and therefore its usage was more
common in the past. The radius is used as a conversion factor
between angular and linear units. Another usage of this
projection is to display spatial data stored in a geographic
coordinate system, known as the pseudo-Plate Carrée
projection. The projection was invented by Marinus of Tyre
about A.D. 100. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0)
and later.
 The Plate Carrée map projection centered on Greenwich.

Polyconic
The polyconic projection is also known as American polyconic
or ordinary polyconic projection. The name translates into
"many cones" and it is created by lining up an infinite number
of cones along the central meridian. This affects the shape of
the meridians. Unlike other conic projections, the meridians
are curved rather than straight. Projection is neither
conformal nor equal-area and it is appropriate for regions of
predominant north-south extent. Projection was developed by
Ferdinand R. Hassler in 1820. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0
(ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
 The polyconic map projection centered on Greenwich.

Quartic Authalic
The quartic authalic is a pseudocylindrical equal-area
projection, created by modifying the Lambert azimuthal
equal-area projection. Boundary meridians quite excessively
bulge outwards, producing considerable shape distortion near
the map outline. The projection was independently presented
by Karl Siemon in 1937 and Oscar S. Adams in 1945. Equations
for an ellipsoid were developed at Esri. It is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The quartic authalic map projection centered on Greenwich.

Rectified Skew Orthomorphic
The rectified skew orthomorphic, also known as the Hotine
projection, is one version of the oblique Mercator projection
derivations. It is used for conformal mapping of areas that are
obliquely oriented and do not follow a north–south or east–
west trend. The projection’s formulas were presented by
Martin Hotine in 1946. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS
9.0) and later.

The rectified skew orthomorphic map projection.

Robinson
The Robinson projection is perhaps the most used
compromise pseudocylindrical map projection for world
maps. National Geographic used the Robinson projection for
their world maps for about a decade until 1998. Projection
was designed by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963 at the request of
the Rand McNally Company using graphic design rather than
mathematical equation development. It was briefly called the
orthophanic (“right appearing”) projection after its
introduction. Projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS
8.0) and later.
 The Robinson map projection centered on Greenwich.

Sinusoidal
The sinusoidal projection is a pseudocylindrical equal-area
projection displaying all parallels and the central meridian at
true scale. Boundary meridians quite excessively bulge
outwards, producing considerable shape distortion near the
map outline. Alternative formats reduce the distortion along
outer meridians by interrupting the continuity of the
projection over the oceans and by centering the continents
around their own central meridians, or vice versa. Projection
is also known as Sanson–Flamsteed and Mercator–Sanson
projection after the cartographers who used it. The projection
was developed in the 16th century. It is available in ArcGIS
Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The sinusoidal map projection centered on Greenwich.

Stereographic
The stereographic is a planar perspective projection, viewed
from the point on the globe opposite the point of tangency. It
projects points on a spheroid directly to the plane and it is the
only azimuthal conformal projection. The projection is more
commonly used in polar aspects for topographic maps of polar
regions. Most well-known are Universal Polar Stereographic
(UPS) maps showing areas north of 84°N and south of 80°S
that aren't included in the Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM) coordinate systems. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0
(ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The stereographic map projection centered on the South pole.

Times
The Times projection is a compromise pseudocylindrical map
projection for world maps and a modified Gall stereographic
projection with curved meridians. Projection was developed
by John Moir in 1965 for Bartholomew Ltd., a British
mapmaking company. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS
8.1.1) and later.
 The Times projection centered on Greenwich.

Tobler Cylindrical I
The Tobler cylindrical I projection is a compromise cylindrical
map projection. It was developed and introduced by Waldo
Tobler in 1997 as his first simpler alternative to Miller
cylindrical projection. As it is the case with Miller, distortion is
severe at the poles. Projection is a bit smaller than Miller
projection, but they are almost identical between 45° North
and South. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.5 (ArcGIS 10.8) and
later.
 The Tobler cylindrical I projection centered on Greenwich.

Tobler Cylindrical II
The Tobler cylindrical II projection is a compromise
cylindrical map projection. It was developed and introduced
by Waldo Tobler in 1997 as his second simpler alternative to
Miller cylindrical projection. As it is the case with Miller,
distortion is severe at the poles. Projection is taller than Miller
projection, but they are almost identical between 45° North
and South. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.5 (ArcGIS 10.8) and
later.
 The Tobler cylindrical II projection centered on Greenwich.

Transverse Cylindrical Equal-Area

The transverse cylindrical equal-area is a transverse aspect of
the cylindrical equal-area projection. Projection is appropriate
for maps with predominantly north to south extent along a
specified meridian. It was presented by Johann H. Lambert in
1772. Equations for an ellipsoid of revolution were developed
by John P. Snyder in 1985. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.3
(ArcGIS 10.4.1) and later.
 The transverse cylindrical equal-area projection centered on Greenwich.

Transverse Mercator
The transverse Mercator projection is also known as the
Gauss–Krüger projection. It is similar to the Mercator, except
that the cylinder touches the sphere or ellipsoid along a
meridian instead of the equator. The result is a conformal
projection that does not maintain true directions. The central
meridian is placed in the center of the region of interest. This
centering minimizes distortion of all properties in that region.
This projection is best suited for north–south areas. The
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate systems and
Gauss–Krüger coordinate systems are based on the transverse
Mercator projection while the State Plane coordinate systems
use it for all north–south zones. Various countries use this
projection for their topographic maps and large-scale
coordinate systems. The spherical version of the projection
was presented by Johann H. Lambert in 1772. First formulas
with ellipsoidal correction were developed by Carl F. Gauss in
1822. The Gauss–Krüger name refers to the ellipsoidal form
reevaluated by Louis Krüger in 1912. It is available in ArcGIS
Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
 The transverse Mercator projection centered on Greenwich.

Two-Point Equidistant
The two-point equidistant projection is a modified azimuthal
projection that preserves distances from two selected points
on the map. If the two points are the same, the resulting
projection is the azimuthal equidistant. Projection was first
presented by Hans Maurer in 1919. Two year later, Charles F
Close independently presented it in 1921. It is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
 The two-point equidistant projection centered on Redlands, US and Ljubljana, SI.

Van der Grinten I

The Van der Grinten I projection is polyconic projection of the
world in a circle. Projection gives similar look of continents as
they are on the Mercator projection except that it portrays the
world with a curved graticule. Both meridians and parallels
are projected as circular arcs. National Geographic used the
projection for their world maps between 1922 and 1988.
Projection was invented by Alphons J. van der Grinten in 1898.
It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
 The Van der Grinten I map projection centered on Greenwich.

Vertical Near-Side Perspective

The vertical near-side perspective is an azimuthal projection
projecting Earth’s surface from a finite distance to a plane,
unlike the orthographic projection which projects from an
infinite distance. This map projection gives the overall effect
of the view from a satellite. It was known by the Egyptians
and Greeks and it is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1)
and later.
 The vertical near-side perspective projection centered on Greenwich and Equator.

Wagner IV
The Wagner IV is an equal-area pseudocylindrical projection
for world maps. Its meridians follow a portion of ellipses
compared to the Eckert IV projection whose meridians are
semiellipses. Projection was introduced by Karl Heinrich
(Karlheinz) Wagner in 1932. It was independently developed
by Reinholds V. Putniņš in 1934, therefore it is also known as
Putniņš P’2 projection. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS
10.4) and later.

The Wagner IV map projection centered on Greenwich.

Wagner V
The Wagner V projection is a compromise pseudocylindrical
map projection for world maps. Projection was introduced by
Karl Heinrich (Karlheinz) Wagner in 1949. It is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and later.

The Wagner V map projection centered on Greenwich.

Wagner VII
The Wagner VII or Hammer-Wagner projection is a
modification of the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection.
All parallels are convex toward the equator which gives
projection a unique appearance and relatively low distortion
characteristic compare to some equal-area pseudocylindrical
projections. Projection was introduced by Karl Heinrich
(Karlheinz) Wagner in 1941. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2
(ArcGIS 10.4) and later.
 The Wagner VII map projection centered on Greenwich.

Winkel I
The Winkel I is a compromise pseudocylindrical map
projection for world maps. It is an arithmetic mean of
projected coordinates of sinusoidal and equidistant cylindrical
projections and a general case of the Eckert V projection.
Meridians are sinusoidal curves, producing undesirable
bulging along the equator on the west and east edges of the
map. Projection was introduced by Oswald Winkel in 1914. In
his original design, Winkel used a standard parallel at 50°28ʹ.
It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The Winkel I map projection centered on Greenwich.

Winkel II
The Winkel II is a compromise pseudocylindrical map
projection for world maps. It is an arithmetic mean of the
projected coordinates of Mollweide and equidistant
cylindrical projections. Meridians are ellipsoidal curves,
producing a nice rounded shape of the map. Projection was
introduced by Oswald Winkel in 1918. It is available in ArcGIS
Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.

The Winkel II map projection centered on Greenwich.

Winkel Tripel
The Winkel Tripel is a compromise modified azimuthal
projection for world maps. It is an arithmetic mean of
projected coordinates of Aitoff and equidistant cylindrical
projections. Projection is known to have one of the lowest
mean scale and area distortion among compromise
projections for small-scale mapping. It is used by the National
Geographic Society since 1998 for general world maps.
Projection was introduced by Oswald Winkel in 1921. In his
original design, Winkel used a standard parallel at 50°28ʹ.
Inverse equations were developed at Esri. It is available in
ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and later.
 The Winkel Tripel map projection centered on Greenwich.

Additional information about map projections and coordinate

systems in ArcGIS is available in ArcGIS Desktop or ArcGIS Pro
online documentation.

Cover illustration by Charles Preppernau.

Con tecnología de ArcGIS StoryMaps