Proposed

 syllabus  and  Scheme  of  Examination  

for  

B.Sc.  (Program)  with  Physics  

 

Submitted  

to  

University  Grants  Commission  

New  Delhi  

                           Under  

Choice  Based  Credit  System  

April 2015

1  
    

2  
CHOICE BASED CREDIT
SYSTEM

B. SC. PROGRAM WITH

PHYSICS

3  
Details of Courses Under Undergraduate Program (B.Sc.)

Course *Credits

===============================================================

Theory+ Practical Theory+Tutorials

I. Core Course 12X4= 48 12X5=60

(12 Papers)

04 Courses from each of the

03 disciplines of choice

Core Course Practical / Tutorial* 12X2=24 12X1=12

(12 Practical/ Tutorials*)

04 Courses from each of the

03 Disciplines of choice

II. Elective Course 6x4=24 6X5=30

(6 Papers)

Two papers from each discipline of choice

including paper of interdisciplinary nature.

Elective Course Practical / Tutorials* 6 X 2=12 6X1=6

(6 Practical / Tutorials*)

Two Papers from each discipline of choice

including paper of interdisciplinary nature

• Optional Dissertation or project work in place of one Discipline elective

paper (6 credits) in 6th Semester

4  
 III. Ability Enhancement Courses

1. Ability Enhancement Compulsory 2 X 2=4 2X2=4

(2 Papers of 2 credits each)

Environmental Science

English/MIL Communication

2. Skill Enhancement Course 4 X 2=8 4 X 2=8

(Skill Based)

(4 Papers of 2 credits each)

__________________ _________________

Total credit= 120 Total credit= 120

Institute should evolve a system/policy about ECA/ General

Interest/Hobby/Sports/NCC/NSS/related courses on its own.

*wherever there is practical there will be no tutorials and vice -versa

Proposed scheme for choice based credit system in B. Sc. Program

CORE Ability Enhancement Skill Discipline Specific
COURSE (12) Compulsory Course EnhancementCo Elective DSE (6)
(AECC) (2) urse (SEC) (2)

I Mechanics (English/MIL
Communication)/
DSC- 2 A
Environmental Science
DSC- 3 A

Electricity, Environmental Science

II Magnetism and /(English/MIL
EMT

5  
 DSC- 2 B Communication)

DSC- 3 B

III Thermal SEC-1

Physics and
Statistical
Mechanics

DSC- 2 C

DSC- 3 C

IV Waves and SEC -2

Optics

DSC- 2 D

DSC- 3 D

V SEC -3 DSE-1 A

DSE-2 A

DSE-3 A

VI SEC -4 DSE-1 B

DSE-2 B

DSE-3 B

6  
SEMESTER COURSE OPTED COURSE NAME Credits
I Ability Enhancement Compulsory English/MIL communications/ 2
Course-I Environmental Science
Core course-I Mechanics 4
Core Course-I Practical/Tutorial Mechanics Lab 2
Core course-II DSC 2A 6
Core Course-III DSC 3A 6
II Ability Enhancement Compulsory English/MIL communications/ 2
Course-II Environmental Science
Core course-IV Electricity, Magnetism and EMT 4
Core Course-IV Practical/Tutorial Electricity, Magnetism and EMT 2
Lab
Core course-V DSC 2B 6
Core Course-VI DSC 3B 6
III Core course-VII Thermal Physics and Statistical 4
Mechanics
Core Course-VII Practical/Tutorial Thermal Physics and Statistical 2
Mechanics Lab
Core course-VIII DSC 2C 6
Core Course-IX DSC 3C 6
Skill Enhancement Course -1 SEC-1 2
Core course-X Waves and Optics 4
IV Course-X Practical/Tutorial Waves and Optics Lab 2
Core course-XI DSC 2D 6
Core course-XII DSC 3D 6
Skill Enhancement Course -2 SEC -2 2
V Skill Enhancement Course -3 SEC -3 2
Discipline Specific Elective -1 DSE-1A 6
Discipline Specific Elective -2 DSE-2A 6
Discipline Specific Elective -3 DSE-3A 6
VI Skill Enhancement Course -4 SEC -4 2
Discipline Specific Elective -4 DSE-1B 6
Discipline Specific Elective -5 DSE-2B 6
Discipline Specific Elective-6 DSE-3B 6
Total 120
Credits

B.Sc. Physical Science

Core papers Physics (Credit: 06 each) (CP 1-4):

1. Mechanics (4) + Lab (4)

7  
 2. Electricity and Magnetism (4) + Lab (4)
3. Thermal Physics and Statistical Mechanics (4) + Lab (4)
4. Waves and Optics (4) + Lab (4)

Discipline Specific Elective papers (Credit: 06 each) (DSE 1, DSE 2): Choose 2

1. Digital, Analog and Instrumentation (4) + Lab (4)

2. Elements of Modern Physics (4) + Lab (4)
3. Mathematical Physics (4) + Lab (4)
4. Solid State Physics (4) + Lab (4)
5. Quantum Mechanics (4) + Lab (4)
6. Embedded System: Introduction to microcontroller (4) + Lab (4)
7. Nuclear and Particle Physics (5) + Tut (1)
8. Medical Physics (4) + Lab (4)
9. Dissertation

Note: Universities may include more options or delete some from this list

Skill Enhancement Course (any four) (Credit: 02 each)- SEC 1 to SEC 4

1. Physics Workshop Skills
2. Computational Physics Skills
3. Electrical circuit network Skills
4. Basic Instrumentation Skills
5. Renewable Energy and Energy harvesting
6. Mechanical Drawing
7. Radiology and Safety
8. Applied Optics
9. Weather Forecasting

Note: Universities may include more options or delete some from this list

Important:
1. Each University/Institute should provide a brief write-up about each paper
outlining the salient features, utility, learning objectives and prerequisites.
2. University/Institute can add/delete some experiments of similar nature in
the Laboratory papers.
3. The size of the practical group for practical papers is recommended to be
12-15 students.
4. University/Institute can add to the list of reference books given at the end of
each paper.

 
8  
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester I
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-DSC 1 A: MECHANICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Vectors: Vector algebra. Scalar and vector products. Derivatives of a vector with respect
to a parameter. (4 Lectures)

Ordinary Differential Equations:1st order homogeneous differential equations. 2nd

order homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients. (6 Lectures)

Laws of Motion: Frames of reference. Newton’s Laws of motion. Dynamics of a

system of particles. Centre of Mass. (10 Lectures)

Momentum and Energy: Conservation of momentum. Work and energy. Conservation

of energy. Motion of rockets. (6 Lectures)

Rotational Motion: Angular velocity and angular momentum. Torque. Conservation of

angular momentum. (5 Lectures)

Gravitation: Newton’s Law of Gravitation. Motion of a particle in a central force field

(motion is in a plane, angular momentum is conserved, areal velocity is constant).
Kepler’s Laws (statement only). Satellite in circular orbit and applications.
Geosynchronous orbits. Weightlessness. Basic idea of global positioning system (GPS).
Physiological effects on astronauts. (8 Lectures)

Oscillations: Simple harmonic motion. Differential equation of SHM and its solutions.
Kinetic and Potential Energy, Total Energy and their time averages. Damped
oscillations. (6 Lectures)

Elasticity: Hooke’s law - Stress-strain diagram - Elastic moduli-Relation between

elastic constants - Poisson’s Ratio-Expression for Poisson’s ratio in terms of elastic
constants - Work done in stretching and work done in twisting a wire - Twisting couple
on a cylinder - Determination of Rigidity modulus by static torsion - Torsional
pendulum-Determination of Rigidity modulus and moment of inertia - q, η and σby
Searles method (8 Lectures)

Speed Theory of Relativity: Constancy of speed of light. Postulates of Special Theory

of Relativity. Length contraction. Time dilation. Relativistic addition of velocities.
(7 Lectures)

9  
Note: Students are not familiar with vector calculus. Hence all examples involve
differentiation either in one dimension or with respect to the radial coordinate.
Reference Books:
• University Physics. FW Sears, MW Zemansky and HD Young13/e, 1986. Addison-
Wesley
• Mechanics Berkeley Physics course,v.1:Charles Kittel, et. Al. 2007, Tata McGraw-
Hill.
• Physics – Resnick, Halliday & Walker 9/e, 2010, Wiley
• University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS LAB: DSC 1 LAB: MECHANICS

60 Lectures
1. Measurements of length (or diameter) using vernier caliper, screw gauge and
travelling microscope.
2. To determine the Height of a Building using a Sextant.
3. To determine the Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.
4. To determine the Young's Modulus of a Wire by Optical Lever Method.
5. To determine the Modulus of Rigidity of a Wire by Maxwell’s needle.
6. To determine the Elastic Constants of a Wire by Searle’s method.
7. To determine g by Bar Pendulum.
8. To determine g by Kater’s Pendulum.
9. To determine g and velocity for a freely falling body using Digital Timing
Technique
10. To study the Motion of a Spring and calculate (a) Spring Constant (b) Value of g

Reference Books:
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint and H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition,
2011, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester II
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-DSC 2: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

10  
Theory: 60 Lectures

Vector Analysis: Scalar and Vector product, gradient, divergence, Curl and their
significance, Vector Integration, Line, surface and volume integrals of Vector fields,
Gauss-divergence theorem and Stoke's theorem of vectors (statement only).
(12 Lectures)

Electrostatics: Electrostatic Field, electric flux, Gauss's theorem of electrostatics.

Applications of Gauss theorem- Electric field due to point charge, infinite line of charge,
uniformly charged spherical shell and solid sphere, plane charged sheet, charged
conductor. Electric potential as line integral of electric field, potential due to a point
charge, electric dipole, uniformly charged spherical shell and solid sphere. Calculation
of electric field from potential. Capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor. Parallel
plate, spherical and cylindrical condenser. Energy per unit volume in electrostatic field.
Dielectric medium, Polarisation, Displacement vector. Gauss's theorem in dielectrics.
Parallel plate capacitor completely filled with dielectric.
(22 Lectures)

Magnetism:
Magnetostatics: Biot-Savart's law & its applications- straight conductor, circular coil,
solenoid carrying current. Divergence and curl of magnetic field. Magnetic vector
potential. Ampere's circuital law.
Magnetic properties of materials: Magnetic intensity, magnetic induction, permeability,
magnetic susceptibility. Brief introduction of dia-, para- and ferro-magnetic materials.
(10 Lectures)
Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz's law,
self and mutual inductance, L of single coil, M of two coils. Energy stored in magnetic
field. (6 Lectures)

Maxwell`s equations and Electromagnetic wave propagation: Equation of continuity

of current, Displacement current, Maxwell's equations, Poynting vector, energy density
in electromagnetic field, electromagnetic wave propagation through vacuum and
isotropic dielectric medium, transverse nature of EM waves, polarization. (10 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Electricity and Magnetism, Edward M. Purcell, 1986, McGraw-Hill Education..
• Electricity and Magnetism, J.H. Fewkes & J. Yarwood. Vol. I, 1991, Oxford Univ.
Press.
• Electricity and Magnetism, D C Tayal, 1988, Himalaya Publishing House.
• University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
• D.J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd Edn, 1998, Benjamin
Cummings.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11  
PHYSICS LAB- DSC 2 LAB: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
60 Lectures
1. To use a Multimeter for measuring (a) Resistances, (b) AC and DC Voltages, (c)
DC Current, and (d) checking electrical fuses.
2. Ballistic Galvanometer:
(i) Measurement of charge and current sensitivity
(ii) Measurement of CDR
(iii) Determine a high resistance by Leakage Method
(iv) To determine Self Inductance of a Coil by Rayleigh’s Method.
3. To compare capacitances using De’Sauty’s bridge.
4. Measurement of field strength B and its variation in a Solenoid (Determine
dB/dx).
5. To study the Characteristics of a Series RC Circuit.
6. To study the a series LCR circuit and determine its (a) Resonant Frequency, (b)
Quality Factor
7. To study a parallel LCR circuit and determine its (a) Anti-resonant frequency and
(b) Quality factor Q
8. To determine a Low Resistance by Carey Foster’s Bridge.
9. To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorem
10. To verify the Superposition, and Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Reference Books
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition,
2011, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester III
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-DSC 3: THERMAL PHYSICS AND STATISTICAL

MECHANICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

12  
Laws of Thermodynamics:
Thermodynamic Description of system: Zeroth Law of thermodynamics and
temperature. First law and internal energy, conversion of heat into work, Various
Thermodynamical Processes, Applications of First Law: General Relation between CP&
CV, Work Done during Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes, Compressibility &
Expansion Coefficient, Reversible & irreversible processes, Second law & Entropy,
Carnot’s cycle & theorem, Entropy changes in reversible & irreversible processes,
Entropy-temperature diagrams, Third law of thermodynamics, Unattainability of
absolute zero. (22 Lectures)

Thermodynamic Potentials: Enthalpy, Gibbs, Helmholtz and Internal Energy

functions, Maxwell’s relations & applications - Joule-Thompson Effect, Clausius-
Clapeyron Equation, Expression for (CP – CV), CP/CV, TdS equations. (10 Lectures)

Kinetic Theory of Gases: Derivation of Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocities and

its experimental verification, Mean free path (Zeroth Order), Transport Phenomena:
Viscosity, Conduction and Diffusion (for vertical case), Law of equipartition of energy
(no derivation) and its applications to specific heat of gases; mono-atomic and diatomic
gases. (10 Lectures)

Theory of Radiation: Blackbody radiation, Spectral distribution, Concept of Energy

Density, Derivation of Planck's law, Deduction of Wien’s distribution law, Rayleigh-
Jeans Law, Stefan Boltzmann Law and Wien’s displacement law from Planck’s law.
(6 Lectures)
Statistical Mechanics: Maxwell-Boltzmann law - distribution of velocity - Quantum
statistics - Phase space - Fermi-Dirac distribution law - electron gas - Bose-Einstein
distribution law - photon gas - comparison of three statistics. (12 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Thermal Physics, S. Garg, R. Bansal and C. Ghosh, 1993, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• A Treatise on Heat, Meghnad Saha, and B.N. Srivastava, 1969, Indian Press.
• Thermodynamics, Enrico Fermi, 1956, Courier Dover Publications.
• Thermodynamics, Kinetic theory & Statistical thermodynamics, F.W.Sears &
G.L.Salinger. 1988, Narosa
• University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

PHYSICS LAB-DSC 3 LAB: THERMAL PHYSICS AND

STATISTICAL MECHANICS
60 Lectures

13  
 1. To determine Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, J, by Callender and Barne’s constant
flow method.
2. Measurement of Planck’s constant using black body radiation.
3. To determine Stefan’s Constant.
4. To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of copper by Searle’s
Apparatus.
5. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Cu by Angstrom’s
Method.
6. To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee and
Charlton’s disc method.
7. To determine the temperature co-efficient of resistance by Platinum resistance
thermometer.
8. To study the variation of thermo emf across two junctions of a thermocouple with
temperature.
9. To record and analyze the cooling temperature of an hot object as a function of time
using a thermocouple and suitable data acquisition system
10. To calibrate Resistance Temperature Device (RTD) using Null Method/Off-Balance
Bridge
Reference Books:
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition,
2011, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
• A Laboratory Manual of Physics for Undergraduate Classes, D.P.Khandelwal,
1985, Vani Publication.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester IV
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-DSC 4: WAVES AND OPTICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Superposition of Two Collinear Harmonic oscillations: Linearity and Superposition

Principle. (1) Oscillations having equal frequencies and (2) Oscillations having different
frequencies (Beats). (4 Lectures)

Superposition of Two Perpendicular Harmonic Oscillations: Graphical and

Analytical Methods. Lissajous Figures (1:1 and 1:2) and their uses. (2 Lectures)

14  
Waves Motion- General: Transverse waves on a string. Travelling and standing waves
on a string. Normal Modes of a string. Group velocity, Phase velocity. Plane waves.
Spherical waves, Wave intensity. (7 Lectures)

Fluids: Surface Tension: Synclastic and anticlastic surface - Excess of pressure -

Application to spherical and cylindrical drops and bubbles - variation of surface tension
with temperature - Jaegar’s method. Viscosity: Viscosity - Rate flow of liquid in a
capillary tube - Poiseuille’s formula - Determination of coefficient of viscosity of a
liquid - Variations of viscosity of a liquid with temperature lubrication. Physics of low
pressure - production and measurement of low pressure - Rotary pump - Diffusion pump
- Molecular pump - Knudsen absolute gauge - penning and pirani gauge – Detection of
leakage. (6 Lectures)

Sound: Simple harmonic motion - forced vibrations and resonance - Fourier’s Theorem
- Application to saw tooth wave and square wave - Intensity and loudness of sound -
Decibels - Intensity levels - musical notes - musical scale. Acoustics of buildings:
Reverberation and time of reverberation - Absorption coefficient - Sabine’s formula -
measurement of reverberation time - Acoustic aspects of halls and auditoria.
(6 Lectures)

Wave Optics: Electromagnetic nature of light. Definition and Properties of wave front.
Huygens Principle. (3 Lectures)

Interference: Interference: Division of amplitude and division of wavefront. Young’s

Double Slit experiment. Lloyd’s Mirror and Fresnel’s Biprism. Phase change on
reflection: Stokes’ treatment. Interference in Thin Films: parallel and wedge-shaped
films. Fringes of equal inclination (Haidinger Fringes); Fringes of equal thickness
(Fizeau Fringes). Newton’s Rings: measurement of wavelength and refractive index.
(10 Lectures)

Michelson’s Interferometer: (1) Idea of form of fringes (no theory needed), (2)
Determination of wavelength,(3) Wavelength difference,(4) Refractive index, (5)
Visibility of fringes. (3 Lectures)

Diffraction: Fraunhofer diffraction: Single slit; Double Slit. Multiple slits & Diffraction
grating. Fresnel Diffraction: Half-period zones. Zone plate. Fresnel Diffraction pattern
of a straight edge, a slit and a wire using half-period zone analysis. (14 Lectures)

Polarization: Transverse nature of light waves. Plane polarized light – production and
analysis. Circular and elliptical polarization. (5 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Fundamentals of Optics, F A Jenkins and H E White, 1976, McGraw-Hill
• Principles of Optics, B.K. Mathur, 1995, Gopal Printing

15  
 • Fundamentals of Optics, H.R. Gulati and D.R. Khanna, 1991, R. Chand
Publication
• UniversityPhysics.FWSears,MWZemanskyandHDYoung13/e, 1986.Addison-
Wesley
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS LAB-DSC 4 LAB: WAVES AND OPTICS

60 Lectures
1. To investigate the motion of coupled oscillators
2. To determine the Frequency of an Electrically Maintained Tuning Fork by
Melde’s Experiment and to verify λ2 – T Law.
3. To study Lissajous Figures
4. Familiarization with Schuster`s focussing; determination of angle of prism.  
5. To determine the Coefficient of Viscosity of water by Capillary Flow Method
(Poiseuille’s method).      
6. To determine the Refractive Index of the Material of a given Prism using Sodium
Light.
7. To determine Dispersive Power of the Material of a given Prism using Mercury
Light
8. To determine the value of Cauchy Constants of a material of a prism.
9. To determine the Resolving Power of a Prism.
10. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Fresnel Biprism.
11. To determine wavelength of sodium light using Newton’s Rings.
12. To determine the wavelength of Laser light using Diffraction of Single Slit.
13. To determine wavelength of (1) Sodium & (2) Mercury light using plane
diffraction Grating
14. To determine the Resolving Power of a Plane Diffraction Grating.
15. To measure the intensity using photosensor and laser in diffraction patterns of
single and double slits.

Reference Books:
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition,
2011, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Discipline Specific Elective

16  
Select two papers

PHYSICS- DSE: DIGITAL AND ANALOG CIRCUITS AND

INSTRUMENTATION
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

UNIT-1: Digital Circuits

Difference between Analog and Digital Circuits. Binary Numbers. Decimal to Binary
and Binary to Decimal Conversion, AND, OR and NOT Gates (Realization using Diodes
and Transistor). NAND and NOR Gates as Universal Gates. XOR and XNOR Gates.
(4 Lectures)

De Morgan's Theorems. Boolean Laws. Simplification of Logic Circuit using Boolean

Algebra. Fundamental Products. Minterms and Maxterms. Conversion of a Truth Table
into an Equivalent Logic Circuit by (1) Sum of Products Method and (2) Karnaugh Map.
(5 Lectures)

Binary Addition. Binary Subtraction using 2's Complement Method).Half Adders and
Full Adders and Subtractors, 4-bit binary Adder-Subtractor. (4 Lectures)

UNIT-2: Semiconductor Devices and Amplifiers:

Semiconductor Diodes: p and n type semiconductors. Barrier Formation in PN Junction
Diode. Qualitative Idea of Current Flow Mechanism in Forward and Reverse Biased
Diode. PN junction and its characteristics. Static and Dynamic Resistance. Principle and
structure of (1) LEDs (2) Photodiode (3) Solar Cell.
(5 Lectures)

Bipolar Junction transistors: n-p-n and p-n-p Transistors. Characteristics of CB, CE and
CC Configurations. Current gains α and β. Relations between α and β. Load Line
analysis of Transistors. DC Load line and Q-point. Active, Cutoff, and Saturation
Regions. Voltage Divider Bias Circuit for CE Amplifier. h-parameter Equivalent Circuit.
Analysis of a single-stage CE amplifier using Hybrid Model. Input and Output
Impedance. Current, Voltage and Power Gains. Class A, B, and C Amplifiers.
(12 Lectures)

UNIT-3: Operational Amplifiers (Black Box approach):

Characteristics of an Ideal and Practical Op-Amp (IC 741), Open-loop& Closed-loop
Gain. CMRR, concept of Virtual ground. Applications of Op-Amps: (1) Inverting and
Non-inverting Amplifiers, (2) Adder, (3) Subtractor, (4) Differentiator, (5) Integrator,
(6) Zero Crossing Detector. (13 Lectures)

Sinusoidal Oscillators: Barkhausen's Criterion for Self-sustained Oscillations.

Determination of Frequency of RC Oscillator (5 Lectures)
17  
UNIT-4: Instrumentations:
Introduction to CRO: Block Diagram of CRO. Applications of CRO: (1) Study of
Waveform, (2) Measurement of Voltage, Current, Frequency, and Phase Difference.
(3 Lectures)
Power Supply: Half-wave Rectifiers. Centre-tapped and Bridge Full-wave Rectifiers
Calculation of Ripple Factor and Rectification Efficiency, Basic idea about capacitor
filter, Zener Diode and Voltage Regulation (6 Lectures)

Timer IC: IC 555 Pin diagram and its application as Astable & Monostable
Multivibrator (3 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• Integrated Electronics, J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, 1991, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
• Electronic devices and circuits, S. Salivahanan and N.Suresh Kumar, 2012, Tata
Mc-Graw Hill.
• Microelectronic Circuits, M.H. Rashid, 2ndEdn.,2011, Cengage Learning.
• Modern Electronic Instrumentation & Measurement Tech.,Helfrick&Cooper,1990,
PHI Learning
• Digital Principles & Applications, A.P.Malvino, D.P.Leach & Saha, 7th Ed.,2011,
Tata McGraw Hill
• Fundamentals of Digital Circuits, A. Anand Kumar, 2nd Edition, 2009, PHI Learning
Pvt. Ltd.
• OP-AMP and Linear Digital Circuits, R.A. Gayakwad, 2000, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

PRACTICALS - DSE LAB: DIGITAL AND ANALOG CIRCUITS

AND INSTRUMENTS
60 Lectures
1. To measure (a) Voltage, and (b) Frequency of a periodic waveform using a CRO
2. To verify and design AND, OR, NOT and XOR gates using NAND gates.
3. To minimize a given logic circuit.
4. Half adder, Full adder and 4-bit Binary Adder.
5. Adder-Subtractor using Full Adder I.C.
6. To design an astable multivibrator of given specifications using 555 Timer.
7. To design a monostable multivibrator of given specifications using 555 Timer.
8. To study IV characteristics of PN diode, Zener and Light emitting diode
9. To study the characteristics of a Transistor in CE configuration.
10. To design a CE amplifier of a given gain (mid-gain) using voltage divider bias.
11. To design an inverting amplifier of given gain using Op-amp 741 and study its
frequency response.
12. To design a non-inverting amplifier of given gain using Op-amp 741 and study
its Frequency Response.
13. To study a precision Differential Amplifier of given I/O specification using Op-
amp.
14. To investigate the use of an op-amp as a Differentiator
15. To design a Wien Bridge Oscillator using an op-amp.
18  
Reference Books:
• Basic Electronics: A text lab manual, P.B.Zbar, A.P.Malvino, M.A.Miller, 1994,
Mc-Graw Hill.
• Electronics: Fundamentals and Applications, J.D. Ryder, 2004, Prentice Hall.
• OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice
Hall.
• Electronic Principle, Albert Malvino, 2008, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS- DSE: ELEMENTS OF MODERN PHYSICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Planck’s quantum, Planck’s constant and light as a collection of photons; Photo-electric

effect and Compton scattering. De Broglie wavelength and matter waves; Davisson-
Germer experiment. (8 Lectures)
Problems with Rutherford model- instability of atoms and observation of discrete atomic
spectra; Bohr's quantization rule and atomic stability; calculation of energy levels for
hydrogen like atoms and their spectra. (4 Lectures)

Position measurement- gamma ray microscope thought experiment; Wave-particle

duality, Heisenberg uncertainty principle- impossibility of a particle following a
trajectory; Estimating minimum energy of a confined particle using uncertainty
principle; Energy-time uncertainty principle. (4 Lectures)

Two slit interference experiment with photons, atoms and particles; linear superposition
principle as a consequence; Matter waves and wave amplitude; Schrodinger equation for
non-relativistic particles; Momentum and Energy operators; stationary states; physical
interpretation of wavefunction, probabilities and normalization; Probability and
probability current densities in one dimension. 11 Lectures)

One dimensional infinitely rigid box- energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions,

normalization; Quantum dot as an example; Quantum mechanical scattering and
tunnelling in one dimension - across a step potential and across a rectangular potential
barrier. (12 Lectures)

Size and structure of atomic nucleus and its relation with atomic weight; Impossibility of
an electron being in the nucleus as a consequence of the uncertainty principle. Nature of
nuclear force, NZ graph, semi-empirical mass formula and binding energy.
(6 Lectures)
Radioactivity: stability of nucleus; Law of radioactive decay; Mean life & half-life; α
decay; β decay - energy released, spectrum and Pauli's prediction of neutrino; γ-ray
emission. (11 Lectures)
19  
Fission and fusion - mass deficit, relativity and generation of energy; Fission - nature of
fragments and emission of neutrons. Nuclear reactor: slow neutrons interacting with
Uranium 235; Fusion and thermonuclear reactions.
(4 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, 2009, McGraw-Hill
• Modern Physics, John R.Taylor, Chris D.Zafiratos, Michael A.Dubson,2009, PHI
Learning
• Six Ideas that Shaped Physics:Particle Behave like Waves, Thomas A. Moore, 2003,
McGraw Hill
• Quantum Physics, Berkeley Physics Course Vol.4. E.H. Wichman, 2008, Tata
McGraw-Hill Co.
• Modern Physics, R.A. Serway, C.J. Moses, and C.A.Moyer, 2005, Cengage
Learning
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRACTICALS -DSE-1 LAB: ELEMENTS OF MODERN PHYSICS
60 Lectures

1. To determine value of Boltzmann constant using V-I characteristic of PN diode.

1. To determine work function of material of filament of directly heated vacuum
diode.
2. To determine value of Planck’s constant using LEDs of at least 4 different
colours.
3. To determine the ionization potential of mercury.
4. To determine the wavelength of H-alpha emission line of Hydrogen atom.
5. To determine the absorption lines in the rotational spectrum of Iodine vapour.
6. To study the diffraction patterns of single and double slits using laser source and
measure its intensity variation using Photosensor and compare with incoherent
source – Na light.
7. Photo-electric effect: photo current versus intensity and wavelength of light;
maximum energy of photo-electrons versus frequency of light
8. To determine the value of e/m by magnetic focusing.
9. To setup the Millikan oil drop apparatus and determine the charge of an electron.
Reference Books:
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th
Edition, reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition,
2011, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20  
PHYSICS-DSE: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
The emphasis of the course is on applications in solving problems of interest to
physicists. The students are to be examined entirely on the basis of problems, seen and
unseen.

Calculus of functions of more than one variable: Partial derivatives, exact and inexact
differentials. Integrating factor, with simple illustration. Constrained Maximization
using Lagrange Multipliers. (6 Lectures)

Fourier Series: Periodic functions. Orthogonality of sine and cosine functions, Dirichlet
Conditions (Statement only). Expansion of periodic functions in a series of sine and
cosine functions and determination of Fourier coefficients. Complex representation of
Fourier series. Expansion of functions with arbitrary period. Expansion of non-periodic
functions over an interval. Even and odd functions and their Fourier expansions.
Application. Summing of Infinite Series. (10 Lectures)

Frobenius Method and Special Functions: Singular Points of Second Order Linear
Differential Equations and their importance. Frobenius method and its applications to
differential equations. Legendre, Bessel, Hermite and Laguerre Differential Equations.
Properties of Legendre Polynomials: Rodrigues Formula, Orthogonality. Simple
recurrence relations. (16 Lectures)

Some Special Integrals: Beta and Gamma Functions and Relation between them.
Expression of Integrals in terms of Gamma Functions. Error Function (Probability
Integral). (4 Lectures)

Partial Differential Equations: Solutions to partial differential equations, using

separation of variables: Laplace's Equation in problems of rectangular, cylindrical and
spherical symmetry. (10 Lectures)
Complex Analysis: Brief Revision of Complex Numbers and their Graphical
Representation. Euler's formula, De Moivre's theorem, Roots of Complex Numbers.
Functions of Complex Variables. Analyticity and Cauchy-Riemann Conditions.
Examples of analytic functions. Singular functions: poles and branch points, order of
singularity, branch cuts. Integration of a function of a complex variable. Cauchy's
Inequality. Cauchy’s Integral formula.
(14 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Mathematical Methods for Physicists: Arfken, Weber, 2005, Harris, Elsevier.
• Fourier Analysis by M.R. Spiegel, 2004, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Mathematics for Physicists, Susan M. Lea, 2004, Thomson Brooks/Cole.
21  
• An Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations, Earl A Coddington, 1961, PHI
Learning.
• Differential Equations, George F. Simmons, 2006, Tata McGraw-Hill.
• Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers, S.J. Farlow, 1993, Dover
Publications.
• Mathematical methods for Scientists and Engineers, D.A. McQuarrie, 2003, Viva
Books.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRACTICALS -DSE LAB: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
60 Lectures

The aim of this course is not just to teach computer programming and numerical
analysis but to emphasize its role in solving problems in Physics.
• Highlights the use of computational methods to solve physical problems
• Use of computer language as a tool in solving physics problems (applications)
• The course will consist of lectures (both theory and practical) in the Computer
Lab
• Evaluation done not on the programming but on the basis of formulating the
problem
• Aim at teaching students to construct the computational problem to be solved
• Students can use anyone operating system Linux or Microsoft Windows

Topics Description with Applications

Introduction and Overview Computer architecture and organization, memory and
Input/output devices
Basics of scientific computing Binary and decimal arithmetic, Floating point numbers,
algorithms, Sequence, Selection and Repetition, single
and double precision arithmetic, underflow & overflow-
emphasize the importance of making equations in terms
of dimensionless variables, Iterative methods
Errors and error Analysis Truncation and round off errors, Absolute and relative
errors, Floating point computations.

22  
 Introduction to Programming, constants, variables and
data types, operators and Expressions, I/O statements,
scanf and printf, c in and c out, Manipulators for data
formatting, Control statements (decision making and
Review of C & C++ Programming looping statements) (If-­‐statement. If-­‐else Statement.
fundamentals Nested if Structure. Else-­‐if Statement. Ternary Operator.
Goto Statement. Switch Statement. Unconditional and
Conditional Looping. While-Loop. Do-While Loop. FOR
Loop. Break and Continue Statements. Nested Loops),
Arrays (1D&2D) and strings, user defined functions,
Structures and Unions, Idea of classes and objects

Programs: Sum & average of a list of numbers, largest of a given

list of numbers and its location in the list, sorting of
numbers in ascending-descending order, Binary search
Random number generation Area of circle, area of square, volume of sphere, value of
π
Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental Solution of linear and quadratic equation, solving
equations by Bisection, Newton Raphson α=tanα; I=Ιο [(Sinα)/α]2 in optics
and Secant methods
Interpolation by Newton Gregory Forward Evaluation of trigonometric functions e.g. sin θ, cos θ, tan
and Backward difference formula, Error θ, etc.
estimation of linear interpolation

Numerical differentiation (Forward and Given Position with equidistant time data to calculate
Backward difference formula) and velocity and acceleration and vice-versa. Find the area of
Integration (Trapezoidal a n d Simpson B-H Hysteresis loop
rules), Monte Carlo method

1. Solve the coupled first order differential equations

!" ! ! !"
!"
=𝑦+𝑥− !
, !" =   −𝑥,

for four initial conditions x(0) = 0, y(0) = -1, -2, -3, -4. Plot x vs y for each of the
four initial conditions on the same screen for 0 ≤ t ≤ 15.

2. The ordinary differential equation describing the motion of a pendulum is

𝜗"   =   −sin(𝜗)
The pendulum is released from rest at an angular displacement α i.e. 𝜗   0 =  α,
𝜗′   0 =  0. Use the RK4 method to solve the equation for α = 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0
and plot 𝜗 as a function of time in the range 0 ≤ t ≤ 8π. Also, plot the analytic
solution valid in the small 𝜗 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜗 ≈  𝜗).
23  
Reference Books:
• Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5thEdn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt.
Ltd.
• Schaum's Outline of Programming with C++. J.Hubbard, 2 0 0 0 , McGraw-­‐Hill
Publications.
• Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, W.H. Pressetal.,
3 rd Edn., 2007, Cambridge University Press.
• A first course in Numerical Methods, Uri M. Ascher and Chen Greif, 2012, PHI
Learning
• Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E.Atkinson,3 r d E d n . , 2 0 0 7 , Wiley India
Edition.
• Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, R.W. Hamming, 1973, Courier
Dover Pub.
• An Introduction to Computational Physics, T.Pang, 2 nd Edn., 2006, Cambridge
Univ. Press

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-DSE: SOLID STATE PHYSICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Crystal Structure: Solids: Amorphous and Crystalline Materials. Lattice Translation

Vectors. Lattice with a Basis – Central and Non-Central Elements. Unit Cell. Miller
Indices. Reciprocal Lattice. Types of Lattices. Brillouin Zones. Diffraction of X-rays by
Crystals. Bragg’s Law. Atomic and Geometrical Factor.
(12 Lectures)

Elementary Lattice Dynamics: Lattice Vibrations and Phonons: Linear Monoatomic

and Diatomic Chains. Acoustical and Optical Phonons. Qualitative Description of the
Phonon Spectrum in Solids. Dulong and Petit’s Law, Einstein and Debye theories of
specific heat of solids. T3 law
(10 Lectures)
Magnetic Properties of Matter: Dia-, Para-, Ferri- and Ferromagnetic Materials.
Classical Langevin Theory of dia – and Paramagnetic Domains. Quantum Mechanical
Treatment of Paramagnetism. Curie’s law, Weiss’s Theory of Ferromagnetism and
Ferromagnetic Domains. Discussion of B-H Curve. Hysteresis and Energy Loss.
(12 Lectures)

Dielectric Properties of Materials: Polarization. Local Electric Field at an Atom.

Depolarization Field. Electric Susceptibility. Polarizability. Clausius Mosotti Equation.
Classical Theory of Electric Polarizability. Normal and Anomalous Dispersion. Cauchy
and Sellmeir relations. Langevin-Debye equation. Complex Dielectric Constant. Optical

24  
Phenomena. Application: Plasma Oscillations, Plasma Frequency, Plasmons.
(10 Lectures)

Elementary band theory: Kronig Penny model. Band Gaps. Conductors,

Semiconductors and insulators. P and N type Semiconductors. Conductivity of
Semiconductors, mobility, Hall Effect, Hall coefficient. (10 Lectures)

Superconductivity: Experimental Results. Critical Temperature. Critical magnetic field.

Meissner effect. Type I and type II Superconductors, London’s Equation and Penetration
Depth. Isotope effect.
(6 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• Introduction to Solid State Physics, Charles Kittel, 8th Ed., 2004, Wiley India Pvt.
Ltd.
• Elements of Solid State Physics, J.P. Srivastava, 2nd Ed., 2006, Prentice-Hall of
India
• Introduction to Solids, Leonid V. Azaroff, 2004, Tata Mc-Graw Hill
• Solid State Physics, Neil W. Ashcroft and N. David Mermin, 1976, Cengage
Learning
• Solid-state Physics, H.Ibach and H Luth, 2009, Springer
• Elementary Solid State Physics, 1/e M. Ali Omar, 1999, Pearson India
• Solid State Physics, M.A. Wahab, 2011, Narosa Publications
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICALS-DSE LAB: SOLID STATE PHYSICS

60 Lectures
1. Measurement of susceptibility of paramagnetic solution (Quinck`s Tube Method)
2. To measure the Magnetic susceptibility of Solids.
3. To determine the Coupling Coefficient of a Piezoelectric crystal.
4. To measure the Dielectric Constant of a dielectric Materials with frequency
5. To determine the complex dielectric constant and plasma frequency of metal using
Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR)
6. To determine the refractive index of a dielectric layer using SPR
7. To study the PE Hysteresis loop of a Ferroelectric Crystal.
8. To draw the BH curve of iron using a Solenoid and determine the energy loss from
Hysteresis.
9. To measure the resistivity of a semiconductor (Ge) crystal with temperature by four-
probe method (from room temperature to 150 oC) and to determine its band gap.
10. To determine the Hall coefficient of a semiconductor sample.

Reference Books

25  
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L. Flint and H.T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
• Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted 1985, Heinemann Educational Publishers
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Ed., 2011,
Kitab Mahal, New Delhi
• Elements of Solid State Physics, J.P. Srivastava, 2nd Ed., 2006, Prentice-Hall of
India
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-DSE: QUANTUM MECHANICS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Time dependent Schrodinger equation: Time dependent Schrodinger equation and

dynamical evolution of a quantum state; Properties of Wave Function. Interpretation of
Wave Function Probability and probability current densities in three dimensions;
Conditions for Physical Acceptability of Wave Functions. Normalization. Linearity and
Superposition Principles. Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions. Position, momentum &
Energy operators; commutator of position and momentum operators; Expectation values
of position and momentum. Wave Function of a Free Particle.
(6 Lectures)

Time independent Schrodinger equation-Hamiltonian, stationary states and energy

eigenvalues; expansion of an arbitrary wavefunction as a linear combination of energy
eigenfunctions; General solution of the time dependent Schrodinger equation in terms of
linear combinations of stationary states; Application to the spread of Gaussian
wavepacket for a free particle in one dimension; wave packets, Fourier transforms and
momentum space wavefunction; Position-momentum uncertainty principle.
(10 Lectures)

General discussion of bound states in an arbitrary potential- continuity of wave

function, boundary condition and emergence of discrete energy levels; application to
one-dimensional problem- square well potential; Quantum mechanics of simple
harmonic oscillator-energy levels and energy eigenfunctions using Frobenius method.
(12 Lectures)

26  
Quantum theory of hydrogen-like atoms: time independent Schrodinger equation in
spherical polar coordinates; separation of variables for the second order partial
differential equation; angular momentum operator and quantum numbers; Radial
wavefunctions from Frobenius method; Orbital angular momentum quantum numbers l
and m; s, p, d,.. shells (idea only) (10 Lectures)

Atoms in Electric and Magnetic Fields:- Electron Angular Momentum. Space

Quantization. Electron Spin and Spin Angular Momentum. Larmor’s Theorem. Spin
Magnetic Moment. Stern-Gerlach Experiment. Zeeman Effect: Electron Magnetic
Moment and Magnetic Energy, Gyromagnetic Ratio and Bohr Magneton.
(8 Lectures)

Atoms in External Magnetic Fields:- Normal and Anomalous Zeeman Effect.

(4 Lectures)

Many electron atoms:- Pauli’s Exclusion Principle. Symmetric and Antisymmetric

Wave Functions. Periodic table. Fine structure. Spin orbit coupling. Spectral Notations
for Atomic States. Total Angular Momentum. Vector Model. Spin-orbit coupling in
atoms-L-S and J-J couplings.
(10 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• A Text book of Quantum Mechanics, P.M.Mathews & K.Venkatesan, 2nd Ed., 2010,
McGraw Hill
• Quantum Mechanics, Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick, 2ndEdn., 2002, Wiley.
• Quantum Mechanics, Leonard I. Schiff, 3rdEdn. 2010, Tata McGraw Hill.
• Quantum Mechanics, G. Aruldhas, 2ndEdn. 2002, PHI Learning of India.
• Quantum Mechanics, Bruce Cameron Reed, 2008, Jones and Bartlett Learning.
• Quantum Mechanics for Scientists & Engineers, D.A.B. Miller, 2008, Cambridge
University Press
Additional Books for Reference
• Quantum Mechanics, Eugen Merzbacher, 2004, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
• Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, David J. Griffith, 2nd Ed. 2005, Pearson
Education
• Quantum Mechanics, Walter Greiner, 4thEdn., 2001, Springer
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICAL-DSE LAB: QUANTUM MECHANICS

60 Lectures
Use C/C++/Scilab for solving the following problems based on Quantum Mechanics
like
1. Solve the s-wave Schrodinger equation for the ground state and the first excited
state of the hydrogen atom:

!!! !! !!
!" !
= 𝐴 𝑟 𝑢(𝑟), 𝐴 𝑟 =   ℏ!  [𝑉 𝑟 − 𝐸] where 𝑉 𝑟 =   − !

27  
 Here, m is the reduced mass of the electron. Obtain the energy eigenvalues and
plot the corresponding wavefunctions. Remember that the ground state energy of
the hydrogen atom is ≈ -13.6 eV. Take e = 3.795 (eVÅ)1/2, ħc = 1973 (eVÅ) and m
= 0.511x106eV/c2.
2. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for an atom:

!!! !!
!" !
= 𝐴 𝑟 𝑢(𝑟), 𝐴 𝑟 =   ℏ!  [𝑉 𝑟 − 𝐸]

Where m is the reduced mass of the system (which can be chosen to be the mass of
an electron), for the screened coulomb potential

𝑒 ! !!/!
𝑉 𝑟 =   − 𝑒
𝑟
Find the energy (in eV) of the ground state of the atom to an accuracy of three
significant digits. Also, plot the corresponding wavefunction. Take e = 3.795
(eVÅ)1/2, m = 0.511x106eV/c2 , and a = 3 Å, 5 Å, 7 Å. In these units ħc = 1973
(eVÅ). The ground state energy is expected to be above -12 eV in all three cases.

3. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for a particle of mass m:

!!! !!
!" !
= 𝐴 𝑟 𝑢(𝑟), 𝐴 𝑟 =   ℏ!  [𝑉 𝑟 − 𝐸]

For the anharmonic oscillator potential

1 1
𝑉 𝑟 =    𝑘𝑟 ! +    𝑏𝑟 !
2 3

for the ground state energy (in MeV) of the particle to an accuracy of three
significant digits. Also, plot the corresponding wave function. Choose m = 940
MeV/c2, k = 100 MeV fm-2, b = 0, 10, 30 MeV fm-3 In these units, cħ = 197.3 MeV
fm. The ground state energy I expected to lie between 90 and 110 MeV for all
three cases.

4. Solve the s-wave radial Schrodinger equation for the vibrations of hydrogen
molecule:
!!! !!
!" !
= 𝐴 𝑟 𝑢(𝑟), 𝐴 𝑟 =   ℏ!  [𝑉 𝑟 − 𝐸]
where µ is the reduced mass of the two-atom system for the Morse potential
! ! 𝑟 − 𝑟!
𝑉 𝑟 = 𝐷 𝑒 !!!! −   𝑒 !!! , 𝑟 !   =  
𝑟
Find the lowest vibrational energy (in MeV) of the molecule to an accuracy of
three significant digits. Also plot the corresponding wave function.
Take: m = 940x106eV/C2, D = 0.755501 eV, α = 1.44, ro = 0.131349 Å

Laboratory based experiments:

28  
 5. Study of Electron spin resonance- determine magnetic field as a function of the
resonance frequency
6. Study of Zeeman effect: with external magnetic field; Hyperfine splitting
7. To study the quantum tunnelling effect with solid state device, e.g. tunnelling
current in backward diode or tunnel diode.

Reference Books:
• Schaum's Outline of Programming with C++. J.Hubbard, 2 0 0 0 , McGraw-­‐Hill
Publications.
• Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, W.H.Press et al.,
3 rd Edn., 2007, Cambridge University Press.
• Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E.Atkinson, 3 r d E d n . , 2 0 0 7 , Wiley India
Edition.
•
• Simulation of ODE/PDE Models with MATLAB®, OCTAVE and SCILAB:
Scientific and Engineering Applications: A. Vande Wouwer, P. Saucez, C. V.
Fernández.2014 Springer ISBN: 978-3319067896
• Scilab by example: M. Affouf2012ISBN: 978-1479203444
• Scilab (A Free Software to Matlab): H. Ramchandran, A.S. Nair. 2011 S. Chand and
Company, New Delhi ISBN: 978-8121939706
• Scilab Image Processing: Lambert M. Surhone. 2010Betascript Publishing ISBN: 978-
6133459274A
• Quantum Mechanics, Leonard I. Schiff, 3rdEdn. 2010, Tata McGraw Hill.
• Quantum Mechanics, Bruce Cameron Reed, 2008, Jones and Bartlett Learning.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-DSE: EMBEDDED SYSTEM: INTRODUCTION TO

MICROCONTROLLERS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

Embedded system introduction: Introduction to embedded systems and general

purpose computer systems, architecture of embedded system, classifications,
applications and purpose of embedded systems, challenges and design issues in
embedded systems, operational and non-operational quality attributes of embedded
systems, elemental description of embedded processors and microcontrollers.
(6 Lectures)

Review of microprocessors: Organization of Microprocessor based system, 8085µp pin

diagram and architecture, concept of data bus and address bus, 8085 programming
model, instruction classification, subroutines, stacks and its implementation, delay
subroutines, hardware and software interrupts. (4 Lectures)

29  
8051 microcontroller: Introduction and block diagram of 8051 microcontroller,
architecture of 8051, overview of 8051 family, 8051 assembly language programming,
Program Counter and ROM memory map, Data types and directives, Flag bits and
Program Status Word (PSW) register, Jump, loop and call instructions.
(12 Lectures)

8051 I/O port programming: Introduction of I/O port programming, pin out diagram
of8051 microcontroller, I/O port pins description and their functions, I/O port
programming in 8051, (Using Assembly Language), I/O programming: Bit
manipulation. (4 Lectures)

Programming of 8051: 8051addressing modes and accessing memory using various

addressing modes, assembly language instructions using each addressing mode,
arithmetic & logic instructions, 8051 programming in C:- for time delay and I/O
operations and manipulation, for arithmetic & logic operations, for ASCII and BCD
conversions. (12 Lectures)

Timer and counter programming: Programming 8051 timers, counter programming.

(3 Lectures)

Serial port programming with and without interrupt: Introduction to 8051 interrupts,
programming timer interrupts, programming external hardware interrupts and serial
communication interrupt, interrupt priority in the 8051. (6 Lectures)

Interfacing 8051 microcontroller to peripherals: Parallel and serial ADC, DAC

interfacing, LCD interfacing. (2 Lectures)

Programming Embedded Systems: Structure of embedded program, infinite loop,

compiling, linking and locating, downloading and debugging.
(3 Lectures)

Embedded system design and development: Embedded system development

environment, file types generated after cross compilation, disassembler/ decompiler,
simulator, emulator and debugging, embedded product development life-cycle, trends in
embedded industry. (8 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Embedded Systems: Architecture, Programming & Design, R. Kamal, 2008, Tata
McGraw Hill
• The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C,
M.A.Mazidi, J.G. Mazidi, and R.D. McKinlay, 2nd Ed., 2007, Pearson Education
India.
• Embedded Microcomputor System: Real Time Interfacing, J.W. Valvano, 2000,
Brooks/Cole
• Microcontrollers in practice, I.Susnea and M.Mitescu, 2005, Springer.
• Embedded Systems: Design & applications, 1/e S.F. Barrett, 2008, Pearson
Education India
• Embedded Microcomputer systems: Real time interfacing, J.W.Valvano
2011,Cengage Learning
30  
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICALS- DSE LAB: EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS
60 Lectures

Following experiments using 8051:

1. To find that the given numbers is prime or not.

2. To find the factorial of a number.
3. Write a program to make the two numbers equal by increasing the smallest
number and decreasing the largest number.
4. Use one of the four ports of 8051 for O/P interfaced to eight LED’s. Simulate
binary counter (8 bit) on LED’s.
5. Program to glow first four LED then next four using TIMER application.
6. Program to rotate the contents of the accumulator first right and then left.
7. Program to run a countdown from 9-0 in the seven segment LED display.
8. To interface seven segment LED display with 8051 microcontroller and display
‘HELP’ in the seven segment LED display.
9. To toggle ‘1234’ as ‘1324’ in the seven segment LED.
10. Interface stepper motor with 8051 and write a program to move the motor
through a given angle in clock wise or counter clockwise direction.
11. Application of embedded systems: Temperature measurement, some information
on LCD display, interfacing a keyboard.

Reference Books:
• Embedded Systems: Architecture, Programming & Design, R. Kamal, 2008, Tata
McGraw Hill
• The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C,
M.A.Mazidi, J.G. Mazidi, and R.D. McKinlay, 2nd Ed., 2007, Pearson Education
India.
• Embedded Microcomputor System: Real Time Interfacing, J.W. Valvano, 2000,
Brooks/Cole
• Embedded System, B.K. Rao, 2011, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• Embedded Microcomputer systems: Real time interfacing, J.W.Valvano
2011,Cengage Learning
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-DSE: Nuclear & Particle Physics

(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)

Theory: 75 Lectures
General Properties of Nuclei: Constituents of nucleus and their Intrinsic properties,
quantitative facts about size, mass, charge density (matter energy), binding energy,
31  
average binding energy and its variation with mass number, main features of binding
energy versus mass number curve, N/A plot, angular momentum, parity, magnetic
moment, electric moments, nuclear excites states. (10 Lectures)

Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model approach, semi empirical mass formula and
significance of various terms, condition of nuclear stability. Two nucleon separation
energies, Fermi gas model (degenerate fermion gas, nuclear symmetry potential in Fermi
gas), evidence for nuclear shell structure, nuclear magic numbers, basic assumption of
shell model, concept of mean field, residual interaction, concept of nuclear force.
(12 Lectures)

Radioactivity decay:(a) Alpha decay: basics of α-decay processes, theory of α-

emission, Gamow factor, Geiger Nuttall law, α-decay spectroscopy. (b) β-decay: energy
kinematics for β-decay, positron emission, electron capture, neutrino hypothesis. (c)
Gamma decay: Gamma rays emission & kinematics, internal conversion.
(9 Lectures)

Nuclear Reactions: Types of Reactions, Conservation Laws, kinematics of reactions,

Q-value, reaction rate, reaction cross section, Concept of compound and direct reaction,
resonance reaction, Coulomb scattering (Rutherford scattering). (8 Lectures)

Nuclear Astrophysics: Early universe, primordial nucleosynthesis (particle nuclear

interactions), stellar nucleosynthesis, concept of gamow window, heavy element
production: r- and s- process path. (5 Lectures)

Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with matter: Energy loss due to ionization (Bethe-
Block formula), energy loss of electrons, Cerenkov radiation, Gamma ray interaction
through matter, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, neutron
interaction with matter. (6 Lectures)

Detector for Nuclear Radiations: Gas detectors: estimation of electric field, mobility
of particle, for ionization chamber and GM Counter. Basic principle of Scintillation
Detectors and construction of photo-multiplier tube (PMT). Semiconductor Detectors (Si
& Ge) for charge particle and photon detection (concept of charge carrier and mobility).
(6 Lectures)

Particle Accelerators: Accelerator facility available in India: Van-de Graaff generator

(Tandem accelerator), Linear accelerator, Cyclotron, Synchrotrons. (5 Lectures)

Particle physics: Particle interactions; basic features, types of particles and its families.
Symmetries and Conservation Laws: energy and momentum, angular momentum, parity,
baryon number, Lepton number, Isospin, Strangeness and charm, concept of quark
model, color quantum number and gluons. (14 Lectures)

Reference Books:

• Introductory nuclear Physics by Kenneth S.Krane (Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008).
• Concepts of nuclear physics by Bernard L.Cohen. (Tata Mcgraw Hill, 1998).
• Introduction to the physics of nuclei & particles, R.A.Dunlap. (Thomson Asia, 2004)
32  
• Introduction to Elementary Particles, D. Griffith, John Wiley & Sons
• Quarks and Leptons, F. Halzen and A.D.Martin, Wiley India, New Delhi
• Basic ideas and concepts in Nuclear Physics - An Introductory Approach by K. Heyde
(IOP- Institute of Physics Publishing, 2004).
• Radiation detection and measurement, G.F. Knoll (John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
• Theoretical Nuclear Physics, J.M. Blatt & V.F.Weisskopf (Dover Pub.Inc., 1991)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHYSICS-DSE: Medical Physics

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures

PHYSICS OF THE BODY-I

Mechanics of the body: Skeleton, forces, and body stability. Muscles and the dynamics
of body movement Physics of body crashing; Energy household of the body: Energy
balance in the body, Energy consumption of the body, Heat losses of the body, Pressure
system of the body: Physics of breathing, Physics of the cardiovascular system
(10 Lectures)

PHYSICS OF THE BODY-II

Acoustics of the body: Nature and characteristics of sound, Production of speech,
Physics of the ear, Diagnostics with sound and ultrasound
Optical system of the body: Physics of the eye.
Electrical system of the body: Physics of the nervous system, Electrical signals and
information transfer
(10 Lectures)

PHYSICS OF DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC SYSTEMS-I

X-RAYS: Electromagnetic spectrum – production of x-rays – x-ray spectra-
Brehmsstrahlung- Characteristic x-ray – X-ray tubes – Coolidge tube – x-ray tube design
– tube cooling stationary mode – Rotating anode x-ray tube – Tube rating – quality and
intensity of x-ray. X-ray generator circuits – half wave and full wave rectification –
filament circuit – kilo voltage circuit – high frequency generator – exposure timer – HT
cables. (7 Lectures)

RADIATION PHYSICS: Radiation units - exposure - absorbed dose – units: rad, gray -
relative biological effectiveness - effective dose - inverse square law - interaction of
radiation with matter - linear attenuation coefficient. Radiation Detectors -Thimble
chamber- condenser chambers – Geiger counter – Scintillation counter – ionization
chamber – Dosimeters – survey methods – area monitors – TLD and semiconductor
detectors. (7 Lectures)

MEDICAL IMAGING PHYSICS: X-ray diagnostics and imaging, Physics of nuclear

magnetic resonance (NMR) – NMR imaging – MRI Radiological imaging –
Radiography – Filters – grids – cassette – X-ray film – film processing – fluoroscopy –
computed tomography scanner – principle function – display – generations –
33  
mammography. Ultrasound imaging – magnetic resonance imaging – thyroid uptake
system – Gamma camera (Only Principle, function and display)
(9 Lectures)

RADIATION THERAPY PHYSICS: Radiotherapy – kilo voltage machines – deep

therapy machines – Telecobalt machines – Medical linear accelerator. Basics of
Teletherapy units – deep x-ray, Telecobalt units, medical linear accelerator – Radiation
protection – external beam characteristics – phantom – dose maximum and build up –
bolus – percentage depth dose – tissue – air ratio – back scatter factor. (6 Lectures)

RADIATION AND RADIATION PROTECTION: Principles of radiation protection

– protective materials-radiation effects – somatic, genetic stochastic & deterministic
effect, Personal monitoring devices – TLD film badge – pocket dosimeter. Radiation
dosimetry, Natural radioactivity, Biological effects of radiation, Radiation monitors.
(6 Lectures)

PHYSICS OF DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC SYSTEMS-II

Diagnostic nuclear medicine: Radiopharmaceuticals for radioisotope imaging,
Radioisotope imaging equipment, Single photon and positron emission tomography
Therapeutic nuclear medicine: Interaction between radiation and matter Dose and
isodose in radiation treatment
(5 Lectures)
References:
• Medical Physics, J.R. Cameron and J.G.Skofronick, Wiley (1978)
• Basic Radiological Physics Dr. K. Thayalan - Jayapee Brothers Medical
Publishing Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi (2003)
• Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology: Curry, Dowdey and Murry -
Lippincot Williams and Wilkins (1990)
• Physics of Radiation Therapy : F M Khan - Williams and Wilkins, Third edition
(2003)
• Physics of the human body, Irving P. Herman, Springer (2007).
• The essential physics of Medical Imaging: Bushberg, Seibert, Leidholdt and
Boone Lippincot Williams and Wilkins, Second Edition (2002)
• The Physics of Radiology-H E Johns and Cunningham.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRACTICALS -DSE LAB: Medical Physics
60 Lectures
1. Understanding the working of a manual Hg Blood Pressure monitor and measure the
Blood Pressure.
2. Understanding the working of a manual optical eye-testing machine and to learn
eye-testing.
3. Correction of Myopia (short sightedness) using a combination of lenses on an
optical bench/breadboard.
4. Correction of Hypermetropia/Hyperopia (long sightedness) using a combination of
lenses on an optical bench/breadboard.
34  
5. To learn working of Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) badges and measure the
background radiation.
6. Familiarization with Geiger-Muller (GM) Counter and to measure background
radiation.
7. Familiarization with Radiation meter and to measure background radiation.
8. Familiarization with the construction of speaker-receiver system and to design a
speaker-receiver system of given specification.

References:
• Basic Radiological Physics Dr. K. Thayalan - Jayapee Brothers Medical
Publishing Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi (2003)
• Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology: Curry, Dowdey and Murry -
Lippincot Williams and Wilkins (1990)
• Physics of Radiation Therapy: F M Khan - Williams and Wilkins, Third edition
(2003)
• The essential physics of Medical Imaging: Bushberg, Seibert, Leidholdt and
Boone Lippincot Williams and Wilkins, Second Edition (2002)
• The Physics of Radiology-H E Johns and Cunningham.
• Advanced Practical Physics for students, B.L.Flint & H.T.Worsnop, 1971, Asia
Publishing House.
• A Text Book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition,
2011, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Skill Enhancement Course (any four) (Credit: 02 each)- SEC1 to SEC4

PHYSICS WORKSHOP SKILL

(Credits: 02)
30 Lectures
The aim of this course is to enable the students to familiar and experience with various
mechanical and electrical tools through hands-on mode

Introduction: Measuring units. conversion to SI and CGS. Familiarization with meter

scale, Vernier calliper, Screw gauge and their utility. Measure the dimension of a solid
block, volume of cylindrical beaker/glass, diameter of a thin wire, thickness of metal
sheet, etc. Use of Sextant to measure height of buildings, mountains, etc. (4 Lectures)

Mechanical Skill: Concept of workshop practice. Overview of manufacturing methods:

casting, foundry, machining, forming and welding. Types of welding joints and welding
defects. Common materials used for manufacturing like steel, copper, iron, metal sheets,
composites and alloy, wood. Concept of machine processing, introduction to common
machine tools like lathe, shaper, drilling, milling and surface machines. Cutting tools,
lubricating oils. Cutting of a metal sheet using blade. Smoothening of cutting edge of

35  
sheet using file. Drilling of holes of different diameter in metal sheet and wooden block.
Use of bench vice and tools for fitting. Make funnel using metal sheet. (10 Lectures)

Electrical and Electronic Skill: Use of Multimeter. Soldering of electrical circuits

having discrete components (R, L, C, diode) and ICs on PCB. Operation of oscilloscope.
Making regulated power supply. Timer circuit, Electronic switch using transistor and
relay. (10 Lectures)

Introduction to prime movers: Mechanism, gear system, wheel, Fixing of gears with
motor axel. Lever mechanism, Lifting of heavy weight using lever. braking systems,
pulleys, working principle of power generation systems. Demonstration of pulley
experiment. (6 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• A text book in Electrical Technology - B L Theraja – S. Chand and Company.
• Performance and design of AC machines – M.G. Say, ELBS Edn.
• Mechanical workshop practice, K.C. John, 2010, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• Workshop Processes, Practices and Materials, Bruce J Black 2005, 3rd Edn.,
Editor Newnes [ISBN: 0750660732]
• New Engineering Technology, Lawrence Smyth/Liam Hennessy, The
Educational Company of Ireland [ISBN: 0861674480]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures

The aim of this course is not just to teach computer programming and numerical
analysis but to emphasize its role in solving problems in Physics.
• Highlights the use of computational methods to solve physical problems
• Use of computer language as a tool in solving physics problems (applications)
• Course will consist of hands on training on the Problem solving on Computers.

Introduction: Importance of computers in Physics, paradigm for solving physics

problems for solution. Usage of linux as an Editor. Algorithms and Flowcharts:
Algorithm: Definition, properties and development. Flowchart: Concept of flowchart,
symbols, guidelines, types. Examples: Cartesian to Spherical Polar Coordinates, Roots
of Quadratic Equation, Sum of two matrices, Sum and Product of a finite series,
calculation of sin (x) as a series, algorithm for plotting (1) lissajous figures and (2)
trajectory of a projectile thrown at an angle with the horizontal. (4 Lectures)

Scientific Programming: Some fundamental Linux Commands (Internal and External

commands). Development of FORTRAN, Basic elements of FORTRAN: Character Set,
Constants and their types, Variables and their types, Keywords, Variable Declaration
and concept of instruction and program. Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical and
36  
Assignment Operators. Expressions: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Character and
Assignment Expressions. Fortran Statements: I/O Statements (unformatted/formatted),
Executable and Non-Executable Statements, Layout of Fortran Program, Format of
writing Program and concept of coding, Initialization and Replacement Logic. Examples
from physics problems. (5 Lectures)

Control Statements: Types of Logic (Sequential, Selection, Repetition), Branching

Statements (Logical IF, Arithmetic IF, Block IF, Nested Block IF, SELECT CASE and
ELSE IF Ladder statements), Looping Statements (DO-CONTINUE, DO-ENDDO, DO-
WHILE, Implied and Nested DO Loops), Jumping Statements (Unconditional GOTO,
Computed GOTO, Assigned GOTO) Subscripted Variables (Arrays: Types of Arrays,
DIMENSION Statement, Reading and Writing Arrays), Functions and Subroutines
(Arithmetic Statement Function, Function Subprogram and Subroutine), RETURN,
CALL, COMMON and EQUIVALENCE Statements), Structure, Disk I/O Statements,
open a file, writing in a file, reading from a file. Examples from physics problems.
Programming:
1. Exercises on syntax on usage of FORTRAN
2. Usage of GUI Windows, Linux Commands, familiarity with DOS commands and
working in an editor to write sources codes in FORTRAN.
3. To print out all natural even/ odd numbers between given limits.
4. To find maximum, minimum and range of a given set of numbers.
5. Calculating Euler number using exp(x) series evaluated at x=1 (6 Lectures)

Scientific word processing: Introduction to LaTeX: TeX/LaTeX word processor,

preparing a basic LaTeX file, Document classes, Preparing an input file for LaTeX,
Compiling LaTeX File, LaTeX tags for creating different environments, Defining
LaTeX commands and environments, Changing the type style, Symbols from other
languages. Equation representation: Formulae and equations, Figures and other
floating bodies, Lining in columns- Tabbing and tabular environment, Generating table
of contents, bibliography and citation, Making an index and glossary, List making
environments, Fonts, Picture environment and colors, errors. (6 Lectures)

Visualization: Introduction to graphical analysis and its limitations. Introduction to

Gnuplot. importance of visualization of computational and computational data, basic
Gnuplot commands: simple plots, plotting data from a file, saving and exporting,
multiple data sets per file, physics with Gnuplot (equations, building functions, user
defined variables and functions), Understanding data with Gnuplot
Hands on exercises:
1. To compile a frequency distribution and evaluate mean, standard deviation etc.
2. To evaluate sum of finite series and the area under a curve.
3. To find the product of two matrices
4. To find a set of prime numbers and Fibonacci series.
5. To write program to open a file and generate data for plotting using Gnuplot.
6. Plotting trajectory of a projectile projected horizontally.
7. Plotting trajectory of a projectile projected making an angle with the
horizontally.
8. Creating an input Gnuplot file for plotting a data and saving the output for seeing
on the screen. Saving it as an eps file and as a pdf file.
9. To find the roots of a quadratic equation.
10. Motion of a projectile using simulation and plot the output for visualization.
11. Numerical solution of equation of motion of simple harmonic oscillator and plot
37  
 the outputs for visualization.
12. Motion of particle in a central force field and plot the output for visualization.
(9 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S.S. Sastry, 5th Edn., 2012, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• Computer Programming in Fortran 77”. V. Rajaraman (Publisher:PHI).
• LaTeX–A Document Preparation System”, Leslie Lamport (Second Edition,
Addison-Wesley, 1994).
• Gnuplot in action: understanding data with graphs, Philip K Janert, (Manning 2010)
• Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Programming with Fortran, S
Lipsdutz and A Poe, 1986Mc-Graw Hill Book Co.
• Computational Physics: An Introduction, R. C. Verma, et al. New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi(1999)
• A first course in Numerical Methods, U.M. Ascher and C. Greif, 2012, PHI Learning
• Elementary Numerical Analysis, K.E. Atkinson, 3 r d E d n . , 2 0 0 7 , Wiley India Edition.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT NETWORK SKILLS

(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
The aim of this course is to enable the students to design and trouble shoots the
electrical circuits, networks and appliances through hands-on mode

Basic Electricity Principles: Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Power. Ohm's law.
Series, parallel, and series-parallel combinations. AC Electricity and DC Electricity.
Familiarization with multimeter, voltmeter and ammeter. (3 Lectures)

Understanding Electrical Circuits: Main electric circuit elements and their

combination. Rules to analyze DC sourced electrical circuits. Current and voltage drop
across the DC circuit elements. Single-phase and three-phase alternating current sources.
Rules to analyze AC sourced electrical circuits. Real, imaginary and complex power
components of AC source. Power factor. Saving energy and money. (4 Lectures)

Electrical Drawing and Symbols: Drawing symbols. Blueprints. Reading Schematics.

Ladder diagrams. Electrical Schematics. Power circuits. Control circuits. Reading of
circuit schematics. Tracking the connections of elements and identify current flow and
voltage drop. (4 Lectures)

Generators and Transformers: DC Power sources. AC/DC generators. Inductance,

capacitance, and impedance. Operation of transformers. (3 Lectures)

Electric Motors: Single-phase, three-phase & DC motors. Basic design. Interfacing DC

or AC sources to control heaters & motors. Speed & power of ac motor. (4 Lectures)

38  
Solid-State Devices: Resistors, inductors and capacitors. Diode and rectifiers.
Components in Series or in shunt. Response of inductors and capacitors with DC or AC
sources (3 Lectures)

Electrical Protection: Relays. Fuses and disconnect switches. Circuit breakers.

Overload devices. Ground-fault protection. Grounding and isolating. Phase reversal.
Surge protection. Interfacing DC or AC sources to control elements (relay protection
device) (4 Lectures)

Electrical Wiring: Different types of conductors and cables. Basics of wiring-Star and
delta connection. Voltage drop and losses across cables and conductors. Instruments to
measure current, voltage, power in DC and AC circuits. Insulation. Solid and stranded
cable. Conduit. Cable trays. Splices: wirenuts, crimps, terminal blocks, split bolts, and
solder. Preparation of extension board. (5 Lectures)

Reference Books:
• A text book in Electrical Technology - B L Theraja - S Chand & Co.
• A text book of Electrical Technology - A K Theraja
• Performance and design of AC machines - M G Say ELBS Edn.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BASIC INSTRUMENTATION SKILLS

(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
This course is to get exposure with various aspects of instruments and their usage through
hands-on mode. Experiments listed below are to be done in continuation of the topics.

Basic of Measurement: Instruments accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution range

etc. Errors in measurements and loading effects. Multimeter: Principles of measurement
of dc voltage and dc current, ac voltage, ac current and resistance. Specifications of a
multimeter and their significance. (4 Lectures)

Electronic Voltmeter: Advantage over conventional multimeter for voltage

measurement with respect to input impedance and sensitivity. Principles of voltage,
measurement (block diagram only). Specifications of an electronic Voltmeter/
Multimeter and their significance. AC millivoltmeter: Type of AC millivoltmeters:
Amplifier- rectifier, and rectifier- amplifier. Block diagram ac millivoltmeter,
specifications and their significance. (4 Lectures)

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope: Block diagram of basic CRO. Construction of CRT,

Electron gun, electrostatic focusing and acceleration (Explanation only– no
mathematical treatment), brief discussion on screen phosphor, visual persistence &
chemical composition. Time base operation, synchronization. Front panel controls.
Specifications of a CRO and their significance. (6 Lectures)

Use of CRO for the measurement of voltage (dc and ac frequency, time period. Special
features of dual trace, introduction to digital oscilloscope, probes. Digital storage
Oscilloscope: Block diagram and principle of working. (3 Lectures)

39  
Signal Generators and Analysis Instruments: Block diagram, explanation and
specifications of low frequency signal generators. pulse generator, and function
generator. Brief idea for testing, specifications. Distortion factor meter, wave analysis.
(4 Lectures)

Impedance Bridges & Q-Meters: Block diagram of bridge. working principles of basic
(balancing type) RLC bridge. Specifications of RLC bridge. Block diagram & working
principles of a Q- Meter. Digital LCR bridges. (3 Lectures)

Digital Instruments: Principle and working of digital meters. Comparison of analog &
digital instruments. Characteristics of a digital meter. Working principles of digital
voltmeter. (3 Lectures)

Digital Multimeter: Block diagram and working of a digital multimeter. Working

principle of time interval, frequency and period measurement using universal counter/
frequency counter, time- base stability, accuracy and resolution. (3 Lectures)

The test of lab skills will be of the following test items:

1. Use of an oscilloscope.
2. CRO as a versatile measuring device.
3. Circuit tracing of Laboratory electronic equipment,
4. Use of Digital multimeter/VTVM for measuring voltages
5. Circuit tracing of Laboratory electronic equipment,
6. Winding a coil / transformer.
7. Study the layout of receiver circuit.
8. Trouble shooting a circuit
9. Balancing of bridges
Laboratory Exercises:
1. To observe the loading effect of a multimeter while measuring voltage across a
low resistance and high resistance.

2. To observe the limitations of a multimeter for measuring high frequency voltage
and currents.
3. To measure Q of a coil and its dependence on frequency, using a Q- meter.
4. Measurement of voltage, frequency, time period and phase angle using CRO.
5. Measurement of time period, frequency, average period using universal counter/
frequency counter.
6. Measurement of rise, fall and delay times using a CRO.
7. Measurement of distortion of a RF signal generator using distortion factor meter.
8. Measurement of R, L and C using a LCR bridge/ universal bridge.
Open Ended Experiments:
1. Using a Dual Trace Oscilloscope
2. Converting the range of a given measuring instrument (voltmeter, ammeter)

Reference Books:
• A text book in Electrical Technology - B L Theraja - S Chand and Co.
• Performance and design of AC machines - M G Say ELBS Edn.
• Digital Circuits and systems, Venugopal, 2011, Tata McGraw Hill.
• Logic circuit design, Shimon P. Vingron, 2012, Springer.
• Digital Electronics, Subrata Ghoshal, 2012, Cengage Learning.

40  
 • Electronic Devices and circuits, S. Salivahanan & N. S.Kumar, 3rd Ed., 2012,
Tata Mc-Graw Hill
• Electronic circuits: Handbook of design and applications, U.Tietze, Ch.Schenk,
2008, Springer
• Electronic Devices, 7/e Thomas L. Floyd, 2008, Pearson India
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY HARVESTING

(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
The aim of this course is not just to impart theoretical knowledge to the students but to
provide them with exposure and hands-on learning wherever possible

Fossil fuels and Alternate Sources of energy: Fossil fuels and Nuclear Energy, their
limitation, need of renewable energy, non-conventional energy sources. An overview of
developments in Offshore Wind Energy, Tidal Energy, Wave energy systems, Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion, solar energy, biomass, biochemical conversion, biogas
generation, geothermal energy tidal energy, Hydroelectricity. (3 Lectures)

Solar energy: Solar energy, its importance, storage of solar energy, solar pond, non
convective solar pond, applications of solar pond and solar energy, solar water heater,
flat plate collector, solar distillation, solar cooker, solar green houses, solar cell,
absorption air conditioning. Need and characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) systems, PV
models and equivalent circuits, and sun tracking systems. (6 Lectures)

Wind Energy harvesting: Fundamentals of Wind energy, Wind Turbines and different
electrical machines in wind turbines, Power electronic interfaces, and grid
interconnection topologies. (3 Lectures)

Ocean Energy: Ocean Energy Potential against Wind and Solar, Wave Characteristics
and Statistics, Wave Energy Devices. (3 Lectures)

Tide characteristics and Statistics, Tide Energy Technologies, Ocean Thermal Energy,
Osmotic Power, Ocean Bio-mass. (2 Lectures)

Geothermal Energy: Geothermal Resources, Geothermal Technologies. (2 Lectures)

Hydro Energy: Hydropower resources, hydropower technologies, environmental impact

of hydro power sources. (2 Lectures)

Piezoelectric Energy harvesting: Introduction, Physics and characteristics of

piezoelectric effect, materials and mathematical description of piezoelectricity,
Piezoelectric parameters and modeling piezoelectric generators, Piezoelectric energy
harvesting applications, Human power (4 Lectures)

Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting: Linear generators, physics mathematical models,

recent applications (2 Lectures)

41  
Carbon captured technologies, cell, batteries, power consumption (2 Lectures)

Environmental issues and Renewable sources of energy, sustainability. (1 Lecture)

Demonstrations and Experiments

1. Demonstration of Training modules on Solar energy, wind energy, etc.
2. Conversion of vibration to voltage using piezoelectric materials
3. Conversion of thermal energy into voltage using thermoelectric modules.
Reference Books:
• Non-conventional energy sources - G.D Rai - Khanna Publishers, New Delhi
• Solar energy - M P Agarwal - S Chand and Co. Ltd.
• Solar energy - Suhas P Sukhative Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Company Ltd.
• Godfrey Boyle, “Renewable Energy, Power for a sustainable future”, 2004,
Oxford University Press, in association with The Open University.
• Dr. P Jayakumar, Solar Energy: Resource Assesment Handbook, 2009
• J.Balfour, M.Shaw and S. Jarosek, Photovoltaics, Lawrence J Goodrich (USA).
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MECHANICAL DRAWING
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures

Introduction: Drafting Instruments and their uses. lettering: construction and uses of
various scales: dimensioning as per I.S.I. 696-1972. Engineering Curves: Parabola:
hyperbola: ellipse: cycloids, involute: spiral: helix and loci of points of simple moving
mechanism.2D geometrical construction. Representation of 3D objects. Principles of
projections. (4 Lectures)

Projections: Straight lines, planes and solids. Development of surfaces of right and
oblique solids. Section of solids. (6 Lectures)

Object Projections: Orthographic projection. Interpenetration and intersection of solids.

Isometric and oblique parallel projection of solids. (4 Lectures)

CAD Drawing: Introduction to CAD and Auto CAD, precision drawing and drawing
aids, Geometric shapes, Demonstrating CAD- specific skills (graphical user
interface.Create, retrieve, edit, and use symbol libraries. Use inquiry commands to
extract drawing data). Control entity properties. Demonstrating basic skills to produce 2-
D and 3-Ddrawings. 3D modeling with Auto CAD (surfaces and solids), 3D modeling
with sketch up, annotating in Auto CAD with text and hatching, layers, templates &
design center, advanced plotting (layouts, viewports), office standards, dimensioning,
internet and collaboration, Blocks, Drafting symbols, attributes, extracting data. basic
printing, editing tools, Plot/Print drawing to appropriate scale. (16 Lectures)
42  
Reference Books:
• K. Venugopal, and V. Raja Prabhu. Engineering Graphic, New Age International
• AutoCAD 2014 & AutoCAD 2014/Donnie Gladfelter/Sybex/ISBN:978-1-118-57510-9
• Architectural Design with Sketchup/Alexander Schreyer/John Wiley & Sons/ISBN:
978-1-118-12309-6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Radiation Safety
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
The aim of this course is for awareness and understanding regarding radiation hazards
and safety. The list of laboratory skills and experiments listed below the course are to be
done in continuation of the topics

Basics of Atomic and Nuclear Physics: Basic concept of atomic structure; X rays
characteristic and production; concept of bremsstrahlung and auger electron, The
composition of nucleus and its properties, mass number, isotopes of element, spin,
binding energy, stable and unstable isotopes, law of radioactive decay, Mean life and
half life, basic concept of alpha, beta and gamma decay, concept of cross section and
kinematics of nuclear reactions, types of nuclear reaction, Fusion, fission. (6 Lectures)

Interaction of Radiation with matter: Types of Radiation: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and
Neutron and their sources, sealed and unsealed sources, Interaction of Photons - Photo-
electric effect, Compton Scattering, Pair Production, Linear and Mass Attenuation
Coefficients, Interaction of Charged Particles: Heavy charged particles - Beth-Bloch
Formula, Scaling laws, Mass Stopping Power, Range, Straggling, Channeling and
Cherenkov radiation. Beta Particles- Collision and Radiation loss (Bremsstrahlung),
Interaction of Neutrons- Collision, slowing down and Moderation. (7 Lectures)

Radiation detection and monitoring devices: Radiation Quantities and Units: Basic
idea of different units of activity, KERMA, exposure, absorbed dose, equivalent dose,
effective dose, collective equivalent dose, Annual Limit of Intake (ALI) and derived Air
Concentration (DAC). Radiation detection: Basic concept and working principle of
gas detectors (Ionization Chambers, Proportional Counter, Multi-Wire Proportional
Counters (MWPC) and Gieger Muller Counter), Scintillation Detectors (Inorganic and
Organic Scintillators), Solid States Detectors and Neutron Detectors, Thermo
luminescent Dosimetry. (7 Lectures)

Radiation safety management: Biological effects of ionizing radiation, Operational

limits and basics of radiation hazards evaluation and control: radiation protection
standards, International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) principles,
justification, optimization, limitation, introduction of safety and risk management of
radiation. Nuclear waste and disposal management. Brief idea about Accelerator driven
Sub-critical system (ADS) for waste management. (5 Lectures)
43  
Application of nuclear techniques: Application in medical science (e.g., MRI, PET,
Projection Imaging Gamma Camera, radiation therapy), Archaeology, Art, Crime
detection, Mining and oil. Industrial Uses: Tracing, Gauging, Material Modification,
Sterization, Food preservation. (5 Lectures)

Experiments:
1. Study the background radiation levels using Radiation meter
Characteristics of Geiger Muller (GM) Counter:
2) Study of characteristics of GM tube and determination of operating voltage and plateau
length using background radiation as source (without commercial source).
3) Study of counting statistics using background radiation using GM counter.
4) Study of radiation in various materials (e.g. KSO4 etc.). Investigation of possible
radiation in different routine materials by operating GM at operating voltage.
5) Study of absorption of beta particles in Aluminum using GM counter.
6) Detection of α particles using reference source & determining its half life using spark counter
7) Gamma spectrum of Gas Light mantle (Source of Thorium)

Reference Books:
1. W.E. Burcham and M. Jobes – Nuclear and Particle Physics – Longman (1995)
2. G.F.Knoll, Radiation detection and measurements
3. Thermoluninescense Dosimetry, Mcknlay, A.F., Bristol, Adam Hilger (Medical
Physics Handbook 5)
4. W.J. Meredith and J.B. Massey, “Fundamental Physics of Radiology”. John
Wright and Sons, UK, 1989.
5. J.R. Greening, “Fundamentals of Radiation Dosimetry”, Medical Physics Hand
Book Series, No.6, Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol 1981.
6. Practical Applications of Radioactivity and Nuclear Radiations, G.C. Lowental
and P.L. Airey, Cambridge University Press, U.K., 2001
7. A. Martin and S.A. Harbisor, An Introduction to Radiation Protection, John
Willey & Sons, Inc. New York, 1981.
8. NCRP, ICRP, ICRU, IAEA, AERB Publications.
9. W.R. Hendee, “Medical Radiation Physics”, Year Book – Medical Publishers
Inc. London, 1981
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPLIED OPTICS
(Credits: 02)
THEORY: 30 Lectures

Theory includes only qualitative explanation. Minimum five experiments should be

performed covering minimum three sections.

44  
 (i) Sources and Detectors (9 Periods)
Lasers, Spontaneous and stimulated emissions, Theory of laser action, Einstein’s
coefficients, Light amplification, Characterization of laser beam, He-Ne laser,
Semiconductor lasers.
Experiments on Lasers:
a. Determination of the grating radial spacing of the Compact Disc (CD) by
reflection using He-Ne or solid state laser.
b. To find the width of the wire or width of the slit using diffraction pattern
obtained by a He-Ne or solid state laser.
c. To find the polarization angle of laser light using polarizer and analyzer
d. Thermal expansion of quartz using laser
Experiments on Semiconductor Sources and Detectors:
a. V-I characteristics of LED
b. Study the characteristics of solid state laser
c. Study the characteristics of LDR
d. Photovoltaic Cell
e. Characteristics of IR sensor

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 (ii) Fourier Optics (6 Periods)
Concept of Spatial frequency filtering, Fourier transforming property of a thin
lens
Experiments on Fourier Optics:
a. Fourier optic and image processing
1. Optical image addition/subtraction
2. Optical image differentiation
3. Fourier optical filtering
4. Construction of an optical 4f system
b. Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) is a powerful method for measuring
emission and absorption spectra, with wide application in atmospheric remote
sensing, NMR spectrometry and forensic science.
Experiment:
To study the interference pattern from a Michelson interferometer as a
function of mirror separation in the interferometer. The resulting interferogram
is the Fourier transform of the power spectrum of the source. Analysis of
experimental interferograms allows one to determine the transmission
characteristics of several interference filters. Computer simulation can also be
done.

(iii) Holography (6 Periods)

Basic principle and theory: coherence, resolution, Types of holograms, white
light reflection hologram, application of holography in microscopy,
interferometry, and character recognition
Experiments on Holography and interferometry:
1. Recording and reconstructing holograms
2. Constructing a Michelson interferometer or a Fabry Perot interferometer
3. Measuring the refractive index of air
4. Constructing a Sagnac interferometer
5. Constructing a Mach-Zehnder interferometer
6. White light Hologram

(iv) Photonics: Fibre Optics (9 Periods)

Optical fibres and their properties, Principal of light propagation through a fibre,
The numerical aperture, Attenuation in optical fibre and attenuation limit, Single
mode and multimode fibres, Fibre optic sensors: Fibre Bragg Grating
Experiments on Photonics: Fibre Optics
a. To measure the numerical aperture of an optical fibre
b. To study the variation of the bending loss in a multimode fibre
c. To determine the mode field diameter (MFD) of fundamental mode in a
single-mode fibre by measurements of its far field Gaussian pattern
d. To measure the near field intensity profile of a fibre and study its refractive
index profile
e. To determine the power loss at a splice between two multimode fibre

Reference Books:
• Fundamental of optics, F. A. Jenkins & H. E. White, 1981, Tata McGraw hill.

46  
• LASERS: Fundamentals & applications, K.Thyagrajan & A.K.Ghatak, 2010,
Tata McGraw Hill
• Fibre optics through experiments,M.R.Shenoy, S.K.Khijwania, et.al. 2009, Viva Books
• Nonlinear Optics, Robert W. Boyd, (Chapter-I), 2008, Elsevier.
• Optics, Karl Dieter Moller, Learning by computing with model examples, 2007, Springer.
• Optical Systems and Processes, Joseph Shamir, 2009, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, S.C. Gupta, 2005, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• Optical Physics, A.Lipson, S.G.Lipson, H.Lipson, 4th Edn., 1996, Cambridge Univ. Press
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WEATHER FORECASTING
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
The aim of this course is not just to impart theoretical knowledge to the students but
to enable them to develop an awareness and understanding regarding the causes and
effects of different weather phenomenon and basic forecasting techniques

Introduction to atmosphere: Elementary idea of atmosphere: physical structure and

composition; compositional layering of the atmosphere; variation of pressure and
temperature with height; air temperature; requirements to measure air temperature;
temperature sensors: types; atmospheric pressure: its measurement; cyclones and
anticyclones: its characteristics. (9 Periods)

Measuring the weather: Wind; forces acting to produce wind; wind speed direction:
units, its direction; measuring wind speed and direction; humidity, clouds and rainfall,
radiation: absorption, emission and scattering in atmosphere; radiation laws.
(4 Periods)

Weather systems: Global wind systems; air masses and fronts: classifications; jet
streams; local thunderstorms; tropical cyclones: classification; tornadoes; hurricanes.
(3 Periods)

Climate and Climate Change: Climate: its classification; causes of climate change;
global warming and its outcomes; air pollution; aerosols, ozone depletion, acid rain,
environmental issues related to climate. (6 Periods)

Basics of weather forecasting: Weather forecasting: analysis and its historical

background; need of measuring weather; types of weather forecasting; weather
forecasting methods; criteria of choosing weather station; basics of choosing site and
exposure; satellites observations in weather forecasting; weather maps; uncertainty and
predictability; probability forecasts. (8 Periods)

Demonstrations and Experiments:

1. Study of synoptic charts & weather reports, working principle of weather station.
2. Processing and analysis of weather data:

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 (a) To calculate the sunniest time of the year.
(b) To study the variation of rainfall amount and intensity by wind direction.
(c) To observe the sunniest/driest day of the week.
(d) To examine the maximum and minimum temperature throughout the year.
(e) To evaluate the relative humidity of the day.
(f) To examine the rainfall amount month wise.
3. Exercises in chart reading: Plotting of constant pressure charts, surfaces charts,
upper wind charts and its analysis.
4. Formats and elements in different types of weather forecasts/ warning (both
aviation and non aviation)

Reference books:

1. Aviation Meteorology, I.C. Joshi, 3rd edition 2014, Himalayan Books

2. The weather Observers Hand book, Stephen Burt, 2012, Cambridge
University Press.
3. Meteorology, S.R. Ghadekar, 2001, Agromet Publishers, Nagpur.
4. Text Book of Agrometeorology, S.R. Ghadekar, 2005, Agromet Publishers,
Nagpur.
5. Why the weather, Charls Franklin Brooks, 1924, Chpraman & Hall, London.
6. Atmosphere and Ocean, John G. Harvey, 1995, The Artemis Press.
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