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 UNIT 6

NATIONAL INCOME
POINTS TO REMEMBER
❑ Good : In economics a good is defined as any physical object, natural or
man-made, that could command a price in the market.

❑ Consumption Goods : Those goods which satisfy human wants directly.

❑
m
Capital Goods : Those final goods which help in production. These goods
are used for generating income.

c o
❑
.
Final Goods are those goods which are used either for final consumption
or for investment.
a
❑
m
Intermediate Goods refers to those goods and services which are used

a
for further production or for resale. These goods do not fulfil needs of

yn
mankind directly.

❑ Investment : Addition made to the stock of capital during a period is called

d
investment. It is also called capital formation.

❑
tu
Depreciation : is expected fall in value of fixed capital goods due to

❑
S
normal wear and tear and obsolescence.

Gross Investment : Total addition of capital goods to the existing stock of

capital during a time period at market price.

❑ Net Investment : is a measure of net availability of new capital or new

addition to capital stock in an economy.

Net Investment = Gross investment – Depreciation.

❑ Stocks : Variables whose magnitude is measured at a particular point of

time are called stock variables.

❑ Flows : Variables whose magnitude is measured over a period of time are

called flow variable.

50 XII – Economics
❑ Economic Territory : Economic (or domestic) Territory is the geographical
territory administrated by a Government within which persons, goods, and
capital circulate freely.

❑ Scope of Economic Territory :

(a) Political frontiers including territorial waters and airspace.

(b) Embassies, consulates, military bases etc. located abroad.

(c) Ships and aircraft operated by the residents between two or more
countries.

(d) Fishing vessels, oil and natural gas rigs operated by residents in the
international waters.

❑ Normal Resident of a country : is a person or an institution who ordinarily

resides in a country and whose centre of economic interest lies in that

m
country.

NATIONAL INCOME AGGREGATES

c o
.
Domestic Aggregates
a
❑
m
Gross domestic Product at Market Price (GDPMP) is the market value

a
of all the final goods and services produced by all producing units located

yn
in the domestic territory of a country during a financial year.

Net Domestic Product at Market Price (NDPMP) : NDPMP = GDPMP –

d
❑
Depreciation (consumption of Fixed capital)

❑ tu
Domestic Income : (NDPFC) : It is the factor income accruing to owners

S
of factors of production for suppling factor services with in domestic territory
during an accounting year.

NATIONAL AGGREGATES
❑ Gross National Product at Market Price (GNPMP) is the market value of
all the final goods and services produced by all producing units (in the
domestic territory and abroad) of a country during a financial year. GDPMP
+ NFIA = GNPMP

❑ National Income (NNPFC) : is a measure of factor earnings of the residents

of a country both from economic (Domestic) territory and from abroad
during an accounting year.

51 XII – Economics
 NNPFC = NDPFC + NFIA = National Income.

❑ National Income at Current Prices (Nominal National Income) : It is

the money value of all final goods and services valued at current prices
produced by normal residents of a country over a particular period of time.

❑ Real National Income or National Income at Constant Prices : It is

also called as real income. It is the money value of all final goods and
services valued at constant prices produced by normal residents of a country.

❑ Value of Output : Market value of all goods and services produced by an

enterprise during an accounting year.

❑ Value added : It is the difference between value of output of a firm and

value of inputs bought from the other firms during a particular period of
time.

❑ Double Counting : Counting the value of a commodity more than once

while estimating national income is called double counting.
m
❑ Ways to solve the problem of double counting.
c o
(a) By taking the value of only final goods. .
(b) By taking value added. a
m
a
yn
d
tu
S

❑ National Disposable Income (NDI) : It is defined as net national product

at Market price (NNPMP) plus net current transfer from rest of the world. NDI
= NNPMP + Net current transfers from rest of the world.

52 XII – Economics
 OR

= National income + net indirect tax + net current transfers from the rest of
the world.

❑ Gross National Disposable Income (Gross NDI)

= GNPMP + Net current Transfers from rest of the world.

❑ Net National Disposable Income (Net NDI)

= NNPMP + Net current Transfers from rest of the world.

OR

= Gross NDI – Depreciation.

❑ Concept of Value Added of One Sector or One Firm

1. Value output = Sales + Net Stock.

m
2.
o
Gross Value added at market prices (GVAMP) = Value of output –
Intermediate consumption
c
.
3.
a
Net value added at market price (NVAMP) = GVAMP – Depreciation.

4.
m
Net value added at factor cost (NVAFC) = NVAMP – Net indirect tax.

a
Note: By adding up NVAFC of all the sectors, we get NDPFC or Domestic Income.

yn
d
tu
S

53 XII – Economics
 m
c o
.
a
m
a
yn
d
tu
S

54 XII – Economics
 m
c o
.
a
m
a
yn
d
tu
S

55 XII – Economics
5. When will be NDPMP be less than NDPFC?

6. State the meaning of consumption of fixed capital?

7. State the meaning of injection in income flow, with the help of an example.

8. What do you mean by leakage in income flow?

9. State whether the following are stock or flow :

(i) Losses (ii) Capital
(iii) Production (iv) Wealth

10. Define ‘Nominal GNP’

11. What do you mean by ‘Real GNP’?

12. Define stock variable.

13. Define capital goods.

m
H.O.T.S.
c o
.
a
1. Which of the two NVAFC and NVAMP is equal to sum of factor income.

m
2. Why is money received from sale of shares is not included in domestic

a
factor income.

yn
3. What aggregate do we get, when we add up the net value added of all
producing sectors of an economy?

d
tu
4. How value added method solve the problem of double counting?

5. What is per capita real GDP.

6. S
Complete the following aggregates.

(i) National Income = Domestic income .......................

(ii) Personal Income = Private income .......................

(iii) Net value added at FC = Gross output .......................

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1. Distinguish between real and nominal gross domestic product.

2. Explain the basis of classifying goods into intermediate and final goods.
Give suitable examples.

56 XII – Economics
3. Distinguish between consumer goods and capital goods. Which of these
are final goods?
4. Explain how distribution of G.D.P. is its limitation as a measure of economic
welfare.
5. Explain the meaning of “Domestic Territory of a country”.
6. Distinguish between ‘factor income’ and ‘transfer income’.
7. Classify the following into stock and flow :
(i) Population of India (ii) Exports
(iii) Investment (iv) Expenditure on food by household.
(v) National Capital (vi) Deposits in saving account of bank.
8. Explain how distribution of Gross domestic product is a limitation in taking
domestic product as an Index of welfare.
9. m
How can externalities be a limitation of using gross domestic product as an
index of welfare.
c o
.
10. Giving reasons, classify the following into intermediate and final goods :
(i) a
Machines purchased by a dealer of machines.
m
a
(ii) A car purchased by a house hold.

yn
11. Distinguish between stock and flows. Give an example of each.

d
12. What is meant by a normal resident? State which of the followings are
treated as normal resident of India.
(i) tu
An American working in the office of WHO located in India.

S
(ii) Indian working in U.S.A. embassy located in India.
13. Which of the following is factor income from abroad for an Indian resident
and why?
(a) Interest income received by Indian resident on the bonds of companies
operating in USA.
(b) Remittances by Indians settled abroad to their families in India.
❑ Giving reason explain how should the following be treated in estimating
national income:

(i) Expenditure on fertilizers by a farmer

(ii) Purchase of tractor by a farmer.

57 XII – Economics
 H.O.T.S.
14. Explain why subsidies are added to and indirect taxes deducted from
domestic product at market price to arrive at domestic product at factor
cost.

15. Giving reasons, explain how are the following treated in estimating national
Income by the income method.

(a) Interest on a car loan paid by an individual

(b) Interest on a car loan paid by a Govt. owned company.

16. Why do we include the imputed value of goods but not services while
estimating production for self consumption?

17. Define operating surplus, write its components.

m
18. Distinguish between domestic product and national product. When can

o
domestic product be more than National Product.

c
.
a MARKS)
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (6
1.
m
How will you treat the following while estimating national income of India.

a
yn
(a) Dividend received by an Indian from his investment in shares of a
foreign company.

d
(b) Money received by a family in India from relatives working abroad.

t u
(c) Interest received on loan given to a friend for purchasing a car.

2. S
How will you treat the following while estimating national income of India?
Give reason for your answer?

(a) Dividend received by a foreigner from investment in shares of an

Indian Company.

(b) Money received by a family in India from relatives working abroad.

(c) Interest received on loan given to a Friend for purchasing a car.

3. Explain the problem of double counting in estimating national income, with

the help of an example. Also explain two alternative ways of avoiding the
problem.

58 XII – Economics
4. Distinguish between real gross domestic product and nominal gross domestic
product. Can gross domestic product be used as an index of welfare of the
people? Give two reasons.

5. How will you treat the following in estimating national income of India? Give
reasons for your answer.

(a) Value of bonus shares received by share holders of a company.

(b) Fees received from students.

(c) Interest received on loan given to a foreign company in India.

6. Explain the steps of measuring national income by income method.

7. Giving reasons, categories following into transfer payment or factor payments.

(a) Financial help gives to flood victims

(b) Old age pension.

m
(c) Imputed rent.
c o
.
a
8. Calculate private income :

m Rs. (Crore)

a
yn
(i) National interest 10

(ii) Personal disposable income 150

d
tu
(iii) Corporate Profit Tax 25

(iv) Personal Taxes 50

S
(v) Retained earnings of private corporations 05

[Ans. : Rs. 230 crores]

10. Giving reasons explain whether the following are included in domestic product
of India.

(i) Profit earned by a branch of foreign bank in India.

(ii) Payment of salaries to its staff by an embassy located in New Delhi.

(iii) Interest received by an Indian resident from firms abroad.

59 XII – Economics
11. How will you treat the following while estimating national income. Give reasons
for your answer.

(i) Capital gain on sale of house.

(ii) Prize won is lottery.

(iii) Interest on public debt.

12. While estimating national income. How will you treat the following. Give
reason for your answer.

(i) Imputed rent of occupied house.

(ii) Interest received on debentures.

(iii) Financial help received by Flood victims.

m
NUMERICALS FOR PRACTICE
c o
.
1.
a
Calculate (i) gross domestic product at factor cost and (ii) net national
disposable income : 6

m
a
Rs. (in Crores)

yn
(i) Net indirect tax 130

(ii)
d
Government final consumption expenditure 100

tu
(iii) Profit 90

S
(iv) Net domestic capital formation

(v) Change in stocks (–)

120

10

(vi) Private final consumption expenditure 500

(vii) Net imports 20

(viii) Net current transfers to abroad 10

(ix) Net factor income to abroad 30

(x) Gross domestic capital formation 160

2. From the following data calculate GNP at FC by (a) Income method

60 XII – Economics
 (b) Expenditure method.

Rs. (Crore)
(i) Net domestic capital formation 500
(ii) Compensation of employees 1850
(iii) Consumption of fixed capital 100
(iv) Govt. final consumption expenditure 1100
(v) PVT. final consumption expenditure 2600
(vi) Rent400
(vii) Dividend 200
(viii) Interest 500
(ix) Net Exports (—) 100
(x) Profits 1100
(xi) NFIA
m (—) 50

co
(xi) Net Indirect taxes 250

. [Ans. : Rs. 3900 Crore]

3. a
There are only two producing sectors A and B in an economy. Calculate:
m
a
(a) Gross value added at market price by each sector

yn
(b) National income.
Rs. (Crore)
(i) d
Net factor income from Abroad. 20
(ii)
tu
Sales by A 1000

S
(iii) Sales by B
(iv) Change in stock of B
2000
(–) 200
(v) Closing stock of A 50
(vi) Opening stock of A 100
(vii) Consumption of fixed capital by A and B 180
(viii) Indirect taxes paid by A and B 120
(ix) Purchase of raw material by A 500
(x) Purchase of raw material by B 600
(xi) Exports by B 70
[Ans. : Rs. 1370 Crore]

61 XII – Economics
4. From the following data, calculate
(a) Gross Domestic Product at Factor Cost (GDPFC) and
(b) Factor income to abroad.
Rs. (Crore)
(i) Gross Domestic Capital formation 600
(ii) Interest 200
(iii) Gross national product at market price 2800
(iv) Rent300
(v) Compensation of employees 1600
(vi) Profit 400
(vii) Dividends 150
(viii) Factor income from abroad. 50
(ix) Change in stock 100
m
o
(x) Net indirect taxes 240
(xi) Net fixed capital formation
. c 400

a
(xii) Net Export (–) 30
[Ans. : (a) GDPFC = 2600 Crores (b) FIPA = 90 Crores]
m
5.
a
Calculate net national product at factor cost and gross national disposable

yn
income from the following :
Rs. (Crore)
(i) d
Net current transfers to Row 10
(ii)
tu
Savings of non-departmental enterprises 60

S
(iii) Net indirect tax.
(iv) Income from property and entrepreneurship to the Govt.
90

administrative departments 80
(v) Consumption of fixed capital 70
(vi) Personal Tax 100
(vii) Corporation tax 40
(viii) National debt interest 30
(ix) Current transfer payments by Govt. 50
(x) Retained Earnings of PVT. Corporate 10
(xi) Personal disposable income. 1100
[Ans. : (a) NNPFC = Rs. 1320 Crores (b) GNDI = 1470 Crores]

62 XII – Economics
6. Calculate (a) Gross domestic product at market price (GDPMP) (b) Factor
income from abroad.

Rs. (Crore)
(i) Profit 500
(ii) Export 40
(iii) Compensation of Employees 1500
(iv) Net current transfer from Row 2800
(v) Rent90
(vi) Interest 300
(vii) Factor income to abroad 400
(viii) Net indirect tax 120
(ix) Gross fixed capital formation 250
(x) Net domestic capital formation
m 650

co
(xi) Gross fixed capital formation 700
(xii) Change in stock
. 50

a
[Ans. : GDPMP = 3050 Crores (b) FIRA = 120 Crores]

m
7. From the following data calculate (a) GDPMP and (b) Factor income from
abroad.
a
yn
Rs. (Crore)
(i) Gross national product at factor cost 6150
d
tu
(ii) Net export (–) 50
(iii) Compensation of Employees 3000

S
(iv) Rent800
(v) Interest 900
(vi) Profit 1300
(vii) Net Indirect tax 300
(viii) Net domestic capital formation 800
(ix) Gross fixed capital formation 850
(x) Change in stock 50
(xi) Dividend 300
(xi) Factor income to abroad. 80
[Ans. : GDPMP = 6400 Crores; FIFA = 130 Crores]

63 XII – Economics
8. Calculate ‘Net National Disposable Income’ and ‘Personal Income’ from the
following data.

Rs. (Crore)

(i) Personal tax 212

(ii) Net national product at factor cost 2500
(iii) Net indirect tax 180
(iv) Domestic product accruing to Govt. 500
(v) Retained earnings of PVT. Corporations 80
(vi) NFIA23
(vii) National debt interest 100
(viii) Net current transfer from abroad 20
(ix) Corporation tax
m 70
(x) Current transfer from Government
c o 30
.
a
[Ans. : NNDI = 2700 Crore; P.I. = 2000 Crore]
9. Find out (a) national income and (b) net national disposable income :
m
a Rs. (Crore)

yn
(i) Factor income from abroad 15
(ii)
d
Private final consumption expenditure 600

tu
(iii) Consumption of Fixed capital 50

S
(iv) Government final consumption expenditure
(v) Net current transfers to abroad
200
(–) 5
(vi) Net domestic fixed capital formation 110
(vii) Net factor income to abroad 10
(viii) Net imports (–) 20
(ix) Net indirect tax 70
(x) Change in stocks (–) 10
[Ans. : N.I. - 840 Crore NNDI - 915 Crore]

64 XII – Economics
10. From the following data show that net value added at factor cost (NVAFC)
is equal to the sum of factor incomes.
Rs. (Crore)
(i) Purchase of raw material and other input from
the domestic market 600
(ii) Increase in stock 200
(iii) Domestic sales 1800
(iv) Import of raw material 100
(v) Exports 200
(vi) Depreciation of fixed capital 75
(vii) Salaries and wages 600
(viii) Interest payments 450
(ix) Rent75
(x) Dividends 150
(xi) Undistributed profits. m 80
(xi) Corporate profit tax
c o 20
(xii) Indirect tax
. 50
a [Ans. : 1375 Crores]

m
a
11. From the following data calculate (a) Private income (b) Personal income

yn
(c) Personal disposable income.

Rs. (Crore)
(i) d
Income from property and entrepreneurship accruing

tu
to the Govt. administrative Dept. 100

S
(ii) Saving of non-departmental enterprises
(iii) Factor income from NDP occurring to Private sector
80
500
(iv) Corporation tax 30
(v) Saving of Pvt. corporate sector 65
(vi) Direct taxes paid by house hold 20
(vii) Current transfers from Govt. Administrative departments 10
(viii) Current transfer from Row 20
(ix) Factor income from abroad 5
(x) Operating surplus 150
(xi) Factor income to abroad 15
[Ans. : (a) 520 Crore (b) 425 Crore (c) 405 Crore]

65 XII – Economics
 ANSWERS

1 Mark Questions
1. Net Export means the difference between export and imports.

Net export = Export – Imports

2. Current transfers are those transfers which are paid from current income
and are added in current income of recipient.

3. Normal resident of a country is that person or institution whose centre of

economic interest lies in that country.

4. Economic territory means that geographical territory administrated by a

Govt. within which persons, goods and capital circulates freely.

m
5. When subsidies are more than indirect taxes.

6.
o
It decreases in the value of fixed capital due to normal wear and tear and
c
.
foreseen obsolescence.

7.
a
‘Injection’ is that economic concept, which add to flow of income and goods

m
e.g., investment, Exports.

8.
a
“Leakage” is that economic concept, which has negative impact on flow of

yn
income.

d
9. (i) Flow (ii) Stock (iii) Flow (iv) Stock

tu
10. It is the gross money value of National Product of current year valued at
current prices.
S
11. It is the gross money value of National product of current year valued at
base year price.

12. A variable whose value is measured at a point of time.

13. Goods used is producing other goods are called capital goods.

H.O.T.S.
1. NVAFC

2. It is the financial transactions and does not have any impact on production.

3. NDP.

66 XII – Economics
4. By deducting intermediate consumption from value of output, the problem
of double counting can be solved.

5. When per capita income is measured from real GDP (measured at constant
price) is called per capita real GDP.

6. (i) National income = Domestic Income + Net factor income from abroad.

(ii) Personal income = Private income – Corporate tax – Undistributed

profit.

(iii) Net value added at FC = Gross Output – Intermediate Consumption –

Depreciation – Net Indirect Tax

HINTS

3-4 Marks Questions

m
7. (a) Stock (b) Flow
c o
(c) Flow (d) Stock
.
(e) Stock (f) a
Stock
m
a
10. (a) Intermediate good because it is for resale

yn
(b) final good because purchased by ultimate consumer.

d
15. (a) Not include as paid for consumption expd.

tu
(b) Included as paid for production expd.

S NUMERICAL QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

1. (i) GDPFC :

VI + II – VII + X – I

500 + 100 – 20 + 160 – 130

760 – 150 = 610

(ii) NNDI

610 – (160 – 120) – 30 + 130 – 10

740 – 80 = 660

67 XII – Economics
2. GNPFC

(a) Income Method :

= (ii) + (vi) + (viii) + (x) + (xi)

NNPFC = 1850 + 400 + 500 + 1100 + (– 50)

= 3800

GNPFC = 3800 + 100 = 3900 Crores

(b) Expd. Method = (i) + (iii) + (iv) + (v) + (ix) + (xi) – (xii)

500 + 100 + 1100 + 2600 + (– 100) + (– 50) – 250

= 3900 Crore

3. GVAMP of Sector A

1000 – 50 – 500 = 450

m
GVAMP of Sector B
c o
.
2000 – 200 – 600 = 1200
a
m
Total 450 + 1200 = 1650

a
NNPFC = 1650 – 150 – 120 + 20 = 1370 Crores

4. GDPFC :
yn
NDPFC
d
= (v) + (ii) + (iv) + (vi)

tu = 1600 + 200 + 300 + 400

S = 2500

GDPFC = NDPFC +CFC

CFC = GDCF – NDCF (NFCF + ∆S)

= 600 – (400 + 100) = 100

GDPFC = 2500 + 100 = 2600 Crore.

FIPA

GNPMP = GDPFC + NFIA + NIT

2800 = 2600 + NFIA + 240

68 XII – Economics
 NFIA = – 40

NFIA = FIFA – FIPA

– 40 = 50 – FIPA

FIPA = 50 + 40 = 90 Crores

5. NNPFC = (xi) + (vi) + (vii) + (x) – (viii) – (ix) + (i) + (ii) + (iv)

= 1100 +100 + 40 + 10 – 30 – 50 + 10 + 60 + 80

= 1320 Crores

GNDI = NNPFC + (iii) + (v) – (i)

= 1320 + 90 +70 – 10

= 1470 Crores

6. (a) GDPMP :
m
NDPFC = (iii) + (v) + (vi) + (vii)
c o
.
= 1500 + 500 + 300 + 400
a
m
= 2700 Crores

GDPMP = NDPFC + CFC + NIT

a
CFC
yn
= (GFCF + S) – 650

d
= (700 + 50) – 650

tu = 100

S NIT = 250

GDPMP = 2700 + 100 + 250

= 3050

(b) FIFA

GNPFC = GDPMP + NFIA – NIT

2800 = 3050 + NFIA – 250

NFIA = 0

NFIA = FIFA – FIPA

69 XII – Economics
 0 = FIFA – 120

FIFA = 120 Crores

7. GDPMP :

NDPFC = (iii) + (iv) + (v) + (vi)

= 3000 + 800 +900 + 1300 = 6000

GDPMP = NDPFC + CFC + NIT

CFC = GDCF – NDCF

= (GFCF + s) – NDCF

= (850 + 50) – 800

= 100

NIT = 300
m
GDPMP = 6000 + 100 + 300 = 6400 Crores
c o
.
FIFA :
a
m
GNPFC = GDPMP + NFIA – NIT

6150
a
= 6400 + NFIA – 300

NFIA = 50
yn
NFIA
d
= FIFA – FIPA

50
tu = FIFA – 80

S FIFA = 130

8. NNDI = (ii) + (iii) + (viii)

= 2500+ 180 + 20

= 2700

Pr. I = (ii) – (iv) + (vii) + (viii) + (x) – (ix) – (v)

= 2500 – 500 + 100 + 20 + 30 – 70 – 80

= 2000 Crores

70 XII – Economics
9. N.I. = (ii) + (iv) + (vi + x) – (viii) – (ix) – (vii)

= 600 + 200 + 110 + (– 10) – (–20) – 70 – 10

= 930 – 90

= 840 Crores

NNDI = N.I + ix – v

= 840 + 70 – (–5)

= 915 Crore

10. NVAFC = (ii) + (iii) + (v) – (i) – (iv) – (vi) – (xiii)

= 200 +1800 + 200 – 600 – 100 – 75 – 50

= 1375 Crores

m
Sum of factor income = (vii) + (viii) + (ix) + (x) + (xi) + (xii)

= 600 + 450 + 75 + 150 + 80 + 20

c o
.
= 1375
a
m
11. (a) PVT Income – Rs. 520 Crore

(b) P.I. – Rs. 425 Crore

a
yn
(c) P.D.I. = Rs. 405 Crore

d
tu
S

71 XII – Economics