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Understanding Culture
Society and Politics
Quarter 1: Week 6 - Module 6

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Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Grade 11/12 Quarter 1: Week 6 - Module 6
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Polly Anne F. Rovero, T-I

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D.

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
German E. Flora, Ph.D., CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D., EPS in Charge of LRMS

Mario B. Paneda, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Araling Panlipunan
Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

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Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics
Quarter 1: Week 6 – Module 6

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Target

A society is organized, not only because of individuals who interact and share
common interests, but also due to the prevailing interaction among them, their state
of belongingness, and the ability to influence one another and work together to
achieve common goals.
In this module, you will understand the meaning of social group, identify the
proponents of sociological theories, and examine the sociological perspectives about
social groups. Also, you will learn to determine the role of your social groups and
analyze the forms and functions of social organizations.
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand on how to become a member of a society. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

To analyze the forms and functions of social organizations.

Specific Learning objectives

1. understand the meaning of social groups;

2. examine the sociological perspectives about social groups;
3. differentiate the various forms of social groups;
4. analyze the functions of social groups; and
5. determine your social groups.

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ACTIVITY1: Fact Analysis

Directions: In the previous lesson you learned how to become a better member of
society. To test your understanding of the lesson, analyze the following situations.
Put a / if the situation exemplifies a good member of society and an X if not. Explain
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Scholars of the University of the Philippines developed coronavirus test kits.

2. Sen. Manny Pacquiao donated protective masks to the Philippine National

Police and five buses to MMDA for the free rides of healthcare workers.

3. Sen. Aquilino “Koko” Pimentel III, who had tested positive for COVID-19,
visited Makati Medical Center despite strict home quarantine protocols.

4. A man posted on twitter that he would give a reward of 50 million pesos to

anyone who would kill the President.

5. Angel Locsin, with her team, set-up and donated tents for COVID-19 patients
in 135 hospitals.

Good Job! Before proceeding further,

check how much you know about the
topic. Analyze and answer the Practice
Quiz below.

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Jumpstart

ACTIVITY1: Practice Quiz

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Anna enjoys doing things with her family. Every Sunday, they go to church
and eat in their favorite fast food restaurant after the church service. In what
social group does her family belong?
A. Network C. Reference Group
B. Primary Group D. Secondary Group

2. Florante and Johnson joined Tagisan ng Talino at Katha, a quiz bee contest.
They placed second among all the contestants. Some of the contestants who
belonged to their ___________ congratulated them.
A. In-group C. Out-group
B. Network D. Reference group

3. Kim has just transferred in his new school. He meets new friends, Leo and
Mark. They like spending their free time in the library. Soon they become good
friends. In what social group do his friends in school belong?
A. Network C. Reference Group
B. Primary Group D. Secondary Group

4. Gilas Pilipinas represented the Philippines in the SEA Games Basketball

Tournament. They completed against other basketball teams from South East
Asian countries. Their opponent teams are considered ___________.
A. In-group C. Out-group
B. Network D. Reference group

5. Sexbomb Girls popularized some novelty songs and dances. Children

nowadays still idolize them. This is an example of ___________.
A. Network C. Reference Group
B. Primary Group D. Secondary Group

6. Maria teaches Social Science to Grade 11 students in senior high school. She
joined her co-teachers during the educational trip. In what social group do her
co-teachers belong?
A. Network C. Reference Group
B. Primary Group D. Secondary Group

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7. Lorie likes singing a lot. One day she decides to join the Glee Club and
becomes friends with all the members of the club. This is an example of
___________.
A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary group

8. Angelo Locsin is one of the famous artists in the Philippines. Some celebrities
admire her beauty, acting skills and compassion. For them, Angel belongs to
their ___________.
A. Network C. Reference Group
B. Primary Group D. Secondary Group

9. Lyca belongs to Generation Z, a generation of youth who are technologically

advanced and competitive. This is an example of ___________.
A. In-group C. Out-group
B. Network D. Reference Group

10. Alex Gonzaga is a well-known Filipino vlogger. She has many social media
followers. This is an example of ___________.
A. In-group C. Out-group
B. Network D. Reference Group

Discover

ACTIVITY1: Reflect It!

Directions: Read and reflect on the short essay then answer the guide questions on
a separate sheet of paper.

Man as a Social Animal

By Ma. Teresa B. Berondo
“Man is by nature a social animal.” This is a famous line by Aristotle,
a well-known ancient philosopher. What does it mean? Do we take its
meaning literally? Or does it have a deeper meaning beyond the actual
words?
Since the human being is considered the highest form of animal, it
can literally mean that man by nature is armored with mechanisms like
language and reason that he uses to interact with others. In a deeper sense,
human beings cannot exist in this world alone. People want the company of
others to feel the love and care that they need. This feeling of closeness can
be found in our own family, close friends, and personal relationships. Also,
people form a social group with common interest and similar perspectives
in life despite their differences in terms of personality, behavior, family
background and other personal qualities. As human beings form social
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groups, they create social relation with others that are mutually beneficial
to each other. This makes them engage in common aspirations and support
each other’s beliefs.
As man gets together and interacts with one another based on
relationships, common identity, and culture, man is indeed a social animal.

Think About This!

1. Do you believe that man is a social animal? Why or why not?

2. How does man becomes a social animal based on the essay?
3. How important is human interaction in building the nation?

A society is mostly characterized as an organized interrelated group of people

who act together for collective living, as they share the same language, territory, and
culture. However, a group of individuals in a certain place does not instantly make a
social group. This group may just be individuals who happen to be in one place
asserting theirs commonality. Simply stated, when human relation begins, a group
starts to be organized. There are sociological theories that can explain various
aspects of social group existence.

Sociological Perspective of Society

Social groups are fundamental parts of human life. They are a multitude of
people who see each other often and think of themselves as part of a group. There
appears to be groups of people everywhere. We could be a member of a church group,
college class, workplace, sports team, club, and others. The discipline of Sociology
focuses primarily on the study of social groups in a society.

Sociological Theories or Perspectives. Different sociological perspectives

enable sociologists to view social issues through a variety of useful
lenses.

Sociological Level of
Focus
Perspective Analysis
Structural The way each part of society functions
Macro or Mid
Functionalism together to contribute to the whole
The way inequalities contribute to
Conflict Theory Macro social differences and perpetuate
differences in power
Symbolic One-to-one interactions and
Macro
Interactionism communications

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Structural – Functional Theory

Structural-functional theory, also called functionalism, sees society as a

structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of
the individuals in that society. Functionalism grew out of the writings of English
philosopher and biologist, Hebert Spencer (1820–1903), who saw similarities
between society and the human body. He argued that just as the various organs of
the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society
work together to keep society functioning (Spencer 1898). The parts of society that
Spencer referred to were the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors
focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare,
religion, and the economy.

Émile Durkheim, another early sociologist, applied Spencer’s theory to explain

how societies change and survive over time. Durkheim believed that society is a
complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts that work together to
maintain stability (Durkheim 1893), and that society is held together by shared
values, languages, and symbols. Durkheim believed that individuals may make up
society, but in order to study society, sociologists have to look beyond individuals
to social facts. Social facts are the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs,
fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life (Durkheim 1895).
Each of these social facts serves one or more functions within a society. For example,
one function of a society’s laws may be to protect society from violence, while another
is to punish criminal behavior, while another is to preserve public safety.

Although suicide is generally considered an individual phenomenon, Émile

Durkheim was interested in studying the social factors that affect it. He studied
social ties within a group, or social solidarity, and hypothesized that differences in
suicide rates might be explained by religion-based differences. Durkheim gathered a
large amount of data about Europeans who had ended their lives, and he did indeed
find differences based on religion. Protestants were more likely to commit suicide
than Catholics in Durkheim’s society, and his work on this topic demonstrated the
utility of theory for sociological research.

Another noted structural functionalist, Robert Merton (1910–2003), pointed

out that social processes often have many functions. Manifest functions are the
consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated, while latent
functions are the unsought consequences of a social process. A manifest function of
college education, for example, includes gaining knowledge, preparing for a career,
and finding a good job that utilizes that education. Latent functions of your college
years include meeting new people, participating in extracurricular activities, or even
finding a spouse or partner. Another latent function of education is creating a
hierarchy of employment based on the level of education attained. Latent functions
can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful. Social processes that have undesirable
consequences for the operation of society are called dysfunctions. In education,
examples of dysfunction include getting bad grades, truancy, dropping out, not
graduating, and not finding suitable employment.
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Conflict Theory

Conflict theory looks at society as a competition for limited resources. This

perspective is a macro-level approach most identified with the writings of German
philosopher and sociologist Karl Marx (1818–1883), who saw society as being made
up of two classes, the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and the proletariat (workers), who
must compete for social, material, and political resources such as food and housing,
employment, education, and leisure time. Social institutions like government,
education, and religion reflect this competition in their inherent inequalities and help
maintain the unequal social structure.

In the economic sphere, Marx focused on the “mode of production” (e.g., the
industrial factory) and “relations of production” (e.g., unequal power between
workers and factory owners). The bourgeoisie owns and controls the means of
production, which leads to exploitation due to the profit motive. In this arrangement,
proletarians have only their labor to sell, and do not own or control capital. False
consciousness is Marx’s term for the proletarian’s inability to see her real position
within the class system, a mis-recognition that is complicated by the control that the
bourgeoisie often exerts over the media outlets that disseminate and normalize
information. These are just some of the structural constrains that prevent workers
from joining together in what Marx called class consciousness, or a common group
identity as exploited proletarians and potential revolutionaries .

German sociologist Max Weber agreed with some of Marx’s main ideas, but
also believed that in addition to economic inequalities, there were inequalities of
political power and social structure that caused conflict. Weber noted that different
groups were affected differently based on education, race, and gender, and that
people’s reactions to inequality were moderated by class differences and rates of
social mobility, as well as by perceptions about the legitimacy of those in power.

Ida B. Wells articulated the conflict perspective when she theorized a

connection between an increase in lynching and an increase in black socio-economic
mobility in the United States from the late 1800s into the mid-20th century. She also
examined competition within the feminist movement as women fought for the right
to vote, yet the presumably egalitarian mainstream suffragist movements were
headed by white women who excluded black women from suffrage. W.E.B. DuBois
also examined race in the U.S. and in U.S. colonies from a conflict perspective, and
emphasized the importance of a reserve labor force, made up of black men. Race
conflict paradigms will be examined later in the course in the module devoted to race
and ethnicity.

Symbolic Interactionist Theory

Symbolic Interactionist Theory is a micro-level theory that focuses

on meanings attached to human interaction, both verbal and non-verbal, and to
symbols. Communication—the exchange of meaning through language and
symbols—is believed to be the way in which people make sense of their social worlds.
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Charles Horton Cooley introduced the looking-glass self (1902) to describe
how a person’s self of self grows out of interactions with others, and he proposed a
threefold process for this development: 1) we see how others react to us, 2) we
interpret that reaction (typically as positive or negative) and 3) we develop a sense of
self based on those interpretations. “Looking-glass” is an archaic term for a mirror,
so Cooley theorized that we “see” ourselves when we interact with others.

George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) is considered a founder of symbolic

interactionism, though he never published his work on this subject (LaRossa and
Reitzes 1993). Mead’s student, Herbert Blumer, actually coined the term “symbolic
interactionism” and outlined these basic premises: humans interact with things
based on meanings ascribed to those things; the ascribed meaning of things comes
from our interactions with others and society; the meanings of things are interpreted
by a person when dealing with things in specific circumstances (Blumer 1969). This
sounds close to Cooley’s looking-glass self, but Mead’s contribution was really to the
development of self, especially in childhood, which we’ll discuss in more detail when
we address theories of socialization. If you love books, for example, a symbolic
interactionist might propose that you learned that books are good or important in
the interactions you had with family, friends, school, or church; maybe your family
had a special reading time each week, getting your library card was treated as a
special event, or bedtime stories were associated with warmth and comfort.

Social scientists who apply symbolic-interactionist thinking look for patterns

of interaction between individuals. Their studies often involve observation of one-on-
one interactions. For example, while a conflict theorist studying a political protest
might focus on class difference, a symbolic interactionist would be more interested
in how individuals in the protesting group interact, as well as the signs and symbols
protesters use to communicate their message and to negotiate and thus develop
shared meanings.

The focus on the importance of interaction in building a society led

sociologists like Erving Goffman (1922–1982) to develop a technique
called dramaturgical analysis. Goffman used theater as an analogy for social
interaction and recognized that people’s interactions showed patterns of cultural
“scripts.” Since it can be unclear what part a person may play in a given situation,
as we all occupy multiple roles in a given day (i.e., student, friend, son/ daughter,
employee, etc.), one has to improvise his or her role as the situation unfolds (Goffman
1958).

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Explore

Forms of Social Group

Groups are formed as an assemblage of people who often interact with

each other on the basis of a common outlook concerning behavior and a sense of
common identity. A social group may consist of two or more individuals who do
things together with a common goal and interest.

Examples:

family church mate neighborhood

relatives schoolmate organization
couples co-workers team mate
friends business clubs

Group
- is any collection of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations
regarding one another’s behavior ( Kornblum, 2003).
- is consist of two or more people who are bound together in relatively stable
patterns of social interaction and who share a feeling of unity ( Hughes and
Kroeler, 2009)
- is comprised of two or more persons who are in social interaction, who are
guided by similar norms, values and expectations, and who maintain a stable
pattern of relationship over a period of time.
- Is a specified number of individuals where each recognizes members from non-
member;
- it is a collection of individuals characterize by:
a) Communication
b) Recognition
c) Specialized roles

Three Requirements for a group

1. There must be two or more people.
2. There must be interaction.
3. The members must be together physically.
Factors that influence Groups
1. Motivational base shared by individuals (based on needs, interests, desires,
noble activities, insecurities, or problems)
2. Size of the group
3. Type of group goals
4. The kind of a group cohesion/unity (the capability to function and interact
collectively in the direction of their goals)
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General Characteristics of a Group
Group is characterized by the following:
1. A group has identity identifiable by both its members and outsiders.
2. A group has a social structure in the sense that each part or member has a
position related to other positions.
3. Each member in a group has roles to play.
4. There is mutual reciprocity among members in a group.

Group as distinguished from other Collection of People like:

1. Aggregate - a simple collection of people who are in the same place at the
same time without interacting with each other
Eg. People inside the movie house, people riding in an LRT/MRT
2. Category - a simple collection of people who share distinctive characteristics
(age, sex, race, income/social class, occupation, religion, political beliefs,
ethnicity
Eg. Males/females in the society; the infants; children; youth; adults/ the
aged; slum dwellers; the middle class; the millionaires
3. Collectivity - Collection of people in a given place and time
Eg. Crowds, masses, public and social movements are temporary groups

IMPORTANCE OF A GROUP
1. A group is a major source of solidarity and cohesion.
2. A group reinforces and strengthens our integration into society.
3. A group shares basic survival and problem-solving techniques to satisfy
personal and emotional needs.
4. A group gives meaning and support to an individual.

HOW IS A GROUP FORMED?

1. The desire to achieve an objective
2. To meet the needs of the individual member
3. People are treated alike by others

CLASSIFICATION OF GROUPS
A. PRIMARY GROUPS B. SECONDARY GROUPS
- personal and intimate relationship - Large
- face to face communication - impersonal, aloof relationship
- permanence duration - indirect communication
- a strong sense of loyalty or “we” - temporary duration
feeling - weak group cohesiveness based
- small in size on self-interest
- informal structure - rational decision-making
- traditional or non-rational - formal structure
decision-making

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GROUP BOUNDARIES
A. IN- GROUP
- group with which the individual identifies and which gives him sense of
belonging, solidarity, camaraderie, esprit de corps, and a protective attitude
toward the other members.
- The members are loyal to each other and share common norms, activities,
goals and background.

B. OUT-GROUP
- viewed as outsiders by the in-group;
- Any member of the in-group has insufficient contact with the members of the
out-group
- Members of the in-group have feelings of strangeness, dislikes, avoidance,
antagonism, indifference and even hatred toward the out-group

C. REFERENCE GROUP
- Group that is significant to us as models even though we ourselves may not
be a part of the group.
- Is one which an individual does not only have a high regard for but one after
which he or she patterns his/her life
- Its central aspect is self-identification rather than actual membership

TYPES OF GROUP BOUNDARIES

A. FORMAL GROUP BOUNDARIES
- groups in which duties and privileges are clearly defined and expectations
are prescribed, independent of the person who happens to occupy a given
position
- Individual roles are explicitly designed as president, v-president, secretary,
and treasurer
- With constitution or set of by-laws

B. INFORMAL GROUP BOUNDARIES

- Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more people
- They are unplanned, have no explicit rules for membership, and do not have
specific objectives to be attained
- The members exchange confidences, share a feeling of intimacy and acquire
a sense of belongingness.

CONSEQUENCES OF GROUP BOUNDARIES

a. people gain a clearer sense of their diversity
b. ethnocentrism may grow
c. serious personal and social problems may arise

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Functions of Social Groups

We typically belong to a certain type of social group, with each group

having its own functions.
The primary group plays a vital part in the socialization process. It forms
the social nature and ideals of individuals especially in shaping the culture and
personality where a person learns social norms, beliefs, morals, and values. On the
other hand, secondary group members tend to relate to others only in specific roles
and for practical reasons. This group helps in fulfilling various types of human needs
and brings about social awareness and social change. Also, this group helps fulfill
various special interests in such fields as sports, dance, music, and others.
An in-group may form within our secondary group such as our workmates,
group mates, or assembly which functions as a group of people who can connect with
each other because of their sense of identity and belongingness while out group
functions as a competitor or rival group that an individual is opposed to.
Reference group provides a standard of measurement. This group has a
strong impact on how a person thinks and acts as it may serve as guide to a member’s
behavior and social norms. Thus, networks function as a social media influencer.
Social networks are influential in a wide range of online platforms used
for building social relationships with other people including sharing of political
opinions, likes and dislikes, and can even show trending societal issues or
personalities.

ACTIVITY 1: You may do this!

Directions:
1. Complete the concept map below by writing inside the small circles the ideas
or concepts on how society is organized.
2. Answer the questions that follow.
3. Use a separate sheet of paper for this activity.

How
society is
organized

1. What are the different sociological perspectives about social groups?

2. What are the different forms of social groups in our society?
3. Why are there various social groups formed in our society?
4. How important are social groups in our society?

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ACTIVITY 2: My Social Group Collage

Directions:
1. Collect or ask pictures from your family, friends, schoolmates, clubs which
you are a member of, your favorite girl groups or boy groups, and your friends
in social media.
2. Paste the pictures on a short bond paper. Showcase your creativity by adding
a variety of designs and artworks in your collage.
3. Your output will be given points based on the following criteria:

Rubrics

Criteria Score
Creativity (artistry) 5 pts.
Content (relevance to the topic) 5 pts.
Originality (uniqueness, own work) 5 pts.
Timeliness (submit on time) 5 pts.
Total 20points

ACTIVITY 3: Compare and Contrast

Directions: Based on what you have learned, compare and contrast the following
concepts. Use a separate sheet for this activity.

Concept Similarities Differences

Primary Group and Secondary Group
In-Groups and Out-Groups
Reference Groups and Networks
1. Why are there various social groups in our society?
2. How do these social groups function in our society?
3. How do these social groups shape the beliefs, behavior, personality and other
aspects of culture of an individual?

Deepen

ACTIVITY1: Research Work

Although all of us belong to different social groups in our society, some
experience more difficult challenges with the group of people around them.
In this activity you are going to make a research paper concerning one of the
issues affecting social groups in our society.

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Directions:
1. Choose only one from the following topics:
A. Family problems of Filipino children
B. Peer pressures experiences of teenagers
C. Cyber bullying problem on social media
2. Write a research paper about the topic you have chosen using the simple
research outline provided below as your guide.

Simple Research Outline

I. Research Title:
II. Short Introduction of the topic
III. Statement of the Problem (Provide at least 3 questions related to the
topic)
IV. Data Presentation (Support your presentation by using data from
credible online sources)
V. Conclusion
VI. References

3. You are given one week to finish the research.

4. Your paper will be scored based on the following rubrics.

Rubrics
Criteria Score
Percentage Content (ideas, facts, information) 30%
Organization (presentation of thoughts) 20%
Grammar (correct grammar and spelling) 20%
Originality (not copy paste) 20%
Timeliness (submit on time) 10%
Total 100%

Gauge

ACTIVITY1: Post Test

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. The Philippines national dragon-boat team represented our country during

the SEA Games in the traditional boat race. They competed against other
teams in Southeast Asia. The team considered the opponents of the
Philippine team as their __________.
A. In-group C. Out-group
B. Network D. Reference Group
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2. Mary is a millennial. This generation is described as socially conscious,
ethnically diverse, and optimistic. This generation is an example of
__________.
A. In-group C. Out-group
B. Network D. Reference Group

3. Many Pacquaio is one of the world’s greatest professional boxer and a

senator of the Philippines. Many boxers want to follow his footsteps. For
them, many Pacquiao is part of their __________.
A. In-group C. Out-group
B. Network D. Reference Group

4. Angeline and Pauline joined the HUMSS Core Quiz Bee competition. They
placed third among all the contestants. Their competitors belong to
__________.
A. In-group C. Out-group
B. Network D. Reference Group

5. Ivanna Alawi is well-known vlogger in the Philippines. She has many

subscribers and followers in many social media platforms. This is called
__________.
A. In-group C. Out-group
B. Network D. Reference Group

6. Carlo is very close to his parents and siblings. Every summer vacation, the
family visits their grandparents in Samar. In what social group does his
family belong?
A. Network C. Reference Group
B. Primary Group D. Secondary Group

7. Shirley loves reading novels. She is a member of the Book Lovers Club in her
school. In what social group do her friends in the Book Lovers Club belong?
A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary Group

8. Alex is promoted to grade 12 this school year. On his first day of class, he
meets Carlo, his seatmate who becomes his friend. In what social group does
his friend Carlo belong?
A. Network C. Reference Group
B. Primary Group D. Secondary Group

9. Patty is a nurse in a public hospital. During her vacant time, she joins her
colleagues in the hospital canteen to eat dinner with them. In what social
group do her colleague belong?
A. Network C. Reference Group
B. Primary Group D. Secondary Group

10. Anne Shirley misses her cousin Diana. She cannot wait to see her cousin to
spend her summer vacation with her. Diana is part of Anne Shirley’s
__________.
A. In-group C. Primary Group
B. Out-group D. Secondary Group
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Post Test Practice Test
1. c 1. b
2. d 2. c
3. d 3. d
4. c 4. c
5. b 5. c
6. b 6. d
7. a 7. a
8. d 8. c
9. d 9. d
10. c 10. b
Answer Key
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References
Books

Atienza, Maria Ela et. al. (2016). Understanding, Culture, Society, and Politics for
Senior High School, Quezon, City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Contreras, Antonio P. et. al. (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics.
Quezon, City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Online Sources

Sociological Perspective of Society. Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-
introtosociology/chapter/sociological-perspectives/

Theoretical Perspectives Introduction to Sociology (2018). Retrieved from

https://courses. lumenlearning.com/sociology /chapter/theoretical-perspectives/

Types of Social Groups. (2015) Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/

lesson/types-of-social-groups-primary-secondary-and-reference-groups.html.

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