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Unit III

(18 hours) 1. Listening and Speaking

a. Listening to TED talks

b. Making short Formal presentation with PPT

c. Interactions during and after the presentations

2. Reading and writing

a. Writing emails of complaint

b. Reading aloud famous speeches

c. Reading longer fictional / non-fictional pieces in which all the reading skills
can be brought into play

d. Preparing outlines for short assignments

3. Word Power
a. One Word Substitution

4. Grammar in Context

Sentence Patterns
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LISTENING AND SPEAKING

a. Listening to TED Talks:

TED talks can be found on YouTube. They are on a wide range of subjects ranging from
science to art and sport. TED Conferences LLC is an American media organization which was
only a conference. However it broadened its perspective to include talks on many scientific,
cultural, political, humanitarian and academic topics. TED Talks carries the slogan, “Ideas
Worth Spreading”. The most unique thing about TED talks it that they are not only
informative, they are also highly motivational. Listening to a TED talk infuses you with
positive energy and positive thinking. In short, you are ‘inspired’!

Activity:
Watch the following ideas and listening carefully to understand how the information is
properly arranged and shared:

1. The Rise of Cricket, The Rise of India by Harsha Bhogle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbIXYEW9CSQ
2. A Well-Educated Mind Versus a Well-Formed Mind by Sashi Tharoor.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcW4ABcY3zI
3. Your Body Language May Shape Who You Are by Amy Cuddly

Exercise:

1. Note how the speakers begin and end the TED talks
2. Go through the following beginning and ending phrases of TED talks and prepare a
ted-talk on the topic of your interest using the following beginning and ending
phrases:

A few opening phrases/sentences used in Ted Talks

• I want to interact with you about why we need to work harder to achieve today.…

• Few weeks back I saw something that I thought I would never tell anyone but I feel
obliged to discuss it here…

• You will have a chance to add a few months of life span as you watch this talk…

• When I was in the boy scouts, I got a chance to meet a rare and exquisite creature…

• Albert Einstein said that ….

• Do you think it is possible to overcome procrastination just by blindly working…

• Imagine yourself ten years from now…

Closing phrases/sentences

• …this is how I made it possible and I call upon your action as a part of the successful
contribution.
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• …now this is the big picture the world and I have been discussing all along

• … I call for your questions

• … let me up sum up

• …Recognize and understand these things as early as possible to avoid them and to
live a peaceful life. Thank you.

• … all you need is to recall these few minutes everyday and say them to yourself

b. Making Short Formal Presentations with PPT:

What is a Presentation?

Presentation is a formal communication that uses both verbal and non-verbal language.
There are various forms of oral presentation and they have different functions to perform.
Usually short presentations are given within 15-20 minutes duration in academic and
professional environment where a subject expert generally delivers the presentation to give
information about the chosen topic.

Tips to make a good presentation:

• Have a definite purpose of the presentation

• Prepare the content of the presentation well in advance
• Know your audience well
• Change the content and style of the presentation
• Collect adequate information and assimilate

A successful presentation lies in the efficient use of textual content, verbal content and
visual content. The preparation of the textual content is the first step in the preparation of
presentation. The textual content refers to the verbal content. To prepare the verbal
content 5Ws and 1H formula is the best method. The 5Ws are

• What – the main idea that you are likely to present

• Why – the purpose of the presentation
• Whom – age and socio-cultural environment of the audience
• When - the time of your presentation
• Where – the venue of the presentation
• How - involvement of verbal and visual contents

Exercise:

Prepare the verbal and visual content for short presentations on the following topic:
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a. Pro and Cons of modern media culture

b. How to learn second language in an easy way?

c. What is feminism in the modern era?

d. How does 80s parenting differ from current parenting

e. Green Campus is the need of the Hour

f. Evolution of lifestyle in the Internet era

g. How to clean a house : Smart way

Common Barriers for Effective Presentation:

• Inadequate presentation
• Poor organization of the content
• Improper time management
• Length of the presentation
• Lack of practice
• Inadequate and inefficient use of visual aids

are the common barriers for the effective presentation. Overcome these barriers to make an
effective presentation.

Activity:

1. Make small presentation on the following topic to identity the problems that they
encounter during the presentation like stage fright, inability to coordinate the verbal and
visual content.

How to start a presentation?

A beginning of the presentation is as important as the content preparation of the

presentation.

• Soon after the greetings, make sure to establish the relevance and importance of the topic
in contemporary context.
a. In the current scenario…,
b. It’s high time to think the importance of …  You may begin the
presentation with the anecdote.
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All the world’s a stage, said Shakespeare in his As you like it. Today I am going to talk about
the role of integrity and consistency in making a human being in this digital era…..
• You may begin with telling a story relevant to the topic
a. During 1960s in India…
b. In the mid of 18th Century India had ….

• You may also quote an article that you read yesterday/couple of weeks age/ a month
earlier etc
1 In an article that I read in The Hindu yesterday…
2 In a conference that I attended last year on …

When the India was struck by Tsunami in December 2004…..  Make use
of quotations for beginning a speech:
3 If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? Said Shelley once. Now we
are here to talk about the importance of positive thinking

Tips to prepare an effective Power Point Presentation (PPT):

Do’s:

• Use proper font that is easier to read on the screen

• Check the spelling
• Include info-graphics that is easy to understand
• Include key point alone to highlight
• Let the slip be simple and elegant

Have a look at the following slide for preparing effective PPT

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https://lacstraining.wordpress.com/2012/04/26/presentations -tips-foreffective-

powerpoint-design/ Don’ts:

• Don’t underline and add hypertexts for short presentations

• Don’t use smaller size smaller than 24
• Avoid graphic background
• Don’t use animation

For instance, have a look at the following slides:

https://interactive.america.gov/webchat-tips/
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https://24slides.com/presentbetter/bad-powerpoint-examples-youshould-avoid/

https://interactive.america.gov/webchat-tips/
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https://www.emaze.com/2020/08/22/6-worst-presentation-slides-ever/ There is a common

enemy for presentation. That is “Stage Fright”.

There are few signs that will confirm the presence of stage fright in an individual. They are:

• Shaking legs
• lack of focus
• negative thoughts about a performance
• “butterflies” in the stomach
• shaky voice
• dry mouth
• sweaty hands
• racing heart
• hyperventilation
• muscle tension
• fidgeting

How to overcome the stage fright?

• The first step to overcome the problem is to accept that you have stage fright.
• Practice more: Adequate amount of practice will increase selfconfidence. Practice in
front of your friends, family members and mirror.
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• Reach the venue well in advance and make yourself familiar with the stage and
audience.
• Take a deep breath if you feel anxiety
• Above all the best way is to IGNORE the symptoms and focus more on the content of
the presentation.

Activity:

Watch the following videos:

Academic skills – presenting effectively https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFLL-XB56UU

Problem – Solution Presentation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtljk2C_laQ Designing

effective scientific presentations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hp7Id3Yb9XQ

Techniques of Delivering the Speech:

Techniques of delivering a presentation is similar to methods of making the effective

speaking. A brief revisiting of the same is presented here:

• Maintain a relaxed upright posture

• Don’t rush through the presentation. Pace your presentation with pauses in
reasonably regular intervals.
• Make sure of your pronunciation and enunciation
• Avoid high pitched voice
• Ensure the pronouncing of the last syllable of every word.
• Avoid monotony of the voice
• Follow interactive method
• Read the mind of the audience through their body language
• Strictly avoid reading from the slide but explain the main points covered in the slide
• Finally presence of mind and natural humour will add spice to your presentation.

C. Interactions during and after Presentation:

As effective presentations require sufficient skill, even interacting during and after
presentation require adequate skill and awareness. Both the presenters and the listeners
are expected to interact during and after presentation.
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As a presenter, you may interact with the audience during the beginning of the presentation
to build a rapport with them. For example you make use the following questions to the
audience without intimidating them:

• Put your hands up if you are familiar with the incident I just said.
• How would you feel if you stood on the stage?
• What kind of experience did you gain after hearing the presentation?
• Can you recall a memory of yourself ...
• What is the reason for you participate in the presentation?

To make your presentation more lively allow the audience gently to ask questions and
answer them firmly with politeness. It is also one of the ways to ensure them that they are
valued. While such interactions you may use the following examples:

1. Well, it’s great question…

2. Yes, I agree with you. I think I have highlighted the same in slide no: 9…
3. Sure, I will explain…
4. No, though the idea sound noble, it cannot be taken into consideration, because….
5. Great, I think it’s time for 5 minutes break…

As listeners, when there a need for clarification on the topic, make sure to inform the
presenter that you are in need of clarification by raising you hand. You can also make use of
the following phrases:

1. Excuse me, Could you please explain the idea that…..

2. It is an amazing presentation. But I have certain doubts on ….
3. Congratulations for your fantabulous presentation! I have few ideas to complement
to discussion…
4. What do you mean by ...
5. It is wonderful venture, but could you please highlight how well your words be
relevant after five years of the current presentation?

READING AND WRITING

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WRITING EMAILS OF COMPLAINT How to write

an email of complaint:
Following points to be noted:

1. Be precise and concise

2. Use simple and polite language
3. Avoid sarcasm or threatening language
4. Add all references, documents, receipts etc.
5. Be clear about the exact intention of the complaint
Sample Email of Complaint
From: name@service provider
Subject: Complaint
Reference: Details of receipts with date, etc.
To:name@serviceprovider
Body of the email:
Dear Sir/Madam,
I wish to complain about the --------(name of the product or service, with serial
number or account number) that I purchased on ------- (date and location of
transaction).
The product -------- name, -----------(mention the nature of fault/misfunction)
Kindly respond regarding your plan of action, if a replacement of the -------- (product
or service) will be possible. If not, kindly make arrangements for a refund of the
payment made towards the purchase.
Copies of the receipt and warranty details are attached for your reference. Please do
the needful at the earliest.
Yours sincerely,
-------------

Tasks
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Write an email of complaint about any two of the following issues:

1. To an electronic accessory company about a faulty printer delivered

2. To a Fibernet service provider regarding an intermittent internet connection
3. To an online clothing company regarding an error in the size of a dress ordered
and paid for
4. To a mobile phone company regarding excessive post-paid billing received
5. To a courier service complaining the delay in the delivery of a product couriered

Answer
3. To an online clothing company regarding an error in the size of a dress ordered
and paid for ?

From: [email protected]
Subject: Regarding an error occurred in the size of the product delivered.
Reference: 45324499, 9.44 a.m., Sunday 20, 2021
etc.
To: [email protected]
Body of the email:
Dear Sir/Madam,
I wish to complain about the Crepe Kurta which has been delivered to me with the
reference number 45324199 that I purchased on 15.05.2021 via Meesho app. There
is an error in the size of the product delivered. Kindly respond regarding your plan of
action, if a replacement of the product ( Kurta ) will be possible. If not, kindly make
arrangements for a refund of the payment made towards the
purchase. Copies of the receipt and warranty details are attached for your reference.
Please do the needful at the earliest.

Yours sincerely,
---Reena Das---
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READING ALOUD FAMOUS SPEECHES

One effective way of developing language skills is reading aloud. Even if you are not sure
about the pronunciation, just read. After you have a practice of reading, there are many
ways of learning pronunciation. Firstly the pronunciation of most of the words can be
accessed as sound files in the internet. So you can search and learn the pronunciation.
Secondly listen to speeches or news reading in English. This will help you learn how to pause
and read, proper pronunciation, right intonation etc.

Read the passage loudly.

If you want to change the world, start off by making your bed by Admiral
H. Mcraven

If you make your bed every morning you will have accomplished the first task of the day. It
will give you a small sense of pride, and it will encourage you to do another task and another
and another. By the end of the day, that one task completed will have turned into many
tasks completed. Making your bed will also reinforce the fact that little things in life matter.
If you can't do the little things right, you will never do the big things right.

And, if by chance you have a miserable day, you will come home to a bed that is made —
that you made — and a made bed gives you encouragement that tomorrow will be better.

If you want to change the world, start off by making your bed.

…….

It is on Wednesday of Hell Week that you paddle down to the mud flats and spend the next
15 hours trying to survive the freezing cold mud, the howling wind and the incessant
pressure to quit from the instructors. As the sun began to set that Wednesday evening, my
training class, having committed some “egregious infraction of the rules” was ordered into
the mud.

The mud consumed each man till there was nothing visible but our heads.
The instructors told us we could leave the mud if only five men would quit — just five men
— and we could get out of the oppressive cold. Looking around the mud flat it was apparent
that some students were about to give up. It was still over eight hours till the sun came up
— eight more hours of bone-chilling cold.

The chattering teeth and shivering moans of the trainees were so loud it was hard to hear
anything. And then, one voice began to echo through the night, one voice raised in song.
The song was terribly out of tune, but sung with great enthusiasm. One voice became two
and two became three and before long everyone in the class was singing. We knew that if
one man could rise above the misery then others could as well.

The instructors threatened us with more time in the mud if we kept up the singing but the
singing persisted. And somehow the mud seemed a little warmer, the wind a little tamer and
the dawn not so far away.
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If I have learned anything in my time traveling the world, it is the power of hope. The power
of one person — Washington, Lincoln, King, Mandela and even a young girl from Pakistan,
Malala — one person can change the world by giving people hope.

So, if you want to change the world, start singing when you're up to your neck in mud.

(https://jamesclear.com/great-speeches/make-your-bed-by-admiralwilliam-h-mcraven
accessed on 14.12.20)

Listen to the above speech in this link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sK3wJAxGfs

After listening to the speech, read the passage aloud again.

More Reading Passages:

The passage above is a motivational speech; there are no dramatic ups and downs. It is more
persuasive. But the passage spoken by Mark Antony in Julius Caesar is an example of
dramatic speech where every word of his aimed at provoking the hearers. He uses
repetition, powerful imagery, rhetorical questioning, and so on. As this speech is poetic,
practice a little longer to read. You can hear the speech as spoken by Charlton Heston from
the movie Julius Caesar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bi1PvXCbr8

Speech: “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears” – Julius Caesar

By William Shakespeare
(from Julius Caesar, spoken by Marc Antony) Friends,
Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury
Caesar, not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred with their bones; So let it be
with Caesar. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar
was ambitious:
If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
And grievously hath Caesar answer’d it.
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest–
For Brutus is an honourable man;
So are they all, all honourable men–

Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral.

He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says
he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man. He
hath brought many captives home to Rome Whose
ransoms did the general coffers fill:
Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?
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When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:

Ambition should be made of sterner stuff: Yet
Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an
honourable man.
You all did see that on the Lupercal
I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did
thrice refuse: was this ambition? Yet Brutus says he was
ambitious; And, sure, he is an honourable man. I speak
not to disprove what Brutus spoke, But here I am to
speak what I do know.
You all did love him once, not without cause:
What cause withholds you then, to mourn for him?
O judgment! thou art fled to brutish beasts,
And men have lost their reason. Bear with me; My heart is
in the coffin there with Caesar, And I must pause till it
come back to me.

PREPARING SHORT ASSIGNMENTS

Write a short assignment on the topic, “Climate Change Crisis “The topic requires an
understanding of the topic, Climate change as posing a problem to the livelihood of all living
beings in the world. The Introduction should explain the meaning of the topic stating what is
meant by ‘climate change’
Climate change indicates that there has been change in the pattern of weather conditions in
recent times compared to how it was years ago.
Climate change indicates that there has been change in the pattern of weather
conditions in recent times compared to how it was years ago.
The explanation as examples for ‘climate change’ as affecting the seasonal
occurrence of monsoon as having a drastic effect on the agricultural practice of most
of the farmers. It also indicates that if there is monsoon rain, it leads to heavy rainfall
that only creates disaster through floods, affecting the crops as well as habitats of
people. On the one hand the heat level increases, on the other hand severe frost
leads to crops and animals suffering from these extreme weather conditions.
Unpredictable natural disasters like Tsunami, cyclones, typhoons, floods, etc lead to
difficulties for human survival.
There should be an awareness among people in following necessary steps to check
further damage to our environment. Hence its important for people to understand
the need to adopt the eco-friendly lifestyle to curb climate change crisis.
To write in a sustained manner, it is important to organise points relevant to the
topic. By identifying the three parts to any assignment as 1) introduction 2)
discussion and 3) conclusion, a clarity will be established.
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Conclusion, in an assignment, will sum up all the major points of discussion as well as
the supporting details.

Topic Sentence
Main Idea
Supporting Idea
Supporting Idea
Concluding Sentence

The different steps to be followed while preparing/writing a short assignment are:

Pre-write Process
Brainstorming
Organising Ideas
Rough Draft
Edit & Revise
Final Draft

Write a short assignment on the given topics, following a structure of 1) Introduction

2) Discussion and 3) Conclusion.

1. Youngsters spending unreasonable time on social media

2. The need for better healthcare in India
3. Reasons for your preference of a tourist place
4. A book or a movie you liked a lot
5. Your opinion on farmer’s condition in India

1. Youngsters spending unreasonable time on social media

Introduction
Social media is a networking platform where people share their ideas, views, opinions,
videos, audios, pictures, news, etc. using an internet connection.  Twitter, Facebook,
Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Google+, and Reddit are examples of social media websites. 
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They enable people to stay connected with their friends and families.   These days we find that
more and more are idling their valuable time on social networking sites.

Content ( Main Idea)

People begin to post and repost  pictures, videos, and daily activities on the website  to get a
higher number of ‘likes.’  Gradually, social media begins to affect emotional and mental health, which
leads to social media addiction. Social media addiction hampers their productivity, concentration,
emotional well being, and mental IQ. They find it challenging to deal with peer pressure and start
comparing their lives with others.  They feel depressed and desperate.  Their anxiety level rises. 

Supporting Idea

Thus, causing illnesses. People should continuously keep assessing themselves by monitoring

their activities on social media.  They should keep a check on how much time they are spending on
such websites.  Furthermore, it would be best to take control of their actions before it converts into a
social media addiction.

Conclusion

It is nice to interact with friends and families on social media in moderation.  However, too
much of anything is not suitable for health.

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION

Suggested number of sessions: 1

Read the following passage paying special attention to the phrases that are underlined and
given in bold.

1. The class had a very interesting discussion on skills the other day and they found out that
many of them had skills that the others did not know about. For example, Sara could use
either hand with equal ease, Sandeep was a very critical judge of food while Taufiq was
equally a good and critical judge of paintings. The class also found out that they had a
number of hobbies between them – Catherine was a coin collector, while Shagufta acted
in theatre groups, though not in a professional capacity.

You will notice that each of the phrases underlined and given in bold in the passage can be
replaced by a single word. Given below are the one word equivalents for the underlined
phrases:
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Found out: discovered

Use either hand with equal ease: ambidextrous
A very critical judge of food: gourmet
A good and critical judge of paintings: connoisseur
Coin collector: numismatic
Doing something not in a professional capacity: amateur

Why do we need to know the one word substitutes?

Using one word in the place of many makes our writing more precise. This means that our
meaning will be clearer if we use one word than it would be if we used many words. A
shorter and crisper passage is much easier to read and understand than a passage with
more words and phrases.

Activity 1

Fill in the crossword grid using the clues given.

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Answers :
1. Contemporaries
2. Invigilator
3. Granary
4. Narcissism
5. Emigrant
6. Astronaut (across) 6. Aviary (down)
7. Chauffeur
8. Hypochondriac
9. Polyglot
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Activity 2

Match the phrases underlined and given in bold in the sentences in Column A to
the word in Column B that best matches them.

a. Dr. Salim Ali was one of the best-known experts in the i. autobiography (i)
study of birds in India.
b. When Sharan broke his hand, his parents rushed him to a ii. soliloquy (h)
doctor who specialised in treating illnesses of the
bones.
c. Most religions believe in a God who is all powerful. iii. communicate (f)

d. Manish’s hobby is collecting books. iv. chronic (l)

e. That witness left out a lot of important details. v. see (n)

f. This paper has too many mistakes; the writer has not vi. pharmacist (p)
been able to get the message across.

g. My grandmother often fondly remembers the past days vii. arrange (o)
when she was a young girl.
h. The character in that play gave a lot of speeches no one viii. yield (q)
else was nearby.
i. Many famous people write the stories of their own lives. ix. souvenir (s)

j. The meeting will carry on in your absence. x. verbatim (t)

k. That small island is ruled by a person from the royal xi. ornithologist (a)
family.
l. Her wheezing has been occurring repeatedly for a long xii. bibliophile (d)
time.
m. In order to study the history of the period, she visited a xiii. continue (j)
number of places where objects from the past were
stored and exhibited.

n. In the darkness, I could not make out if it was a dog or xiv. Orthopaedician (b)
cat in the street.
o. The Inspector said that he would see to the security of xv. Nostalgically (g)
the place.
p. Tara’s mother owns a shop that sells medicines. xvi. omitted (e)
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q. The government refused to give in to the demands of the xvii. indelible (r)
terrorists.
r. The scar that will be left on her arm because of the xviii. museums (m)
accident cannot be removed.
s. I keep that shawl as a fond reminder of my trip to xix. monarchy (k)
Iceland.
t. The editor told the reporter that the words spoken by the xx. omnipotent (c)
politician had to be quoted using exactly the same
words as the original speech.

Activity 3

For each the words given in bold and underlined in the following sentences
identify their equivalent phrases from the list given at the end.

1. One of the first things a scholar is taught that is that it is wrong to

plagiarise.
2. One of the guiding principles of any kind of writing is to write about
the events chronologically.
3. We must realise that however clever or intelligent we may be we are
never infallible.
4. That school has a very well equipped gymnasium.
5. We were very lucky to get a chef who was familiar with different
kinds of cuisine.
6. Female foeticide has been one of the major issues in our country.
7. King Edward VIII’s decision to abdicate the throne has become
legendary.
8. In the stories by Richmal Crompton, William Brown’s father often
told him that he was incorrigible.
9. The box contained an assortment of chocolates.
10. Many spiritual leaders tell us that it is important to introspect.
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Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong

Professional cook

To renounce the throne

Beyond reform

To pass off another’s work as one’s own

Remarkable and therefore very famous

Look inwards to examine one’s motives

A collection of different types of the same thing

Killing of an unborn child (in the womb)

A room equipped for gymnastics, games and physical exercise.

In the order in which the events occurred

Answers:

1. To pass off another's work as one's own

2. In the order in which the events occurred
3. Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong
4. A room equipped for gymnastics, games and physical exercise
5. Professional cook
6. Killing of an unborn child (in the womb)
7. To renounce the throne / Remarkable and therefore very famous.
8. Beyond Reform
9. A collection of different types of the same thing
10. Look inwards to examine one's motives.

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: SENTENCE PATTERNS

Basic Sentence Pattern

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In English, our sentences usually operate using a similar pattern: subject, verb,
then object. The nice part about this type of structure is that it lets your reader
easily know who is doing the action and what the outcome of the action is.

A subject performs the action in a sentence.

 For instance, in the sentence, “Madhan eats dosa,” Madhan is the subject
because he is the one eating the dosa.

A verb is a word that usually indicates some type of action. There are two basic
types of verbs in English: action verbs and linking verbs. An action verb
represents something the subject of a sentence does, whereas a linking verb
connects the subject to a specific state of being. In other words, a linking verb
describes a subject instead of expressing an action. Linking verbs are also known
at state of being verbs, and the most common one in English is the verb to be.

• If we consider the above sentence, “Madhan eats dosa,” the verb is

eats, which is an action verb because it tells us what Matt does – he
eats.
• In this sentence, “Madhan is hungry,” our verb is is, which is a form of
to be, a linking verb. Notice how Matt does not do anything in this
sentence. Instead, the verb is describes how Matt feels – hungry. Is links
Matt with hunger.

An object usually appears after the verb. There are two (2) types of objects in
the English language: direct and indirect.

• A direct object takes or receives the action of the verb. In other words,
the subject of the sentence acts on the direct object.
o The direct object in our sample sentence “Madhan eats dosa” is
pizza. Madhan eats what? dosa.

An indirect object tells us to whom or for whom an action is done. To

understand this concept, we need to come up with a longer sentence.

• Our new sample sentence will be, “Madhan shares the dosa with
Nathan.” In this sentence, our subject is Madhan, our verb is shares, the
direct object is the dosa, and our indirect object is Nathan. With whom
does he share the dosa? He shares it with Nathan.

So, remember, this is the basic pattern of an English sentence: SUBJECT + VERB +
OBJECT.

Six Basic Patterns

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There are six basic or simple sentence patterns:

1. Subject/Predicate, Action Verb

2. Subject/Predicate, Action Verb/Direct Object
3. Subject/Predicate, Action Verb/Adverb
4. Subject/Predicate, Linking Verb/Predicate Nominative
5. Subject/Predicate, Linking Verb/Predicate Adjective
6. Subject/Predicate, Action Verb/Indirect Object/Direct Object

Examples of the six basis sentence types:

1. Subject/Predicate, Action Verb

 The class studied.

 The students and the teacher read.

 The students sat and read.

 The students and the teacher sat and read.

2. Subject/Predicate, Action Verb/Direct Object

 The class took a test.

 The class took a test and a quiz.

3. Subject/Predicate, Action Verb/Adverb

 The class worked carefully.

 The students sit here.

 The class worked like a team.

 Before school, in the gym, the class worked like a team.

 In the gym, the class worked like a team before school.

 Like a team, the class worked before school in the gym.

4. Subject/Predicate, Linking Verb/Predicate Nominative

 The teacher is Mr. Satish.
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 The teachers are Mr. Satish and Ms. Leena

5. Subject/Predicate, Linking Verb/Predicate Adjective

 The teacher is kind.

 Ms. Kalki is kind and helpful.

6. Subject/Predicate, Action Verb/Indirect Object/Direct Object

 The teacher gave the class a test.

 Mr. Satish gave Kannan and John a test.

Exercises
Identify the pattern of the following sentence:

01.He was going to the market

a) SVO
b) SVA
c) SVCA
02.I met my friend at the airport
d) SVIODO
e) SVOC
f) SVOA
03.Anitha grew tired after the dance
g) SVCA
h) SVIODP
i) SVOC
04.Exercise made him a healthy man
j) SVOC
k) SVIODO
l) SVOA
5. They named the child Kanmani
m) SVAC
n) SVOC
o) SVCA
6. Sheela’s father is a doctor
p) SVC
q) SVA
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r) SVIODO
7. Revathy sang me a song melodiously
a) SVOC
b) SVOA
c) SVIODOA
8. This bag is large
a) SVO
b) SVC
c) SVA
9. His mother gave him his lunch bag
a) SVC
b) SVOC
c) SVIODO
10.The headmaster entered the room
a) SVO
b) SVA
c) SVC
11. Pickpockets should be punished severely
a) SVA
b) SVC
c) SVO
12. We wear cotton clothes in summer
a) SVOC
b) SVIODO
c) SVOA
13. I shall meet you tomorrow
a) SVO
b) SVIODO
c) SVOA
14. He answered my question angrily
a) SVOA
b) SVCA
c) SVIODO
15. We completed the work on time
a) SVOC
b) SVAC
c) SVOA
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