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FMSQ Revision Notes

This document provides revision notes covering several topics in mathematics: 1) Algebra topics include the factor theorem, remainder theorem, binomial coefficients, binomial expansion, and binomial distribution. 2) Coordinate geometry covers gradient, distance between points, midpoint, and equations of lines and circles. 3) Trigonometry defines trigonometric functions using right-angled triangles and the unit circle. 4) Calculus presents definitions of derivatives, tangents, normals, and integrals used to calculate areas.

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Jay Ambadkar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
108 views

FMSQ Revision Notes

This document provides revision notes covering several topics in mathematics: 1) Algebra topics include the factor theorem, remainder theorem, binomial coefficients, binomial expansion, and binomial distribution. 2) Coordinate geometry covers gradient, distance between points, midpoint, and equations of lines and circles. 3) Trigonometry defines trigonometric functions using right-angled triangles and the unit circle. 4) Calculus presents definitions of derivatives, tangents, normals, and integrals used to calculate areas.

Uploaded by

Jay Ambadkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced FSMQ Revision Notes

Algebra:
 When multiplying or dividing inequalities by a negative number, you must reverse the
inequality sign

 The factor theorem states that if ( x−a ) is a factor of polynomial f ( x ), then f ( a )=0 and
x=a is a root of the equation f ( x )=0. Conversely, if f ( a )=0 , then ( x−a ) is a factor of
f (x).

 The remainder theorem states that f ( a ) is the remainder when f ( x ) is divided by ( x−a )
n
 Binomial coefficients, denoted by Cr can be found
o Using Pascal’s triangle
n n!
o Using the formula Cr =
r ! ( n−r ) !
 The binomial expansion can be written as
o ( 1+ x )n=n C0 + n C 1 x+ n C 2 x 2 + n C 3 x 3 +…+ n C n x n
Which generalises to
o ( a+ b )n=n C 0 a n+ n C 1 a n−1 b+ n C 2 a n−2 b 2+ …+ n C n bn

 The binomial distribution may be used to model a situation in which:


o The probability of a successful outcome is p
o The probability of an unsuccessful outcome is q , where q=1− p
o There are n trials
o The number of successes is denoted by X
Then
P ( X=r ) ¿ n C r p r qn−r where r =0,1,2 ,… , n .

Co-ordinate Geometry:
 The gradient of a straight line joining the points ( x 1, y 1) and ( x 2, y 2 ) is given by
y 2- y 1
o gradient=
x 2- x 1
 Two lines are parallel when their gradients are equal
 Two lines are perpendicular when the product of their gradients is -1
 When the points A and B have co-ordinates ( x 1, y 1) and ( x 2, y 2 ) respectively then
o Distance AB ¿ ( x 2 - x 1 )2 + ( y 2 - y 1 )2
√
o Midpoint of AB is ( x 1+2 x 2 , y 1+2 y 2 )
 The equation of a line may take any of these forms:
o Line parallel to the y axis: x=a
o Line parallel to the x axis: y=b
o Line through the origin with gradient m : y=mx
o Line through (0 , c ) with gradient m : y=mx+c
o Line through ( x 1, y 1) with gradient m : y− y 1=m(x −x 1)
o Line through ( x 1, y 1) and ( x 2, y 2 ):

y− y 1 x−x 1 y− y 1 y 2− y 1
 = or =
y 2− y 1 x 2−x 1 x−x 1 x 2−x 1
 The co-ordinates of the point of intersection of two lines are found by solving their
equations simultaneously
 The equation of a circle with centre (h , k ) and radius r is
o ( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
When the centre is at the origin ( 0 , 0 ) this simplifies to
o x 2+ y 2=r 2

 When illustrating linear inequalities:


o Represent the boundaries for < and > as a broken line
o Represent the boundaries for ≤ and ≥ as a solid line
o Specify the region you want by shading out the other side of the line
 The region where a number of inequalities are satisfied simultaneously is called the feasible
region.
 In linear programming, the objective function is the algebraic expression describing the
quantity that you are required to maximise or minimise
 The maximum and minimum values of the objective function will lie at, or near, a vertex of
the feasible region

Trigonometry:
 For an angle θ in a right-angled triangle
opposite
o sin θ=
hypotenuse
adjacent
o cos θ=
hypotenuse
opposite
o tanθ=
hypotenuse
 The point ( x , y ) at angle θ on the unit circle with centre (0 , 0) has co-ordinates ¿for all θ ,
i.e. cos θ=x and sin θ= y
y
o This also gives tanθ=
x
 The graphs of sin θ , cos θ and tanθ are shown below
o sin θ

o cos θ
o tanθ

sin θ
 tanθ ≡
cos θ
 sin θ+cos 2 θ ≡1
2

 For a triangle ABC


1
o area= bc sin A
2
a b c sin A sin B sin C
o = = or = =
sin A sin B sin C a b c
2 2 2
b +c −a
o a 2=b2 +c 2−2 bc cos A or cos A=
2 bc
Calculus
dy
 y=k xn → =nk x n−1
dx
dy
 y=c → =0
dx
dy '
 y=f ( x )+ g ( x ) → =f ( x )+ g ' ( x )
dx
 For the tangent and normal at ( x 1 , y 1 )
dy
o The gradient of the tangent, m 1=¿ the value of
dx
−1
o The gradient of the normal, m 2=
m1
o The equation of the tangent is y− y1 =m 1 ( x−x 1 )
o The equation of the normal is y− y1 =m 2(x −x1 )
dy
 At a stationary point, =0
dx
The nature of the stationary point can be determined by looking at the sign of the gradient
just either side of it

dy n x n+1
 =x → y= +c
dx n+1
b b
x n+1 b n+1−an+1
 n
[ ]
∫ x dx= n+1 = n+1
a a
b b
 Area S ¿ ∫ y dx=∫ f ( x ) dx
a a

b b
 Area A ¿ ∫ ( top curve−bottom curve ) dx=∫ (f ( x )−g ( x ))dx
a a

 Standard units of metres and seconds:

Quantity Definition S.I. unit Symbol Notation


Time Measured from a fixed origin second s t
Distance Distance travelled in a given time metre m x (¿ y)
dx
Speed Rate of change of distance metre per second m s−1 v=
dt
Displacement Distance from a fixed origin metre m s(¿ h)
ds
Velocity Rate of change of displacement metre per second m s−1 v=
dt
dv
Acceleration Rate of change of velocity metres per second per second m s−2 a=
dt

 When the acceleration is constant and the initial velocity is u:


o v=u+at
u+ v
o s= ×t
2
1
o s=ut+ a t 2
2
2 2
o v =u +2 as
 Motion under gravity, with no air resistance, is subject to an acceleration of g
The value of g is about 9.8 m s−2 on Earth
 For general motion
ds
o v=
dt
dv
o a=
dt
o s=∫ v dt
o v=∫ a dt

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