Module: Society as An Objective Reality

UNIT II
LESSON 1: SOCIETY AS AN OBJECTIVE REALITY

At the end of this module the student should be able to:

1. Explain how society and its institutions shape individuals

2. Describe the construction of society through the hidden rules of society

Concept of Society

In order to concretize society mainstream sociologists have tended to define it as structure that is a
recognizable network of inter-relating institutions.

The word recognizable is crucial in its context because it suggests that the way in which societies
differ from one another depends on the manner in which their particular institutions are inter-connected.
The notion that societies are structured depends upon their reproduction over time. In this respect the term
institution is crucial. To speak of institutionalized forms of social conduct is to refer to modes of belief
and behaviors that occur and recur are socially reproduced. While we may subscribe to the arguments that
society is both structured and reproduced the Marxist account attempts to provide us with a basis for
understanding how particular social formations arise and correspond with particular mode of production.
Society is not a static or peace-fully evolving structure but is conceived of as the tentative solution to the
conflicts arising out of antagonistic social relations of production. Frequently social scientists emphasize
the cultural aspect of social relationships. In doing so they see society as being made possible by the
shared understanding of its members. Because human beings exist in a linguistic and symbolic universe
that they themselves have constructed the temptation is to construe society as a highly complex symbolic
and communication system.

This stress on culture is associated with the notion that society is underpinned by ideas and values.
Society is a process in which people continuously interact with one another, the key terms are negotiation,
self, other, reflexivity the implication being that society is constituted and reconstituted in social
interaction. Society is not imposed upon people in the processual definition rather it has to be accepted
and confirmed by participants. Each interaction episode contains within it the possibility of innovation
and change. So against the view of society that sees it as structure the process view asserts that people
make structure.

Definitions of Society

August Comte the father of sociology saw society as a social organism possessing a harmony of
structure and function. Emile Durkheim the founding father of the modern sociology treated society as a
reality in its own right.

According to Talcott Parsons Society is a total complex of human relationships in so far as they grow
out of the action in terms of means-end relationship intrinsic or symbolic.bb

GH. Mead conceived society as an exchange of gestures which involves the use of symbols.
Morris Ginsberg defines society as a collection of individuals united by certain relations or mode of
behavior which mark them off from others who do not enter into these relations or who differ from them
in behavior. Cole sees Society as the complex of organized associations and institutions with a
community.
According to Maclver and Page society is a system of usages and procedures of authority and mutual
aid of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavior and liberties. This ever changing
complex system which is called society is a web of social relationships.

Social Reproduction or How Societies Persist

If one defines society as “organization of groups that is relatively self-contained,” then the next
question is how societies manage to exist and persist across time and space. The problem of explaining
how societies manage to exist over a long period of time is called reproduction by Louis Althusser. No
society can edure over time if it does not support its very own reproduction. To do this all societies
require the creation of institutions to perpetuate the existence of the society.
Two types of institution that reproduce the condition of social life:

Ideological State Apparatuses – are institutions that are and used by society to mold its members to
share the same values and beliefs that a typical member of the society possesses.

Repressive state apparatuses – refer to those coercive institutions that use physical force to make the
members conform the laws and norms society like courts, police and prisons.

What distinguishes the ISAs from the (Repressive) State Apparatus is the following basic difference:
the Repressive State Apparatus functions ‘by violence’, whereas the Ideological
State
Apparatuses function ‘by
ideology’. I can clarify matters by correcting this distinction. I shall say rather that every State
Apparatus, whether Repressive or Ideological, ‘functions’ both by violence and by ideology, but with
one very important distinction which makes it imperative not to confuse the Ideological State
Apparatuses with the
(Repressive) State
Apparatus. This is the fact that the (Repressive) State Apparatus functions massively and
predominantly by repression (including physical repression), while functioning secondarily by
ideology. (There is no such thing as a purely repressive apparatus.) For example, the Army and the
Police also function by ideology both to ensure their own cohesion and reproduction, and in the
‘values’ they propound externally.
In the same way, but inversely, it is essential to say that for their part the Ideological State Apparatuses
function massively and predominantly by ideology, but they also function secondarily by repression,
even if ultimately, but only ultimately, this is very attenuated and concealed, even symbolic. (There is no
such thing as a purely ideological apparatus.) Thus Schools and Churches use suitable methods of
punishment, expulsion, selection, etc., to ‘discipline’ not only their shepherds, but also their flocks. The
same is true of the Family....The same is true of the cultural IS Apparatus (censorship, among other
things), etc.

-Louis Althusser, Lenin Philosophy and Other Essays

From a structural functionalist perspective, social reproduction is carried out through four functional
prerequisites as elaborated by the American sociologist, Talcot Parsons.

A-DAPTATION G-OAL ATTAINMENT

Organism Personality
I-NTEGRATION L-ATENCY
Society Culture

Adaptation- is the capacity of society to take resources from society and distribute them accordingly.
This function is carried out by the economy which includes gathering resources and producing
commodities to social redistribution.

Goal Attainment- is the capacity to set goals and mobilize the resources and energies necessary to
achieve the goals set forth by society. This is set by the political subsystem. Political resolutions
and societal objectives are part of this necessity.

Integration- or harmonization of the entire society to achieve consensus. Parsons meant, the
coordination, adjustment and regulation of the rest of the subsystem so that society will continue to
function smoothly. It is a demand that the values and norms of society are solid and sufficiently
convergent.

The strength of reproduction theory is also its weakness. It fails to explain how people do not simply
reproduce the very social conditions that they are born with, but they also possess the power of agency.
One can be born slave in a slave society, but it does not mean that being born a slave, one has no power
and opportunities to ameliorate and change the conditions of one’s birth. People can also change the
social structures that they themselves created. For if societies simply reproduce their own existence, then
no radical change is forthcoming.
Evaluation

Write an analysis of your family using Parson’s AGIL scheme. How does your family mobilize
resources, set goals, integrate, and maintain intimacy among members? Who do you think acts as
government in your family? How about the economy?

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Defining Culture and Society

At the end of this module, the student should be able to:

1. Define and explain what culture is

2. Describe culture and society a complex whole
3. Identifies aspects of culture and society as a complex whole
4. Discuss cultural diversity and human differences.

Motivation:

List all things that make Filipino culture unique and different from other cultures. Then explain why
Filipinos behave the way they do. Are these cultural traits unchangeable or are they subject to historical
and social changes? Do all Filipinos share the same traits? Explain

The complexity of Culture

Culture is a people’s way of life. This classic definition appears generic, yet prefigures both the
processes and structures that account not only for the development of such a way of life, but also for the
inherent systems that lend it its self-perpetuating nature.

According to British literary scholar, Raymond Williams, the first thing that one has to acknowledge
in defining culture is that culture is ordinary. This means that all societies have a definite way of life, a
common way of doing and understanding things.

Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by
symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment, in
artifacts , ideas and their attached values.

Elements of Culture

To understand culture, it is necessary to understand the different elements that compose it:

Knowledge – It refers to any information received and perceived to be true.

Beliefs—The perception of accepted reality. Reality refers to the existence of things whether material or
nonmaterial

Social Norms-- These are established expectations of society as to how a person is supposed to act
depending on the requirements of the time, place, or situation.

Different forms of Social Norms

Folkways—The patterns of repetitive behavior which becomes habitual and conventional part of living.

Mores—The set of ethical standards and moral obligations as dictates of reason that distinguishes
human acts as right or wrong or good from bad.

Values—Anything held yo be relatively worthy, important, desirable, or valuable.

Technology—The practical application of knowledge in converting raw materials into finished products.
Aspects of Culture

Since culture is very complex, there are important aspects of culture that contribute to the development of
man’s social interaction.

 Dynamic, flexible and adaptive

 Shared and contested
 Learned through socialization or enculturation
 Patterned social interactions
 Integrated and at times unstable
 Transmitted through socialization
 Requires language and other forms of communication

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

The range of variations between culture is almost endless and yet at the same time cultures ensemble
one another in many important ways. Cultural variation is affected by man’s geographical set-up and
social experiences. Cultural Variation refers to the differences in social behaviors that different culture
exhibit around the world. There are two important perceptions on cultural variability namely
ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.

Ethnocentrism- It is a perception that arises from the fact that cultures, differ and each culture defines
reality differently. Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture.

Cultural Relativism- The attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural context. The principle that
an individual person’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s
own culture.

Xenocentrism and Xenophobia

Xenocentrism refers to preference for the foreign. In this sense it the opposite of ethnocentrism. It is
characterized by a strong belief that one’s own products, styles, or ideas are inferior to those which
originate elsewhere.

Xenophobia- is the fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange.

Diversity of Cultures

Traditionally, many anthropologists believed that culture is a seamless whole that is well-integrated
with the rest of social system and structures. Hence, many students of culture believed that within a given
society there is little room for cultural diversity. However it did not take long for students of culture to
realize that culture is not merely body of well-integrated beliefs and symbols. The culture in a given
society is also diverse. There is no single culture but plural cultures

Evaluation

A. My Culture My Heritage

Identify two Philippine cultural heritage under threat—one tangible and one intangible. For both,
identify the threats and their sources, and then come up with a plan of action on how to to deal with
these threats. Write your output on the table.

Heritage Threats Plan of Action

 B. Genocide Events

List down 8 notorious genocide events and killings in history. You may consider past and recent
events.
Event, Time and Place Perpetrators Targets Justification for
Victimization
Looking back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution

At the end of this module, the student can

- analyze the key features of the interrelationships of biological, cultural and

sociopolitical processes in humans that can still be used and developed
- explain the diffeences of biological and cultural revolution
- explain how hominids evolved into modern humans

Species Characteristics

Homo habilis Species with a brain of a Broca’s area which is associated with speech in
modern humans and was first to make stone tools. The species name means

“Handy Man”. Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago scavenging for food.
Homo rudolfensis Species characterized by a longer face, larger molar and pre-molar teeth, and
having a larger braincase compared to habilis particularly larger frontal lobes,
areas of the brain that processes information. The species lived about 1.9 to
1.8 million years ago.

Homo erectus The species name means “Upright Man” with nody proportions similar to that
of modern humans. Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago; adapted to hot climates
and mostly spread in Africa and Asia. They were the first to use axe and knives
and produce fire.

Homo heidelbergenesis Species with large brow ridge and short wide bodies that lived about 700,000 to
200,000 years ago in Europe and Africa. They were the first to hunt wild
animals in a routine basis using spears, and first to construct human shelters.

Homo floresiensis Species nicknamed “Hobbit” due to their small stature with a height of more or
less 3 feet and lived 95,000 to 17,000 years ago in the island of Flores,
Indonesia along with other dwarfed animal species.

Homo sapiens The species name means “Wise Man” that appeared form 200,000 years ago.
The present human race belongs to this species.

Homo sapiens Subspecies with short yet stocky in body build adapted to winter climates
neanderthalensis especially in icy cold places in Europe and Asia. The subspecies, also known as
“Neanderthal Man” is the closest relative of modern humans. The first to
practice burial of their dead, hunting, and gathering food and sewing clothes
from animal skin using bone needles.
Homo sapiens sapiens Subspecies known as Cro-Magnon characterized to be anatomically modern
humans and lived in the last Ice Age of Europ from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago.
They were the first to produce art in cave paintings and crafting tools and
accessories
 Man’s Cultural Evolution

Cultural Period Time Frame Cultural Development

Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) Traditionally coincided with the first - Use of simple pebble tool
evidence of tool construction and use - Learned to live in caves
by Homosome 2.5 million years ago. - Discovered the use of fire
Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) Occurred sometime about 10,000 - Stone tools were shaped by
BC polishing or grinding.
- Settlement in permanent

PALEOLITHIC AGE NEOLITHIC AGE

UNPOLISHED STONE TOOLS POLISHED STONE TOOLS villages

Dependence
-
on
domesticated
plants or
animals
- Crafts (pottery and weaving)
Food producing culture
 Hunting Domestication of
and plants and animals
Gathering

Nomadic way Living in

of living permanent address
 The evidence of change in economic aspect have resulted in the transformation of man’s way of life.
Early societies started to emerge as a result to man’s interaction with his environment. Every society is
organized in such a way that there will be rules of conduct, customs, traditions, folkways and mores and
expectations that ensure appropriate behavior among members. Sociologically and anthropologically, society
possesses different characteristics that show the interdependence of people with one another.

Characteristics of Human Society

1. It is a social system.
2. A society is relatively large.
3. A society recruits most of its members from within.
4. A society sustains itself across generations.
5. A society’s members share culture.
6. A society occupies a territory.

Types of societies

Have you ever wondered what society was like before your lifetime? Maybe you wonder in what ways
has society transformed in the past few centuries? Human beings have created and lived in several types
of societies throughout history. Sociologists have classified the different types of societies into six
categories, each of which possess their own unique characteristics:

Type of Society Characteristics

Hunting and gathering - The earliest form of human society.
societies - People survived by foraging for vegetable foods, hunting
larger wild animal, collecting shell fish
- They subsisted form day to day on whatever was available
- They used tools made of stones, woods and bones
Pastoral societies - It relied on herding and domestication of animals for food
and clothing to satisfy the greater needs of the group

Horticultural societies - formed in areas where rainfall and other conditions allowed them
to grow stable crops. They were similar to hunter-gatherers in
that they largely depended on the environment for survival, but
since they didn’t have to abandon their location to follow
resources, they were able to start permanent settlements. This
created more stability and more material goods and became the
basis for the first revolution in human survival.
Agricultural societies - relied on permanent tools for survival. Around 3000 B.C.E., an
explosion of new technology known as the Agricultural
Revolution made farming possible—and profitable. Farmers
learned to rotate the types of crops grown on their fields and to
reuse waste products such as fertilizer, which led to better
harvests and bigger surpluses of food. New tools for digging and
harvesting were made of metal, and this made them more
effective and longer lasting. Human settlements grew into towns
and cities, and particularly bountiful regions became centers of
trade and commerce.
Industrial societies - In the eighteenth century, Europe experienced a dramatic rise in
technological invention, ushering in an era known as the
Industrial Revolution. What made this period remarkable was the
number of new inventions that influenced people’s daily lives.
Within a generation, tasks that had until this point required
months of labor became achievable in a matter of days. Before
the Industrial Revolution, work was largely person- or animal-
based, and relied on human workers or horses to power mills and
drive pumps. In 1782, James Watt and Matthew Boulton created
a steam engine that could do the work of twelve horses by itself.
EVALUATION
Fill up the table with correct information.

Evolution of Man

Species Give 3 Characteristics

1. Homo habilis

2. Homo erectus

3. Homo sapiens

4. Homo sapiens sapiens

Man’s Cultural Evolution

Cultural Period Give 3 Cultural Development

Paleoli

thic

Neolithic
THE FAMILY TODAY: DECLINING OR CHANGING?

At the end of this module the student can:

- Explain the function of the family

- Define kinship, marriage and household
- Enumerate and explain the different forms of kinship by blood, kinship by marriage and kinship by rituals
- Discuss the different types of families
- Summarize recent changes in the family as an institution

Motivation:

What is your own idea of a family? Draw a picture or make a sketch that matches your definition. In your
drawing, be sure that you specify the members and the gender of the parents. Compare your work with your
classmates’ own drawing or sketches.

Kinship is one of the main organizing principles of society. It is one of the basic social institutions found in
every society. This institution establishes relationships between individuals and groups. People in all societies are
bound together by various kinds of bonds.

The most basic bonds are those based on marriage and reproduction. Kinship refers to these bonds, and all other
relationships resulting from them. Thus, the institution of kinship refers to a set of relationships and relatives formed
thereof, based on blood relationships (consanguineal), or marriage (affinal).

Types of Kinship

Kinship by blood

Consanguineal kinship or kinship based on blood is considered as the most basic and general form of relations.
This relationshipis achieved bu birth or blood affinity.

Descent refers to a biological relationship. Societies recognize that children descend from paerents and
thatthere exists a biologicl relationship between parents and offspring.

Lineage refers to the line where one’s ddescent is traced.

Symbols used by anthropologists to study patterns of descent and kin groups

Male Female

= Marriage Bond

Descent bond

Codescent bond

Unilineal Descent is a system of determining descent groups in which one belongs to one's father's or
mother's line, whereby one's descent is traced either exclusively through male ancestors (patriline), or
exclusively through female ancestors (matriline).

Bilateral Descent some societies trace their descent through the study of both parents ancestors. In a
baliteral descent, kinship is traced through both ancestral lines of the mother and father.

Kinship by Marriage

Affinal Kinship refers to type of relations developed when marriage occurs. When marriage takes place
new forms of social relations are developed.
Marriage- is an important social institution wherein two persons, eneter into family life. During this
process, the partners make a public, official and permanent declaration of their union as lifetime couples.

Endogamy and Exogamy

Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group, rejecting others
on such a basis as being unsuitable for marriage or for other close personal relationships.

Exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe.

Monogamy and Polygamy

Monogamy- refers to the marriage of sexual partnering practice where the individual has only one
male of female partner or mate.

Polygamy- refers to the practice of having more than one partner or sexual mate. It can be polygyny (a
man has multiple partner) or polyandry (a woman has multiple mate).

Family and the Household

The family is considered the basic unit of social organization. It is made up of group of individuals
who are linked together by marriage,blood relations, or adoption.

The best way to look for the definition of “family” is to look at the government census definition. For
example, the Census Bureau of Canada defines the family: Census family refers to a married couple and
the children, if any, of either or both spouses; a couple living common law and the children, if any, of
either or both partners; or, a lone parent of any marital status with at least one child living in the same
dwelling and that child or those children. All members of a particular census family live in the same
dwelling. A couple may be of opposite or same sex. Children may be children by birth, marriage or
adoption regardless of their age or marital status as long as they live in the dwelling and do not have
their own spouse or child living in the dwelling. Grandchildren living with their grandparent(s) but with
no parents present also constitute a census family. (Source:
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/c-r-fam-eng.htm, accessed August 11, 2014)

The United Nations (UN) uses the term nucleus family: A family nucleus is of one of the following
types (each of which must consist of persons living in the same household):

a. A married couple without children, b. A married couple with one or more unmarried children, c.
A father with one or more unmarried children or d. A mother with one or more unmarried
children. Couples living in consensual unions should be regarded as married couples.
(Source:http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/fam/fammethods.htm#A3, accessed
June 4, 2014)

Common in these definitions are the following elements: the biological component (with a child,
married), the functional component (takes care of the children and provides economic support), and the
residential component (living under one household or common residence). Whether the family is
universal, whether it has existed from the beginning in all forms of societies, will depend on the definition
of the family. But Friedrich Engels, who wrote The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
(1884), is right to argue that families do evolve in relation to the material and economic conditions of
societies. Families have never been static all throughout human evolution.
All definitions of the family will have to address three components: residential, biological, and
functional roles. If one defines the family simply as the nuclear family, meaning two adult couples with
children, then this can be challenged immediately by the case of kibbutz in Israel and the Nayar in India.
If one defines the family as taking care of the children, then it can be shown that in many societies,
socialization is carried by kinship groups and not the nuclear family. Another challenge to the nuclear
definition of the family is the emerging single-parent households, gay couples living together, and
overseas families whose members do not live regularly with the family. These examples may not
contradict and discredit the definition of the family, but they challenge the nature and functions of the
family. The family as a basic unit of society performs several important functions or roles for society: (1)
for biological reproduction;
(2) as the primary agent of socialization of children; (3) as the institution for economic cooperation
through division of labor; and (4) to care for and nurture children to become responsible adults.
Different definitions of family according to Sociologists and Anthropologists

Sociologist and Anthropologist Definition of Family

George Peter Murdock Family is a social group that has the following
characteristics:
1. Share common residence
2. Presence of economic cooperation
3. Reproduce offspring
4. Includes adults of both sexes, wherein at
least two of whom uphold a socially
approved ofrm of sexual relationship.
5. Responsible for the socialization of infants
and children.
Kingsley Davis Family is a group of individuals wherein the
relationship is based on consanguinity and kinship.

Talcott Parsons Family is a factory that develops and produces

human personalities.

Bronislow Nalinowski Faily is an institution that passes down the cultural

traditions of a society to the next generations.

Assumptions of Major Sociological Perspective About Family

Assumptions about Family

Theoretical Perspective
Structural Functionalism Family is important because it performs different
roles for society

1. Agent of socialization
2. Provides emotional and practical support
for family members
3. Controls sexual activity and
sexual reproduction
4. Provides family members with social
identity
Conflict Theory Family is a cause of social inequality because it
strengthens economic inequality and allows the
continuity of patriarchy.

Symbolic Interactionist Theory The family member’s interaction can produce a

shared understanding of their situations.

Nuclear Family and Extended Family

The Problem of Defining The Family

Traditional definitions Filipinos are family-oriented. The anak-magulang complex and the kamag-anak
relationship are very important to Filipinos. Ama (father), ina (mother), and anak (children) are culturally
and emotionally significant to us Filipinos who treasure filial attachment not only to our immediate
family but also to our extended family (tiya and tiyuhin, inaanak, lolo, at lola). This family centeredness
supplies a basic sense of belonging, stability, and security. It is from our families that we Filipinos
naturally draw our sense of self-identity. This traditional view of the family leads many people to think
that the family is an indispensable unit or institution of society. Today, however, many experts who study
the family raise doubts about its future. Consider the following statistics:
- Declining marriage rate and increasing rate of cohabitation There were 476,408 marriages
registered in 2011, down by 1.3 percent from 482,480 recorded in 2010, the NSO said in a report
posted on its website, adding that the number of registered marriages has been declining since
2009. (Source: http:// www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/03/28/924859/fewer-pinoys-getting-
married, accessed August 19, 2014)
- Increasing annulment rate in the Philippines The number of marriage annulment cases in the
Philippines has risen by 40 percent in the last decade with at least 22 cases filed every day, according
to a report by the Catholic bishops’ news agency. Citing data from the Office of the Solicitor General
(OSG), CBCP News said the number of annulment cases had risen from 4,520 in 2001 to 8,282 in
2010.
- Increasing number of cases of domestic violence The 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey
(NDHS) conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) revealed that one in five women aged 15–
49 has experienced physical violence since age 15; 14.4 percent of married women have experienced
physical abuse from their husbands; and more than one-third (37%) of separated or widowed women
have experienced physical violence, implying that domestic violence could be the reason for
separation or annulment.
Pre- Test

Multiple Choice; Circle the letter that correspond to the correct answer.

1. A program designed to create spreadsheets which can later be used to analyze statistical data.
a. Microsoft Excel c. Microsoft Publisher
b. Microsoft Word d. Microsoft One Note
2. A number format that puts a dollar symbol before each value by default.
a. Percent c. comma
b. Accounting d. date/time
3. A function that adds a range of a cells.
a. ADD c. SUM
b. PLUS d. TOTAL
4. This is the tab in the format cells dialog box where you can change the orientation of a text.
a. Alignment c. File
b. Orientation d. View
5. A function that gets the average of a range of cells.
a. Microsoft Excel c. Microsoft Publisher
b. Microsoft Word d. Microsoft One Note
6. Which among the following is not a part of syntax for AVERAGIF.
a. Average range c. logical test
b. Range d. criteria
7. A function used to count the number of cells that contains something in them if the criteria are met.
a. COUNT c. COUNTING
b. COUNTNOW d. COUNTIF
8. A function used to add a certain range of cells if condition is met.
a. SUMIF c. TOTALIF
b. ADDIF d. PLUSIF
9. The shortcut key for the format cells dialog box.
a. Ctrl + F c. Ctrl + 1
b. Shift + F d. Alt + 1
Post- Test

Multiple Choice; Circle the letter that correspond to the correct answer.

1. A program designed to create spreadsheets which can later be used to analyze statistical data.
c. Microsoft Excel c. Microsoft Publisher
d. Microsoft Word d. Microsoft One Note
2. A number format that puts a dollar symbol before each value by default.
c. Percent c. comma
d. Accounting d. date/time
3. A function that adds a range of a cells.
c. ADD c. SUM
d. PLUS d. TOTAL
4. This is the tab in the format cells dialog box where you can change the orientation of a text.
c. Alignment c. File
d. Orientation d. View
5. A function that gets the average of a range of cells.
c. Microsoft Excel c. Microsoft Publisher
d. Microsoft Word d. Microsoft One Note
6. Which among the following is not a part of syntax for AVERAGIF.
c. Average range c. logical test
d. Range d. criteria
7. A function used to count the number of cells that contains something in them if the criteria are met.
c. COUNT c. COUNTING
d. COUNTNOW d. COUNTIF
8. A function used to add a certain range of cells if condition is met.
c. SUMIF c. TOTALIF
d. ADDIF d. PLUSIF
9. The shortcut key for the format cells dialog box.
c. Ctrl + F c. Ctrl + 1
d. Shift + F d. Alt + 1
Pre- Test

Write T if the statement is correct; otherwise, write F.

____1. Use as many slides as many as you can so that the audience can clearly understand your message.
____2. PowerPoint Presentation is a form of Visual aid.
____3. Most of the contents of your report through your PowerPoint Presentation and not from the speaker
himself/herself
____4. To insert a hyperlink, go to the home tab then click the hyperlink option.
____5. To embed an object, go to the insert tab under the text group, click object.
____6. There are two options when inserting an object, create new from file and create new form existing file.
____7. Action buttons are found in the insert>Smart Art.
____8. Use of dark fonts on the dark backgrounds to gain proper contrast.
____9. Use bullets to simplify your message.
____10. Insert artwork in each slide of your presentation. It may not be related but at least it would draw the
audience’s attention
Post- Test

Write T if the statement is correct; otherwise, write F.

____1. Use as many slides as many as you can so that the audience can clearly understand your message.
____2. PowerPoint Presentation is a form of Visual aid.
____3. Most of the contents of your report through your PowerPoint Presentation and not from the speaker
himself/herself
____4. To insert a hyperlink, go to the home tab then click the hyperlink option.
____5. To embed an object, go to the insert tab under the text group, click object.
____6. There are two options when inserting an object, create new from file and create new form existing file.
____7. Action buttons are found in the insert>Smart Art.
____8. Use of dark fonts on the dark backgrounds to gain proper contrast.
____9. Use bullets to simplify your message.
____10. Insert artwork in each slide of your presentation. It may not be related but at least it would draw the
audience’s attention
Pre Test

Multiple Choice: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Balance is to even distribution: emphasis is to

a. Attracting c. design
b. Colors d. weight.
2. Movement is to guiding the eye: rhythm is to create
a. Attraction c. visual
b. Organization d. unity
3. These are visual elements creating a sense of unity where they relate well with one another.
a. Style c. variety
b. Proportion d. emphasis
4. It uses several design elements to draw a viewer’s attention.
a. Style c. variety
b. Proportion d. emphasis
5. It makes complex data become more visually appealing to the average user.
a. Tables c. infographics
b. Piktocharts d. slideshows
6. The following are common image file formats used in the internet EXCEPT
a. JPEG c. PNG
b. GIF d. BMP
7. A free image manipulation tool that has batch edit, viewer, paper print features.
a. Picasa c. GIMP
b. Photoscape d. InfanView
8. It is the process of editing multiple pictures at once using one setting.
a. Batch edit c. paper print
b. Animation d. collage
9. The file extension JPEG stands for
a. Joint Photographic Expert Groups
b. Japan Photo Excellence Guild
c. Jotter Prime Element Garnish
d. None of the above
10. A file format typically used for screenshots.
a. PNG c. RA
b. GIF d. JPEG
Post-Test

Multiple Choice: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Balance is to even distribution: emphasis is to

c. Attracting c. design
d. Colors d. weight.
2. Movement is to guiding the eye: rhythm is to create
c. Attraction c. visual
d. Organization d. unity
3. These are visual elements creating a sense of unity where they relate well with one another.
c. Style c. variety
d. Proportion d. emphasis
4. It uses several design elements to draw a viewer’s attention.
c. Style c. variety
d. Proportion d. emphasis
5. It makes complex data become more visually appealing to the average user.
c. Tables c. infographics
d. Piktocharts d. slideshows
6. The following are common image file formats used in the internet EXCEPT
c. JPEG c. PNG
d. GIF d. BMP
7. A free image manipulation tool that has batch edit, viewer, paper print features.
c. Picasa c. GIMP
d. Photoscape d. InfanView
8. It is the process of editing multiple pictures at once using one setting.
c. Batch edit c. paper print
d. Animation d. collage
9. The file extension JPEG stands for
e. Joint Photographic Expert Groups
f. Japan Photo Excellence Guild
g. Jotter Prime Element Garnish
h. None of the above
10. A file format typically used for screenshots.
c. PNG c. RA
d. GIF d. JPEG
Pre- Test

Re- arrange the following steps in chronological order by numbering them from 1 to the last number of steps.
Write X if the step does not belong. Write your answer on the space before each item.

A. Setting up free blog using WordPress

____Click on change your Blog Description of Permissions

____Create a free WordPress account.
____Choose a free theme then click Customize
____Edit the page theme to your liking
____Delete other existing blog
____Choose the option Create a New Blog or Register Another Blog.
____Pick a blog address and name
____Change the general setting including the site title, tagline, and time zone
____On the left menu, choose Appearance > Themes

B. Posting Using WordPress

____ Choose Format > Clear Formatting

____ On your dashboard, go to Post > Add New
____ Disable Auto-sharing
____ Add title, edit the URL (optional), then add the content of your post
____ Change the format, category, and add tags
____ Preview your post, once satisfied, click on Publish.
Post-Test

Re- arrange the following steps in chronological order by numbering them from 1 to the last number of steps.
Write X if the step does not belong. Write your answer on the space before each item.

A. Setting up free blog using WordPress

____Click on change your Blog Description of Permissions

____Create a free WordPress account.
____Choose a free theme then click Customize
____Edit the page theme to your liking
____Delete other existing blog
____Choose the option Create a New Blog or Register Another Blog.
____Pick a blog address and name
____Change the general setting including the site title, tagline, and time zone
____On the left menu, choose Appearance > Themes

B. Posting Using WordPress

____ Choose Format > Clear Formatting

____ On your dashboard, go to Post > Add New
____ Disable Auto-sharing
____ Add title, edit the URL (optional), then add the content of your post
____ Change the format, category, and add tags
____ Preview your post, once satisfied, click on Publish.
Pre- Test

True or False: Write T if the statement is correct; otherwise, write F on the space before each item.

___1. HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.

___2. Jimdo’s URL is www.jimdo.net
___3. The home page is the page first page of your website.
___4. Adding emails, an XML sitemap, and linking your Dropbox account are premium feature of Jimdo
___5. You can include your twitter account and link it to your Jimdo website.
___6. The form element adds a space for selling an item.
___7. The photo element adds multiple photos in one area.
___8. CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.
___9. The horizontal line in the Jimdo WYSIWYG editor is used as a diviser.
___10. You can insert YouTube videos in your Jimdo website.
___11. WYSIWYG stands for What You Sense Is What You Get.
___12. Aside from Microsoft Word, you can use Microsoft PowerPoint to produce web Pages
___13. The site navigator is where the links to the different pages of your site located.
___14. Hovering your mouse over the site navigator will show the Create Page button
___15. To add an element, hover over the left or right side of an existing element.
Post- Test

I. True or False: Write T if the statement is correct; otherwise, write F on the space before each item.

___1. HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.

___2. Jimdo’s URL is www.jimdo.net
___3. The home page is the page first page of your website.
___4. Adding emails, an XML sitemap, and linking your Dropbox account are premium feature of Jimdo
___5. You can include your twitter account and link it to your Jimdo website.
___6. The form element adds a space for selling an item.
___7. The photo element adds multiple photos in one area.
___8. CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.
___9. The horizontal line in the Jimdo WYSIWYG editor is used as a diviser.
___10. You can insert YouTube videos in your Jimdo website.
___11. WYSIWYG stands for What You Sense Is What You Get.
___12. Aside from Microsoft Word, you can use Microsoft PowerPoint to produce web Pages
___13. The site navigator is where the links to the different pages of your site located.
___14. Hovering your mouse over the site navigator will show the Create Page button
___15. To add an element, hover over the left or right side of an existing element…

II. Essay: Answer the following in five to eight sentences.

In the campaign for social change activity, which platform do you prefer: WordPress, Jimdo or other
platforms (Specify).

______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
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 Pre-Test

I. Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space before each number.

_____1. This site offers an online to-do checklist for your entire team.
a. Team Structure c. Twitter
b. Team Dynamics d. Trello
_____2. This social networking site allows you to create a graph wherein people can collaborate.
a. Multiply c. Twitter
b. Plurk d. facebook
_____3. This allows a group of people to collaborate on one blog.
a. Yammer c. Trello
b. WordPress d. Jimdo
_____4. It offers companies to have their own social network for managing projects/content.
a. Yammer c. Drive
b. Trello d. Office Online
_____5. It is a website that contains information from different sources and places them in
one location in a uniform way.
a. Trello c. Portal
b. Search d. Wiki

II. Enumerate what is being asked.

6-10. Give five online collaborative tools a group can use for communicating effectively using the internet.
Briefly, give description of each tools.

Collaborative Tools Description

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

REFERENCES
Books:
K to 12 RBS Empowerment Technologies, Innovative Training Works, Inc.
Internet Sources:
https://ictcom444251764.wordpress.com/2018/03/31/empowerment-technologies-lessons-1-15/