T.B.C.

: Resin Composite Lec 6 Operative (2)

- The effects of polymerization shrinkage of resin composite :

1- Gap formation due to the resin composite pull away from the cavity margins especially at
the gingival margin.

2- Tensile forces (stresses) developed in enamel margins (margins of the cavity) can result in
marginal degradation during mastication.

3- Cuspal bending or Cuspal deformation (Cuspal deflection), enamel cracks and crazes.

restoration ‫ نهـ‬shrinkage ‫ نًا يحصم‬، restoration ّ‫ ٔحطيت تحت‬undermined cusp ‫دي يعُاْا إٌ نٕعُذي‬
، cuspal bending ‫ ٔيعًم‬dentin ّ‫ يعُي يفيص تحت‬undermined ‫ انضعيف انهي ْٕ انـ‬cusp ‫ْيبذأ يشذ انـ‬
.tooth structure ‫ في انـ‬cracks or fracture ‫ كاَت عانيت يكٍ تعًم‬stresses ‫نٕ انـ‬

- Direction of polymerization shrinkage :

1- Auto (Chemical) cured resin composite polymerizes towards the center of the mass (inside
the cavity), leading to gap between the restoration and tooth structure. This is undetectable,
i.e. can’t be seen by the eye, so this gap can’t be substituted.

2- Visible light cured resin composite polymerizes towards the light source (outside the
cavity = outer surface = upward). This is detectable, so substitution can be done by another
increment.

- To overcome polymerization shrinkage, use :

1- The incremental packing method rather than the bulk insertion of the material.

2- Recent adhesive systems.

3- Guided polymerization : Using a light reflecting (transmitting) plastic wedge.

‫ بحطٓا‬، light reflecting (transmitting) plastic wedge ‫ بحظ‬wooden wedge ‫بذل يابحظ انـ‬
‫ بتاعت انـ‬tip ‫ ازاي ْذخم انـ‬gingival margin ‫ نهـ‬curing ‫ طيب أَا عايس أعًم‬،‫ طبعا‬interproximally
reflection ‫ بتعًم‬light ‫ دي ٔنًا يُسل عهيٓا انـ‬plastic wedge ‫ ؟ بحظ انـ‬gingiva ‫ عُذ انـ‬light curing unit
.gingival margin ‫ نهـ‬curing ‫ فبتعًم‬light ‫نهـ‬

4- Recent modes of visible light curing as the soft start and pulse delayed methods will
decrease the amount of shrinkage by decreasing the stresses during polymerization.

5- Sandwich technique : Glass ionomer is applied as a cement base then the cavity is
completed by resin composite.

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- Classification of resin composite : The most common classification is based on :

1- Filler content (Either by weight or by volume content).

2- Filler particle size.

3- Method of filler addition.

4- Viscosity of resin composite = Matrix composition = Resin matrix (BIS-GMA or

UDMA).

5- Polymerization method (Method of curing).

6- Modified resin composites.

I- Classification of resin composite according to the fillers (Content and size) :

1- Macrofilled = Midifilled = Conventional = Traditional = Non-polishable composite.

2- Microfilled = Fine finishing = Polishable composite.

3- Nanofilled composite.

4- Megafilled composite = Beta quartz insert.

5- Hybrid composite.

6- Pre-polymerized fillers composite.

II- Classification of resin composite according to method of curing :

1- Chemical cured = Auto cured = Self curing composite = Chemical activated system = 2
pastes (jars) system.

2- Light cured = Visible light cured composite = Light activated system.

3- Heat cured composite = Heat curing system.

4- Dual cured composite = Dual curing system.

III- Classification of resin composite according to its viscosity = matrix composition =

resin matrix (BIS-GMA or UDMA) :

1- Conventional composite.

2- Flowable = Watery = Non viscous composite.

3- Packable = Condensable = Moldable = Viscous composite.

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IV- Modified composites :

1- Fiber reinforced composite = Composite reinforced by fiber.

2- Single crystal modified composite.

3- Compomer = Glass ionomer modified composite : It is a type of hybrid system.

4- Ceromer = Ceramic optimized polymer.

- Macrofilled = Midifilled = Conventional = Traditional = Non-polishable composite :

- Filler content : 75 - 80 % by weight.

- Average filler particle size : 8 - 25 µm, or 10 - 100 µm.

- Advantages of macrofilled composite :

1- High mechanical criteria.

2- Low polymerization shrinkage.

3- Low coefficient of thermal expansion.

- Disadvantages of macrofilled composite :

1- High resin matrix wear at a faster rate than a filler particles because the filler is highly
wear resistant, this leads to protruded fillers and the in-between resin is wear, this causes
irregularities (roughness) in the surface, collection of food and staining.

2- High initial wear at occlusal contact areas.

3- Rough surface after polishing.

- Microfilled = Fine finishing = Polishable composite :

- Filler content : 34 - 60 % by weight.

- Average filler particle size : 0.02 - 0.04 µm or 0.04 - 0.1 µm.

- Note : The size of filler particles in microfilled composite is “Submicron size”.

- Advantages of microfilled composite :

1- Highly esthetic material (polishable), i.e. Highly smooth lustrous surface.

2- Very high wear resistance.

3- Low modulus of elasticity.

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- Disadvantages of microfilled composite :

1- Less fillers → Low mechanical and physical characristics.

2- High polymerization shrinkage.

3- High coefficient of thermal expansion.

4- Absorption of water.

5- High viscosity of uncured matrix.

- Hybrid composite :

- It is a combination of macrofilled + microfilled composites.

- Filler content : 75 - 85 % by weight.

- Average filler particle size : 2 - 5 µm (macrofillers) + 0.02 - 0.04 µm or 0.04 - 0.1 µm

(microfillers).

- Advantages of hybrid composite :

1- Permitted good finishing, i.e. highly lustrous surface (excellent esthetic).

2- Combine favorable (high) physical and mechanical properties.

3- Low polymerization shrinkage.

4- Low coefficient of thermal expansion.

- Nanofilled composite :

- Filler content : 90 % by weight.

- Average filler particle size : 0.005 - 0.01 µm below the wave length of visible light.

.‫ ضعف‬100 ‫ أقم يٍ انًيكرٌٔ بـ‬filler ‫ بتاعت انـ‬particles ‫ حجى انـ‬: nanofilled composite ‫ في انـ‬-

- Advantages of nanofilled composite :

1- Permits good and adequate curing.

ٌ‫ عهشا‬، light curing unit ‫ بتاع انـ‬visible light ‫ بتاع انـ‬wave length ‫ بيكٌٕ أقم يٍ انـ‬size of particles ‫انـ‬
‫ يابتقفص‬particles ‫ ٔانـ‬composite ‫ بتخترق انـ‬light band ‫انـ‬، light ‫ نهـ‬scattering ‫ يبتعًهص‬particles ‫كذِ انـ‬
.good curing (polymerization) ‫ فبيبقي عُذي‬scattering ‫ضذِ يعُي يابتعًهٕش‬

2- Very high filler loading levels.

3- Provides very lustrous surface (Excellent esthetic).

4- High wear resistance (High mechanical properties).

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- Megafilled composite (Beta quartz insert) :

- Commercially, it is available as a ready-made resin composite.

- Particle size of quartz : 1 - 2 mm.

ّ‫ بأكًه‬cavity ‫ انباقي يٍ انـ‬space ‫ ٔانـ‬cavity ‫ بأحطٓا في انـ‬، ّ‫ عايم زي حبايت انسبح‬megafilled composite ‫انـ‬
.flowable resin composite ‫بـ‬

- Advantages of megafilled composite :

1- Good compressive and tensile strengths.

2- High modulus of elasticity.

3- High wear resistance to contact area wear.

4- Volumetric thermal expansion nearly zero (Coefficient of thermal expansion as that of

tooth structure).

5- No polymerization shrinkage → Because it is a readymade resin composite.

6- Good esthetic.

7- Radiopacity > D /= E, i.e. Its radiopacity is more than that of dentin and as that of enamel.

- Disadvantages of megafilled composite :

1- Not totally eliminate contact free area wear.

2- The bonding of the composite to the insert is questionable.

- Advantage of chemical cured composite : Prevent microleakage.

- Disadvantages of chemical cured composite :

1- Voids formation during mixing, i.e. incorporation of air voids leading to porosity.

2- Working time is restricted by chemical reaction (Short working time).

3- Less color stability, i.e. With time, the color changes inside the oral cavity.

4- Excess waste of materials.

5- It polymerizes towards the center of the mass (inside the cavity), leading to gap between
the restoration and tooth structure. This is undetectable, i.e. can’t be seen by the eye, so this
gap can’t be substituted.

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- Advantages of light cured composite :

1- No mixing because it is 1 paste.

2- Less internal voids because no mixing.

3- Controllable (Sufficient) working time.

4- Less setting (curing) time.

5- Less finishing time.

6- Greater color stability.

7- Less waste of materials.

8- It polymerizes towards the light source (outside the cavity = outer surface = upward). This
is detectable, so substitution can be done by another increment.

- So, light cured is preferable (better) than chemical cured composite.

- Disadvantage of light cured composite : Microleakage.

- Dual cured composite :

- It is a combination of chemical + light curing (activation).

- Use of dual cured composite : Used as a core and provisional composites.

- Heat cured composite :

- This method of curing is used at the lab, not inside the oral cavity because of the heat.

- Use of heat cured composite : Used with indirect composite inlays.

- Types of photo curing methods :

1- Ultraviolet light : It is not used any longer, because :

a- It affects the eyes and skin of the dentist.

b- Its intensity decreases gradually.

2- Visible = Halogen = Blue light :

- It is produced by halogen lamp.

- Its wave length equals 470 nm.

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3- Recent light sources :

a- Plasma lamps : Using xenon light sources which is very powerful.

b- Light emitting diode (LED) : No filter is needed and have long life span and better
light intensity is achieved.

c- Hybrid light : It is a combination of LED + Visible light → Initial exposure of the

restoration to LED for 20 sec followed by a final exposure to high intensity halogen
lamp for 20 sec.

d- Argon laser.

- New techniques for light curing :

1- Pulse delayed cure : Initial exposure of the restoration to a low intensity light 200
mw/cm2 for 5 sec, this will create an initial surface hardness (polymerization) without
excessive stresses. Then, a waiting period for 3 minutes followed by a final exposure to a
high intensity light 500 - 600 mw/cm2 for 35 sec.

2- Soft start polymerization : Initial exposure of the restoration to a low intensity light 200
mw/cm2 for 10 seconds, followed by the final high intensity light 500 - 600 mw/cm2 for 30
seconds.

- Note : These 2 techniques ↑ will reduce the internal stresses created during polymerization.

- Note : If the restoration is exposed to a high intensity light 500 - 600 mw/cm2 at the first,
i.e. directly after application of the increment inside the cavity, this will lead to sudden
polymerization shrinkage → High stresses → Gap formation.

- Factors affecting the depth of cure of visible light (Factors affecting polymerization) :

1- Time of exposure :

- Time of exposure depends on the thickness of the increment to be cured. The thickness
shouldn’t exceed 2.5 mm. The increment with 2.5 mm with normal shade is exposed to 40
sec, this is enough for curing.

- So, the average time of curing of resin composite is 40 sec.

2- Intensity of light : High intensity leads to full polymerization.

3- Temperature : Cold resin composite needs long time of exposure and high intensity of
light.

4- Distance between light and resin composite : The distance should be zero (direct
contact) or 1 mm.

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5- Thickness of resin to be cured : The thickness of increment should be 2.5 mm. If the
thickness is less than 2.5 mm, the curing time will be long. If the thickness is more than 2.5
mm, unpolymerized area will be present.

6- Curing through tooth structure : Is the curing done through enamel wall or directly on
resin composite ? The curing through enamel wall needs long time of exposure and high
intensity of light.

7- Shade of the resin : The darker shade needs high intensity of light and high time of
exposure.

8- Type (Size) of filler : Smaller filler particles scatter light so that the resin is difficult to
cure, heavy loaded composite with larger fillers and nanofilled composite are easier to cure.

9- Heat generated from the light curing unit : This heat will increase the rate of
photochemical initiation and polymerization reaction.

- Notes :

- Light intensity of the light curing unit is measured by Radiometer.

- Microhybrid composite : It is a recent type of resin composite and has high viscosity and
high wear resistance.

‫ انكالو دِ ↓ يٍ انًحاضرة األٔني‬.. ‫" انهي خذَاِ في آخر انًحاضرة انهي فاتت‬Marginal Percolation" ‫ يصطهح‬-
: ‫ْٕ دِ تفسير انًصطهح‬

- Normally, In case of restored tooth : When the patient takes hot

food or drinks, the expansion of the restoration and expansion of the cavity wall (tooth
structure) occur with the same rate. When the patient takes cold food or drinks, the
contraction of the restoration and expansion of the cavity wall (tooth structure) occur with
the same rate.

- If the restorative material has high linear coefficient of thermal

expansion :

a) When the patient takes hot food or drinks, the expansion of the
restoration is greater than that of the cavity wall (tooth structure) leading to "overhang
margin" that means that the restoration extends outside the cavity wall, when the patient eats
on the extended part, this part will fracture and causes "gap".

b) When the patient takes cold food or drinks, the contraction of

the restoration is greater than that of the cavity wall (tooth structure) leading to "gap" that
permits leakage of saliva, bacteria and food that finally leads to recurrent carries.

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