Motivation

 The process by which activities are started, directed and

continued so that physical, psychological needs or wants
are met.
 Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an
organism to action toward a desired goal and elicits,
controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors.
 It can be considered a driving force; a psychological drive
that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal.
For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to
eat.
 So it is a condition that energizes Behavior and gives it
direction.
 need

Effect Motivation

Instrumental behavior
Drive
 The term "Drive“ may be defined as an "aroused condition
in which an organism's behavior is directed toward
avoiding discomfort or a state of physiological imbalance".
Needs
 A Need is a ‘deficiency’. Non satisfaction of a need would
cause a clear negative outcome, such as dysfunction
or death.
 A Need can be objective and physical, such as food and
water, or they can be subjective and psychological, such as
the need for self-esteem.
Types of Motivation
 Primary or Basic Motivation

 Secondary Motivation
Types of Motivation
Primary or Basic Motivation
 This mainly pertains to motives that are unlearned and
satisfy our basic needs. They are involved with our
need for self-preservation. This includes needs such as
hunger and thirst, warmth, sex, avoidance of pain and
other primary motives which influence a person's
behavior at a very basic level of needs.
 They are biological in origin and common to all
normal members of a species.
 These involve biological needs to maintain normal
body functions e.g. Need for air, need for water, need
for food. These needs give rise to motivation.
 “Needs” are the bodily state of ‘depletion’.
 Motives arising from primary needs also tend to
involve emotional state of tension.
 The primary motives also tend to be homeostatic.
Homeostasis
 Homeostasis is the property of a system that
regulates its internal environment and tends to
maintain a stable, relatively constant condition of
properties such as temperature.
 In simple terms, it is a process in which the body's
internal environment is kept stable. It was defined by
Claude Bernard and later by Walter Bradford Cannon
in 1926.
Types of Motivation
 Types of primary motives are
 Hunger
 Thirst
 Temperature
 Sex
 Air
 Sleep
Types of Motivation
Hunger
 The tendency to seek and eat food is the hunger drive.
 Hunger involves three basic physiological sensors.
 Satiety sensors (mouth, throat, stomach)
 Glucose sensors (liver)
 Lipid sensors
 Insulin and glucagon level
Interest of Psychologists
 Psychologists are interested in the mechanisms underlying
the hunger drive. What happens internally that makes us
desire food
Types of Motivation
 The hypothalamus has a great influence over eating behavior. In the
hypothalamus, there are two nerve centers whose actions have opposite
effects. If one of these (lateral hypothalamus), the feeding center, is
stimulated, an animal will eat whether he is hungry or not. If the
feeding center is removed, the animal will not eat. The other
hypothalamic center is called the satiety center (ventromedial
hypothalamus). The satiety center tells the organism when he has had
enough to eat. Removal of the satiety center causes an animal to eat
continuously and he will grow far beyond his normal size.
 How much and when we eat also determined by cognitive and
emotional factors as well.
 Other things which stimulate hunger are
 Sight , thought or smell of some delicious food, presentation of food,
halal/haram concept
 How we eat is determine by the social factors.
Types of Motivation
Thirst
 “Tendency to seek water”
 Factors involved
 Dryness of mouth or throat
 Body’s water level reduces and blood thickens
 Lateral hypothalamus detects the low water level.
Temperature
 Temperature regulation is also basic motive. Body
always seeks to maintain its optimum level i.e. 370 c.
 Increase or decrease by some degrees make us restless.
 Some responses start to maintain the temperature
 Physiological responses such as sweating, shivering,
 psychological responses like seeking shed or wearing
cold clothes, cold drinks etc.
Types of Motivation
Sleep
 Sleep is a naturally recurring state of relatively suspended sensory and
motor activity, characterized by total or partial unconsciousness and
the inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles.
 In humans, other mammals, and a substantial majority of other
animals regular sleep is essential for survival.
 The purposes and mechanisms of sleep are only partially clear and are
the subject of intense research.
 Homeostatic sleep propensity (the need for sleep as a function of the
amount of time elapsed since the last adequate sleep episode) must be
balanced against the circadian element for satisfactory sleep
Fatigue
 We take rest to restores body’s energies.
 to reduce level of Lactic acid
Air
 Need for air is inborn and universally needed. Continuous
supply of air is requiring keeping one healthy and alive.
This need is fulfilled by oxygen.
 Oxygen is the most important requirement in the human
body. We inhale air to fill up our lungs with oxygen and
distribute it to every part of the body arteries.
Our respiratory system constantly inhales oxygen and
exhales carbon dioxide.
 Shortage of oxygen can affect the individual’s activities,
emotional life, and circulatory system by making him
restless, mentally confused, physically imbalance and
unconscious.
Types of Motivation
Secondary Motivation
 Those motives which are "learned" either through their
association with primary motives (money) or in more
complex social ways(aggression).
 This type of "drives" differ from one person to another. In
many ways they involve a person's own sense of values and
priorities in life.
 Many of the behaviors derived from secondary motivation
are conscious ones. That is, a person consciously desires a
particular goal or result, and behaves in a way that brings
them closer to that particular goal.
 Besides the basic biological needs, the expression of
psychological needs is also of great significance.
 Non-satisfaction of these motives may lead to mental
illness.
 Main psychological needs /secondary motives are:
 Achievement
 Aggression
 Curiosity
 Need for appraisal
 Need for affiliation
 Need for power
 Work as motive
Achievement
 “Desire to accomplish a difficult task and to meet standards
of excellence in relevant domain”
 The need to achieve something, some desired object, a
goal, or position/status.
 Learned through encouragement by teachers and parents
and through success experiences along the way.
 The level of the need for achievement varies from person to
person, Some are high and some low achievers.
 It can be measured by TAT (Thematic Apperception test).
 Competition is an important element of this need.
 Achievement motivation is a significant variable in a
competitive society.
 People with high motivation:
 Achieve good grades and rapid promotions
 Take and overcome challenges in order to succeed rather than
finding an easy ways of achieving success.
 Rely on feedback.
 Tend to excel when this motive is activated.
 People with low motivation: Tends to avoid failure, finding
easy way outs, do not desire to take difficult tasks.
Effect of achievement motivation on societies

 Achievement motivation also effects societies as well.

 Nation’s economic growth is related at least in part to
the level of achievement motivation in its citizens.
Aggression
 Is a complex set of learned motives and behaviors.
 Behavior directed toward the goal of harming others.
 According to Freud and McDougall human beings
inherit a tendency to aggress.
 Frustration-aggression hypothesis says that blockage
of desired goal directed behavior results in aggression.
 Observational learning also helps learning aggression.
 Other environmental factors can be high temperature,
disagreeable crowding, unpleasant irritating noise etc.
Curiosity
 Think why a little child always wanting to break toys and
things? Why children always asks questions of things they
saw on TV, read it or listen from any one
 It is all their curiosity and need to explore in order to find
answers of these puzzles.
 It is a significantly inborn but learned also: found in both
humans and animals.
 Parents encourage their children's curiosity by satisfying
their inquisitiveness.
 School also plays an important role; the teaching
methodology adopted may encourage or discourage
curiosity.
Symbolic Reward/ Appraisal
 Appraisal is a powerful motive for everyone; especially
for children and animals
 Praising words, petting after doing well etc all serve as
symbolic reward for the learner.
 The presence and the attitude of the more liked serves
as a social reward for the learner e.g. child with his
mother, dog with its caretaker etc.
 Parent's approval and disapproval, liking and disliking
towards the child all are included in symbolic rewards
Need for affiliation
 Urge/ desire to maintain a relationship with other people;
making friends, social contact with other people.
 Less desire to be isolated or alone.
 Studies showed that females spend a larger span of time
among friends and peers as compared to males.
 Although the need for affiliation is a universal
phenomenon, cultural differences do exist in its expression;
some cultures have more group cohesiveness than others.
Need for Power
 Desire to influence, hold or ruling over others in order
to be recognized as powerful individual.
 These types of people prefer to work in big
organizations, businesses and other influential
professions.
 There also exists gender differences among males and
females; men are more apt to take challenges and
respond quite aggressively irrespective of women who
are socially restrained and traditional in her behavior.
Work
 Most of the people spent large span of time in their life
at work; for this reason, psychologists take it as
another powerful motive
 Work serves as a powerful motive because it satisfies
other motives also such as biological motives of
hunger, shelter etc, sense of achievement, affiliation
and decision-making
Money
 Money derives its motivational value through its
association with primary motives.
Types of Motivation
Other two types of motivation
 Intrinsic motivation
 extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
 Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an
interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the
individual rather than relying on external pressures or a desire
for reward. Intrinsic motivation has been studied since the early
1970s. Students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to
engage in the task willingly as well as work to improve their
skills, which will increase their capabilities. Students are likely to
be intrinsically motivated if they:
 attribute their educational results to factors under their own
control, also known as autonomy,
 believe they have the skills which will allow them to be effective
agents in reaching their desired goals without relying on luck
 are interested in mastering a topic, not just in achieving good
grades rote learning.
Extrinsic motivation
 Extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an
activity in order to attain an outcome, whether or not that
activity is also intrinsically motivated.
 Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the individual.
 Common extrinsic motivations are rewards (for example
money or grades) for showing the desired behavior, and the
threat of punishment following misbehaviour.
 Competition is also an extrinsic motivator because it
encourages the performer to win and to beat others, not
simply to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity.
 A cheering crowd and the desire to win a trophy are also
extrinsic incentives.