CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE

Topic: Algebra 1- Number Theory

What is a Number?
THE SET OF REAL NUMBERS
A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure
1. Rational Numbers
and also label. A notational symbol that represents number is
called a numeral. These are numbers which can be expressed in the form
m/n, where m and n are integers and n ≠ 0 .
NUMBER THEORY
2. Irrational Numbers
It is a branch of pure Mathematics devoted primarily to the
These are numbers, which cannot be expressed in the
study of integers. Carl Friedrich Gauss said “Mathematics is
form m/n.
the queen of the sciences and number theory is the queen of
Mathematics” 3. Integers
These are the natural numbers, along with their negatives,
COMPLEX NUMBER and zero (0)
4. Natural Numbers
These are numbers, except 0, formed by one or more of
the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0. Also known as
positive integers or counting numbers.

5. Whole numbers
These are the positive integers and 0.
6. Even Numbers
These are integers divisible by 2 such as 2, 4, 6, 8,..etc.
7. Odd Numbers
These are integers not exactly divisible by 2 such as 7, 11,
5,…etc. Where n is an integer.
It is an expression involving a combination of real and 8. Composite Numbers
imaginary numbers. They are written in the form:
These are natural numbers that are neither 1 nor a prime
number.
a + bi 9. Prime Numbers
These are natural numbers that are divisible by 1 and
Where a and b are real numbers. itself only.
Thus, the complex number -2 + 3i has the real part -2 and the
imaginary part 3. TYPES OF PRIME NUMBERS:
1. Euler primes or Symmetric primes
If: a = 0 : a + bi→
is a pure imaginary
b = 0 : a + bi→
is a real number These are pairs of prime numbers that are equidistant
from a given number on a number line.
REAL NUMBERS Some few examples are: 3 & 5, 3 & 7, 5 & 7, and 5 & 11,
etc.
Real Numbers are the rational and irrational numbers taken
together. 2. Twin primes These are pairs of two consecutive odd
prime numbers that differ by 2.
IMAGINARY NUMBERS Some few examples are: 3 & 5, 5 & 7, and 11 & 13, 17 &
19, etc.
Imaginary numbers are the square roots of negative
numbers.

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Algebra 1- Number Theory

3. Emirp
3. Associative Property of Addition
These are prime numbers that remain a prime when its When two or more real numbers are added or multiplied
digits are reversed. together, no matter how the numbers are grouped, or
Some few examples are: 11, 13, 17, 31, 71, 73, 79, 101, associated, when performing the operation the result is
113, etc. not affected.
4. Cousin’s Primes
4. Distributive Property
These are prime numbers that differ by four. Some few
The product of a number a by the sum of two or more
examples are (3,7), (7,11), (13,17), (19,23) etc.
numbers (b +c +d +…) is equal to the sum of the products
5. Sexy Primes ab, ac, ad, …
These are prime numbers that differ by six. Some few 5. Identity Property
examples are (5,11), (7,13), (11,17), (13,19) etc
Additive Identity Property
6. Relatively Prime
When zero (0) is added to a real number, the sum is the
Two integers are relatively prime if they share no common
real number itself
positive factors except 1. The numbers by themselves
need not to be prime numbers. Multiplicative Identity Property
7. Fermat’s Primes When one (1) is multiplied to a real number, the product is
n the real number itself.
These are prime number of the form 22 + 1
6. Inverse Property
8. Mersenne primes
Additive Inverse
These prime numbers can be made from the expression
2n −1. This method for generating prime numbers works The additive inverse of a real number is its opposite, so
only when n itself is prime, but not always. For example, it that the sum of that number and its additive inverse is 0
works when n = 2, 3, 5 or 7 but not when n is 11, and not Multiplicative Inverse
when n = 23 as well as several other prime values. The multiplicative inverse of a real number is its
reciprocal, so that the product of that number and its
Quick facts about 0, 1 and 2 that you should know: multiplicative inverse is 1.
The number 0 (zero) is not a natural number, but is
considered as a whole number. OTHER TYPES OF NUMBERS
Number 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite
number. 1. Golden Ratio
The number 2 is the only even number that is also a prime “longer part divided by the smaller part is also equal to the
number. whole length divided by the longer part”
Application: Fibonacci and Lucas Number
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS 2. Silver Ratio
1. Closure Property “the ratio between the sum of the smaller plus twice the
larger of those quantities and the larger one is the same
The set of real numbers is closed under addition and
as the ratio between the larger one and the smaller”
multiplication. This means that adding or multiplying two or
more real numbers always results to another number that Application: Pell Number
belongs to the same set of real numbers. 3. Plastic Number
2. Commutative Property The plastic number ρ(also known as the plastic
The order of adding two or more numbers of a sum or constant or the minimal Pisot number) is a mathematical
multiplying two or more factors of a product does not constant which is the unique real solution of the cubic
affect the result. equation

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Algebra 1- Number Theory
14. Narcissitic Number’
4. Perfect Number
It is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its proper In recreational number theory, a narcissistic number (also
positive divisors, that is, the sum of its positive divisors known as a pluperfect digital invariant (PPDI) or a plus
excluding the number itself ( known as its aliquot sum). perfect number is a number that is the sum of its own
digits each raised to the power of the number of digits.
5. Fermat Number
15. Kaprekar Number
A number defined by Pierre Fermat who conjectured,
A non-negative integer is called a "Kaprekar number" for
wrongly, that all such numbers would be prime.
a given base if the representation of its square in that
6. Happy Number base can be split into two parts that add up to the original
number.
A happy number is defined by the following process:
Starting with any positive integer, replace the number by 16. Polite Number
the sum of the squares of its digits in base-ten, and repeat These are numbers which can be made by adding
the process until the number either equals 1 (where it will together two or more consecutive whole numbers.
stay), or it loops endlessly in a cycle that does not include
1. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
7. Pandigital Number Rules regarding significant figures:
A happy number is defined by the following process: 1. All nonzero digits are significant.
Starting a positive integer, replace the number by the sum 2. All zeroes between two nonzero digits are significant.
of the squares of its digits in base-ten, and repeat the 3. All zeroes to the right of an understood decimal point and
process until the number either equals 1 or it loops following a nonzero digit are significant.
endlessly in a cycle that does not include 1. 4. For values less than one, zeroes immediately to the right
8. Lucky Number of an understood decimal point but to the left of a nonzero
digit are not significant.
A lucky number is a natural number in a set which is
generated by a certain "sieve".
GREATEST COMMON FACTOR
9. Amicable Number
RULE: To find the G.C.F., factor the given numbers in
These are two different numbers so related that the sum canonical form and MULTIPLY the common prime factors with
of the proper divisors of each is equal to the least exponent in the given numbers.
other number.
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE
10. Automorphic Number
It is a number whose square "ends" in the same digits as The Least Common Multiple of two or more numbers is the
the number itself (knows as circular number) least integer that is a multiple of each of the given numbers
11. Carmichael Number RULE: To find the L.C.M., factor the given numbers in
canonical form and MULTIPLY all unique prime factors and the
These are the product of at least three distinct primes
common factors with the highest exponent.
12. Harshad Number
In a given number base, is an integer that is divisible by RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN H.C.F. AND
the sum of its digits when written in that base L.C.M. OF TWO NUMBERS:

13. Palindrome Number

Product of Two Numbers = (HCF)(LCM)
A palindromic number / numeral palindrome
is a number that remains the same when its digits are
reversed

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Algebra 1- Number Theory

PROGRESSION Infinite Geometric Sequence

Progression is a sequence of numbers in which each term is

obtained from the preceding term in the same way. S=∞ if r > 1
a1
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.) S= if r < 1
Arithmetic progression is a sequence in which there is a 1− r
common difference “d” between any two consecutive terms.

Geometric Mean
an = a1 + ( n − 1) d

where common difference: d = a2 − a1 = a3 − a 2 gm = a2 = a1a3

n n
S= ( a1 + an ) = ( 2a1 + (n − 1) d) HARMONIC PROGRESSION (H.P.)
2 2 - a sequence of terms in which each term is the reciprocal of
the corresponding term of a series in arithmetic progression.
Arithmetic Mean
Harmonic Mean

a +a
am = a2 = 1 3 2a a
2 hm = 1 2
a1 + a 2

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.)

Geometric progression is a sequence in which there is a RECURSIVE SEQUENCE
common
A recursive relation sequence also known as a recurrence
sequence, is a sequence of numbers indexed by an integer n
an = a1rn−1 and generated by solving a recurrence equation. The terms of
recursive sequences can be denoted symbolically in a number
of different notations. The idea of sequences in which later
a2 a3 terms are deduced from earlier ones, which is implicit in the
where common ratio: r = a = a principle of mathematical induction, dates to antiquity..
1 2
Finite Geometric Sequence

⎛ rn − 1 ⎞
S = a1 ⎜ ⎟ if r > 1
⎜ r −1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 − rn ⎞
S = a1 ⎜ ⎟ if r < 1
⎜ 1− r ⎟
⎝ ⎠

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Algebra 1- Number Theory

Sample Problems

1. Find the number of significant figures below 11. The sum of the first five terms of a geometric series is
189, the sum of the first six terms is 381, and the sum of
a. 292.785854000 the first seven terms is 765. What is the common ratio in
b. 717400 this series?
c. 0.097490000 12. Find the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic mean of the
d. 0.0624000 following set of numbers: 3, 4, 12, 18 and 22.
e. 600 13. There are 4 geometric means between 3 and 729. Find
f. 1.40 x 103 the fourth term of the geometric progression.
2. Find the GCF and LCM of the following 14. What is the 11th term of the harmonic progression if the
first and the third terms are 1/2 and 1/6 respectively?
a. 2940 and 3150.
b. 360, 245 and 180. 3an + 4
15. Let a1=1 and an+1 = 2a + 3 for n>1. Then as n
c. 14, 20, 10 and 7 n

3. A businessman goes to Chicago every 18 days for one approaches infinity, the value of an
day and another businessman every 24 days, also for only 16. Suppose f(x) is a function that satisfies
one day. Today, both men are in Chicago. Within how ⎛ 1⎞
many days will the two business men be in Chicago again f ( x ) + 5f ⎜ ⎟ = 3 + x ∀x > 0 .What is f(4)?
⎝x⎠
at the same time?
17. Suppose that f(x) is a function such that 3f(x)+2f(1-x) =
4. Destiny just received two separate gifts from her great- 2x+9 for every real number x. What is the value of f(2) ?
great-grandmother. The first gift is a box of 18 chocolate n
candy bars, and the second gift is a pack of 12 cookies. 18. Let x1= 97 and for n>1, let xn = x . Calculate the
n−1
Destiny wants to use all of the chocolate candy bars and
cookies to make identical snack bags for her cousins. product of x1x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8
What is the greatest number of snack bags that Destiny
can make? 19. Let a and b be integers. Find Q(5,3), where Q(a,b) is
5. The 6th term of an AP is 3 and the 23rd term is 54. Find defined by:
the 35th term. ⎧5 if a < b ⎫
6. Three positive numbers form an arithmetic sequence, the Q(a,b) = ⎨ ⎬
common difference being 11. If the first number is
⎩Q(a − b,b + 2) + a if a ≥ b ⎭
decreased by 6, the second is decreased by 1, and the 20. The function f is defined on the set of integers and
third is doubled, the resulting numbers now form a satisfies
geometric sequence. What is the biggest among the three ⎧⎪ n − 3 if n ≥ 1000
numbers in the original sequence? f ( n) = ⎨
⎪⎩f ( f (n + 5 )) f n < 1000
7. In a pile of logs, each layer contains one more log than the
layer above and the top contains just one log. If there are Find f(84)
105 logs in the pile, how many layers are there?
8. Find the quotient of the sum of all odd integers between
2
( )
21. A function f satisfies f n = f (n) + 6 for n ≥ 2 and f(2)=8.
100 and 1000 when it is divided by 9. Find f(256)
9. The sum of the terms in G.P. is 1820. How many terms
are there if the first term is 5, the second term is 15 and
the third term is 45?
10. A rubber ball is made to fall from a height of 50 ft. and is
observed to rebound 2/3 of the distance it falls. How far
will the ball travel before coming to rest if the ball
continues to fall in this manner?

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Algebra 1- Number Theory

Take Home Exam 12. Ben exercises 12 days and Isabel every 8 days. Ben and
Isabel both exercised today. How many days will it be until
1. What is the additive inverse of -2a? they exercise together again?
A. 2a* C. 1/2a A. 34 C. 24*
B. 2/a D. a/2 B. 12 D. 18

2. In algebra, the operation of root extraction is called 13. What is the sum of the digits of the decimal expansion of
2009
________. the product 2 52013 ?
A. convolution C. revolution A. 12 C. 14
B. evolution* D. resolution B. 13 * D. 15
3. Who introduced the multiplication symbol “X” in
mathematics? 14. The sum of a geometric series is 3/8 and the second term
A. John Wallis C. Leonard Euler is 1/12. Find the greatest possible common ratio.
B. Pierre de Fermat D.William Oughtred* A. 1/3 C. 1/2
B. 2/3 * D. 3/4
4. A number which is divisible by the sum of its own digits is
called 15. Define a sequence by b1=2 and
1 + bn
A. abundant number C. palindrome bn+1 =
B, Harshad number* D. friendly number 1 − bn for n ≥ 2
5. The terms of a sum may be grouped in any manner What is the value of b2006?
without affecting the result. This is known as: A. -3 * C. -1/2
A. Commutative Law C. Associative Law* B. 2 D. 1/3
B. Distributive Law D. Reflexive Law
16. The choir teacher plans to arrange the students in equal
6. If equals are added to equals, the results are equal. rows. Only girls or boys will be in each row. If there are
A. corollary C.axiom* 48 girls ad 64 boys, what is the greatest number of
B. postulate D.theorem students that could be in each row?
7. A mathematical argument that appears to prove A. 16 * C. 12
something that we know is incorrect. B. 8 D. 4
A. axiom C. fallacy * 17. Beginning at 8:30 A.M., tours of the National Capitol and
B. theorem D. lemma the White House begin at a tour agency. Tours for the
8. Who introduced the symbol “=” for equality? National Capitol leave every 15 minutes. Tours for the
A. Robert Recorde* C. Bramaguptha White House leave every 20 minutes. How often do the
B. Rene Descartes D. Pythagoras tours leave at the same time?
A. Every 15 minutes
9. Who invented the symbol “n!” for factorial of n? B. Every 30 minutes
A. Christian Kramp* C. Francois Viete C. Every 45 minutes
B. Ptolemy D. Augustus de Morgan D. Every 60 minutes *
10. The number o.123123123… is a/an
18. What follows logically in these series of numbers
A. irrational number C. surd
2,3,4,5,9,17…..
B. rational * D. transcendental
A. 33* C. 21
11. Round off 0.0034750 to 3 significant figures. B. 37 D. 43
A. 0.003 C. 0.00347
B. 0.00348* D. 0.0347

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Algebra 1- Number Theory
19. There are 4 geometric means between 3 and 729. Find
the fourth term of the geometric progression. 29. Find the 9th term of the harmonic progression 3, 2, 3/2,…
A. 81* C. 243 A. 3/5* C. 5/4
B. 64 D. 156 B. 5/3 D. 3/8
20. Find the positive value of x so that x, x2-5, 2x will be in 30. Find the sum of all positive integers between 84 and 719
harmonic progression. which are exactly divisible by 5.
A. 5 C. 3* A. 23,780 C. 50,800*
B. 6 D. 4 B. 45,680 D. 35,455
21. What is the 11th term of the harmonic progression if the
first and the third terms are 1/2 and 1/6 respectively? God Bless!
A. 1/20 C. 1/4
B. 1/12 D. 1/22*

22. The sum of an A.P. is 196. If the 1st term is 52 and the last
term is 4, determine the number of arithmetic mean
between 52 and 4.
A. 6 C. 5*
B. 4 D. 7
23. If the fourth term of a geometric progression is 4 and the
common ratio is 2, what is the seventh term?
A. 16 C. 32*
B. 26 D. 28
24. What is the sum of a geometric progression if there are 4
geometric means between 3 and 729?
A. 1112 C. 908
B. 1092* D. 1290
25. The arithmetic mean of 80 numbers is 55. If the two
numbers namely 850 and 250 are removed, what is the
arithmetic mean of the remaining numbers?
A. 42.31* C. 32.34
B. 36.34 D. 24.64
26. In a certain A.P. the first, fourth and eight terms are
themselves in geometric progression. What is the
common ratio of the G.P.?
A. 4/3* C. 2/3
B. 5/4 D. 3/4
27. Find the sum of the numbers divisible by 6 which lie
between 75 and 190.
A. 2508* C. 2654
B. 2480 D. 2752
28. Which of the following forms a Fibonacci sequence?
A. 2,4,6,8,10,12,14... C. 1,1,2,3,5,8,13.*
B. 2,5,10,17,26,37... D. 3,7,15,31,63...

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado