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Postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory

Dalton's atomic theory proposed five main points: 1) All matter is composed of indivisible atoms, 2) Atoms of a given element are identical, 3) Atoms of different elements differ in size and mass, 4) Compounds form by combination of different types of atoms in whole number ratios, 5) Chemical reactions involve rearrangement of atomic combinations. The theory helped establish the basic building blocks of matter and chemical reactions.

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53 views

Postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory

Dalton's atomic theory proposed five main points: 1) All matter is composed of indivisible atoms, 2) Atoms of a given element are identical, 3) Atoms of different elements differ in size and mass, 4) Compounds form by combination of different types of atoms in whole number ratios, 5) Chemical reactions involve rearrangement of atomic combinations. The theory helped establish the basic building blocks of matter and chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

Venugopal R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory

The main points of Dalton’s atomic theory are:


1. Everything is composed of atoms, which are the indivisible building blocks of
matter and cannot be destroyed.
2. All atoms of an element are identical.
3. The atoms of different elements vary in size and mass.
4. Compounds are produced through different whole-number combinations of
atoms.
5. A chemical reaction results in the rearrangement of atoms in the reactant and
product compounds.

Postulates of Dalton’s Atomic Theory


•All matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
•All atoms of a specific element are identical in mass, size, and other properties.
However, atoms of different element exhibit different properties and vary in mass and
size.
•Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed. Furthermore, atoms cannot be divided into
smaller particles.
•Atoms of different elements can combine with each other in fixed whole-number ratios
in order to form compounds.
•Atoms can be rearranged, combined, or separated in chemical reactions.

cathode ray tube experiment : -


Properties: Cathode rays : -

1. Cathode rays originate from cathode.


2. Cathode rays travel in straight lines. When the object is placed in the path of
cathode rays shadow of the object is formed.
3. Cathode rays are deflected by electric field.
4. Cathode rays are deflected by magnetic field. This shows that cathode rays are
consist of charged particles.
5. A paddle wheel rotates when placed in the path of cathode rays. This shows that
cathode rays are consist of particles which cause mechanical motion.
6 .Cathode rays consist negatively charged particles called "electrons".

Conclusion:
Electrons are negatively charged and common constituents of atoms of all
elements.

Anode ray tube experiment

Properties Anode rays : -

1. Anode rays originate from Anode.


2. Anode rays travel in straight lines. When the object is placed in the path of
Anode rays shadow of the object is formed.
3. Anode rays are deflected by electric field.
4. Anode rays are deflected by magnetic field. This shows that Anode rays are
consist of charged particles.
5. A paddle wheel rotates when placed in the path of Anode rays. This shows that
Anode rays are consist of particles which cause mechanical motion.
6 .Anode rays consist positively charged particles called "proton".

Conclusion:
protons are positively charged and common constituents of atoms of all
elements.
Discovery of Neutrons : -

Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick


when Alpha particles struck a thin layer of Berillium the neutral particles are produced at that point
the neutral particles having mass slightly greater that of the proton was emitted. These particles are
called Neutrons

4Be9 + 2He4 → 6C12 + 0n1 

Thomson model of an atom: 


This model proposed that atom is considered as a uniform positively
charged sphere and electrons are embedded in it. An important feature of Thomson model
of an atom was that mass of atom is considered to be evenly spread over the atom.
Thomson model of atom is also called as Plum pudding, raisin pudding or watermelon
model Thomson model of atom was discarded because it could not explain certain
experimental results like the scattering of α- particles by thin metal foils.

RUTHERFORD SCATTERING EXPERIMENT:    


      In
order to explain the structure of atom, Rutherford performed
the scattering experiment.
For this, he took Gold foil and passed Alpha rays through it. The
source of these Alpha rays was radioactive substance which was
kept in a Lead block (as Lead is inert towards it). These rays were
made to pass through a slit. Alpha rays are actually positively
charged rays consisting of Helium nucleus (He). To notice the
scattering of rays, he fitted movable screen made of florescent
material around the gold foil.

 
 
Following observations were made: -
1.Some rays passed straight.
2.Some rays were deflected through small & large angles.
3.Some rays rebound back.

 
 
Conclusion drawn:
•Most of the space in atom is empty.
•There is something in center of an atom called Nucleus.
•Nucleus is +vely charged.
So, According To Rutherford ,structure of an atom is similar to
solar system.     
 
He said,

•Atom is electrically neutral.


•Nucleus is in center.
•In which protons & neutrons are present.
•Outside nucleus electrons revolve like planets revolve around
sun.
He said, atom is made of two parts: nucleus and extra nuclear part .
In Nucleus, positive charge is present and in extra nuclear part
electrons are present as shown in figure:
Proton  -> (+)vely charged 
Electron  -> (-)vely charged 
Neutron  -> No charge

Niels Bohr Atomic Model : -

n an atom electron revolve around the nucleus in certain definite circular paths known as
orbit or energy shells.
Each orbit is associated with definite energy hence known as energy levels or shells.
These are numbered as 1, 2, 3,…. or K, L, M …
Electronic distribution of various orbits or energy levels can be calculated by the
formula 2n2. Here, ‘n’ denotes the number of orbits.
As long as electron revolving in particular energy level it neither looses energy nor gains energy.
The energy levels are called as stationary energy levels.
Electrons jumps from lower energy level to higher energy levelby absorbing energy in the from of
radiation . This is called as exitation.
Electrons jumps from higher energy level to lower energy level by emmitting energy in the from
of radiation . This is called as Deexitation.
The amount of energy absorbed or released by electron during its transition is.

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