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ASTER and Sentinel-2

The document discusses two satellite sensors: ASTER and Sentinel-2. ASTER is onboard the Terra satellite and collects data in 14 spectral bands with resolutions ranging from 15-90m. It has advantages over Landsat for mineral identification due to more bands. Sentinel-2 is a European satellite that collects 13 bands from visible to shortwave infrared at 10-60m resolution. It provides high-resolution global land observation every 5 days when both planned satellites are operational.

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Wajid Hussain
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137 views

ASTER and Sentinel-2

The document discusses two satellite sensors: ASTER and Sentinel-2. ASTER is onboard the Terra satellite and collects data in 14 spectral bands with resolutions ranging from 15-90m. It has advantages over Landsat for mineral identification due to more bands. Sentinel-2 is a European satellite that collects 13 bands from visible to shortwave infrared at 10-60m resolution. It provides high-resolution global land observation every 5 days when both planned satellites are operational.

Uploaded by

Wajid Hussain
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR

Submitted to

Dr. Khan Muhammad

Name Wajid Hussain

Reg# 14PWMIN0715

Assignment 01

Subject Special Studies (Remote Sensing for Mineral


Resource Estimation)

Studies MS /MSc

1
ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and
Reflection Radiometer)
Agency / Company operating the sensor
Jointly managed by NASA and Japan’s Ministry of International trade and Industry.

Description
ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) is one of the
five imaging instruments flying on the terra satellite lunched in 1999 as a part of NASA Earthing
Observing System. It is used to gather detailed data on the surface temperature, emissivity (the
measure of an object’s ability to emit infrared energy. Emitted Energy indicates the temperature
of the object. Emissivity can have a value from “0” to “1”. 0 is shiny and 1 for blackbody. Most
organic, painted or oxidized surfaces have emissivity values close to 0.95.) reflectance and
elevation at relatively high spatial resolution. ASTER gathers data in 14 spectral bands, 3
visible and 11 in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It has a nadir and
backward facing Band 3 which gives it the unique ability to create digital elevation models
based on stereo images (3D images). It has a revisit time od 16 days which can be a limitation
for studying rapidly changing surface conditions.

Sensor Specification
The ASTER sensor consists of three separate subsystems. ASTER has a sun-synchronous polar
orbit meaning it crosses over any given latitude at the same time each day. The satellite revisits the
same area every 16 days.

Spectral Bands / Wavelengths


Spectral and spatial characteristics of ASTER as mentioned below in the given tables. ASTER
has three subsystems Visible near infrared (VNIR), Short wave infrared (SWIR) and Thermal
infrared (TIR) having spatial resolution of 15,30 and 90 respectively. In the given table of VNIR
two spectral bands cover the same wavelengths (0.76 to 0.86 micrometer) of which one is nadir
looking while the other is tilted at an angle 27.6 deg.
Visible near infrared subsystem: 8 bits, 60km swath width
Band Resolution Wavelength µm Description
1 (nadir) 15m 0.52 to 0.60 Green
2 (nadir) 15m 0.63 to 0.69 Red
3 (nadir) 15m 0.76 to 0.86 Near infrared
3(backward) 15m 0.76 to 0.86 Near infrared

Short wave infrared subsystem: 8 bits, 60km swath width.

Band Resolution Wavelength µm Description


4 30m 1.600 to 1.700 Short wave infrared
5 30m 2.145 to 2.185 Short wave infrared
6 30m 2.185 to 2.225 Short wave infrared
7 30m 2.235 to 2.285 Short wave infrared
8 30m 2.295 to 2.365 Short wave infrared
9 30m 2.360 to 2.430 Short wave infrared

2
Thermal infrared subsystem: 12bits, 60km swath width

Band Resolution Wavelength µm Description


10 90m 8.125 to 8.475 Thermal Infrared
11 90m 8.475 to 8.825 Thermal Infrared
12 90m 8.925 to 9.275 Thermal Infrared
13 90m 10.25 to 10.95 Thermal Infrared
14 90m 10.95 to 11.65 Thermal Infrared

Comparison of ASTER with Landsat Enhanced thematic mapper (ETM+).


Landsat-Enhanced thematic mapper has eight spectral bands and has been used for mapping
of hypothermal alteration zones. Advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection
radiometer (ASTER) provides better spectral resolution as compared to Landsat (ETM+) for
discriminating mineral spectra because ASTER has six spectral bands in the short-wave
infrared region (SWIR) as compared to Landsat (ETM+) which has only two in SWIR. Likewise,
Landsat (ETM+) has only one Thermal infrared (TIR) band while ASTER has five TIR bands.
The increase number of SWIR and TIR bands of ASTER data enhance the capability for
mineral discrimination that is not readily recognizable from the Landsat-Enhanced thematic
mapper (ETM+). Because of this advantage ASTER data are increasingly used for mineral
identification, including phyllosilicates, sulphates and carbonates. ASTER images provide
preliminary mineralogical information and georeferenced alteration maps at lowest cost and
highest accuracy. In short ASTER data have proven to be a powerful tool in the initial steps of
ore deposits exploration.

3
References
 Journal of Applied remote sensing (Fatima et al, Mineral Identification and mapping using
ASTER)
 Article in IEEE transaction on Geoscience and Remote sensing by Yasushi Yamaguchi, Nagoya
University.

4
Sentinel-2 Satellite
Agency / Company operating the sensor
Jointly managed by EC (European Commission) and ESA (European Space Agency).

Description
Sentinel-2 is a multispectral operational imaging mission within the GMES (Global
Monitoring for Environment and Security) program, jointly implemented by the EC (European
Commission) and ESA (European Space Agency) for global land observation (data on
vegetation, soil and water cover for land, inland waterways and coastal areas, and also
provide atmospheric absorption and distortion data corrections) at high resolution with high
revisit capability to provide enhanced continuity of data so for provided by SPOT-5 and
Landsat-7.

The European Commission EC and ESA established the European Earth Observation
program Copernicus for monitoring of the environment. The Space component of this
program consists of five missions Sentinel [1-5]. these missions are to provide routine
observations for operational Copernicus services and data continuity for already operational
satellite systems. Sentinel-2 carries a super spectral imager with 13 bands covering the
visible and near infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) wavelength region. The
spatial resolution of these bands is (10m to 60m) and has a coverage between -56 to +84-
degree latitude with a 290km swath width. The minimum revisit time at the equator is 10
days for Sentinel-2 which will decrease to five days when both planned imagers are
operational

When combined the Sentinel-2 MSI (Multi spectral Instrument) with Landsat-8 OLI
(Operational Land Imager) sensors will provide a 10 to 30m multi-spectral global coverage
approximately every three days.

The Sentinel-2 Satellite was launched on 23 June 2015 and the first scenes were delivered a
few days later.

Sensor Specifications
Sentinel-2A Launch June 2015, by Vega from Kourou, French Guiana.
Sentinel- 2B Launch July 2016, by Rockot from Plesetsk, Russia.
Orbit Sun synchronous at latitude 786km mean local solar time at
descending node
Geometric revisit Five to ten days at equator
time
Design Life Seven years

Sentinel-2 MSI covering 13 spectral bands (443 to 2190nm) with a swath width of 290km
and a spatial resolution of 10m (four visible and near infrared bands),20m (six red edge and
shortwave infrared bands) and 60m (three atmospheric correction bands).

Sentinel-2 Bands Central Wavelength µm Resolution m


B1 Coastal Aerosol 0.443 60
B2 Blue 0.490 10
B3 Green 0.560 10

5
B4 Red 0.665 10
B5 Red Edge 0.705 20
B6 Red Edge 0.740 20
B7 Red Edge 0.783 20
B8 NIR 0.842 10
B8A Red Edge 0.865 20
B9 Water Vapour 0.945 60
B10 SWIR cirrus 1.357 60
B11 SWIR 1.610 20
B12 SWIR 2.190 20

Sentinel-2A (10m) Satellite Sensor

References
 Article in Remote Sensing Journal (MPDI)
 Satellite image corporation https://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/other-
satellite-sensors/sentinel-2a/ .

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