Anatomy and Physiology of the

Human Body

Module 1

Cell
2
 Module 1
Cell

What this module is about?

Living objects are highly ordered and coordinated, following a hierarchy on a scale
from small to large. The atom is the smallest unit of matter and the most fundamental.
This consists of a nucleus encircled by electrons. Molecules are formed by atoms. A
molecule is a molecular structure made up of at least two atoms which are bound
together by a chemical bond. Many biologically important molecules are
macromolecules. Some cells contain aggregates of membraned macromolecules;
these are called organelles. Organelles are small structures inside cells that carry out
complex functions. All living things are created from cells; in living organisms the cell
itself is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function.

This module discusses the following topics:

 Lesson 1- Cell
 Lesson 2- Classification of Cells

Enjoy! 

What you are expected to learn?

After going through the module, you are expected to:
 Define cell
 Differentiate Eukaryotic Cell from Prokaryotic Cell
 Describe the stages of cell cycle of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell

How to learn from this module?

Here’s a simple guide for you in going about the module:
1. Read and follow instructions carefully.
2. Answer the pretest in order to determine how much you know
about the lessons in this module.
 3. Check your answers with the given answer key at the end of this module.
4. Read each lesson and do activities that are provided for you.
5. Perform all the activities diligently to help and guide you in
understanding the topic.
6. Take the self-tests after each lesson to determine how
much you understood the topic.
7. Answer the posttest to measure how much you have
gained from the lessons.

What to do before? (Pretest)

Choose the letter(s) of the BEST ANSWER. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper

1. DNA replication occurs during the ______ stage of the cell cycle.
a. G1 c. S
b. G2 d. Prophase
2. What is the correct order of stages of mitosis
a. Prophase- metaphase-anaphase- telophase
b. Anaphase- prophase-telophase-metaphase
c. Metaphase-telophase-anaphase- prophase
d. Telophase-prophase-anaphase-metaphase
3. Genome is
a. The life cycle of the cell
b. The division of the cytoplasm
c. The entire collection of genes
d. A group of related species
At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells have
 Half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
a. The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
b. Haploid chromosomes
c. 23 chromosomes
5. If an organism has a diploid chromosome number of 64, what wil be the
chromosome number of each daughter cell after mitosis?
a. 8 c. 42
b. 16 d. 64
6. Which stage in the cell cycle where begins to reorganize its contents in
preparation for mitosis.
a. G1 c. S
b. G2 d. Prophase
7. The cell cycle is usually regulated by
a. Cytoplasm c. Telophase
b. Cytokinesis d. Checkpoints
8. cells that have only one set of chromosomes
a. Diploid c. Genes
b. Haploid d. DNA
9. Stage where two diploid daughter cells are formed.
a. Cytoplasm c. Telophase
b. Cytokinesis d. Checkpoints
10. The two major phases in cell cycle
a. Anaphase and telophase c. Interphase and Cytokinesis
b. Interphase and Mitosis c. Interphase and Metaphase

Lesson 1
ell Theory
he microscopes we use today are much more advanced than those used in the 1600s by
T Antony van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch shopkeeper who possessed great ability in lens crafts.
Despite the limitations of his now-old lenses, van Leeuwenhoek observed protista (a form of
single-celled organism) and sperm movements, which he collectively called "animalcules."
The experimental scientist Robert Hooke coined the word "cell" in a 1665 publication called
Micrographia for the box-like structures he found while observing cork tissue through a lens. Bacteria
and protozoa were discovered by van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s. Later advances in lenses, construction
of microscopes, and staining techniques enabled many scientists to see components within cells.
 By the late 1830s, botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann studied tissues
and proposed the unified theory of cells. The unified cell theory notes that: all living things are made up
of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; and from existing cells, new cells come. Later
Rudolf Virchow made significant contributions to the theory.
Spontaneous generation was suggested by Schleiden and Schwann as the mechanism for cell
origination but spontaneous generation (also called abiogenesis) was later disproved. Rudolf Virchow
said famously "Omnis cellula e cellula" ... "All cells derive only from the pre-existing cells.”
The generally accepted portions of the modern Cell Theory are as follows:
1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things.
2. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
3. Cells arise from other cells through cellular division.

Cells are the tiniest units of structure that can be said to

be alive. Sure, viruses are smaller, but they are the zombies of
the microscopic world, stuck in a sort of half-living, half-dead
existence. But cells have life! And we humans are also made
up of cells.
It all starts with an atom. This is the smallest unit of
matter. When to two or more atoms combine it forms a
molecule. Then it will eventually form a cell. A human cell
usually consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm
along with a number of tiny functional units called organelles,
a water-based cellular fluid. Cells perform all roles of life in
humans, as they do in all species. A tissue is a group of many
similar cells that work together to perform a particular
function (though often composed of a few different types).
An organ is a body structure anatomically distinct,
consisting of two or more types of tissues. Every organ
performs a particular physiological role or more. An organ
system is a collection of organs working together to perform
specific functions or to fulfill the body's physiological needs.

What will you do?

Activity 1

Write the levels of organization of the Human Body

Atom
 Answer Key on Page 16

Self-Test 1
Write true if the statement if correct and false if the statement is wrong.
1. Tissues are the smallest unit of matter.
2. Robert Hooke coined the statement ,”All cells derive only from the pre-existing cells”
3. Organ is a body structure anatomically distinct, consisting of two or more types of
tissues.
4. Rudolf Virchow proposed the unified theory of cells.
5. Molecule is form when two or more cells combine.

Answer Key on Page 16

Lesson 2
Classification of Cell

Cells fall into one of two broad categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The
predominantly single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are classified as
prokaryotes (pro- = before; -karyon- = nucleus). Animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists are
eukaryotes (eu- = true).

Prokaryotic Cells
A prokaryotic cell is a basic, unicellular organism without a nucleus, or any other membrane-
bound organelle. As organized in the Three Domain System, prokaryotes include bacteria and archaeans.
Some prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria, are photosynthetic organisms and are capable
of photosynthesis. 
Many prokaryotes are extremophiles and can live and thrive in various types of extreme
environments including hydrothermal vents, hot springs, swamps, wetlands, and the guts of humans and
animals (Helicobacter pylori).
Prokaryotic bacteria can be found almost anywhere and are part of the human microbiota. They
live on your skin, in your body, and on everyday objects in your environment.

Prokaryotic cells are not as complex as eukaryotic cells. They have no true nucleus as
the DNA is not contained within a membrane or separated from the rest of the cell, but is coiled up in a
region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.
Prokaryotic organisms have varying cell shapes. The most common bacteria shapes are spherical,
rod-shaped, and spiral.
Using bacteria as our sample prokaryote, the following structures and organelles can be found
in bacterial cells:
Capsule-Found in some bacterial cells, this additional outer covering protects the cell when it is
engulfed by other organisms, assists in retaining moisture, and helps the cell adhere to surfaces and
nutrients.

Cell Wall-The cell wall is an outer covering that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.
Cytoplasm- Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes,
salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.
Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane-The cell membrane surrounds the cell's cytoplasm and
regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.
Pili (Pilus singular)- Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that attach to other bacterial cells.
Shorter pili called fimbriae help bacteria attach to surfaces.
Flagella-Flagella are long, whip-like protrusions that aid in cellular locomotion.
Ribosomes-Ribosomes are cell structures responsible for protein production.
Plasmids-Plasmids are gene-carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction.
Nucleoid Region-Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.
Prokaryotic cells lack organelles found in eukaryoitic cells such as mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticuli, and Golgi complexes. According to the Endosymbiotic Theory, eukaryotic organelles are
thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cells living in endosymbiotic relationships with one
another. Like plant cells, bacteria have a cell wall. Some bacteria also have a polysaccharide capsule
layer surrounding the cell wall. This is the layer where bacteria produce biofilm, a slimy substance that
helps bacterial colonies adhere to surfaces and to each other for protection against antibiotics, chemicals,
and other hazardous substances.
Similar to plants and algae, some prokaryotes also have photosynthetic pigments. These light-
absorbing pigments enable photosynthetic bacteria to obtain nutrition from light.

Eukaryotic Cells

A eukaryotic cell is a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound
compartments or sacs, called organelles, which have specialized functions. The word eukaryotic means
“true kernel” or “true nucleus,” alluding to the presence of the membrane-bound nucleus in these cells.
The word “organelle” means “little organ,” and, as already mentioned, organelles have specialized
cellular functions, just as the organs of your body have specialized functions.
These organelles includes mitochondria (cellular energy exchangers), a Golgi
apparatus (secretory device), an endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like system of membranes within the
cell), and lysosomes (digestive apparatus within many cell types). There are several exceptions to this,
however; for example, the absence of mitochondria and a nucleus in red blood cells and the lack of
mitochondria in the oxymonad Monocercomonoides species.

Examples of Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cells
Plant cells are unique among eukaryotic cells
for several reasons. They have reinforced, relatively
thick cell walls that are made mostly of cellulose and
help maintain structural support in the plant.
Each plant cell has a large vacuole in the center that
allows it to maintain turgor pressure, which is
pressure from having a lot of water in the cell and
helps keep the plant upright. Plant cells also contain
organelles called chloroplasts which contain the
molecule chlorophyll. This important molecule is
used in the process of photosynthesis, which is when
a plant makes its own energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.

Fungal Cells

Like plant cells, fungal cells also have a cell wall, but their
cell wall is made of chitin (the same substance found in
insect exoskeletons). Some fungi have septa, which are
holes that allow organelles and cytoplasm to pass between them. This makes the
boundaries between different cells less clear.

Animal Cells

Animal cells do not have cell walls. Instead, they have only a
plasma membrane. The lack of a cell wall allows animal cells to
form many different shapes, and allows for the processes
of phagocytosis “cell eating” and pinocytosis “cell drinking” to
occur. Animal cells differ from plant cells in that they do not have
chloroplasts and have smaller vacuoles instead of a large central
vacuole.

Protozoa

Protozoa are eukaryotic organisms that consist of a

single cell. They can move around and eat, and they
digest food in vacuoles. Some protozoa have many
cilia, which are small “arms” that allow them to
move around. Some also have a thin layer called a
pellicle, which provides support to the cell
membrane.

What will you do?

Activity 2
Label the following parts of a plant cell and animal Cell.
 Answer Key on Page 16

Self-Test 2
Put () if the the cell contains the following parts. Mark () if it does not contain the
structure.
Eukaryotic Cell
Structure Prokaryotic Cell
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
Centrioles
Cilia
Lysosomes

Answer Key on Page 16

 Let’s Summarize
1. Cells are the basic unit of life.
2. All cells have cell membrane and cytoplasm.
3. The level of organization of human starts with atom form molecules, then organelles.
This forms into a cell. A group of cell creates a tissue. Tissues then forms organs and a
group of organs creates a system, into an individual/organism.
4. There are two classifications of cell; the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Although prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many differences, they share some
common features, including the following:
A. DNA: Genetic coding that determines all the characteristics of living things.
B. Cell (or plasma) membrane: Outer layer that separates the cell from the surrounding
environment and acts as a selective barrier for incoming and outgoing materials.
C. Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid within a cell that is composed primarily of water, salts and
proteins.
D. Ribosomes: Organelles that make proteins.
6. Plant cell and fungi cell has cell walls while Prokaryotic cells, animal cell and protozoans
doesn’t.

(Posttest)
Choose the letter(s) of the BEST ANSWER. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper

1. Which stage in the cell cycle where begins to reorganize its contents in
preparation for mitosis.
c. G1 c. S
d. G2 d. Prophase
2. The cell cycle is usually regulated by
c. Cytoplasm c. Telophase
d. Cytokinesis d. Checkpoints
3. cells that have only one set of chromosomes
c. Diploid c. Genes
d. Haploid d. DNA
4. Stage where two diploid daughter cells are formed.
c. Cytoplasm c. Telophase
d. Cytokinesis d. Checkpoints
5. The two major phases in cell cycle

1
 a. Anaphase and telophase c. Interphase and Cytokinesis
b. Interphase and Mitosis c. Interphase and Metaphase
6. DNA replication occurs during the ______ stage of the cell cycle.
c. G1 c. S
d. G2 d. Prophase
7. What is the correct order of stages of mitosis
e. Prophase- metaphase-anaphase- telophase
f. Anaphase- prophase-telophase-metaphase
g. Metaphase-telophase-anaphase- prophase
h. Telophase-prophase-anaphase-metaphase
8. Genome is
e. The life cycle of the cell
f. The division of the cytoplasm
g. The entire collection of genes
h. A group of related species
9. At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells have
e. Half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
f. The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
g. Haploid chromosomes
h. 23 chromosomes
10. If an organism has a diploid chromosome number of 64, what wil be the
chromosome number of each daughter cell after mitosis?
c. 8 c. 42
d. 16 d. 64

Answer Key on Page 16

2
 Answers Key

Pretest Posttest

1. C 1. B
2. A 2. D
3. C 3. B
4. B 4. B
5. D 5. B
6. B 6. C
7. D 7. A
8. B 8. C
9. B 9. B
10.B 10.D

Activity 1.1
Genome is composed of DNA while gene is only a segment of
the DNA.

Self-Test 1.1

Activity 2.2
G1: first gap phase; the cell grows larger and organelles are copied.
S phase: DNA Replication.
G2: second gap phase; the cell grows more, makes proteins and
organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis.
Mitosis (the M phase): cell divides its previously-copied DNA and
cytoplasm to make two new, identical daughter cells.

Self-Test 2.1

3
 1. During Cell Division, cell has checkpoints in each stage to
determine if it can go to the next stage or be disregarded.
2. Interphase is the growth level of the cell. Mitosis is the
continue stage of cell cycle where duplicated chromosomes in
the interphase gains two new daughter cells.

Activity 3.1

Daughter cells 2N and 46

Self-Test 3.1

1. B
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. D

4
 Source:

Pheonix Biology Book. Susana Barzabal dela Cruz

Copyright 2003

https://www.thoughtco.com/prokaryotes-meaning-373369
https://www.livescience.com/65922-prokaryotic-vs-eukaryotic-cells.html
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book
%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/4%3A_Cell_Structure/4.1%3A_Studying_Cells/4.1C%3A_Cell_Theory

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap1/chapter/structural-organization-of-the-human-body/

https://biologydictionary.net/eukaryotic-cell/
Anatomy and Physiology of the
Human Body

Module 2

Body Systems
 Module 2
Body System

What this module is about?

Living objects are highly ordered and coordinated, following a hierarchy on a scale
from small to large. The atom is the smallest unit of matter and the most fundamental.
This consists of a nucleus encircled by electrons. Molecules are formed by atoms. A
molecule is a molecular structure made up of at least two atoms which are bound
together by a chemical bond. Many biologically important molecules are
macromolecules. Some cells contain aggregates of membraned macromolecules;
these are called organelles. Organelles are small structures inside cells that carry out
complex functions. All living things are created from cells; in living organisms the cell
itself is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function.

This module discusses the following topics:

 Lesson 1- Integumentary System
 Lesson 2- Skeletal System
 Lesson 3- Muscular System
 Lesson 4- Digestive System
 Lesson 5- Excretory System
 Lesson 6- Respiratory System
 Lesson 7- Circulatory System
 Lesson 8- Lymphatic System
 Lesson 9- Nervous System
 Lesson 10- Endocrine System
 Lesson 11- Reproductive System

Enjoy! 

What you are expected to learn?

After going through the module, you are expected to:
 Identify the systems of the human body
 Differentiate the part and functions of each system
 Appreciate the importance of keeping our body healthy

How to learn from this module?

Here’s a simple guide for you in going about the module:
1. Read and follow instructions carefully.
2. Answer the pretest in order to determine how much you know about
the lessons in this module.
3. Check your answers with the given answer key at the end of this module.
4. Read each lesson and do activities that are provided for you.
5. Perform all the activities diligently to help and guide you in
understanding the topic.
6. Take the self-tests after each lesson to determine how much you
understood the topic.
7. Answer the posttest to measure how much you have gained from
the lessons.

What to do before? (Pretest)

Choose the letter(s) of the BEST ANSWER. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper

1. DNA replication occurs during the ______ stage of the cell cycle.
a. G1 c. S
b. G2 d. Prophase
4. What is the correct order of stages of mitosis
a. Prophase- metaphase-anaphase- telophase
b. Anaphase- prophase-telophase-metaphase
c. Metaphase-telophase-anaphase- prophase
d. Telophase-prophase-anaphase-metaphase
5. Genome is
a. The life cycle of the cell
b. The division of the cytoplasm
c. The entire collection of genes
d. A group of related species
6. At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells have
 d. Half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
e. The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
f. Haploid chromosomes
g. 23 chromosomes
6. If an organism has a diploid chromosome number of 64, what wil be the
chromosome number of each daughter cell after mitosis?
a. 8 c. 42
b. 16 d. 64
7. Which stage in the cell cycle where begins to reorganize its contents in
preparation for mitosis.
a. G1 c. S
b. G2 d. Prophase
7. The cell cycle is usually regulated by
a. Cytoplasm c. Telophase
b. Cytokinesis d. Checkpoints
8. cells that have only one set of chromosomes
a. Diploid c. Genes
b. Haploid d. DNA
9. Stage where two diploid daughter cells are formed.
a. Cytoplasm c. Telophase
b. Cytokinesis d. Checkpoints
10. The two major phases in cell cycle
a. Anaphase and telophase c. Interphase and Cytokinesis
b. Interphase and Mitosis c. Interphase and Metaphase
 Lesson 1
Integumentary system

The skin is also called the

“integumentary system.” It’s the largest
system of the body. Protects the inside
of the body from germs. It serves as a
covering of our body, protecting the
inner tissues/organs from mechanical
injury, loss of water, and invasion by
microorganisms. It also helps keep the
body from getting too hot or too cold,
holds in body fluids, Sends the brain
messages about pain, cold, heat,
pressure, and touch. It acts as an
excretory organ as it releases waste
product in a form of sweat. It produce
vitamin D in the presence of sunlight
that helps absorb calcium in our body.
The main part of the skin is the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is the
top layer. It contains skin pores and hair. The epidermis rests upon and protects the
deeper and thicker dermis layer of the skin. The outer portion of the epidermis is called keratin
layer, it makes the skin water proof and germ proof. The inner layer is called germinative layer,
it divide and produce new cells.
The dermis is the second layer. It contains hair roots, nerves, glands, and
blood vessels. The hair in our body is rooted in the dermis. Attached to each hair
follicle is one or more oil glands or sebaceous glands. Sebaceous glands secrete
sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the hair and prevents skin from becoming dry,
chapped, or cracked.
Beneath the dermis is the subcutaneous layer. Fiber from dermis anchor
skin to this layer which then allows for attachment to other tissue and organs.
Hair and nails are also parts of the integumentary system. Hair is an
accessory organ of the skin made of columns of tightly packed dead keratinocytes found in
most regions of the body. Hair helps to protect the body from UV radiation by preventing
sunlight from striking the skin.  Hair also insulates the body by trapping warm air around the
skin. Fingernails and toenails reinforce and protect the end of the digits and are used for
scraping and manipulating small objects.
 What will you do?
Activity 1

Word HUNT!

Answer Key on Page 16

Self-Test 1
1. What is the importance of keeping or skin, hair and nails healthy?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. In what ways can you help maintain integumentary system healthy?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Answer Key on Page 16

 Lesson 2
Skeletal System

The skeletal system speaks of the bones, cartilage

and fibrous connective tissues in our body. Did you know
babies have more bones than adults? Babies have around
300 bones and as they grow up some of these bones
merge together that is why when they turn to adults, the
total bones will now be 206 only.
The skeletal system helps support our body,
protect the delicate organs inside our body, produce blood
cells, store calcium and phosphorus needed for metabolic
processes, and it also helps in our body movement.
Our skeleton is divided into two. First is the axial
skeleton, includes the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column,
sternum or breastbone, and ribcage. Second is the
appendicular skeleton, this includes the shoulder bone,
pelvic girdle and the limbs.
Bone is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms
the structural elements of the skeleton while cartilage is
the semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in
areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support
movement. Femur is the longest bone in the human body and smallest bone can be found in the
middle ear. We also have our bone marrow that can either be red marrow or yellow marrow. Red
marrow produces red blood cells while the yellow marrow functions as fat reserve. Cartilage is
found in the larynx, trachea, in the tip of the nose and in the external ear.
When two bones meet, they form a joint. A joint can be movable and immovable.
Immovable joints like the skull and pelvis are fixed and allows no movement. Movable joints are
subdivided into four. The hinge found in the knees, elbows and fingers. Ball-and-socket found in
the hips and shoulders. Pivot is located in our neck. Gliding is observed in the wrists, ankles, and
vertebrate. This joint help necessary movements of the joints.
 What will you do?
Activity 2
Write what type of joint is present .

Answer Key on Page 16

Self-Test 2.1
Multiple Choice. In circle the letter of your answer.
1. Which bone is not part of the axial skeleton?
A. Skull B. pelvic girdle C. ribs D. vertebral column
2. What is the function of the bone marrow?
A. To manufacture platelets
B. Store fat cells
C. Provide structure to the bone
D. Serves as a wall
3. Which does not belong to the group?
A. Skull B. Ribcage C. Backbone D. femur
4. Which is not a function of the skeletal system?
A. Holds up the body. C. Protects parts inside the body.
B. Helps in our movement D. Helps regulate body temperature
5. Which joint is found in our neck?
A. Gliding B. Hinge C.Pivot D. Ball and socket

Answer Key on Page 16

 Lesson 3
Muscular System

Fun Facts!
You have about 650 muscles in your body.
There are over 150 just in your head and neck!
Your muscles make up 50% of your body weight.
Your tireless heart beats more than 4500 times each hour.
Your muscle cells produce enough heat every day to boil almost 2 pints of water for an hour.
Smile! You've just used about 30 muscles. Muscles control your eyelids, nostrils and brow. They
work together to show the slightest change in your emotions.

Many of our organs consist of muscles which enable them to perform specific
functions. Relaxing muscles, and contracting. Muscle relaxation and contraction cause
body parts to move. Muscles help protect bones and internal organs such as the blood
vessels and kidneys. They also influence body shape. Muscle hold your organs in place
and also holds your bones together so that you can move. It helps you chew your food,
open and close your eyelids, pump your blood, allow you to move and exercise and
enable you to have good posture.
There are three types of muscles. First is the Skeletal Muscles. These are the
muscles we use to move around. They cover our skeleton and move our bones.
Sometimes they are called striped muscles because they come in long dark and light
bands of fibers and look striped. These muscles are voluntary because we control them
directly with signals from our brains. Most skeletal muscles run from one bone to
another We use them to run, jump, walk . One bone will move while other bone remains
fixed.
Next is the Smooth Muscles. Smooth muscles are special muscles that don't
connect to bones, but control organs within our body. These muscles work without us
having to think about them. These can be found in the digestive system: stomach,
esophagus, intestines, control digestion. And in our respiratory system: lungs,
diaphragm, control breathing. Also, in urinary system: bladder, controls urination.
And the Cardiac Muscle. This is a special muscle that pumps our heart and
blood through our body. It is only found in the heart. It works automatically but under
constant nervous system and chemical control. Contractions of the heart muscle pump
blood throughout the body and account for the heartbeat.
 Tendons connect muscles to bones. Tendons help form a connection between
soft contracting muscle cells to hard bone cells. Ligaments connect bones to other
bones to form joints. Muscle Memory happens when we practice an action over and
over again, we get what is called muscle memory. It allows us to become more skilled at
certain activities such as sports and music. As we practice, our muscles tune
themselves to become more precise in their motions and to do exactly what our brain
wants them to do. So, remember, practice makes perfect!

What will you do?

Activity 2
Write an essay about what happens to our muscles if we exercise .

Answer Key on Page 16

Self-Test 2.1
1. What are the functions of the muscular system?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. What are similarities and differences of the three types of muscle tissues?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Answer Key on
 Lesson 4
Digestive System

Ever wonder why do we need to eat?

Well, that is because every cell in our body
needs energy to carry out its activity. In the
food you consume you get the nutrition from
the nutrients. Before your body can use those
nutrients, your digestive system must first
break them into simple substances.
Digestion is done mechanically and
chemically. Mechanical digestion changes
the physical form of the food. This can be
through chewing, grounding and squeezing
inside our mouth. Chemical digestion
changes the chemical composition of the
food with the aid of digestive enzymes.
Digestive enzymes are special proteins that
help break up large food molecules into tiny
molecules that can be nutritionally consumed
by the cells.

Digestion starts in the mouth. The teeth grinds the food while the saliva moistens
the food and contains an enzyme called salivary amylase. The tongue then pushes the
food towards your throat as to swallow. By this time your larynx moves upward to flat
your epiglottis. The epiglottis closes the opening of your trachea so that the food will
not enter your lungs. The food then goes to the esophagus, a straight muscular tube.
Here the food is move through a wavy motion called peristalsis. The food then enters
the stomach, a “J” shaped muscular sac that serves as a blender or mixer. It contains
hydrochloric acid that helps breakdown the food. The food digested in the stomach
becomes a mixed liquid called chyme. That then passes through the small intestine. The
small intestines absorbs the nutrients and vitamins are absorb in this part. The
undigested food then passes through the large intestine or colon. Here most of the
water are absorb the waste then hardens and solidifies. The waste is then push towards
the rectum, an expanded portion of the large intestine and stays there until it is excreted
as feces through the anus.
 What will you do?
Activity 2
Supply the needed enzyme in each stage of the digestive tract.

Answer Key on Page 16

Self-Test 2.1
1. What is the role of minerals in maintaining good health?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

2. Discuss why obesity is a growing epidemic.

________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.

Answer Key on
 Lesson 5
Excretory System

Excretion - Excretion is the removal of the metabolic wastes of an organism. Wastes

that are removed include carbon dioxide, water, salt, urea and uric acid. All excreted
wastes travel at some time in the blood.
As cells use nutrients, they produce wastes that are harmful to the body. These
wastes are removed from the body by the organs of the excretory system.

Organs of the Excretory System

Lungs - removal of excess carbon dioxide
Skin - removal of excess water, salt, urea and uric acid
Urinary System - kidneys filter the blood to form urine, which is excess water, salt,
urea and uric acid Importance:

Urinary System Functions:

Excrete toxins and nitrogenous waste
Regulate levels of many chemicals in blood
Maintain water balance
Helps regulate blood pressure

The excretory system is a close partner of both the endocrine and circulatory
system. The connection to the circulatory system is obvious. Blood circulating through
the body traverses one of the two kidneys. Urea, uric acid, and salt must be separated
from the blood and much of the oxygen will be added to the body.

The endocrine system is the excretory system 's principal master. When compound
and fluid levels are tracked, the work of the kidneys must be continuously altered to
provide the cells with the best interior environment. If you drink too much water, they
release hormones that allow more urine output. If you're dehydrated it will produce less
urine. The kidneys are also tied to the endocrine system at the top of each kidney, with
the adrenal gland position. Adrenaline is released into your body by the adrenals.
Good to Know Facts!
Besides taking out trash from your body, your kidneys also help balances the vitamins, minerals, proteins
and fat content in the blood, so that your body can perform all regular tasks very easily.

The excretory system is attached to the digestive system to provide a passage for the release of chemicals
which the body doesn’t need.

Various organs help the body dispose of the waste foods safely in your right and left kidneys.

One of the most interesting facts about the excretory system is that the human bladder can hold up to 400 ml
of urine.

Urine is often diluted and poured in potted plants in gardens because urine contains considerable amounts
of urea which serves as a wonderful source of nitrogen for plants.

https://bodytomy.com/excretory-system-facts

Self-Test 2.1
1. Name three ways you can take good care of your excretory system.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Answer Key on

Lesson 6
Respiratory System

Human respiratory system is a series of organs which are responsible for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide
expulsion. The respiratory system's primary organs are the lungs, which perform this exchange of gases while we
breathe.
The lungs function in tandem with the circulatory system to pump oxygen-rich blood to all body cells.
According to the American Lung Association, the blood collects carbon dioxide and other waste products, and
transports them back to the lungs where they are pumped out of the body when we exhale. The human body needs
oxygen to sustain itself. After only about five minutes without oxygen, brain cells begin dying, according to
the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, which can lead to brain damage and ultimately death.

Respiratory Tract
Upper respiratory tract: 
Composed of the nose, the pharynx, and
the larynx, the organs of the upper respiratory
tract are located outside the chest cavity.

 Nasal cavity: Inside the nose, the sticky

mucous membrane lining the nasal
cavity traps dust particles, and tiny
hairs called cilia help move them to the
nose to be sneezed or blown out.
 Sinuses: These air-filled spaces along
side the nose help make the skull
lighter.
 Pharynx: Both food and air pass through the pharynx before reaching their appropriate
destinations. The pharynx also plays a role in speech.
 Larynx: The larynx is essential to human speech.

Lower respiratory tract: Composed of the trachea, the lungs, and all segments of the bronchial
tree (including the alveoli), the organs of the lower respiratory tract are located inside the chest
cavity.

 Trachea: Located just below the larynx, the trachea is the main airway to the lungs.
 Lungs: Together the lungs form one of the body’s largest organs. They’re responsible
for providing oxygen to capillaries and exhaling carbon dioxide.
 Bronchi: The bronchi branch from the trachea into each lung and create the network of
intricate passages that supply the lungs with air.
 Diaphragm: The diaphragm is the main respiratory muscle that contracts and relaxes to
allow air into the lungs.
How exactly do we breathe?

To breathe in (inhale), you use

the muscles of your rib cage –
especially the major muscle, the
diaphragm. Your diaphragm tightens
and flattens, allowing you to suck air
into your lungs. To breathe out
(exhale), your diaphragm and rib cage
muscles relax. This naturally lets the air
out of your lungs.

How to we take in oxygen and expel

carbon dioxide?
Every part of the body needs oxygen to survive. The only
way humans can get oxygen is to breathe it in. When
the body makes energy, carbon dioxide gets left over. The
body needs to get rid of extra carbon dioxide, because too
much of it is poisonous. The only way humans can get rid
of carbon dioxide is to breathe it out, how? Well, i nside our
lungs are masses of grape like shape alveoli and this
is where gases exchange. This happens in the slips
seconds every time we inhale and exhale.  

Gas exchange in humans. Oxygen and

carbon dioxide switch places between
a capillary (part of the bloodstream) and
an alveolus (an air sac in the lungs).
(Kiddle Encyclopedia,2020)

What will you do?

Activity 2
Lung Model

Create a 3D model of the lungs.

Materials
Clear plastic water/pop bottle (20 oz. size)
Large balloon or a piece of plastic from a trash bag or shopping bag (about 7 x 7 inch square)
Small balloon
Rubber band
Scissors
Masking tape
Procedure:

1. Use scissors. Start at the slit and cut off the bottom of the bottle.
2. Push the end of the small balloon through the mouth of the bottle.
3. Stretch the mouth of the balloon over the mouth of the bottle.
4. Place the mouth of the large balloon over the bottom, open end of the bottle. Tape it securely to the bottle.

Answer the following:

1. Hold the bottle and push in and pull out on the handle. Watch the small balloon inside the bottle.
What do you observe?
2. While moving the handle in and out, hold the opening of the bottle near your face. What do you
feel?
3. Describe what happens to the balloon, inside the bottle, as you move the handle in and out. Explain
your observations.

Self-Test 2.1
1. Explain what happens to your rib cage when you breathe in and out.

 ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. Where are the lungs located? 

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Answer Key on
 Lesson 7
Circulatory System

The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the
heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart.
The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste
products, like carbon dioxide. These roadways travel in one direction only, to keep things going
where they should.

What are the parts of the heart?

The heart has four chambers — two on top and two on bottom:
The two bottom chambers are the right ventricle and the left ventricle. These pump blood
out of the heart. A wall called the interventricular septum is between the two ventricles.
The two top chambers are the right atrium and the left atrium. They receive the blood
entering the heart. A wall called the interatrial septum is between the atria.

The atria are separated from the ventricles by the atrioventricular valves:

The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
The mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

Two valves also separate the ventricles from the large blood vessels that carry blood
leaving the heart:

The pulmonic valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, which
carries blood to the lungs. The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta, which
carries blood to the body.

Two pathways come from the heart:

  The pulmonary circulation is a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again.
 The systemic circulation carries blood from the heart to all the other parts of the body
and back again.

PULMONARY CIRCULATION
The blood that the vena cava vein takes to the heart is full of carbon dioxide. It
has much less oxygen than (systemic) arterial blood. The right side of the heart pushes
the venous blood into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery takes blood to the
lungs. In the lungs, the blood goes through the pulmonary capillary bed. (The capillaries
that are in the lungs). Here it gets more oxygen. It also drops off carbon dioxide. (This is
the opposite of what happens in capillary beds in the rest of the body. In the systemic
circulation blood drops off oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide).
After the pulmonary capillary bed, the blood goes to the pulmonary veins.
This pulmonary venous blood now is full of oxygen. The pulmonary veins take blood to
the left side of the heart. Then the blood goes to the systemic circulation again.

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Next, blood that returns to the heart has picked up lots of oxygen from the lungs.
So it can now go out to the body. The aorta is a big artery that leaves the heart carrying
this oxygenated blood. Branches off of the aorta send blood to the muscles of the heart
itself, as well as all other parts of the body. Like a tree, the branches gets smaller and
smaller as they get farther from the aorta.

At each body part, a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries connects the

very small artery branches to very small veins. The capillaries have very thin walls, and
through them, nutrients and oxygen are delivered to the cells. Waste products are
brought into the capillaries.

Capillaries then lead into small veins. Small veins lead to larger and larger veins
as the blood approaches the heart. Valves in the veins keep blood flowing in the correct
direction. Two large veins that lead into the heart are the superior vena cava and inferior
vena cava. (The terms superior and inferior don't mean that one vein is better than the
other, but that they're located above and below the heart.)

Once the blood is back in the heart, it needs to re-enter the pulmonary circulation
and go back to the lungs to drop off the carbon dioxide and pick up more oxygen.

Self-Test 2.1
1. Explain what happens to your rib cage when you breathe in and out.
  ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. Where are the lungs located? 

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Answer Key on
 Lesson 8
Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is a vital part of the immune system, along with the thymus,
bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, appendix, and Peyer patches in the small intestine.
Like the venous system, the lymphatic system
transports fluids throughout the body. The
lymphatic system consists of
 Thin-walled lymphatic vessels
 Lymph nodes
 Two collecting ducts
In the body, lymphatic vessels are wider than
capillaries (the smallest blood vessels linking
arteries and veins), and others are smaller than the
smallest veins. Most lymphatic vessels have valves
that flow in one direction (toward the heart) like
those in the veins to keep the lymph that can clot.
Lymphatic vessels drain fluid from tissue throughout
the body, called lymph.
Lymph begins as a fluid that diffuses into the
space between cells through the very thin walls of
capillaries. Some of the fluid is reabsorbed into the
capillaries, and the remainder is drained into the
lymphatic vessels, which gradually return it to the
veins. Lymph also contains a large number of other
substances including
 Proteins, minerals, nutrients and other
substances that power the tissues
 Damaged cells, cancer cells and foreign
particles (such as bacteria and viruses)
that may have entered fluids in the tissue
The lymph nodes are lymph collection
centres. All of the lymph moves through strategically
located lymph nodes that filter out of the lymph compromised cells, cancer cells and
foreign particles. Lymph nodes also contain specialized white blood cells (e.g.,
lymphocytes and macrophages) intended to envelop and destroy damaged cells, cancer
cells, infectious organisms, and foreign particles. Consequently, important lymphatic
system functions are to remove damaged cells from the body and to provide protection
against the spread of infection and cancer.
All substances transported by the lymph pass through at least one lymph node,
where foreign substances can be filtered out and destroyed before fluid is returned to
the bloodstream. In the lymph nodes, white blood cells can collect, interact with each
other and with antigens, and generate immune responses to foreign substances. Lymph
nodes contain a mesh of tissue that is tightly packed with B cells, T cells, dendritic cells,
and macrophages. Harmful microorganisms are filtered through the mesh, then
identified and attacked by B cells and T cells.
The lymphatic vessels, device that brings lymph all over the body, drain into
collecting ducts which empty their contents into the two subclavian veins below the
collarbones. These veins join to form the superior vena cava, the great vein that drains
blood into the heart from the upper body.

Self-Test 2.1
1. The lymphatic system consists of all the following except:
A) blood B) lymph nodes
C) lymphatic vessels D) lymph
2. Which of the following applies to the thoracic duct?
A) it drains the entire body above the diaphragm
B) it empties its contents into the subclavian vein
C) it carries blood into the lymphatic system
D) it arises in the vessels of the brain
3. Which of the following is not likely to be found in the lymph?
A) red blood cells B) protein molecules
C) microorganisms D) macrophages
4. What is the purpose of antibodies?
A. To pump lymph through the vessels B. To create lymph
C.To fight infection D. To remove old red blood cells
5. The lymphatic structure that closely parallell veins are called?
A. Capillaries B. Lymph C. Lymph Vessels
Answer Key on
 Lesson 9
Nervous System

The human body is a marvelous machine. It's

made of parts that work together to perform related
functions in an organized way. An organ system is a
collection of body organs working together to perform
a function. The nervous system , for example, is a
highly developed group of structures which make us
think, remember, move and learn new things.
The nervous system has four important functions
1. The nervous system makes your body move.
Electrical impulses from the nervous system make muscles contract. This is called the
somatic or voluntary motor function of the nervous system.
2. The nervous system picks up stimuli. This is the sensory function of the nervous system.
Stimuli are signals from the environment or within your body that you respond to. Sense
organs like the eyes pick up stimuli from the environment and the brain gives meaning
and reacts to these information.
3. The nervous system maintains body functions important for life without our being aware
of it. (autonomic or involuntary function).
4. The nervous system helps us think and remember (cognitive function).
The nervous system has two major divisions: the central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system.
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. It is called central
because it is located in the middle of the body. The peripheral nervous system is composed of
nerve cells or neurons that extend from the spinal cord and reach the different parts of the body.
The word periphery means on the side. Hence, the parts of the peripheral nervous system are
found on the sides of the body.
You can think of the central nervous system as a highway where vehicles carrying important
cargo pass through. Before these vehicles can get to their destinations, they need to travel
through smaller roads. The smaller roads represent the peripheral nervous system. Without both
roads, travelling would be very difficult and important cargoes would never reach their
destinations. Likewise, both the central and peripheral nervous systems are important for the
entire nervous system to function well.
 It is important to note
that the nervous system
is entirely composed of
nerve cells or
neurons. Neurons are
cells that are able to
transmit electrical
impulses and relay
information to and from
all parts of the body.
The spinal cord and the
brain are organs made
up of bundles of
neurons.

The Brain
The brain is the center of the nervous system. It governs most of your body’s
functions. It is found inside the head and is protected by the skull. The brain is the organ
which receives, processes and stores information from inside and outside the body. It
decides what to do with the received information and sends signals to the body to react,
decide or move.
The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum. It receives, stores and recalls all
the information the body picks up. Cognitive processes such as thinking, memorizing
and decision making occur in the outer gray part of the cerebrum, which is called the
cerebral cortex. Cortex means “covering.” The inner white part of the cerebrum relays
electrical signals to other parts of the brain.
The cerebellum is a highly folded mass of nerve tissue located just below the
cerebrum. It controls muscle coordination and balance. When you play basketball, the
cerebellum helps you in making your moves. Imagine a drunken man walking. He sways
in an unbalanced, uncoordinated way. That is how you would be if your cerebellum were
not working.
 The brainstem is the hind part of the brain. It holds the medulla oblongata and
the pons. The medulla oblongata or medulla transmits signals between the spinal cord
and the brain. It also controls autonomic or involuntary functions such as heartbeat and
breathing. The pons is partly made up of tracts that connect the spinal cord with higher
brain levels. It also contains cell groups that transfer information from the cerebrum to
the cerebellum.
The spinal cord is the downward extension of the brain. The brain has to have a
way to receive signals and send commands to the different parts of the body, doesn’t it?
The spinal cord serves this purpose. It allows impulses to travel to and from the brain.
Without the spinal cord, the brain could not receive nor send information. Without the
spinal cord, the brain would lose its ability to control the body.
From the spinal cord, bundles of nerve cells branch off and through them the
central nervous system sends commands to different parts of the body. Through these
nerve cells, pass the sensory signals that bring information from inside and outside the
body to be processed in the brain. This system of nerve cells that branch off the brain
and the spinal cord comprise the peripheral nervous system.
The brain, through the peripheral nervous system, sends signals to the body to
react to certain conditions. An action that is willed or controlled by your thoughts is
called a voluntary action. Jumping, running and singing are voluntary actions. You run
only when you want to run and sing only when you want to sing. You can stop anytime
or continue doing something for a long time. There is a conscious effort in doing the
activity. These movements are being actively controlled by the brain.
Nerves are bundles of fibers (axons) from neurons and which are held together
by connective tissue. Look at the diagram of the neuron below.
The nerve cell or neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system. Its shape helps
it carry out its function. A neuron consists of the following parts:
♦ The fibers that branch out from the nerve cell are the dendrites. These fibers pick up
information from the receptors. The information received by the dendrites is then carried
to the cell body or soma in the form of an electrical signal. The cell body contains the
nucleus of the cell as well as other structures that help keep the cell alive.
♦ The electrical signal continues along the cell body and moves to a single, long fiber
called an axon. From the axon, the electrical signal is transmitted to another nerve cell.
Between the axon of one cell and the dendrite of another is a small gap called synapse.
When the electrical signal reaches the tip of the axon of one cell, a chemical spills into
the synapse. This chemical receives and carries the electrical signal to the dendrite of
the next nerve cell.
 Self-Test 2.1
Fill in the blanks with the correct word or group of words.
1. There are _________ major divisions of the nervous system.
2. The central nervous system is composed of the __________ and the
_______________.
3. The nerves that branch off the brain and the spinal cord make up the
______________ nervous system.
4. The __________________ is the seat of human intelligence.
5. The _____________________ forms the outermost portion of the cerebrum.

Lesson 10
Endocrine System

The endocrine system is a set of glands which produce hormones that, among other
things, regulate metabolism , growth and development, tissue function , sexual function,
reproduction, sleep, and mood.
What is a gland?
A gland is an organ that makes and puts out hormones that do a specific job in your
body. Endocrine glands release the substances they make into your bloodstream.
Functions of the Endocrine System
Your endocrine system:

 Makes hormones that control your moods, growth and development, metabolism,

organs, and reproduction
 Controls how your hormones are released
 Sends those hormones into your bloodstream so they can travel to other body
parts

Parts of Endocrine System

 Hypothalamus is in the lower central part of the brain. It links the endocrine system
and nervous system. Nerve cells in the hypothalamus make chemicals that control the
release of hormones secreted from the pituitary gland. 

Pituitary gland is at the base of the brain, and is no bigger

than a pea. Despite its small size, the pituitary is often called
the "master gland." t uses information it gets from your brain to
tell other glands in your body what to do. It makes many
important hormones, including growth hormone; prolactin, which
helps breastfeeding moms make milk; and luteinizing hormone,
which manages estrogen in women and testosterone in men.
Pineal gland. It makes a chemical called melatonin that
helps your body get ready to go to sleep.
Thyroid gland. This gland makes thyroid hormone, which
controls your metabolism. If this gland doesn't make enough
(a condition called hypothyroidism), everything happens more slowly. Your heart
rate might slow down. You could get constipated. And you might gain weight. If it makes
too much (hyperthyroidism), everything speeds up. Your heart might race. You could
have diarrhea. And you might lose weight without trying.
Parathyroid. This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They play a role
in bone health. The glands control your levels of calcium and phosphorus.
Thymus. This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight
infection and are crucial as a child's immune system develops. The thymus starts to
shrink after puberty.
Adrenals. Best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline (also
called epinephrine), these two glands also make hormones called corticosteroids. They
affect your metabolism and sexual function, among other things.
Pancreas. This organ is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It makes
digestive enzymes that break down food. It also makes the
hormones insulin and glucagon. These ensure you have the right amount of sugar in
your bloodstream and your cells.
Ovaries. In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These
hormones help develop breasts at puberty, regulate the menstrual cycle, and support
a pregnancy.
 Testes. In men, the testes make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and
body hair at puberty. It also tells the penis to grow larger and plays a role in
making sperm.

Self-Test 2.1
1.  Choose the pair of hormones that have agonistic effects on blood sugar levels:
A.) Calcitonin and PTH
B.) Adrenalin and Glucagon
C.) Glucagon and Glucose
D.) ADH and Aldosterone
2. Hormones may consist of all the following except:
A) steroids B) proteins C) carbohydrates D) amines
3. The two major portions of the adrenal gland are the:
A) medulla and cortex B) exocrine and endocrine C) renal and subrenal
D) posterior and anterior portions
4. The proper functioning of the body's immune system depends in part on the
activity of the:
A) thyroid gland B) thymus gland C) parathyroid gland D) adrenal
gland
5. Chemical messengers secreted by ductless glands are called___________
a) Lymph
b) Platelets
c) Plasma
d) Hormones

Lesson 11
Reproductive System
 Let’s Summarize

 Genome is all the DNA of the cell.

 Cells undergo cell cycle as they grow and reproduce. The cell
cycle consists of 4 stages: Gap 1, synthesis phase, Gap 2, and
mitosis. The stages prior to mitosis are under interphase or the
growth level or phase. Interphase is also the longest phase in cell
cycle.
stagesMitosis is a cell division that occurs in body cells. The four
of mitosis where chromosomes replicate, separate and
become part of new cells are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.
 In mitosis 2 daughter cells are produce and is identical to the
mother cell.

(Posttest)
Choose the letter(s) of the BEST ANSWER. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper

1. Which stage in the cell cycle where begins to reorganize its contents in
 preparation for mitosis.
c. G1 c. S
d. G2 d. Prophase
2. The cell cycle is usually regulated by
c. Cytoplasm c. Telophase
d. Cytokinesis d. Checkpoints
3. cells that have only one set of chromosomes
c. Diploid c. Genes
d. Haploid d. DNA
4. Stage where two diploid daughter cells are formed.
c. Cytoplasm c. Telophase
d. Cytokinesis d. Checkpoints
5. The two major phases in cell cycle

1
 a. Anaphase and telophase c. Interphase and Cytokinesis
b. Interphase and Mitosis c. Interphase and Metaphase
6. DNA replication occurs during the ______ stage of the cell cycle.
c. G1 c. S
d. G2 d. Prophase
11. What is the correct order of stages of mitosis
e. Prophase- metaphase-anaphase- telophase
f. Anaphase- prophase-telophase-metaphase
g. Metaphase-telophase-anaphase- prophase
h. Telophase-prophase-anaphase-metaphase
12. Genome is
e. The life cycle of the cell
f. The division of the cytoplasm
g. The entire collection of genes
h. A group of related species
13. At the end of mitosis, the daughter cells have
e. Half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
f. The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
g. Haploid chromosomes
h. 23 chromosomes
14. If an organism has a diploid chromosome number of 64, what wil be the
chromosome number of each daughter cell after mitosis?
c. 8 c. 42
d. 16 d. 64

Answer Key on Page 16

2
 Answers Key

Pretest Posttest

1. C 1. B
2. A 2. D
3. C 3. B
4. B 4. B
5. D 5. B
6. B 6. C
7. D 7. A
8. B 8. C
9. B 9. B
10.B 10.D

Activity 1.1
Genome is composed of DNA while gene is only a segment of the
DNA.

Self-Test 1.1

Activity 2.2
G1: first gap phase; the cell grows larger and organelles are copied.
T phase: DNA Replication.
G2: second gap phase; the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles,
and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. Mitosis (the
M phase): cell divides its previously-copied DNA
Which is a possible characteristic of a eukaryotic cell?
A. Having a cell wall made of cellulose
B. Having a cell wall made of chitin
C. Having no cell wall
D. All of the above are seen in eukaryotic cells

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360838/mammal/
51715/Excretory-system

https://www.livescience.com/22616-respiratory-system.html

https://www.britannica.com/science/human-respiratory-system

https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/respiratory-system#2

kiddle.co/Exchange_of_gases

https://www.lung.ca/lung-health/lung-info/how-your-lungs-work

https://www.britannica.com/science/circulatory-system/Body-fluids

https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/lymphatic-disorders/overview-of-the-
lymphatic-system

https://www.livescience.com/26496-endocrine-system.html

https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/endocrine-system-facts

https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/endocrine-system-facts
drink 8 glasses of water a day.
Avoid eating salty foods
Exercise

Expand and compress)

Chest cavity/rib cage)