Scribd
Upload
57 views

Lecture 04 Solar Energy Conversion Heat Transfer

This document discusses various topics related to heat transfer through radiation. It covers properties of real surfaces like absorptivity and emissivity. It defines view factors and shape factors which account for the orientation of surfaces and discusses common view factor expressions. It also presents the net radiation heat transfer equations for diffuse gray surfaces and enclosures with two surfaces. Finally, it discusses correlations for natural convection heat transfer coefficients and wind convection coefficients.

Uploaded by

ابراهيم حداد
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
57 views

Lecture 04 Solar Energy Conversion Heat Transfer

This document discusses various topics related to heat transfer through radiation. It covers properties of real surfaces like absorptivity and emissivity. It defines view factors and shape factors which account for the orientation of surfaces and discusses common view factor expressions. It also presents the net radiation heat transfer equations for diffuse gray surfaces and enclosures with two surfaces. Finally, it discusses correlations for natural convection heat transfer coefficients and wind convection coefficients.

Uploaded by

ابراهيم حداد
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Topics of Heat Transfer

Real Surfaces Radiation


Radiation Properties of real surfaces
Real Surfaces Radiation
Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity
Real Surfaces Radiation
Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity

For opaque surfaces, τ = 0,


Real Surfaces Radiation
Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity

Spectral hemispherical absorptivity and spectral hemispherical reflectivity

Spectral hemispherical transmissivity

The average absorptivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity of a surface


Real Surfaces Radiation

Reflectivity differs from other


properties; it also depends on
the reflected direction
Real Surfaces Radiation
Radiation Properties of real surfaces
Radiosity, J

Kirchhoff's Law
Real Surfaces Radiation
THE VIEW FACTOR [shape factor, configuration factor, and angle factor]

Radiation heat transfer between surfaces depends on the orientation of the


surfaces relative to each other as well as their radiation properties and
temperatures

1. To account for the effects of


orientation on radiation heat
transfer between two surfaces
2. It is a purely geometric quantity and
is independent of the surface
properties and temperature

The view factor from a surface i to a surface j is denoted by Fi → j or just


Fij, and is defined as

Fij the fraction of the radiation leaving surface i that strikes surface j directly
Real Surfaces Radiation
THE VIEW FACTOR [shape factor, configuration factor, and angle factor]
The rate at which radiation leaves dA1 in the direction of θ1 is I1 cos θ1
dA1, and the portion of this radiation that strikes dA2 is

The total rate at which radiation leaves dA1 (via


emission and reflection) in all directions is the
radiosity (which is J1 = πI1) times the surface area,

The differential view factor dFdA1 → d A2, is defined as,


Real Surfaces Radiation
THE VIEW FACTOR [shape factor, configuration factor, and angle factor]
The fraction of radiation leaving A1 that strikes A2

And the fraction of radiation leaving A2 that strikes A1

Multiplying the 1st equation by A2 and he 2nd equation by A1 , we get,

This is the reciprocity relation for view factors


Real Surfaces Radiation
THE VIEW FACTOR [shape factor, configuration factor, and angle factor]
For the special cases of i = j For two concentric spheres, we
have,

F12 = 1
THE VIEW FACTOR
View factor expressions for
some common geometries of
finite size (3D)
THE VIEW FACTOR
View factor expressions for
some infinitely long (2D)
geometries
VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS
1. The Reciprocity Relation

2. The Summation Rule

Example

3. The Superposition Rule


It can be expressed as the view factor from a surface i to a surface j is equal
to the sum of the view factors from surface i to the parts of surface j

Example
Example
4. The Symmetry Rule
can be expressed as two (or more) surfaces that
possess symmetry about a third surface will have
identical view factors from that surface
VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS

View Factors between Infinitely Long Surfaces: The Crossed-Strings Method

Example
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER: DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES
Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from a Surface
Radiosity, J

Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from a Surface

Combining the equations above, we get,

Electrical circuit analogy

where
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER: DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES
Net Radiation Heat Transfer between any two Surfaces
Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from a Surface

Using the reciprocity relation

Electrical circuit analogy


where
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER: DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES
Net Radiation Heat Transfer in two Surfaces Enclosure

The net rate of radiation transfer is determined


in the same manner and is expressed as

or
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER: DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES
Net Radiation Heat Transfer in two Surfaces Enclosure

Simplified forms for


some familiar
arrangements that
form a two-surface
enclosure
Real Surfaces Radiation
Typical ranges of emissivity for various materials
Sky Radiation
Radiation heat transfer b/n a surface of emissivity,  , and
temperature T and the sky is given by:

And the sky temperature is expressed in terms of the dry


bulb and the dew point temperature and hour from
midnight as follows:
Nu vs Ra for Free Convection h. t. b/n
Parallel Flat Plates
Nusselt, Raleigh, and Prandtl numbers

Hollands et. al. gave a correlation of Nusselt as a function of


Raleigh number and tilt angle b/n 0 - 75
Nu vs Ra for Free Convection h. t. b/n
Parallel Flat Plates At 10°C mean temperature
Air Property Corrections F1 and F2
1
For temperature
other than 10°C
Nu vs Ra for Free Convection h. t. b/n
Parallel Vertical Flat Plates
Slats for Suppression of
Convection
Coefficients C1 and C2
Wind Convection Coefficients
Sparrow et. al.

Re in the range b/n 2x104 to 9x104

McAdams et. al.


Convection + Radiation may be
included

Watmuff et. al.

For characteristic length 0.5 m


Wind Convection Coefficients
Free-Convection from horizontal flat plates

Free-Convection from vertical flat plates


Wind Convection Coefficients
For fluch-mounted collectors, the heat transfer convection
coefficient

For Free-Convection V the wind speed is V = 0 and h = 5 W/m2


K
L is the cube root of the volume of the building in meters

You might also like