BUILDING TECHNOLOGY IV: SPECIFICATION AND ESTIMATE

SPECIFICATION
According to the dictionary it is define as “A definite and complete statement, as
in the contract; the precise method of construction.”
A specification is a combination of words properly describing the quality of a
product, its method of manufacture, its installation into a project, and in some cases, a
description of the final result or appearance. Information for specifications is obtained
from many sources. Specifications must be clear, definite, comprehensive, and even
complex in some cases, but as understandable to those using them as though they
themselves had written them. Specifications have many forms but all should be correct,
so that no misunderstanding is possible.
Construction drawings and construction specification are intended to complement
each other in order to present the full requirement of the project. Drawings indicate
quantity and Specifications indicate quality.

Sources for Information:

a) Testing
b) Product Catalogs
c) Governmental Sources
d) Other Sources

Types of Specifications:
In general, most specifications can be classed as either Closed Specifications or Open
Specifications.
a) Closed Specification – is one in which only one material or process appears, or in
which a description of a material is so detailed that only one product can qualify.
b) Open Specification – on the other hand is one that allows the use of a number of
products that the specification deems equal and acceptable for the work.
Theoretically, it allows competition to the supplier or product but within broad limits of
equality.

Other Types of Specifications:

a) Manufacturer’s Specification – These specs are most often written by
professionals, but occasionally they are done by advertising agency. These specs
general purpose is to sell their particular product by presenting the best qualifications.
b) Federal Specifications or Governmental Specifications – These are guides and
master copies to which portions are apply to the projects. There are no
manufacturer’s names because it is strictly Open Specs.
c) Commercial Specifications – It is either closed or Open specs. Because the project
is not government, the owner has a preference for a particular product.
d) Performance Specifications – descriptive in nature. They describe the materials to
be used and the methods of acceptable and installations. It allows contractor to select
materials but limits the Architect’s control to accept and reject. Usually used for
private projects.

Style of Specifications:
a) Streamlined Specifications – it is more of a style rather type, these Specs are called
shorter version of the actual length of the written specification. It is done by
eliminating certain words. It is advisable for simple projects like small houses were
 as it helps to reduce materials and work but sometimes may mislead intent if wrong
words are eliminated.
b) Preliminary Specifications – like streamlined, preliminary specs are also a style. It
is exactly what the title implies, a preliminary listing of materials or methods required
by the project. Sometimes it is used only for guides or owners approval or contractors
lists of requirements.
c) Tabulation Specifications – like the previous two, this is also a style and is more
closely related to a Preliminary Specs except that it is used as a final Specification.

The Uniform System or Master Format

The problems of inadequate and unsatisfying communication between Architects
and Builders have always been present, and with multitude products and methods
appearing in the market (and still appearing) it is quite evident that more standardized
system is required in construction specifications. In past years no standardized
arrangement for specifications was in use and each office developed its own system but
most often missed or not coordinated with the actual construction.
In 1948 the Construction Specification Institute CSI was formed. Its goal is to
establish a standardized system of arrangement for specification writing. But not until
1963 that CSI published The CSI Format for Building Specifications or simply the
Format. This presentation was reduced to sixteen (16) basic divisions. In addition to the
adaptation of the Format as the guiding principle, they also introduce the three (3) major
parts known as The Uniform System for Construction Specifications, Data Filing, and
Cost Accounting, or simply as The Uniform System.

Three-part Format (The Uniform System):

a) Specification Outline
These groups related to work under divisions and section.
b) Filing System
Provides a method for filing and retrieval of manufacturers’ literature listed under one
(1) of the sixteen (16) division.
c) Cost Accounting Guide
Orderly arrangement of the various cost items of construction that are directly related
to identical or similar items of a specification.

Sixteen Divisions (Format):

Division 1 - General Requirements (e.g. barracks)
Division 2 - Site Work (e.g. excavation; foundation; elevation)
Division 3 - Concrete (e.g. concrete fills-all)
Division 4 - Masonry (e.g. laying at CHB)
Division 5 - Metals (e.g. metal works)
Division 6 - Woods and Plastics (e.g. ceiling)
Division 7 - Thermal Moisture Protection (e.g. insulators)
Division 8 - Doors, Windows and Glasses (e.g. schedule)
Division 9 - Finishes (e.g. finishing)
Division 10 - Specialties (e.g. special treatments; plumbing)
Division 11 - Equipment (e.g. special equipments)
Division 12 - Furnishings
Division 13 - Special Construction
Division 14 - Conveying Systems (e.g. elevators; escalators)
Division 15 - Mechanical (e.g. air-cons)
Division 16 - Electrical
Purpose of Estimating:
The purpose of estimating is to determine the forecast costs required to compare
a project in accordance with the contract plans and specifications. The estimator
determines with reasonable accuracy the direct costs for materials, labor and equipment.
The bid price also determined by adding to direct costs for overhead, contingencies, and
profit.

Two Distinct Tasks in Estimating:

a) To determine the probable real cost.
b) To determine the probable real time to build the project.

Types of Estimates
a) Approximate Estimates – also preliminary, conceptual, or budget estimates
b) Detailed Estimates – final, definitive estimates

Approximate Estimates
These are usually done by multiplying the square feet or square meter to the cost
per meter. Considerable experience and judgment are required to obtain a dependable
approximate estimate. These are sufficient for evaluation of design and presentation of
preliminary construction estimates to the owner but not sufficient for bid purposes.

Detailed Estimates
It is prepared by determining the costs of the material, labor, equipment,
subcontract work, overhead, and profit. These are generally prepared by the contractors
from a complete set of contract documents prior to the submission of bid or formal
proposal to the owner. It is important to both the Owner and Contractor because it
represents the bid price.

Organization Estimates
A comprehensive and well defined organization of work items. These are CSI and WBS.

Building Construction Projects

Contractors organize their estimates in a format that closely follows the CSI
division of work. The organization of work is defined by 16 major divisions that are
recognized as the industry standard for building construction.

Heavy Engineering Construction Projects

These are generally organized following the WBS format.
▪ Material Take-off
▪ Lump-Sum Estimates
▪ Unit-Price Estimates
▪ Negotiated Work
▪ Overhead

A. SITE WORKS
Earth / Backfill
Volume of Backfill Required = Volume of Space x 1.25
Ex:

20m

20m

12m 4.5m

A=½bxh
= ½ 20 x 4.5
= 90 m2
V=AxW
= 1,080 m3
E = (1,080 m3) (1.25)
= 1,350 m3

Gravel Fill
A concrete slab on fill usually poured on a layer of gravel or any approved coarse
aggregate to provide firmer foundation.

Volume = Area of Concrete Slab x Thickness of Fill

7.50m
A

2.5m B

3.75m 3.75m

o Estimate the total volume of 150mm thick gravel fill on which the concrete slab of the
foundation plan would be poured.
A = 7.5 x 7.5
= 56.25m2
= 2.50 x 3.75
= 9.38m2
Total = 65.63 x 0.15
= 9.84m3 say 10m3
Batter Board
Length + 1 ft. (.3)
7.5 + 0.6 = 8.2
8.2 x 3.28 = 281
Lumber = 2 x 2

A. CONCRETE WORKS
Materials in Concrete
A. Cement Paste – Consist of cement and water which binds the fine and coarse
aggregates.
B. Fine Aggregates – Consist of natural sand of inert materials with similar
characteristics having clean hard and durable grains free from organic matters or
loam.
C. Coarse Aggregates – Consist of crushed rocks of durable sand strong qualities or
clean and hard gravel with size of 20mm – 30mmø (3/4” – 1 ½”ø).
D. Admixtures – May be added during the preparation of concrete. Quality of coarse
may be specified by the following:
a. By its water – cement ratio
b. Weight of a given volume
c. Compressive strength after 28 days
d. Fixed proportions of cement, fine and coarse aggregates

Class of Concrete
Class Cement Sand Gravel Strength after 28 days
AA 1 1 1/2 3 4000-3500 psi Roads and Bridges
Slab Beams and
A 1 2 4 3000-2500 psi
Columns
Footing, Walls of 4”
B 1 2 1/2 5 2000-1500 psi
thk
C 1 3 6 1000-500 psi Slab on Fill
D 1 3 1/2 7 Less than 500 psi

Allowance for Wastage:

A. 5% wastage
1. Columns and piers
2. Beams and Girders
3. Reinforced Concrete Slab and walls
4. Other members inside the forms
B. 10% wastage
1. Concrete slab on fill
2. Footings
3. Walls footings
4. Other concrete members without forms

SLAB
Method No.1 (Volume using Formulas)
a) Computer volume of concrete into m3
b) Add allowance for wastage
c) Ascertain the class or mix
d) Substitute the estimated concrete volume of C/V under appropriate class multiply by
factors indicated

Table A
Class Cement (Bags) Sand (m3) Gravel (m3)
AA 1 1 1/2 3
A 1 2 4
B 1 2 1/2 5
C 1 3 6
D 1 3 1/2 7

Estimate the quantity of cement, sand, gravel (excluding wall)

o Slab is 150mm thk class C
o Exterior wall 0.15m thk

Solution:
1. Actual Dimension of Slab
L = 4.00 – 0.15 (2)
= 3.70m
W = 3.00 – 0.15 (2)
= 2.70m
2. Volume of Concrete
= 3.7 x 2.7 x 0.15
= 1.498m3
Plus 10% Wastage
= 1.498m3 (1.10)
= 1.648m3
3. Using Class C substitute to C/V
Class C
1.648 x 5.49 = 9.049 bags of cement
1.648 x 0.44 = 0.725 m3 of sand
1.648 x 0.89 = 1.467 m3 of gravel

Method No.2 (Area x Formula)

Can be used for flat concrete members
a. Compute the area in sq. in. and add allowances for wastage
b. Ascertain the thickness of concrete member to be computed
c. Determine the concrete mixture to be used.
d. Multiply on the factors on.

Table B
L x W = Area
1. A = 3.7 x 2.7
= 9.99m2 + 10%
= 10.89m2
2. Using Class C 15mm thk

Thickness A B C D
10mm/4” 0.785 0.649 0.549 0.482 Cement
 0.042 0.044 0.044 0.045 Sand
0.084 0.089 0.091 Gravel
1.178 0.974 0.824 0.723 Cement
150mm/6” 0.063 0.066 0.066 0.068 Sand
0.126 0.131 0.134 0.137 Gravel
1.570 1.298 1.098 0.964 Cement
200mm/8” 0.084 0.088 0.088 0.090 Sand
0.168 0.174 0.178 0.182 Gravel
1.963 1.623 1.373 1.205 Cement
250mm/10” 0.105 0.110 0.088 0.113 Sand
0.210 0.218 0.178 0.228 Gravel
2.355 1.947 1.647 1.446 Cement
300mm/12” 0.126 0.132 0.132 0.135 Sand
0.256 0.261 0.267 0.273 Gravel
2.748 2.272 1.922 1.687 Cement
350mm/14” 0.147 0.154 0.154 0.158 Sand
0.294 0.305 0.312 0.319 Gravel

3. Substitute Area
10.89 x .824 = 8.97 bags of cement
10.89 x .066 = 719 m3 sand
10.89 x .134 = 1.459 m3 gravel

FOOTING
Solution:
1. Actual Dimension of Footing = 0.243m3
L = 0.90m 3. Add 10% Wastage
W = 0.90m = 0.243 (1.10)
H = 0.30m = 0.2673m3
2. Volume of Concrete 4.Multiply to the number of footings
V=LxW xH = 0.2673m3 (4)
= 0.90m x 0.90m x 0.30m = 1.0692m3
5. Using class B substitute to CV
1.692 x 6.49 = 6.939 bags of cement
0.44 = 0.47m3 sand
0.87 = 0.93m3 gravel

COLUMNS AND BEAMS

1. Use Actual Dimension

0.30

0.30

Height = 3.00m
2. Get the Volume
= 0.30 x 0.30 x 3.00m
= 0.27m3
3. Add Wastage 5%
= 0.27 (1.05)
= 0.2835m3
4. Multiply to the No. of Columns/ Beams
= 0.2835 (4)
= 1.134m3
5. Substitute the CV class A
= 1.134 x 7.85 = 8.90 bags of cement
= 1.134 x 0.42 = 0.476m3 of sand
= 1.134 x 0.84 = 0.953m3 of gravel

WALL FOOTING
1.Actual Dimension of wall footing: 3. Add 10% Wastage
Width – 0.40m = 1.023 (1.10)
Thickness – 0.20m = 1.1264m3
Length – 12.50m 4. Using class B Concrete
2. Volume of Concrete 1.1264 x 6.49 = 7.31 bags
V=W xTxL 1.1264 x 0.44 = 0.496m3 sand
= 0.4 x 0.2 x 12.8 1.1264 x 0.87 = 0.978m3 gravel
= 1.024m3

C. FORMWORKS
- Temporary boarding shearing or molding to produce the desired shape of
concrete.
- It should be watertight, strong enough and rigid to sustain weight of the concrete.

Greasing
- Use crude oil mixture with No.40 motor oil with ratio 1:3
- Used to present water absorption in forms.
Staging
- Framework that supports the column / beam or any concrete members.

Using Plywood as Form

Assume Size: 0.30m x 0.40m x 3.5m
Using 1.20m x 2.40m (Market standard size of plywood)
Area 2.88 sq.m

1. Determine the area of form

Face 1 = 0.30 x 3.5 (2)
= 2.1m 2
Face 2 = 0.4 x 3.5 (2)
= 2.8m2
2.1m + 2.8m = 4.9 m2/2.88 m2 = 1.70 = 2 (rounded up)
2 2

***Use 2pcs = 1.2 x 2.4m plywood

2. Form Ribs and Frames @ (0.40 – 0.50m distance)

Face 1 = 0.30 x 14pcs = 4.20m
= 3.50 x 4pcs = 14.00m
Face 2 = 0.40 x 14pcs = 5.60m
Lumber Column Beam Flooring
Size Bd.ft/vert. m/hor. m/dia. Bd.ft/vert. m/hor.
2x2 4.67 21.00 11.67 4.0 4.67 6.10
2x3 7.0 31.67 17.50 6.0 7.0 9.10
2x4 9.33 42.22 23.33 8.0 9.33 12.10
= 3.50 x 4pcs = 14.00m

4.20m+14.00m+5.60m+14.00m = 37.80m
3.28 = 1m
37.80m x 3.28 = 123.98 = 124 (rounded up)
2 x 2 x 124 = 41.33 bd.ft
124/16 = 7.75 = 8 (rounded up)
***Use 8pcs – 2 x 2 x 16

BRACE AND HOLDER

1. Use Direct Counting Scaffolding

3.50

3.50

Scaffolding for Column

1. Find the total length of columns
3.50 x 4 = 14.0
2. Referring to table vertical support
2’ x 3’
14.0m x 7.00 = 98 bd.ft
If height is 3.5m order 3.5 x 3.28
= 11.48’ = 12’
***98 bd.ft – 2 x 3 x 12’
3. For horizontal support
2’ x 2’
14.0m x 21.00 = 294 bd.ft
***294 bd.ft – 2 x 2 x 12’
4. For diagonal braces
2’ x 2’
14.0 x 11.67 = 163.38 bd.ft
***163.38 bd.ft – 2 x 2 x 12’
Scaffolding for Beam
1. Find the total length of the beams
(3.5) 4 = 14.0 m
2. Referring to table
a) Vertical supports
2 x 3 > 84 bd.ft
14 x 6 = 84 bd.ft
***84 bd.ft – 2 x 3 x 12’
b) Horizontal support
2 x 2 > 66 bd.ft
14 x 4.67 = 65.38 bd.ft
***65.38 bd.ft – 2 x 2 x 12’

Scaffolding for Concrete Slab

1. Find floor area
3.5 x 3.5 = 12m2
2. Refer to table using 2 x 3
12 x 9.10 = 109.2 bd.ft
3. Order: 110 bd.ft = 2 x 3 x 12’

D. MASONRY WORKS
CHB - Stretcher hollow are most widely used among partition wall

Mortar
Thickness Class Estimated
of CHB A (1:2 mix) B (1:3 mix) Materials
# of CHB x 0.1505 Number of bags; m3
8” (200mm)
# of CHB x 0.0031 # of CHB x 0.0091 of sand
# of CHB x 0.0982 # of CHB x 0.0734 Number of bags; m3
6” (150mm)
# of CHB x 0.0053 # of CHB x 0.0059 of sand
# of CHB x 0.0411 # of CHB x 0.0307 Number of bags; m3
4” (100mm)
# of CHB x 0.0022 # of CHB x 0.0025 of sand
 Formula
Thickness Materials
A C
x 0.082 x 0.033 Bags of Cement
10mm or 3/8 x 0.082 x 0.033 Bags of Lime
x 0.009 x 0.010 m3 of Sand
x 0.098 x 0.039 Bags of Cement
12mm or ½ x 0.098 x 0.039 Bags of Lime
x 0.010 x 0.012 m3 of Sand
x 0.164 x 0.066 Bags of Cement
20mm or ¾ x 0.164 x 0.066 Bags of Lime
x 0.017 x 0.019 m3 of Sand
x 0.205 x 0.082 Bags of Cement
25mm or 1” x 0.205 x 0.082 Bags of Lime
x 0.022 x 0.024 m3 of Sand

Using Class B mix

170 pcs x 0.0734 = 12.48 bags of cement
170 pcs x 0.0059 = 1.00m3 of sand

Class A (1.1.2)
Class C (1.1.3)
a. Ascertain in the class of concrete to be used and thickness.
b. Compute area in sq.
c. Make a calculations separate or interior surface.
d. Calculation should be used on actual area not or Number of CHB.
e. Opening and other kinds of finishes should be excluded.

Plastering
Area of Wall
3mL x 2.7mH = 8.1 sq. m
Area of Window
= 0.80m x 1.2m
= 0.96 sq. m
Net Area = 8.1 – 0.96
= 7.14 sq. m

Using 12mm or ½ - Class C

7.14 x .039 = 0.278 bags of cement
7.14 x .039 = 0.278 bags of lime
7.14 x .012 = 0.612m3 of sand

Use:
Exterior = 6” CHB; 12mm Plaster - Class A
Interior = 4” CHB; 40mm Plaster - Class C
E. REINFORCEMENT BARS
-Used to prevent crackling when force is applied.
-Deformed plugs have lugs on their surfaces to increase bond between concrete and steel
to prevent slippage.

Steel Bar Designation

Bar Designation English Metric

Number Size Size
2 ¼” 8mm
3 3/8” 10mm
4 ½” 12mm
5 5/8” 16mm
6 ¾” 20mm
8 1” 25mm
10 1 ¼” 32mm
12 1 ½” 40mm
16 2” 50mm

Guide for calculating straight length of holed steel bar.

Hooked length (hl)

Diameter of Hooked Bar Straight Length (m)

10mm (3/8”) SL = 0.30 + HL
12mm (1/2”) SL = 0.35 + HL
16mm (5/8”) SL = 0.45 + HL
20mm (3/4”) SL = 0.55 + HL
25mm (1”) SL = 0.65 + HL
32mm ( 1 ¼”) SL = 0.95 + HL

Sample Problem: (Self Drawing)

Size of steel bar: 20mm
Hooked length of A = 4.90
B = 1.30 + .60 = 1.90
C = 2.60
From Table
Formula of SL of 20mm
SL = 0.55 + HL
A = 4.90 + 0.55 = 5.45m
B = 1.90 + 0.55 = 2.45m
C = 2.60 + 0.55 = 3.15m

Estimating the full length bars required for longitudinal steel reinforcement bars in beams and
girders.
Classify the different beams/girders; between the number of pieces each group. By size and
overall length Nos. and size of longitudinal bar used.
(No. of beams) x (bar SL) x 4.4
Length of selected full length bar = No. of full length bars required
4.4 – Value is multiplied to add 10% for splicing and when more than 4 longitudinal bars are used.
This factor should be adjusted as follow for 6pcs. Use 6.6 for 8pcs. and so on.

Data for Estimate One Continuous

Number of beams 16 pcs. 8 pcs.
Overall length of beam 5.35 14.75
Number of size of beams 4 pcs – 20mm 4 pcs – 16 mm
Length of bars to 6.0 m
ordered

For One Span Beam

SL = Overall Beam length + 0.45
= 5.35 + 0.45
= 5.80 = 6.00m
Therefore:
16 beams x 4 bars = 6.00m
For Continuous Beam
SL = Overall Beam length + 0.35
= 14.75 + 0.35
= 15.10m
Use formula
8 x 15.10 x 4.4 = 88.58 = 89 pcs
***89 pcs. of 16mm ø x 6.0m

Kinds of Stirrups:

U STIRRUPS CLOSE STIRRUPS

Estimating Procedures:
1. Determine the actual number of stirrups on the beam (see drawing details)
2. Compute the total number of stirrups per kind of beam.
Say for 0.30 x 0.20 = 40pcs.
 0.40 x 0.20 = 20pcs.
3. Based from cross section size refer to table D4 or D5

Size of Number of Stirrups available from

Concrete Length/Stirrups full Length Bar
Member 6.00 7.00 9.10 10.00 12.20
0.20 x 0.30 0.85m 7 8 10 12 14
0.20 x 0.40 5 6 8 10 11

4. Calculate the number of SL bar by substituting the value

For 0.20 x 0.30 For 0.20 x 0.40
40pcs/7 = 5.7 = 6 20pcs/5 = 4
Therefore: Order 10pcs. – 10mm ø x 6.00m

Wall Footing
1. Determine the number of hooked bars per 1m of the footing.
10/0.45 = 22.2 = 23pcs

2. From table find the dimensions say 0.50m width using 10mm ø x 6.00m
Dimension of one Length/Footing
0 of bar FL steel bars
side Bar
10 mm 0.64 m 9 pcs.
12 mm 0.68 m 8 pcs.
16 mm 0.74 m 6 pcs
23pcs/9pcs = 2.55 = 3pcs.
***3pcs – 10mm ø x 6.00m

Footing
a. Between the size of the bar and the size of the footing.
b. Use direct counting method for hooked bars.
c. Lock on the estimating data for concrete, footings + number of bars can be made on 6.00m
for 5pcs only.
10pcs/5pcs = 2pcs
Order 2pcs – 12mm ø x 6.00m

Columns
a. Use direct counting method for the number of pieces of steel bars used in column.
b. Using by section use the total length by adding the bends on the footing and column height.

0.50m
L + Bend = Total Length
2.70 + 0.40 + 0.50 = 3.60m

BEND 0.90m
Standard Length:
- 5.0m - 10.50m
- 6.0m - 12.0m
- 7.5m - 13.50m
- 9.0m

Lateral Ties
a. See by section of drawing
b. Determine the number of lateral ties in your column by dividing its L to spacing of ties.
Say Size
C1 = 3.9m – 0.25 x 0.25
C2 = 4.0m – 0.30 x 0.40
C3 = 2.8m – 0.25 x 0.20
Formula:
No. of pieces = Length of Column/Spacing of ties
C1 = 3.9/0.2 = 19.5 = 20pcs
C2 = 4.0/0.2 = 20pcs
C3 = 2.8/0.2 = 14pcs

c. Using the table see how many pcs. of ties can be used in specific full length bar.
Column Size FL Steel Bars
6.00 7.00 9.10 10.60
12.10

0.30 4 5 6 8 9

0.40

C1 = 0.25 x 0.25 – 6.00m

6 ties can be used
20/6 = 3.33 = 4pcs.
C2 = 0.30 x 0.46 – 6.0m
4 ties can be used
20/4 = 5pcs.
C3 = 0.25 x 0.20 – 6.0m
7 ties can be used
14/7 = 2pcs.
C1 + C2 + C3 = Total
4 + 5 + 2 = 11pcs.
Therefore: Use 11pcs. – 10mmø x 6.00m

Solving for the Wire

1. Look at the plan. How many wires can be used?

A. Footing
1. For one footing
5 x 5 = 25 intersection per footing
2. For entire footing
= 25 x 4 (of footings)
= 100
3. Using 30cm long to the wire
= 100 x 0.30m
= 30m of no.16 wire
4. Convert into kg.
1kg of no.16 the wire: 53m long
30m/53m = 0.56kg

Steel bars for CHB

1. For Horizontal Bars
a. Divide net height of the wall by the indicated space horizontal bar spacing, disregard
decimal nos.
3.20/0.80 = 4pcs.
b. Multiply the no. of horizontal bars by overall length of the wall gets the L of all the bars.
Ex. Splices
4 x 8.30m = 33.20
c. Multiply the total length of all the bars by 1.10 to add 10% for splicing, hooks / bends, then
divide it by the length of FL bars to be ordered.
33.20 x 1.10/6.0 = 6.08 = 7.00

2. For Vertical Bars

a. Divide the net length of the wall by the vertical bars spacing – to get the number of vertical
bars of the wall disregard decimal.
8.30/0.80 = 10.37 = 10
b. Multiply the number of vertical by the overall height of the wall. Excluding bend and
splicing.
10/3.20 = 32.0m
c. Multiply the total length of the bars by 1.20 to add 20% as allowance for splicing, hooks and
bends then divide it by length of FL to order.
32.00 x 1.20/6.0 = 6.4 = 7pcs.

CARPENTRY WORKS
Available Sizes
Thickness
8’ 2.4m ¾ 19mm 8” 200mm
10’ 3.0mm 1” 25mm 10” 200mm
12’ 3.6m 1 ½” 38mm 12” 300mm
14’ 4.2mm 2” 50mm
16’ 4.8m 3” 75mm
18’ 5.4m 4” 100mm
20’ 6.0m 6” 150mm

Computing the lumber into board feet

1bd.ft = 12” x 12” x 1”
Formula: Width” x Thickness” x Length” ÷ 12 = board feet
Ex: 2” x 6” x 12” ÷ 12 = 12bd.ft.
Common Size:
o 1” x 2”
o 2” x 2”
o 2” x 3”

Formula:
1. Direct Counting
2. Sq. meter / Area Method

Table 4-3: Spacing Center to in cm.

Size 30 x 30 30 x 60 40 x 40 40 x 60 60 x 60
1x2 4.230 3.256 3.208 2.771 2.333
2x2 8.460 6.513 6.417 5.445 4.667
2x3 12.688 9.769 9.625 8.312 7.00
2x4 16.920 13.026 12.833 11.083 9.333
2x5 21.146 16.282 16.042 13.854 11.667
2x6 25.375 19.539 19.250 16.625 14.00

Sample: A wall partition 6.0m long and 2.50m high specify the use of 2’ x 4’ spaced at 60cm on
center both ways.

Solution by Area Method

1. Solve the area of the wall partition
A = 6.0m x 2.5m
= 15 sq.m
2. Refer to table 4-3 using 2’ x 4’ @ 0.60cm
15 x 9.333 = 140 bd.ft

Ceiling Board
Table 4-4: Ceiling bd./sq. m
Effective
No. of pcs.
Size (cm) covering per bd.
sq. m
In m3
30x30 0.90 11.111
40x40 0.16 6.250
40x60 0.24 4.167
60x60 0.36 2.778
60x120 0.72 1.389
90x180 1.62 0.617
120x240 2.88 0.347

Sample: A bedroom with a general dimension of 4.0 x 5.0m – specify of ¼” x 4” x 8’ plywood on

2” x 2” ceiling joist spaced @ 0.40 0.60M. Determine the number plywood and ceiling joist
required, if there are 5 rooms of the same size.

Solution:
A. Ceiling Joist
1. Find the area of the ceiling: 4m x 5m = 20 sq. m
2. Refer to table 4-3 along 2” x 2” @
 0.40 x 0.60m spacing multiply
20 x 5.445 = 108.9bd.ft
3. For 5 rooms order
109 x 5 = 545 bd.ft

B. Ceiling Board
1. Find the area of ceiling = 20 m2
2. Refer to table 4-4 using
120 x 240 plywood divide
4’ x 8’
20m2/2.88 = 6.94 = 7pcs / room
3. For 5 rooms order 7pcs x 5 rooms = 35pcs
***35pcs - ¼” x 4” x 8’ plywood

TINSMITHRY
Roofing Materials
Consider the ff:
1. Verify the space for looping either 1 ½ x 2 ½ corrugation
Corrugation Effective Width/Sheet
1 ½ cor 0.70m
2 ½ cor 0.60m
2. Standard and Looping
34 – 30cm
2. Always specify longer of roofing sht. for economical reason.

Roofing Table
Effective Width Number of Rivets
Length Ft – m Spacing Purlin
Covering side lapping Sheet
6’ – 1.80 0.75 14
7’ – 2.10 0.60 18
8’ – 2.40 0.70m 0.70 18
9’ – 2.70 0.60 22
10’ – 3.0 0.67 22
12’ – 3.6 0.60 26

Roofing Accessories
GI roof nails 120pcs/kg
GI rivets 180pcs/kg
GI washer 126pcs/kg
Lead Washer 75pcs/kg
Umbrella Nails 120pcs/kg

Size and Quantity of Straps in 1 – Plain G1

Size of Purlin Size of GI Strap Number of Strap in 1m sheet
2x2 1’ x 9” 384
2x4 1” x 10” 342
2x5 1” x 11” 312
2x6 1” x 12” 288

Procedure:
a. Determine the length of the purlin along the gutter line. The distance is perpendicular to the
roof direction.
b. Divide this length by the effective covering of GI sheet which is 0.70 for ½ side laps or 0.60m
for 2 ½ side lap corr.
c. Determine the length of the rafter or top chord. Choose the right combination of roofing sheet
that will satisfy the length considering 30cm end lapping.
d. Multiply the result found in step 2 by each length of G1 sheet combination in step 3.
e. Between the no. of GI nails rivets and washers.
f. Note that this no. of plain GI anchor strap and lead washer is the same as quantity of the rivets
GI washer double the quantity of rivets.

Sample Problems: Find the corrugation GI roofing sheets of accessories required if side lapping
is 1 ½ with 30cm end lapping on purlins.
Solution:
A. Corrugated GI sheet:
1. Divide the length of roofing (gutter side) by effective of one sheet. Refer to table under
1 ½ corr. with value of 0.20m
14.00m/0.70 = 20 sheets in one row
2. Length of the rafters is 6.0m thus combination of 3.60 and 2.70 one used.
Order: 20pcs 32” x 12.1 (3.60m)
20pcs 32” x 9 (2.20m)
B. Rivets
1. Refer to the table given for 12’ and 9’
12’: 20 x 26 = 520 pcs
9’: 20 x 22 = 440 pcs
2. Convert to kg. 960
960pcs./180pcs. = 5.33 = 6 kg.
C. G1 Washers
1. Double the number of rivets
960 x 2 = 1920pcs
2. Convert to kg.
1920pcs/126pcs = 15.24 = 16 kg.
D. Plain G1 Strap on 2” x 3” purlin
1. Total number of rivets 960pcs
2. Refer to table using 2 x 3 purlin
960pcs./384 = 2.5 pcs. plain GI
E. Lead
1. The number of rivets is the number of lead washer = 960
2. Refer to table for lead washer divide
960pcs/75 = 12.8kg = 13kg
Summary:
A. Corrugated GI Sheet: 20pcs – 32” x 12”; 20pcs – 32” 9”
B. 1.5kg of GI rivets
C. 15.5kg of GI washer
D. 13kg of Lead washer
E. Plain GI Sheet: 2.5pcs

Gutter, Flashing, Ridge Hipped and Valley Roll

1. Find the total length
2. Divide the effective length by its effective width
Girt, Rafters, Truss, Purlins and Fascia Board
 1. Determine by direct measuring method
2. Combine the length of members’ method
3. Bolts and Nuts are estimated by direct counting method

Bolt and Nails

Suggested size and kinds of nails used in wood connection
Materials to Materials to be Size of
Size of Nails Kinds Kinds
be Nailed Nailed Nails
Wood Sidligs
Floor Joist 4” CWN 2” CWN
25mm
T and G 2 ½” FN / Brad Base load 2” FN
Rafters,
4” CWN Ceilings Partition 1”
Purlins
Cleats Board ¼ or less 1” FN
Truss Member 4” CWN Plywood ¼ 1” CWN
Fascia Board 2 ½” CWN Plywood ½ 1 ¼” CWN
Ceiling Joist 3” CWN Plywood ¾ 1 ½” CWN
Ceilings
4” CWN
Hangers
Studs 3” CWN

Length (ft.) Pcs/Kilo

1” 2.553
1 ¼” 1.949
1 ½” 1.691
1 ¾” 1.082
2” 791
2 ½” 471
3” 295
3 ¼” 264
3 ½” 200
4” 134
@ pcs. per intersection 4 x 4 = 16
@ no. of pcs. sq.m x total area 16 x 10 = 160
@ total area x no. of side 160 x 2
@ Add 10% wastage
= 320 x 1.10
= 352 sq. m
@refer to table
352 sq. m/295 = 1.19kg

PAINTING WORKS
To compute the painting materials:
a. Get the total surface area to be painted.
b. Classify the number of coats to be used.
c. Divide by the factor on the table and round off to the next whole number.
Ex. 100 x 2 = 200 sq.m
8 liters / gallons
TILE WORK
Area of the space ÷ Area of tiles = No. of Tiles
For 12 sq. m room, use 0.30 x 0.30 ceramic tiles having 0.09 sq.m
Ex. 12sq.m ÷ 0.09sq.m = 133.33 = 134pcs.