Week 28 of 36 • Page 4

Name _______________________

ACROSS
2. Hannibal crossed the Alps with
these animals.
4. ancient people who conquered
Romans
6. a stone channel that carried water
8. island fought over by Rome and
Carthage in the Punic Wars
9. term for land surrounded on three
sides by water

DOWN
1. word that means “I say no”
3. the wealthy citizens of ancient
Rome
5. term for a leader of the Roman
republic
7. river near Rome
As you read this week’s lesson, circle or highlight all proper nouns with any color
pen or highlighter. This will help you find some of the crossword answers and get
ready for this week’s test.

Roman Timeline
Rome
destroys
Carthage Caesar Claudius The Constantine
Founding Aqua Appia (Third stabbed to invades Pantheon converts to
of Rome built Punic War) death Britain completed Christianity

753 B.C.E. 312 B.C.E. 146 B.C.E. 44 B.C.E. 43 C.E. 125 C.E. 313 C.E.

Use the timeline to help you answer the following 5. How many years passed between the founding of Rome
questions. Show your work and write your answer on the and Constantine’s conversion to Christianity?
line below each question.
__________________________________________________
1. How many years passed between the founding of Rome
and the building of the Aqua Appia? 6. What two mathematical operations did you use to
solve these problems? Why did you need to use different
__________________________________________________ operations? When did you use each operation?

2. How many years passed between Caesar’s death and __________________________________________________

the invasion of Britain?

__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________

3. How many years passed between the building of the __________________________________________________

Aqua Appia and the completion of the Pantheon?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

4. How many years passed between the destruction of __________________________________________________

Carthage and Caesar’s death?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

The Roman Empire

was influenced by
1. How did the Roman Empire become a Christian empire? neighboring cultures
2. How and why did the Romans destroy Carthage? over the years, but it
3. What was unusual about the way Gen. Hannibal fought was also influential to others. Write a paragraph
the war? describing the similarities you recognize as part of
4. Why did the Romans kill Julius Caesar? life in the United States. Be sure to proofread and
5. How did the plebeians get more power in the edit to meet your teacher’s expectations.
government?
 WEEK 28
Ancient Rome

Roaming with the Romans

The Roman Empire lasted for more than 700 years. At the peak of its glory,
it was the largest empire in the known world. The empire covered much of
Europe as well as parts of northern Africa and Asia. The Romans left many
examples of their culture throughout the empire they built. Over the next several
weeks World History Studies Weekly will explore the ancient Roman
Empire, including its place in our own government’s development.
This week, let’s learn a few of the basics, beginning with the
establishment of one of the world’s oldest surviving cities.
The legend of the founding of Rome is as interesting as
Rome itself. Twin brothers Romulus and Remus were the sons
of a priestess and Mars, the Roman god of war. The brothers were
set adrift on the Tiber River in Italy. Some versions of the story say
their mom did this to protect them from people who wanted to hurt them. Other
versions say their uncle, who wanted power, did this hoping the baby boys
would drown. A female wolf rescued the boys and began to raise them as her
own. Later, a shepherd found the twins and took them in. When Romulus
and Remus got older, they decided to start a city. They fought over who
would be the leader. Who do you think won? If you said Romulus, you’re
right. (Can you see Rome in the name Romulus?) He killed Remus in 753
B.C.E. and became the leader. The city of Rome was born.
The early people of Rome liked the location of the city. The Tiber River
provided the city’s water sources. Traders and soldiers could travel quickly
by river for access to the nearby seas. Surrounding mountains and the seven
hills protected the city from enemy attacks. The coastal ranges and valleys of
the Italian peninsula provided fertile land for agriculture. But other people
liked the city’s location, too. Other neighboring societies influenced the
Romans over time. Around 800 B.C.E., a group of people called the Etruscans
conquered Latium, the region of Italy that included the city of Rome. The
Etruscans had been influenced by the Greeks, and they shared the Greek
culture with the people they conquered. The Romans adopted the Greek
writing system, building techniques and even their clothing style—
togas. The Etruscans also taught the Romans how to fight wars. The
Romans were very good students, so good that they were able to conquer
the Etruscans and kick them out of their land more than 100 years later.
The Roman civilization was beginning. Let’s roam with the Romans to learn
more about them and the empire they would create.

Roman Beach Site Found in Great Britain

Archaeologists have uncovered the area where accumulated in the sheltered lagoon area and created of 50,000 men in 43 C.E. This beach area was where
Romans invaded Britain almost 2,000 years ago. a new shoreline. the Romans would have walked onto shore as they
What is called the “lost beach” was found 6 feet The Roman fort of Richborough is the site of the invaded Britain so many years ago. Archeologists
beneath the soil and 2 miles inland from where the 2008 discovery. The remains of the fort are located have also found remains of Italian marble. The
shore once was located. Over the years, silt has near Sandwich in Great Britain. Archeologists made marble is thought to be from an arch built around
the discovery while digging near the remains of a 80 C.E. to celebrate the conquest of Britain. Broken
Roman wall at the fort site. At the bottom of the pottery, Roman coins, leather and wood were also
trench, the archaeologists found that water continued found at the site.
to flow into the area. They kept digging. When they Richborough was also one of the last places
reached a hard surface, archaeologists realized they’d abandoned by the Romans as they left England in
found the ancient beach. Historians say the Roman the 5th century and was the site of one of the earliest
Emperor Claudius landed in Britain with his army Christian churches in England.

California State Standards: 6.2.9 Trace the evolution of language and its written forms. 6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious,
and social structures during the development of Rome. 6.7.1 Identify the location and describe the rise of the Roman Republic, including the importance of such
mythical and historical figures as Aeneas, Romulus and Remus, Cincinnatus, Julius Caesar, and Cicero. 6.7.2 Describe the government of the Roman Republic and
its significance (e.g., written constitution and tripartite government, checks and balances, civic duty). 6.7.3 Identify the location of and the political and geographic
reasons for the growth of Roman territories and expansion of the empire, including how the empire fostered economic growth through the use of currency and
trade routes. 6.7.4 Discuss the influence of Julius Caesar and Augustus in Rome’s transition from republic to empire. 6.7.7 Describe the circumstances that led
to the spread of Christianity in Europe and other Roman territories. 6.7.8 Discuss the legacies of Roman art and architecture, technology and science, literature,
language, and law.
 H istory

Life in Rome
d
Worl

Early Government “Veto” (I say no), if they wanted to reject a decision

made by the patrician leaders. As we’ll see in
the elephants died as they crossed the snowy Alps.
He had hoped these animal “tanks” would help him
After living under the harsh Etruscan rulers,
the coming issues, the Romans would develop a in his efforts to conquer the city of Rome, but he
the Romans decided they wanted a new form of
sophisticated, tripartite (three part) government, and failed. So, the Carthaginians lost the Second Punic
government. They didn’t want one leader to have too
they were off to a great start! War, too. In 146 B.C.E., during the last Punic War,
much power, so they set up a government called a
Rome destroyed Carthage. To make sure the people
Roman Power Grows
republic. In a republic the people have the power to
of Carthage would never rise again, it is said the
choose leaders. This should sound familiar!
Carthage was a powerful city on the coast of Romans burned Carthage to the ground and covered
To keep the power of the leaders in check, a group
North Africa. You may remember that it was a colony the farmland with salt. The Romans expanded their
of citizens elected two leaders called consuls. The rich
established by the Phoenicians. Carthaginians claimed empire through the use of currency and trade routes,
and powerful citizens who elected the leaders were
they owned the Mediterranean Sea and threatened to as well as through conquest. Rome was now the
called patricians. Ancient Romans were divided into
sink Roman ships. The Carthaginians also wanted to master of the Mediterranean Sea and an empire was
three different classes, and only the patricians had
control the island of Sicily. beginning.
the right to participate in government. The plebeians
Rome and Carthage fought three long wars over
Religion
(farmers, shopkeepers and the poor) and slaves were
the other two classes. Eventually, plebeians who would control Sicily and the Mediterranean
got a small say in government. This happened Sea. The wars were called the Punic Wars. Punic The ancient Romans were polytheistic. That
after the plebeians, who had to pay taxes, was the Latin word for the Phoenicians. The means they worshipped many gods. They believed
went on strike. They refused to fight in the Romans won the first war in 241 B.C.E. Years gods and goddesses controlled things in nature. The
army and threatened to leave and form later a Carthaginian general named Hannibal Romans also believed they could ask the gods and
their own city if they didn’t decided to invade Rome by land. Sailing goddesses for advice about the future. They gave gifts
get more say in the with his troops to Spain, the army of about to the gods in hopes that they’d protect the people
government. The 46,000 climbed over the Alps and into and their city. The chief god was Jupiter, the sky
rich patricians Italy. Hannibal brought along something god. Other gods included Mercury, the god of trade;
feared the plebeians never before seen in Europe—elephants. Neptune, the god of the ocean; Pluto, the god of the
would make good on Thirty-seven elephants, to be exact! dead; Apollo, god of the sun; Terra, goddess of the
their threat to leave. Half of Hannibal’s troops and most of earth; and Venus, the goddess of love. As you can
Who would do the work see, many of the planets were named for the gods of
if the plebeians left? A 2 ancient Rome. Emperor Hadrian built the Pantheon
few plebeians were finally to honor all the gods and goddesses.
allowed to participate in 5
the government. Although
they couldn’t vote, plebeians
could stand up and yell,

1. Roman government
2. Hannibal and the
march over the Alps

1 3. Hadrian 4. Pantheon
5. Latin cursive writing
6. Constantine 7. Roman
clothing 3

Italy
Italy, on the continent of Europe, is about the size of Arizona.
Shaped like a giant boot, Italy is a peninsula, which means it has
water on three sides. The bodies of water are the Adriatic Sea,
the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Italy borders the
countries of Switzerland, Austria, France and Slovenia.
More than three-fourths of Italy is mountainous. The Apennine
Mountains stretch down the center of the country and the Alps
are found in the north. For many years, the rugged Alps protected
Italy from invasion from the north. There are also three major
rivers in Italy. The Tiber River flows near the capital city of
Rome. The Po River to the north is the country’s longest and most
important river. The Arno River is the third important river. Italy
has three active volcanoes: Mt. Etna, Mt. Vesuvius and Stromboli.
The islands of Sicily and Sardinia are also part of Italy.
Interestingly, there are two smaller countries inside the
country of Italy. One is called San Marino and the other is Vatican
City. Vatican City, located in the center of Rome, is the smallest
independent state in the world.
It took seven years to build, beginning in 118 C.E. Week 28 of 36 • Page 3
and ending in 125 C.E. In 313 C.E., a Roman emperor
named Constantine converted to Christianity and made
it the official religion of Rome.

Latin
The language of Rome was Latin. Many
modern languages evolved from Latin and
Julius Caesar
are called Romance languages. The Romance After the Punic Wars, Rome became more and
languages include Spanish, Portuguese, French, more powerful. With more land to control in a time
Italian and Romanian. Although English is not before modern communication, leaders began fighting
considered a Romance language, Latin has given for power. Julius Caesar was a consul who became a
thousands of words to the English language. Here dictator during Rome’s civil war. Back then the word
are just a few: veto, index, auditorium, gymnasium, dictator didn’t mean what it does today. It was the
circus, arena and stadium. title for a consul who assumed power in times of
war. Hoping Caesar would bring peace to Rome, the
Clothing government leaders made Caesar dictator for life.
With this decision, the Roman republic came to an end.
Because of the warm climate, people wore
During his rule, Caesar did many good things. He
light-colored clothing. Often both men and women
helped the poor by forgiving their debt. He gave
wrapped a large blanket-like cloth around their
land to farmers, replaced dishonest leaders and built
bodies, leaving one arm free. Called a toga, roads and buildings. Caesar also gave citizenship to
this was usually worn for special occasions. the people conquered by the Romans. He improved
Depending on your rank in Rome, you could wear the calendar, making it more like the one we use
one or more purple stripes on your toga. Foreigners today. It was called the Julian calendar. The month of
and slaves were forbidden to wear togas. Everyday July was named for Caesar. After conquering Egypt,
wear was usually a tunic. Women wore tunics that Caesar returned to Rome with a variety of animals to
reached the floor and had long sleeves. A woman’s show the Roman citizens. His “zoo” included a
tunic was called a stola. Men didn’t wear sleeves giraffe—the first one ever seen in Europe.
on their clothing in ancient Rome because wearing Rich patricians were jealous of
sleeves was not considered manly. Caesar’s power. They believed he was
Poorer people went barefoot, while wealthier becoming too powerful, and they worried
people wore a cross between shoes and sandals. that he wanted to be king. A group of
These were called calcei and were made of patricians decided to kill Caesar. On
leather. Romans also wore open sandals, but March 15 (called the Ides—or middle—of
March), Caesar was stabbed to death by
wealthy Romans never wore sandals outside.
members of the Roman Senate. One of
those involved in his death was his friend,
Brutus.
Following Caesar’s death in 44 B.C.E.,
Rome again faced civil war. Eventually, Caesar’s
grandnephew Octavian came
to power.

6 7

Aqueducts
Today, if you need water you turn on the faucet. But back in Much of the system, which used the force of gravity to move the
ancient times, people got their water from nearby rivers—usually by water, was underground. This made it safer from enemies who might
carrying it to their homes. As Rome grew, more and more raw sewage try to poison the water supply. These underground tunnels were
went into the Tiber River and people got sick from its polluted mostly made of stone, but sometimes the Romans used leather, lead,
waters. They needed a clean source of water, so they began building bronze, wood and terra cotta piping.
aqueducts. An aqueduct is a channel that carries water from one Some of the ancient Roman aqueducts are still in use. Wonderful
place to another. Historians say the Assyrians built the first recorded examples of Roman-style aqueducts can also be found today in
aqueduct in the ancient city of Nineveh in about 691 B.C.E. Although Nimes, France (called Pont du Gard), and in Segovia, Spain.
the Greeks, Egyptians, Indians and ancient Persians also built
aqueducts, the Romans became famous for this feat of engineering.
The word aqueduct comes from two Latin words, “aqua” meaning
water and “ductus” meaning to lead. Long stone channels carried
water from streams in nearby mountains and hills to public fountains,
public baths and to a few wealthy patricians’ homes. The first
Roman aqueduct, the Aqua Appia, was built in 312
B.C.E. Over time, the ancient Romans built
11 aqueducts to supply an ever-
growing population with
clean water.
Week 29 of 36 • Page 4

Name _______________________
ACROSS
6. Roman slave who led an army of
around 90,000 slaves against the
Roman government
9. warriors who fought in the Colosseum
10. volcano that erupted in 79 C.E.

DOWN
1. activity that took place at the Circus
Maximus
2. known for his wall
3. Latin word for peace
4. month named after the first emperor
of Rome
5. Roman poet who wrote the “Aeneid”
7. famous Roman charioteer
8. Roman writing tool

As you read this week’s lesson, circle or

highlight all proper nouns with any color pen or
highlighter. This will help you find some of the
crossword answers and get ready for this week’s
test.

Create a Timeline
Choose six events or people from this week’s World History Studies Weekly. Create a timeline of the events or people
and draw a picture to go with each. Use Roman numerals for the dates in your timeline. (See below.)

Roman Numerals
The Romans based their number system on six symbols: 1,000 (M) instead of writing DCCCC. On the other hand, a
I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500 and M = symbol for a smaller number placed behind a symbol for a
1,000. The numerals could get very long using these larger number means you add. MD means 1,000 (M) plus
symbols, so they made a rule to not have more than three 500 (D) equals 1,500. Create some number sentences
of the same symbols in a row. For example, instead of using with Roman numerals but don’t show the answers. Trade
XXXX for 40, you place a symbol for a smaller number, X sentences with a friend and see if you can find the answers.
(10), in front of L (50). That means you subtract. Another Oh, and be sure to write the answers in Roman numerals, of
example is using CM for 900. You subtract 100 (C) from course!

As Mount Vesuvius erupted,

Pliny the Elder watched from his
ship. Pliny was a general who led
several warships. He also loved
1. What was Pax Romana? nature and was fascinated by what he saw. Flying hot rocks
2. Where is Hadrian’s Wall and what was its purpose? bombarded the waters around him. However, instead of
3. To whom could we compare the daring charioteers of sailing further from shore, Pliny decided to land his fleet
Circus Maximus? and rescue people, including his friend, Pomponianus. Pliny
4. What did Roman sculptors and surgeons have in died while trying to help. Write a diary entry describing
what you saw from your warship in General Pliny’s fleet.
common?
Remember to check your writing for correct spelling,
5. Why have people lived in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius
punctuation and grammar.
when there is evidence that it can be so deadly?
 WEEK 29 The Golden
Age of Rome

More Roaming with the Romans

Salve, amice! That is Latin for “Hello, friend!” They ate most food with their fingers because there
In the previous issue we learned about the founding were no forks during this time.
of Rome and its empire. Now we’ll discover what What about school? Usually only wealthy
it was like to live in Ancient Rome. What did children attended school because it wasn’t free,
people eat? What did ancient Romans do for fun? and girls rarely went to school at all. They learned
Was there ever a period of peace, when war and sewing, cooking and music from their mothers at
conquest weren’t Rome’s main focus? We’ll find home.
out! Since paper was very expensive, Roman students
The Roman Forum was the center of Rome. wrote on a wax board with a writing tool called a
This was also where the Roman government was stylus. This way, they could erase and reuse their
located. Beautiful buildings with huge columns writing tablet. If students learned lessons too slowly,
and archways lined the area. Many statues also their teachers hit them with a leather whip. Poor
decorated the Forum. People came to the Forum to children were lucky if they had parents who could
hear their leaders, attend religious ceremonies and read, write and do math. Their parents might teach
shop at the market. Citizens could hear the latest them basic school lessons at home.
news from traders who set up their goods for sale in Ancient Romans did enjoy periods of peace and
the Roman Forum. prosperity. War and conquest were not the only
When most ancient Romans got hungry, they things that mattered. Romans took the time to make
munched on bread, fruits, fish and salads. Wealthy new discoveries and make contributions to art and
Romans enjoyed eating boiled ostrich, peacock literature. We call this time the Pax Romana.
tongues and roasted parrot. Since the Romans Now, let’s go roaming with the Romans to learn
didn’t have sugar, they used honey as a sweetener. more about how they lived!

Generals, Gladiators and Costly Ruins

In 2008, construction workers near the Via movie, they changed his name to Maximus, and he money. Some citizens think money should be spent
Flaminia of Rome found a tomb that dates back to fights and dies as a gladiator. In real life, Macrinus on schools, roads and government services. What do
the 100s C.E. It belonged to a Roman general named lived and served as an advisor to Marcus Aurelius, you think?
Marcus Nonius Macrinus. Overflowing mud from the the last of the Five Good Emperors.
Tiber River protected the tomb for hundreds of years. Archaeologists have spent years carefully digging
Archaeologists say that this tomb is one of the out as much of Macrinus’ tomb as possible. They
most important finds in more than 20 years. It is have also had to work hard to convince leaders to
full of beautiful marble columns and more than 10 keep that work going. Europe is full of amazing sites,
different inscriptions. The inscriptions tell about but they can be expensive to take care of. It costs a
Macrinus’ life. Filmmakers used his story as the lot to restore, preserve and protect places like this
starting point for the movie “Gladiator.” In the tomb, and not everyone agrees with spending that Macrinus’ tomb was in Rome near the Tiber River.

Macrinus’ tomb was in Rome near the Tiber River.

California State Standards: 6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome.
6.7.1 Identify the location and describe the rise of the Roman Republic, including the importance of such mythical and historical figures as Aeneas, Romulus and
Remus, Cincinnatus, Julius Caesar, and Cicero. 6.7.4 Discuss the influence of Julius Caesar and Augustus in Rome’s transition from republic to empire.
6.7.8 Discuss the legacies of Roman art and architecture, technology and science, literature, language, and law.
 d H istory
Worl

When in Rome
Historians think 1 million people lived in ancient famous Roman bath built in the first century can still be ex post facto law shall be passed” is part of the U.S.
Rome. The city was crowded and noisy. Carts full of found in Bath, England. Constitution.
goods crowded the streets. Beautiful buildings and
public events made Rome an exciting place to live. The Twelve Tables of Roman Law Circus Maximus
Wealthy Roman citizens knew it was their responsibility Ancient Romans wrote a group of laws called the The Circus Maximus was first used in the 6th
to help their city grow. They gave a lot of money to help Twelve Tables. They engraved these laws on metal century B.C.E. for horse racing, and it became one of
build public structures and plan some of the events you tablets and displayed them in the Roman Forum. the most famous examples of Roman culture. In the 1st
will read about. We can be glad they did because we can The Twelve Tables have helped us learn a lot about century, Emperor Trajan rebuilt the track using stone and
still visit and study many of these places today! the lives of ancient Romans. They are a good example expanded the seating. Historians have estimated 250,000
of how politics and society worked in Rome. Some of people attended these exciting, dangerous and extremely
Roman Baths Rome’s laws are pretty different from what we use today. fast horse races. They were kind of like the NASCAR
The ancient Romans loved going to their public For example, the penalty for lying as a witness was to races of their time.
baths, many of which were near the Roman Forum. be thrown off a cliff. It was also illegal for plebeians to Charioteers, often slaves, flew around the track in
Similar to spas today, the Roman baths were a place to marry patricians. Plebeians were ordinary citizens, while chariots made of wicker and leather. They reined two,
get clean and relax. Since no one had invented soap yet, patricians were the rich and powerful. These laws sound four or six horses and raced counter-clockwise around a
Romans cleaned themselves by applying oils to their harsh, but Romans also wrote the “Good and Fair” laws. center platform called a spina. (Sometimes charioteers
bodies then scraping the oil and dirt off with a metal These laws said it was better to leave a crime unpunished even raced with camels, dogs, ostriches or elephants.)
tool called a strigil. Vendors sold food at the baths. than to punish an innocent person. They also said that Racers wrapped the reins around their bodies to keep
Barbers cut hair and people actually tweezed body hair people who were accused of a crime had the right to face from falling off the chariot. They carried knives to cut
(something Romans didn’t like to have) for a small their accusers. the reins if they did fall, so they weren’t dragged to
fee. Some say that you could hear howls from people We base many of our laws on ancient Roman laws. death. If wheels fell off, chariots could collide. It was a
as someone plucked out their underarm hair. The baths One important Roman law was: No ex post facto. This thrilling but dangerous event. A racer’s goal was to circle
provided cold and hot pools, steam rooms and exercise law stated that a person couldn’t be punished for doing the spina seven times to victory. The audience cheered
areas. Even acrobats and jugglers performed at the baths. something wrong before a law against it was passed. for their favorite team—the blues, greens, reds or whites.
At one time, historians estimated there were 900 such For example, say your parent drove their car down the Winning charioteers received prize money.
public baths in ancient Rome. Going to the baths was highway at 65 mph yesterday. Tomorrow, a law goes into Diocles was one of the most famous Roman
a very popular activity, but only for adults. One such effect that states the highway speed limit is now 55. Your charioteers. This champion drove chariots
parent can’t get a ticket for driving 65 yesterday, for 24 3
because it wasn’t against the
law when they did it. “No …

1. Roman bath in Bath, England courtesy Diliff/

Wikipedia 2. The Twelve Tables were mounted on 2
bronze for centuries. 3. Circus Maximus courtesy
Getty Images 4. Diocles 5. Colosseum today
courtesy Bengt Nyman
6. Augustus

1 4

Mount Vesuvius and Pompeii

Mount Vesuvius is the only active volcano on
Europe’s mainland. The volcano is in Italy, near the Bay
of Naples, and stands about 4,000 feet high. Its height
changes with eruptions. For hundreds of years, people
have lived near the slopes of Mount Vesuvius. The
volcanic ash creates very fertile lands for farming.
On Aug. 24, 79 C.E., Mount Vesuvius erupted with a
mighty force. The sky quickly darkened with poisonous
gases and fumes, which killed thousands of residents.
Within several hours, the eruption of mud, ashes,
cinders and stones completely covered the nearby
cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae.
About 1,700 years passed before archaeologists
rediscovered the city of Pompeii. In 1748, scientists
began excavating the forgotten ancient Roman city.
Archaeologists have unearthed roads, buildings with
beautifully painted walls, loaves of bread still in bakery
ovens and the remains of hundreds of people. They
also uncovered a dog tied to its post.
Herculaneum was a seaside resort of beautiful villas.
Scientists found one villa that contained a huge library
and marble statues. They also unearthed a theater.
Today, around 3 million people still live near Mount
Vesuvius.
 Famous
years. He participated in 4,257 races 27 B.C.E. Augustus, born with the name Week 29 of 36 • Page 3
and won 1,462 times. Romans built a Octavian, was the grandnephew of Julius
monument in his honor. Caesar. Caesar later adopted Augustus as

Colosseum
his son. When he came to power, Octavian
changed his name to Augustus, meaning Romans
Workers completed the Roman “majestic one,” and ruled for about 45
Colosseum, which held 50,000 spectators, years until he died in 14 C.E. In contrast, Cincinnatus (519–Unknown B.C.E.)
in 80 C.E. The Colosseum was where Caesar ruled only about five years. Cincinnatus was a Roman statesman and a
men fought other men, animals fought Augustus secured the Roman Empire dictator who gave up his power. A Roman story
other animals, and men fought animals. and built a permanent army of about says Cincinnatus was a farmer when Rome was
Romans also threw Christians into the 150,000 men. He also ordered workers attacked. He was asked to take control of Rome
arena, where they had no chance against rebuild Rome with beautiful buildings. and defeated Rome’s enemies. After the battle
hungry lions. On some occasions, Romans He made sure the poor were fed and made Cincinnatus gave up his power and returned to
flooded the Colosseum with water so the Roman tax system fairer. He placed farming. George Washington is like Cincinnatus
they could have naval battles. Years later, honest people into government office. because of his sense of civic virtue. At the end
people placed crosses at the entrances to Augustus also changed the legal system of the Revolutionary War Washington resigned
honor the Christians who were killed there and set up laws for people in the empire from commanding the Continental Army and
for their beliefs. that weren’t Roman citizens. During the returned home to farm.
Pax Romana, citizenship still did not
Pax Romana mean equality for all, but the concept of Cicero (106–43 B.C.E.)
Historians say from 27 B.C.E. to 180 citizenship advanced, and even women Cicero was a lawyer at the time of Julius
C.E., Rome enjoyed a period of peace gained more rights than during Rome’s Caesar. He was a great speaker and was
and prosperity. They call this period the early republic. For example, women could
important to the rise of the Republic. He
Pax Romana, which is Latin for Roman not hold political office, but they were
defended it with passionate words. Here are
Peace. During these 200 years, Romans able to own property.
some quotes from his speeches. What do you
achieved much in science, literature, art From 96 to 180 C.E., the Five Good
think they mean?
and technology. Historians also call this Emperors—Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian,
• Where there is life, there is hope.
period the Golden Age of Rome. Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius—
Pax Romana began with • He is his own worst enemy.
ruled. Stay tuned ...
Augustus as the first we’ll learn more • Not to know what happened before you were
emperor of Rome about the vast born is to remain forever a child.
and one of its Roman Empire • One does not have to believe everything he
greatest leaders in next week! hears.

Virgil (70–19 B.C.E.)

Virgil was a famous poet. His poems told
of a wonderful life in a time of peace (Pax
Romana). He also wrote of a simple life and
Italy’s beautiful land. Virgil’s most famous
“epic” poem filled 12 books! In the epic
“Aeneid,” the hero Aeneas fled from Troy after
6 the Greeks captured it and traveled to Italy,
where he became the ancestor of the Romans. He wrote of the
adventures of Aeneas and his men as they traveled across the sea to
Rome. Virgil wasn’t happy with this work and asked that people burn
it after he died. Fortunately for the world, no one did!

Hadrian and His Wall (76-138 C.E.)

Historians consider Hadrian one of Rome’s Five Good Emperors.
As emperor, Hadrian decided not to expand the Roman Empire. In
fact, he returned much of the eastern lands the emperor before him
had taken. A famous wall bears Hadrian’s name. While visiting Great
Britain in 122 C.E., Hadrian ordered that workers build it. He wanted
it to be the boundary for the Roman Empire. The wall ran about
74 miles along northern England. It took workers about six years
As you read this week’s lesson, look for to build, and was 8 feet thick. They built many watchtower forts
pronouns. Circle or highlight subjective pronouns on the wall to watch for Picts, their enemies from the North. The
in yellow, possessive pronouns in green and workers built a large, deep ditch, in front and behind the wall. After
objective pronouns in blue. (CC ELA L.6.1)
5 the Roman soldiers left Great Britain in 410 C.E., the wall fell into
disrepair, but much of it still exists.

What spectator
sports happened in Did you know?
the Colosseum? • Roman Emperor Trajan built the first
shopping mall, which had more than 150
Imagine going to the Roman Colosseum and spending the day watching lions
fight bears or tigers fight bulls. Historians have estimated that 90 animals were
sellers.
killed each day at the Colosseum. Spectators at these free “sport and amusement” • People named the month of August after
events munched on food as they sat and watched the fighting. Sand covered the Emperor Augustus.
floor of the Colosseum to soak up all the blood. • More than 140 different emperors ruled
Other events at the Colosseum were even more disturbing. Men called during the 500 years of the Roman Empire.
gladiators fought other men to the death—just for the crowd’s entertainment. • Asparagus was a treat that people kept
Spectators took part in these bloody events from their seats in the stands. If frozen in the Alps for special occasions.
people wanted the winning gladiator to spare the life of the other, they waved • Checkers, chess and tic-tac-toe were popular
white hankies or gave a thumbs up sign. If spectators wanted the winner to kill his games in ancient Rome.
opponent, they gave a thumbs down sign. The winning gladiator looked up at the • Roman women used goat fat and beech wood
audience to see what they wanted him to do.
to dye their hair blond and red.
• Sculptors used drills called trepans for their
art, while surgeons used trepans for brain
surgery. Romans performed brain surgery
to treat headaches, insanity and other
diseases. Amazingly, people survived the
procedure!
• Wealthy Romans often liked to eat flamingo
and peacock.
• An escaped Roman slave named Spartacus
led an army of around 90,000 other
escaped slaves against the Roman
government. Soldiers eventually killed
Spartacus around 71 B.C.E.
Week 30 of 36 • Page 4

Name _______________________

ACROSS
4. ancient land that became known as France
6. Egyptian city filled with culture
8. Rome was not able to defeat this empire.
10. Octavian made an alliance with _______
to help stabilize Rome.

DOWN
1. a large, colorful document mapping Roman
roads
2. a Jewish place of worship
3. these helped Romans get from one place
to another
5. graded
7. the scattering of Jewish people across the
As you read this week’s
world lesson, circle or highlight
9. The ________ Temple was destroyed in all proper nouns with any
70 C.E. color pen or highlighter.
This will help you find
some of the crossword
answers and get ready for
this week’s test.

Design a Table
The Peutinger Table was a rich, detailed and
colorful reproduction, or copy, of the Roman Empire
at its height. Now you have an opportunity to
interpret and design your own reproduction of an
area you are familiar with.

Directions: Using the resources available to you in

the classroom or library, take time to study a copy
of the Peutinger Table. With permission from your
teacher, you may also use the Internet to view it. On
a separate sheet of paper, make a list of features
the cartographer used to design it. What kinds of
symbols did the artist use? Why? What does the
approximate scale appear to be?

Now, locate a map of an area that is familiar to

you. Study the map and make a list of the map’s
features. Then gather the tools necessary to
make a reproduction of the map. Using one or
more sheets of paper to make an enlarged
version of the original, design a map of
your own. If possible, consider using
unusual or unconventional materials like
fabric or cardboard for your project.
When finished, compare your map with a
classmate’s.

1. Describe the relationship the Jewish people had with the

Romans. How did it change over time? Think about some of the factors that contributed
2. How did historians learn about Roman roads? to the growth and success of the Roman Empire.
3. How was the northernmost border of the Roman Empire Was one person or strategy more important than
marked? another? Who or what was it? Write a paragraph
4. How did Egypt become a part of the Roman Empire? to describe one or more factors you believe
5. Describe how diversity turned out to be a good thing for the contributed to the growth and success of the Roman
Roman Empire. Empire. Be sure to include details to support your
answer. Remember to check your writing for correct
If you’d like to make any editorial comments about our paper, spelling, punctuation and grammar.
please write to us at [email protected].
 WEEK 30 The Roman
Empire

All Roads Lead to Rome

If you’ve ever been to a transportation around the fourth century B.C.E. The Romans use and heavy loads. The first layer was gravel,
museum, you may have seen a timeline or took a giant step by building a huge network followed by crushed limestone. The road was
a series of pictures that tell the history of of roads. These roads connected the Roman then paved using neatly ordered blocks of lava
transportation. These museums can be a great Empire to the rest of the known world. The first rock or iron ore. Builders took the time to make
place to see everything from the earliest carts major road was completed in 312 B.C.E. It was sure the roads were graded, or carefully leveled.
and wheelbarrows to today’s fastest trains and a supply route between the Republic of Rome They even built drainage ditches to protect
airplanes. Every generation seems to leave a and the city of Capua, and it was called the against erosion during rainy seasons. Each side
mark on how people move around. Appian Way. The road’s length and the beautiful of the road also had a path for people who were
Remember the ancient Sumerians who lived construction earned it the nickname “the queen traveling on foot.
near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers? These of roads.” Roman roads crisscrossed the continent and
clever people changed transportation forever Historians estimate that the Romans built were an important part of the empire’s success.
when they invented the wheel around 3000 over 55,000 miles of roads over the next Have you ever heard the saying, “All roads
B.C.E. They attached wheels to carts that people several centuries. Every time the Roman army lead to Rome”? During the Roman Empire,
or animals could pull. The next step was to conquered a new region, Roman surveyors, this statement was mostly true! As Rome grew,
build wagons and chariots that people engineers and builders soon arrived. They the roads they built made it possible to keep
could ride in. These new tools used the best supplies from local areas track of new lands and how they developed.
changed the lives of everyone to build roads that connected the new Traders and soldiers could travel quickly and
from farmers and traders to land to the capital city of Rome. safely. Messengers could travel faster, which
generals and emperors. Many of these roads were even helped government leaders communicate. Some
Another major change paved. Roman roads were built of these roads are still used today by bikers,
in transportation happened in layers to accommodate high sightseers and even cars!

Next Stop: Mars

Humans have explored and made maps of almost Mars One is a private, non-profit company that the positions!
every part of the Earth. We have filled transportation is working with financial sponsors, scientists and Once the astronauts have landed, they will settle
museums with everything from wheels to space adventurists to organize a human mission to Mars. in housing units and get used to life in a new place.
shuttles and stations that orbit our world. What’s Their goal is to launch an unmanned spacecraft in That sounds a lot like what other explorers and
next? Some people think it should be the Red Planet— 2020 and then launch another one that they hope pioneers did long ago! The Mars astronauts will study
Mars. Satellites have taken pictures and mapped parts will carry four astronauts to live on Mars by 2027. the environment and get their habitat ready for more
of the surface. NASA has landed equipment on Mars It is a seven- or eight-month journey to Mars, and people to arrive. Keep an eye out for Mars news from
to search for signs of life. While NASA is currently it is a one-way trip. It is not yet known how the NASA, Mars One and other adventurous explorers.
planning for future unmanned machine landings on astronauts could safely return to Earth. Even with Would you like to be one of the first humans on the
Mars, another company wants to send people there. this knowledge, over 200,000 people applied for Red Planet?

California State Standards: 6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome.
6.7.1 Identify the location and describe the rise of the Roman Republic, including the importance of such mythical and historical figures as Aeneas, Romulus and
Remus, Cincinnatus, Julius Caesar, and Cicero. 6.7.3 Identify the location of and the political and geographic reasons for the growth of Roman territories and
expansion of the empire, including how the empire fostered economic growth through the use of currency and trade routes. 6.7.4 Discuss the influence of Julius
Caesar and Augustus in Rome’s transition from republic to empire. 6.7.5 Trace the migration of Jews around the Mediterranean region and the effects of their
conflict with the Romans, including the Romans’ restrictions on their right to live in Jerusalem.
 d H istory
Worl

Julius Caesar, Augustus conquered by Roman soldiers, but his rule did not last
long. Many members of Rome’s senate feared he had
and Marc Antony too much control. Others were jealous and wanted
Julius Caesar won the civil war for control of Caesar out of power. A group of Caesar’s advisors
the Roman Empire in 46 B.C.E. Government leaders assassinated him in 44 B.C.E. He was replaced by his
wanted to give Rome a time of peace, so they made grandnephew and adopted son, Octavian.
a decision that changed the course of history. They Octavian tried to stabilize Rome and keep control
named Caesar dictator for life. This brought an end of its growing land, wealth and population. He
to the republic, but did the Romans give up their made an alliance with a powerful leader and general
freedom for order and peace? Let’s read on to find named Marc Antony. The two men worked together
out. to fight off opponents around the Mediterranean
Julius Caesar did improve the quality of life Sea. They won these wars and divided up the land
for both Roman citizens and people who had been they conquered. Octavian took control of Rome,
while Marc Antony joined Cleopatra in Egypt. Their
friendship was uneasy. Octavian was worried that
Marc Antony would betray him, so he attacked Egypt.
He destroyed most of Cleopatra’s fleet at the Battle
of Actium in 31 B.C.E. The victory meant that Egypt
became a part of Rome and that Octavian became a
Roman hero. His name was changed to Augustus to
honor him. He also became Rome’s first emperor.
Augustus had learned from watching the fall of
Julius Caesar. He pretended to listen and agree with
advisors from the senate but eventually became an
absolute ruler. Augustus ruled for about 45 years.
During that time, the empire grew in stature and
diversity. The city of Alexandria was the biggest prize

The Peutinger Table

How do historians know about The Peutinger Table is a carefully
the Roman Empire’s network of drawn, colorful map of the Roman
roads? Many of these roads still Empire. It shows the location of
exist and are in use today! Others cities, forests, landmarks, bridges,
have been buried and rediscovered tunnels, inns and thousands of
by archaeologists. We have also place names. It also marks all of
learned a lot about these roads from the major Roman roads and shows
an important and impressive artifact how far apart many of the major
known as the Peutinger Table. The cities were. The map was drawn
Peutinger Table was made in the on several pieces of parchment
13th century. It was drawn as a copy that have a combined length
of an older Roman map that experts of about 22 feet. Historians
think was made around the fourth have found it to be invaluable
century. The artifact is named after as they study the Roman
a German citizen named Konrad system of transit. It’s
Peutinger. He inherited the map from not hard to imagine how
a friend who managed the library for valuable it was to those
the Austrian emperor, Maximilian. living at the time!
 Week 30 of 36 • Page 3

of the victory in Egypt. It became one of the richest

and most powerful trading centers in the world.
The Unity and Diversity a diverse empire than included Europe, Greece,
Anatolia, Syria and North Africa.
The countries that Augustus and future emperors of an Empire Athens still had a reputation for excellence,
conquered were more than a collection of land and At the height of the Empire, the city of Rome was which it deserved thanks to its educational centers
cities. The people were given Roman citizenship and, the center of a huge web of trade routes. The entire and rich culture. Provinces in Gaul, the land that
more importantly, Roman protection. Thanks to the Roman Empire used the same currency, which made later became France, developed close ties to Rome.
trade network that was built using the Roman roads trading easy. Resources were brought in from every Gallic people were happy to serve as Roman
and the use of a common currency, Rome’s economy direction. Plantations in Egypt used slave labor to officials, magistrates and senators. The Empire
exploded. Let’s take a closer look at Rome’s world grow enough grain to feed Roman cities. Alexandria expanded north to the island of Britain. Britain is
marketplace. was a cultural center. Roman roads connected where an emperor named Hadrian built a wall to
mark the northern boundary of the
Empire. Roman-style towns were
built that included baths, forums and
amphitheaters. Emperor Claudius
added the kingdom of Mauritania to the
Empire, which made Rome even richer.
Another African city known as Carthage
added still more to Rome’s wealth.
Animals from Africa’s wilderness were
taken to Rome for use in circuses. Rome
used everything that was interesting or
valuable.
Rome also used trade routes on the
ocean to connect with eastern Asia.
Wealthy Romans soon wore jewels from
India and clothes made from Chinese
silk. The Roman and Han Empires
became connected by trade while the
Persians and Central Asian people acted
as go-betweens.
Roman leaders used their powerful
army, and the offer to protect anyone
who became a citizen of the wealthy
Empire, to conquer most of the desirable
land around them. To the north was
a cold land of forests and barbarians.
Deserts lay to the south and southeast.
The ocean was to the west. The Persian
Empire was to the east, but the Romans
were not able to expand that way with
success. They could not defeat the
Persians. Skirmishes, or small fights,
continued between the borders, but the
two groups still traded goods and shared
religious ideas.

Jewish Migration in the

Mediterranean Region
A diaspora is a scattering of people. It is an event that in 70 C.E. by Roman forces as they were crushing a Jewish
has happened to the Jewish people at different times rebellion.
throughout history. The 12 tribes of Israel began their After the loss of the Second Temple, the Jewish population
migration after they were promised homelands of their own. and traditions slowly recovered, but life would not be the
They moved again when Moses led their exodus from Egypt. same. Roman governors placed tight restrictions on the rights
These were not the only times the Jews dispersed and moved of Jews to live and worship in Jerusalem. Only the Western
to new homes. Sometimes they left by choice, such as the Wall of the temple remained. The rest of the temple would
escape from Egypt. Other times, they were forced to leave or not be rebuilt. Jews worshipped at smaller, local temples.
to live under hostile rulers. They were forced to pay taxes to Rome instead of supporting
Jews were sometimes taken captive, as different empires their synagogues, or places of worship.
took control of the territory around Mesopotamia and the
Mediterranean Sea. Some emperors, like Cyrus the Great, Romans looting Jerusalem
granted their release, but they were not always this lucky.
Whenever possible, the Jewish people migrated back to
Jerusalem, where King Solomon had constructed the First
Temple.
Jews had lived peacefully with the Romans and in the
capital city of Rome since the second century B.C.E. Julius
Caesar and Augustus both supported Jewish people’s right
to worship in temples. They also allowed Jewish leaders to
collect their own taxes to maintain the temples. However,
when people living together practice different religions,
tensions can grow. The peaceful relationship between the
Jews and Romans eventually fell apart. The First Temple in
Jerusalem was the spiritual center of Judaism. It had been
destroyed and rebuilt. The Second Temple was destroyed
Week 31 of 36 • Page 4

Name _______________________

ACROSS
2. smallest country in the world
5. Greek word for savior or
messiah
7. stories used by Jesus to teach
lessons
8. name taken by Saul after his
conversion to Christianity
9. letters written by Paul

DOWN
1. paper made from animal skins
like cows and sheep
3. ancient Roman form of
execution on a cross
4. famous sculpture of a dying
Jesus in the lap of his mother,
Mary
6. snack food with a history in
As you read this week’s lesson, circle or the Christian faith
highlight all proper nouns with any color pen or 8. the head of the Catholic
highlighter. This will help you find some of the
crossword answers and get ready for this week’s
Church
test.

Design a Pysanky
On Easter, Christians celebrate the resurrection of Jesus, which is one of the foundational beliefs of Christianity.
Those who believe that Jesus of Nazareth was the son of God also believe that he rose from the dead to eternal life,
or was resurrected. The holiday is in the spring, when the natural world renews itself for another year. Eggs have
represented new life for centuries. Coloring eggs at Easter time dates back to ancient times, too. Some of the most
beautiful colored eggs are those of the Ukrainian people. They call their eggs Pysanky (also spelled Pysanka or Pysanki).
This word means “to write.” The different colors represent different things:
White: purity Blue: good health Pink: success
Yellow: light and youth Green: new hope and growth Brown: happiness
Orange: strength and endurance Red: happiness and love
Black: eternity Violet: power
With permission, use the Internet to research Pysanky symbols. Use the list above and the symbols you find to draw
your own Pysanky in the box below.

1. How was Saul’s

eyesight
Imagine you are a monk
restored?
working in a scriptorium.
2. What is the
What is it like sitting all day origin of the
at your desk and copying a word Christ?
book by hand? What do you think about? What do you 3. How did some of the early monks spend their days?
hear going on outside the scriptorium? What message 4. Why did early Christians bury their dead in catacombs?
will you leave behind for the person who will read your 5. How did the Catholic Church get to be so wealthy?
copied manuscript? Remember to check your writing for
proper spelling, grammar and punctuation.
If you’d like to make any editorial comments about our paper,
please write to us at [email protected].
 WEEK 31 The Rise of
Christianity

The Origins of Christianity

When you think of Christian symbols or holidays, what comes often formed around him. The Roman leaders labeled Jesus a
to mind? Did you know early Christians kept education alive troublemaker. They arrested him and ordered him to be killed.
during the Middle Ages? Did you know pretzels have a Christian In ancient Rome, the method for putting someone to death was
history? crucifixion. People found guilty were nailed to large wooden
We’ve already studied the Jewish people. They believed in one crosses and left outside to die. Jesus was crucified, and just before
God. Those who were polytheistic and believed in many Gods, he died he said, “Father, forgive them, for they know not what
persecuted Jewish people for their beliefs. In such difficult times, they do.” The Bible tells the story of Jesus appearing to some of
Jewish people hoped that someone would help them—a messiah. his followers, alive and well, several days after he was buried.
Christianity had its origins in those Jewish Messianic prophecies, For many, this was proof that Jesus was indeed the long-awaited
which were foretold in the Old Testament. Messiah.
It was around 30 C.E. when a young Jewish man named Jesus Twelve of Jesus’s closest followers were called his disciples or
of Nazareth began to gain a following. We don’t know much about apostles. After his death, the disciples continued to spread
Jesus’ childhood. What we do know about his life and lessons are his teachings. They
described in the New Testament. As a young adult, Jesus was a taught that
carpenter. He soon began his religious teachings, talking about Jesus was the
God, his Heavenly Father. He liked to teach with stories called son of God and
parables. he came to Earth
Jesus taught that people needed to believe in God and ask to save people
forgiveness for their wrongdoings. He stressed the need to love from their sins.
God and to love all people too. Jesus said, “Love your neighbor as The name Christ
yourself,” which is also part of other religious teachings. Christians comes from
believe he performed several miracles, including calming a storm the Greek word
at sea, giving sight to a blind man and even raising a man from the Christos, meaning
dead. Some people wondered if Jesus was the Messiah for whom anointed or
the Jews were waiting. Others rejected this thought. messiah. Followers
Roman leaders became angry when they heard Jesus talk about of Jesus are called Christians, and the
the kingdom of heaven. Was this young man trying to conquer religion based on Jesus’ teachings is
them, they wondered. Jesus was popular and cheering crowds known as Christianity.

Tradition says that

pretzels were made to
look like a person’s arms
crossed in prayer.

The ‘Irish Saint’ Who Wasn’t Really Irish – or a Saint!

People parade in New York City and turn the Christian. After six years he escaped and went back Historians think he died on March 17 about 460 C.E.
rivers green in Chicago every year on St. Patrick’s to Britain. But he had a dream in which an Irish villagers mourned his death every year
Day. A saint is a person who receives a special angel told him to go back to Ireland as a on that day.
holy status from the Catholic Church after it’s been missionary. A missionary is a person who The Irish people have always been great
proved that the person could perform miracles. But does religious work in other countries. storytellers. These stories often became more
did you know that Patrick wasn’t even Irish? And he After Patrick became a priest, he did just exaggerated over the years. The story
was never made a saint by the Church, though he was that. Many Irish at that time practiced a of St. Patrick chasing the snakes out of
very influential and beloved. nature-based religion, so it is believed that Ireland is one of these exaggerated stories.
Patrick was born in Britain to wealthy parents. Patrick used some of their symbols to teach St Patrick’s Day started out as a religious
When he was 16, Irish pirates attacked his home and them about Christianity. For example, they holiday, but today he is remembered all over
took him prisoner. They took him to Ireland and held worshiped the sun. So he put the sun on our nation with parties and parades. Does
him captive. He worked as a shepherd and became a a cross. This is where the Celtic cross comes from. your community celebrate St. Patrick’s Day?

California State Standards: 6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome. 6.7.6 Note the origins of Christianity in
the Jewish Messianic prophecies, the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as described in the New Testament, and the contribution of St. Paul the Apostle to the definition and spread of Christian
beliefs (e.g., belief in the Trinity, resurrection, salvation). 6.7.7 Describe the circumstances that led to the spread of Christianity in Europe and other Roman territories. 6.7.8 Discuss the legacies of
Roman art and architecture, technology and science, literature, language, and law.
 d H istory
Worl

Both Christianity and the Jewish faith

believe the Old Testament writings of the
Catholic Church the few people able to read and write, so they
copied books daily. Imagine if you had to copy
Eventually, the Catholic Church (the first
Bible, while only Christians follow the New this entire newspaper to give to a friend! Monks
Christian church) became very powerful,
Testament. The main difference between the worked all day in a place called a scriptorium
especially in western Europe. It had a hierarchy
two faiths has to do with Jesus of Nazareth. The hunched over a desk copying books page by
of religious leaders, with the pope as its head.
Jews believe that although Jesus was a strong page. They didn’t even have paper as we have
The church made laws for people to follow.
religious leader, he was not the Messiah sent it today. Instead, they wrote on parchment
It controlled the courts and even taxed, or
by God. Christians believe Jesus was the son or vellum (skins of animals). People usually
tithed, the people, just like a government. A
of God sent to Earth for the salvation of those made parchment from sheep or cow skin.
tithe equaled one tenth of a person’s income.
who believe in him. They believe he died for They made vellum from the skins of young
In fact, the church had more power than
their sins and was resurrected, or raised, from calves. Monks called their handwritten books
kings did for a long time. If a king didn’t do
the dead. When he did, he became their savior. “manuscripts,” from the Latin words, manus
what the church asked of him, church leaders
Christians also believe that as the son of God, (hand) and scriptum (writing). One of the most
excommunicated him, or kicked him out of the
Jesus took his place in the trinity, or three copied books in monasteries was the Bible.
church permanently.
beings of God: the Father, Son and Holy Ghost. How do you think reproducing Bibles helped
Holy Trinity The church used money it collected to
Christians and Jews have different points of Christianity last through time?
build beautiful places of worship. Christians
view on the historical life of Jesus. Since parchment and paper were rare,
also built monuments to God. We call these
As the Roman Empire spread across the monks usually didn’t leave spaces between
huge buildings cathedrals. Two very famous
world, so did Jesus’ teachings and the new their words or use capitals. Imagine reading
cathedrals are Notre Dame in Paris, France,
religion called Christianity. However, Christians this newspaper without any spaces or capital
and Westminster Abbey in London, England.
lived a difficult life. Christians refused to letters. It would be difficult, don’t you think?
Church members often persecuted non-
acknowledge Roman emperors as Gods and To find some enjoyment in an otherwise boring
Christians who did not join the church. One
refused to serve in the Roman army. Roman task, monks often decorated the very first page
group that wanted to keep their own faith was
leaders persecuted Christians. Often, Christians with a fancy letter that they colored in with red,
the Jews. Often Christians removed Jews from
were killed green or blue ink. They called them illuminated
towns and killed them for their different beliefs.
Jesus has been depicted in front of letters. Sometimes the monks also decorated

Monks and
in art for centuries. cheering book margins with leaves, animals, angels and
spectators at vines. Monks also occasionally left notes to
Manuscripts
“Baptism of Christ” by Almeida Júnior (1895)

the Colosseum. those who read the book they copied. One such
The Roman example was, “He who does not know how to
Monks, men who dedicate their lives to
Emperor write imagines that it is no labor; but though
God, contributed much to society beginning
Constantine only three fingers hold the pen, the whole body
in the 300s when monasteries were
made grows weary.”
formed. Before anyone invented
Christianity
the printing press, the only
legal in 313
way someone could reproduce
C.E., ending
a book was to copy the
nearly three
entire book by hand.
centuries of
Monks were some of
persecution.

Westminster Notre Dame Tithe Table Persecution of Jews

Abbey

Vatican City
Did you know that inside the city of National Mall in Washington, D.C. Vatican City to see the famous St.
Rome is a country? In fact, Vatican City Vatican City, also called the Holy Peter’s Basilica, the largest church in
is the smallest country in the entire See, is the center of the Catholic the world. A basilica is a Catholic church
world. Found on the west bank of the Church, and it has a population of where special ceremonies are held.
Tiber River, it covers around 100 acres about approximately 1,000. As with The head of both Vatican City and the
or 0.16 square miles. Perhaps you know other countries, Vatican City citizens Catholic Church is the pope. Historians
someone with a farm or ranch larger have their own money system, have dated Vatican City back to the 5th
than this country! Another way to think postage stamps and flag. It also has a century, when Christians built St. Peter’s
about its relative size is to compare it newspaper, radio station and television Basilica. Vatican City officially became
to a familiar landmark. For example, station to communicate with Christians an independent country in 1929.
Vatican City is even smaller than the all over the world. People come to

Piazza San Pedro

(or St. Peter’s Square)
Helping Others Week 31 of 36 • Page 3

St. Paul
Nuns, women who dedicate their lives to
God, also contributed to the larger society. In
those days, if you got very sick, sometimes Top to bottom:
your own family could not care for you. The Catacombs of
nuns cared for the sick at the convents, the Paris, St. Patrick,
nuns’ home. Religious orders built some early nun and monk One person did more in his lifetime than anyone else to
hospitals. Both nuns and monks also taught help spread the beliefs of Christianity. He was originally
school during a time when few could read or an outspoken critic of Jesus and his teachings. The man’s
write. Religious people aided the poor and name was Saul of Tarsus. Tarsus was a city in Asia Minor,
spread Christianity as missionaries. A priest
which is present-day Turkey. He was Jewish and was
named Patrick was a famous missionary. He
named after the first king of the Jews, Saul.
lived from about 390 to 460 C.E. and brought
Christianity to Ireland. People still honor him Saul of Tarsus was upset by those who followed Jesus’
every year in March on St. Patrick’s Day. teaching. He was very angry when Christians built a church
in the holy city of Jerusalem. He made it his mission to
Catacombs arrest Christians and punish them harshly for their beliefs.
The ancient Romans who believed in He wanted to stop the spread of this new religion.
Gods and Goddesses cremated, or burned, Once, while on his way to the city of Damascus, which
their dead. Christians, on the other hand, is the capital of Syria, Saul had a vision. A bright light
believed a person needed the body for the flashed upon him. He heard a voice ask, “Why are you
soul to be resurrected in heaven. They also doing things against me?” When Saul asked who was
feared that non-Christians would destroy the speaking to him, the voice answered that he was Jesus.
dead bodies of Christians out of disrespect. “I am the One you are trying to hurt.” When the light
For these reasons, early Christians buried their
faded, so did Saul’s sight. The brightness had left
dead in dark underground burial chambers
outside the city of Rome. They called these Saul blind. Those who were with Saul helped bring
places catacombs. Archaeologists have found him to Damascus. Three days later, a follower
at least six such burial chambers along one of of Jesus named Ananias came to Saul and
the oldest roads in Rome—the Appian Way. placed his hands upon Saul’s eyes. Saul’s
The catacombs date back to about 100 C.E. sight returned, and he then converted to
Christians cut spaces into the underground Christianity. He also took a new name, Paul.
rock along both sides of winding passages. He went on to spread Jesus’ teachings. Paul
They laid dead bodies to rest in the spaces. wrote a number of letters known as epistles.
When the Romans adopted Christianity and
The epistles became books of the New
stopped persecuting Christians, they moved
the remains of the dead in the catacombs to
Testament.
above-ground cemeteries. For more than 30 years, Paul traveled
to Greece, Asia Minor, Cyprus and Rome.
Wherever he traveled, Paul spread
the teaching of Jesus, even though
he had never met him. Historians
think Paul was killed around 65
C.E. by the Roman Emperor Nero,
who arrested Christians and put them
to death.

‘The Pieta’
Italian artist Michelangelo was the sash of the Virgin Mary, wrote
around 25 years old when he created “MICHAEL ANGELUS BONAROTUS
one of his most famous works of FLORENT FACIEBAT” (Michelangelo
art for Jean Bilhères de Lagraulas. Buonarroti of Florence Created This).
Michelangelo took two years to Later, embarrassed by his actions,
create “The Pieta,” a sculpture that Michelangelo said he would never
shows Mary holding a dying Jesus in again sign his works of art.
her lap. It was placed in St. Peter’s In 1972, a vandal with a hammer
Basilica in Rome when Michelangelo damaged the statue. He broke off
completed it. “The Pieta” stands 69 an arm, knocked out part of Mary’s
inches high, and its name is Italian nose and chipped part of her eyelids.
for pity or compassion. Artists restored “The Pieta,” which
When people came to see the is now behind bulletproof acrylic
unveiling of “The Pieta,” Michelangelo glass in St. Peter’s Basilica. If you
enjoyed standing among the crowd cannot get to Vatican City, you
listening to their comments. That is, can see pictures of “The Pieta”
until he heard someone else claim in art books or on the Internet.
to be the sculptor of the beautiful Michaelangelo lived in Rome
statue! Why? Well, Michelangelo had from 1496 to 1501, and he left
not signed his name on the sculpture. a major legacy in the city’s art
That night, Michelangelo went into and architecture.
the church with a chisel and, across
Week 32 of 36 • Page 4

Name _______________________

ACROSS
1. Constantinople
4. an important strait
6. “rule of four” government
7. _______ of 1054
8. Roman Empire’s eastern border
9. patriarch in Rome
10. Germanic tribe

DOWN
2. title for a major emperor
3. more than one god
5. The ______ church was based in the
Eastern Empire.

As you read this week’s lesson, circle or highlight all

proper nouns with any color pen or highlighter. This
will help you find some of the crossword answers
and get ready for this week’s test.

Mapping Two Empires

The Roman Empire was a vast superpower for centuries. shows the division between the Eastern and Western
It eventually split into two parts that were ruled from Roman Empires. It also labels the ancient cities of the
capitals in Rome and Constantinople. The map provided Empire, as they were known during Roman rule.

Directions
Using the map shown, along with Massilia __________________________ Hispalis ___________________________
resources from your school’s library
or media center, locate the listed Salonae ___________________________ Nemausus _________________________
ancient cities on a modern map. Where
possible, write the modern name Ravenna __________________________ Ancyra ___________________________
of the city and current country on
the line provided next to its ancient Conimbra _________________________ Syracuse _________________________
spelling. In some cases, the place
name may be the same or simply have Cyrene ___________________________ Barcino ___________________________
a slightly different spelling. In other
situations, the ancient city may no
longer exist, or it may lay in ruins. If
so, note that information as well.
Check your answers online or with a
classmate.

Can you
imagine what
might happen
to the United
States if we split our government
and territory in half like Diocletian
did? How would you split it? What
do you think would happen to our
country’s future? Write a paragraph
or two about how you would make
the decision and what you think
the outcome would be. Be sure to
proofread and edit your paper to
meet your teacher’s expectations for
spelling, punctuation, capitalization
and usage.

1. How did Diocletian change the Roman government? 4. Why do some historians believe the spread of Christianity
2. How did Roman citizens define barbarians? contributed to the downfall of the Roman Empire?
3. Why was there a shortage of workers in the Roman 5. Why was the city of Constantinople in a good strategic
Empire? position?
 WEEK 32 Byzantine
Empire

An Empire in Peril
At the height of its wealth and territorial occupation, most He formed a new type of government called a tetrarchy, which
people didn’t think the Roman Empire would ever stumble means “rule of four.” Two major emperors named Constantius
or fall from power. Many people thought it was the greatest and Galerius were appointed to rule the eastern and western
civilization in history. For 12 centuries, Romans excelled halves. They were both given the title Augustus. Each emperor
at agriculture, art, architecture, literature, law, philosophy, would then choose a junior ruler to help govern their territory.
engineering, martial arts and war. The Romans were even good The junior rulers would inherit the position of Augustus when
at having fun. They enjoyed great theaters and colosseums. Constantius and Galerius died. One half became known as the
They employed master chefs and winemakers. How could the Western Roman Empire and was led from Rome. The other half
world’s most powerful empire tumble into ruin? It’s a good was known as the Eastern Roman Empire and was led from
question. People living at the time may not have seen it coming, Byzantium. The tetrarchy did appear to ease some of the stress
but historians have spent hundreds of years since then trying to for a while, but it was not enough to save the Empire as a whole.
understand why the Roman Empire fell. They may not always By the time Diocletian split up the central government and
agree, but after sorting through all the information and evidence formed a tetrarchy, the Roman Empire and its structure had
available, most have come to the conclusion that there were not only grown, it had also aged. Roman roads were worn by
many important contributing factors. They also agree that it did weather and use. Roman armies needed new equipment and
not happen overnight. more soldiers to replace those who were killed while defending
As the Roman Empire grew, its rulers faced more the Empire from attacks. As Roman conquests came to an end,
complications and problems. Even with its armies, financial gains made from taking neighboring treasures stopped.
communication and vast network of roads, governing such a The Roman Empire also lost the slave labor that came from
large territory and fighting off invaders got harder and harder. conquered countries. Emperors faced a crisis. There were not
By 285 C.E., the Empire extended north to the wall built by enough workers and resources to take care of the Empire’s huge
the emperor Hadrian in England and south to the northern parts territory. Taxes were not enough to make up the difference in the
of Africa. To the west, it stretched across France and Spain budget, which forced the government to make tough choices.
to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. To the east, The well-trained, well-paid army started recruiting
the Empire ended near the Euphrates River undisciplined troops from other countries. The new soldiers did
in the Middle East. All of that land not always share the kind of loyalty that was needed to defend
proved to be too much for one central an empire from attacks. The Roman foundation was cracking.
government to handle. One half would crumble quickly, while the other would thrive
Late in the third century, a Roman for another 1,000 years. Can you guess which one survived?
emperor named Diocletian decided Turn the page to learn more!
to make things easier to manage.

photo courtesy
Shinjrod

photo courtesy shakko

photo courtesy G.dallorto

California State Standards: 7.1 Students analyze the causes and effects of the vast expansion and ultimate disintegration of the Roman Empire. 7.1.1 Study the early strengths and lasting
contributions of Rome (e.g., significance of Roman citizenship; rights under Roman law; Roman art, architecture, engineering, and philosophy; preservation and transmission of Christianity) and
its ultimate internal weaknesses (e.g., rise of autonomous military powers within the empire, undermining of citizenship by the growth of corruption and slavery, lack of education, and distribution
of news). 7.1.2 Discuss the geographic borders of the empire at its height and the factors that threatened its territorial cohesion. 7.1.3 Describe the establishment by Constantine of the new capital
in Constantinople and the development of the Byzantine Empire, with an emphasis on the consequences of the development of two distinct European civilizations, Eastern Orthodox and Roman
Catholic, and their two distinct views on church-state relations.
 d H istory
Worl

Two Empires The Western Roman Empire

Until the Roman Empire was separated, it had The early Roman religion was polytheistic.
done the remarkable and unique job of putting Citizens were free to worship more than one god, and
together a diverse group of communities. While they gave emperors divine status. But the new faith
citizens respected many of their differences and of Christianity was spreading, and many historians
lived together in peace, they also shared a great believe it contributed to the overall decline of the
deal. Roman citizens spoke the same language, Empire. Christianity was legalized in 313 C.E.
used the same currency, or money, and had and was embraced by Theodosius I, the emperor
the protection of the world’s most powerful who ruled from 379 to 395. Theodosius had such a
army. When Diocletian established the two strong Christian faith that he reduced his own divine
governments in the eastern and western halves status. He helped spread Christianity throughout the
of the Roman Empire, he actually created two Empire until it became the Roman state religion in
smaller empires. They developed two very 380. Church leaders were given a bigger role in the
distinct European civilizations. They had decision-making and daily affairs of the state. It’s no
surprise that the Western Roman Empire eventually
different religions and different views
became known as the Holy Roman Empire.
on the relationship between the church
While the spread of Christianity may have
and the state, or government. One
changed the political landscape in the Western
eventually crumbled in 476 C.E., Empire, Roman armies spent centuries focused
while the other thrived for on defeating rivals and extending its wealth and
another millennium. power. They were also responsible for defending
and protecting the Empire. The Roman armies were
constantly beating back attacks from Germanic tribes
called Vandals and Visigoths. The Rhine River was
Theodosius I by Manuel
Parada López de Corselas
a natural boundary, but something unusual happened
in the winter of 406 C.E..
The river froze, creating a
solid path of ice for the tribal
troops. Marching through the
weakened defenses and across
the Pyrenees Mountains,
the Visigoth king, Alaric,
successfully conquered the city
of Rome in 410. The Romans
didn’t think about the river
freezing and weren’t prepared.
Overlooking the river changed
the course of history. The
Visigoths continued on to

Barbarians at the Border

The term barbarian is not new, and it is not usually Indians, Celts, Germans, Phoenicians, Etruscans,
meant as a compliment. For centuries, people have used Macedonians, Carthaginians, Vikings and Goths. Later,
it as a way to describe or judge Romans used the term to describe
someone different. Those who use all foreign, non-Roman people. It
the term often do not personally was used to describe the tribes or
know the people they are nations they wished to conquer,
describing. They usually assume along with those they hoped to
the people they’re describing defend against. As it turned out,
are uncivilized, vulgar, evil or they sometimes had good reason
somehow just not as valuable. to be worried. When groups of so-
Where does the word come from? called barbarians united and took
Who were the first to use the up arms against the Romans, the
term, and whom were they talking groups were a powerful force and
about? eventually contributed to the fall
The word barbarian comes from of the Roman Empire.
the Greek root word barbarous, Today, people often use
which means babbler. The the word barbarian to refer to
Greeks were the first to use the someone who has uncivilized
term, and they used it to refer behavior or who behaves in a
to anyone who could not speak cruel or inhumane way. When
or understand their language. At the time, that was a used carefully and knowledgeably, it can be a powerful
pretty large group of people. Ancient Greeks may have descriptor. When used carelessly, the word is only
used the term barbarian to refer to Egyptians, Persians, hurtful and can be harmful to relationships.
 Week 32 of 36 • Page 3

Spain and spent the next several decades five patriarchs were assigned to
crisscrossing the Empire, taking control of lead the church within the
cities and villages in England and North Empire. They lived in
Africa along the way. By 476, there were the cities of Rome,
no defenses remaining to support a Roman Antioch, Jerusalem,
ruler. A Germanic leader named Odoacer Constantinople
overthrew the last western Roman emperor, and Alexandria. At
Romulus Augustus. an organizational
council meeting that
The Eastern Roman Empire took place in the
While the Western Roman Empire city of Chalcedon
struggled with a weak army, attacks by in 451 C.E., leaders
rivals and a new religion that embraced a gave Constantinople another powerful
single deity, the Eastern Roman Empire distinction. The group declared that
flourished. It shifted the focus and power the patriarch in Constantinople
to the Greek-speaking territory in the would answer only to the patriarch
Mediterranean region. The original in Rome, the pope. The two posts
governing city of the Eastern Empire was represented the Christian church
Byzantium, a small city that sat on both for several centuries until they
sides of the strait of Bosporus. The city’s were separated after an event called
location was along the only route that the Schism of 1054. A schism is
connected the Black and Mediterranean a division between groups that is
seas. This gave the Empire a strategic based on opinions or beliefs. The
position between Europe and Asia. In Schism of 1054 happened when a
330 C.E., Emperor Constantine I made meeting of theological minds led
Byzantium his home and declared it the to a disagreement that permanently
“new Rome.” The city was renamed separated the eastern and western
Constantinople. Its residents identified churches. While the pope would lead
themselves firmly with the Roman the Western Christian Church, it took
Empire from 330 to 1453.The collapse of a lot of its theology from Roman law.
Rome brought the end of the tetrarchy. Long after the fall of the Western Empire,
Constantine went back to a hereditary this group became known as the Holy
dynasty. Roman emperors succeeded each Roman Catholic Church.The patriarch of
other in the new capital for another 1,000 Constantinople led the Eastern Christian
years. Historians began to refer to this part Church, and its theology grew out of Greek
of the Roman Empire as Byzantium or the philosophy. It was followed largely by
Byzantine Empire. Greek-speaking cultures and became known
Like Theodosius, Constantine I embraced as the Eastern Orthodox Church. When
Christianity and approved it as the official Constantinople and the last of the Roman
religion for the Empire. More importantly, Empire finally fell at the hands of the
many people believed Byzantium was the Ottoman Empire in the 1400s, the Eastern
first empire given its authority by the church Orthodox Church lived on.
itself. In an attempt to organize the religion,

The Strait of Bosporus

The Bosporus (also spelled European side to defend the city
Bosphorus) is a strait in present- of Constantinople from invaders.
day Turkey. It is a relatively small Today, the city is known as Istanbul.
physical feature in the region, but it The Bosporus continued to attract
is very important. The Bosporus is a interest from governments and
natural waterway that flows for 32 generals as the world went to war in
km (about 20 miles) from north to the 20th century, too.
south, and it is 3.7 km (about 2 miles) Today, the Bosporus is a very
wide at the northern entrance. At its busy place. On its southern end,
narrowest point, the strait is only it is bordered on both shores by
750 meters across. What makes such the bustling city of Istanbul. It
a small body of water so important? is the main waterway for ships
Not only does the Bosporus connect that transport fuel to European
the Black Sea to the Sea of countries from Russia and western
Marmara, it also separates Asian Asia. Around 48,000 ships make
Turkey from European Turkey. It their way through the strait each
is a continental boundary between year, including several thousand oil
Asia and Europe. It is one of only tankers. The tankers and trading
two passages between the Black and vessels share the channel with a
Mediterranean seas. Civilizations rich population of tourists and fish.
through the centuries have relied on Several species of fish use the
the passage to build strong trading Bosporus as a seasonal migration
economies. route from the Black Sea to the Sea
If traders could use the strait, of Marmara. Shores on both sides
armies and navies could as well. are lined with resorts and villages.
Emperors through the centuries Cross a bridge and enjoy your
built castles or fortifications on the vacation on another continent!
Week 33 of 36 • Page 4

Name _______________________ ACROSS

1. long poem that tells a story
4. turf wall built in 142 C.E.
5. to dig up
6. border
7. god of medicine
9. person who studies landforms and the people who
used them
10. Latin word for “path”

DOWN
2. emperor who decided to tolerate Christianity
3. Roman medical expert
8. river that begins in the Swiss Alps

As you read this week’s lesson, circle or highlight all

proper nouns with any color pen or highlighter. This will
help you find some of the crossword answers and get
ready for this week’s test.

Latin Origins
Etymology is the study of words and their origins. A lot of the spellings, write a familiar English spelling on the line next to each
words we use have Greek origins, but many of them have Latin word. If you get stuck, ask your teacher if you may use a dictio-
origins, too. For example, we learned this week that the noun nary or explore an online etymology resource. Compare your list
“limit” comes from the Latin word “limes,” which means boundary to a friend’s list. Did you come up with similar words? The first
or limit. one has been done for you. (Hint: If you study another European
We’ve provided a list of Latin words, followed by a definition language, such as French, you may recognize the Latin spelling,
of each word in brackets. Using the given definitions and Latin too. Can you guess why?)

causa [reason, motive] _________________________________________________________________________________________________

firmus [strong, reliable, solid] ___________________________________________________________________________________________

necesse [unavoidable, indispensable] _____________________________________________________________________________________

glacialis [icy, frozen] ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

promineo [to jut or stand out] ___________________________________________________________________________________________

serius [grave, solemn] __________________________________________________________________________________________________

universum [the world] __________________________________________________________________________________________________

ordo [rank, class] ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

ministro [to assist, to wait upon] _________________________________________________________________________________________

The Romans left

quite a legacy that
continues to be felt
today. Think about
1. Under Roman law, how did someone become a slave?
the impact the Roman Empire has made over
2. Why is the Roman Frontier one of the world’s most
the centuries. In your opinion, what was its
impressive cultural and archaeological sites? most important legacy? Write a paragraph to
3. Why was the development of cement and concrete so express your opinion. Be sure to use details
important to the legacy of the Roman Empire? from articles in your copy of Studies Weekly.
4. How did the Roman Empire preserve and help Proofread and edit your paper for spelling,
Christianity? punctuation, capitalization and usage.
5. How did Galen learn so much about the body?

If you’d like to make any editorial comments about our paper, please write to us at [email protected].
 WEEK 33 Roman
Contributions

The Frontier of an Empire

Legacies come in all shapes and sizes. They sections have been destroyed over the centuries, by bicycle. The second wall of the Frontier is the
may be artifacts you can see or hold, or they may be and others remain uncovered. Many sections have Antonine Wall. It was built after Hadrian’s Wall
ideas and written works from the past. The Roman been excavated or reconstructed. To excavate is to had been abandoned. Around 142 C.E., Emperor
Empire made lasting contributions in philosophy, uncover something by digging up the dirt around it. Antoninus Pius ordered the new wall to be built in
engineering, architecture, literature, science, Historians and tourists can visit some of these sites Scotland. Roman engineers built it using turf. Turf is
technology and language. They also left huge and see Roman watchtowers, walls, ditches, turrets, a surface layer of grass and dirt that is held together
monuments and buildings that stand as reminders forts and fortresses. There are also vibrant, or lively, by roots. Like Hadrian’s Wall, sections of this
today. Some of these monuments include structures villages that Romans first settled along the original monument have been preserved and protected as a
that were once a part of the Roman Frontier. frontier lines centuries ago. legacy for all to enjoy.
The original frontier, or border, of the Roman Two of the most visible and significant parts
Empire ran all the way from England, through of the Roman Frontier are walls. Hadrian’s Wall
Europe, and across North Africa to the Atlantic in England is the longer and better known of the
Ocean. The remains of the border are registered and two. Emperor Hadrian built the wall around 122
protected by the United Nations as World Heritage C.E. He wanted to secure the frontier border. The
sites. They are some of the most impressive and wall was around 73 miles long and made
visible legacies of the Roman Empire. of stone. Sections of Hadrian’s Wall
The Frontier of the Roman Empire is the still stand two meters high and
largest archaeological monument in Europe. Some may be enjoyed on foot or

UNESCO: An Intelligence Agency for Humanity

As civilizations have grown and changed the United Nations Educational, Scientific and work together will use fewer resources and have
over the centuries, war and acts of violence have Cultural Organization. It is a part of the UN that a smaller impact on the environment. Finally,
almost always played a part in who became gathers the educational, scientific and cultural UNESCO builds understanding by protecting and
powerful. In the middle of the 20th century, two intelligence needed to build the foundation for a honoring the heritage of diverse cultures.
of the costliest and deadliest wars in modern lasting peace. UNESCO’s World Heritage Centre preserves
history were fought. After these wars, leaders UNESCO leaders have a three-part mission. the history, architecture and cultural significance
came together to form an organization called the They believe that education is a basic human of over 1,000 sites around the world. More
United Nations. Over 70 years later, the group right. The group works hard to provide access to sites go under consideration each year. With
has grown to include 193 countries from around education for boys and girls everywhere. They permission, research World Heritage sites online.
the world. Its representatives work together also work to promote scientific cooperation rather Can you guess how many of these places have a
to maintain peace and prosperity. UNESCO is than competition. They hope that scientists who Roman heritage?

California State Standards: 6.2.9 Trace the evolution of language and its written forms. 6.7.8 Discuss the legacies of Roman art and architecture, technology and science, literature,
language, and law. 7.1.1 Study the early strengths and lasting contributions of Rome (e.g., significance of Roman citizenship; rights under Roman law; Roman art, architecture, engineering,
and philosophy; preservation and transmission of Christianity) and its ultimate internal weaknesses (e.g., rise of autonomous military powers within the empire, undermining of citizenship by
the growth of corruption and slavery, lack of education, and distribution of news).
 istory
The Legacy
d H
Worl

of an Empire
As we’ve seen throughout the last Roman Art and Technology, Science and
weeks of the study, the Roman Empire
was one of the wealthiest, most powerful Architecture Engineering
and influential empires that the world has Roman artists and architects created The World Heritage Centre has
ever known. It was so large that countries magnificent works of art and impressive designated many monuments and
all over the world continue to recognize monuments. These works are part of archaeological sites for preservation. They
its legacy today. Let’s take the Romans’ lasting legacy. The Greeks have excavated and preserved those sites
another look at some influenced a lot of this work. Many thanks to the skill of Roman scientists and
of its contributions Roman emperors were patrons of the engineers. Skilled Roman army engineers
and a few areas arts. They paid artists and sculptors to built roads, walls, bridges and fortresses.
influenced by the create the works that are still appreciated They took advantage of local materials
Roman Empire. today. These emperors were competitive and paid attention to detail. Magnificent
and often commissioned new versions monuments of architecture, such as the
of classical Greek works for their own Colosseum, still stand today thanks not
amusement or appreciation. Wealthy only to the skills of their designers but
Romans sponsored artists to make art also to the ingenuity of scientists who
using mosaic techniques, wall paintings developed formulas for cement and
and stone sculptures. concrete. The then-new building material
The Greeks also influenced Roman was even used for the construction
architecture, but as the Roman Empire of harbors and withstood the erosion
expanded in territory, it grew in expertise of water.
and expanded its range of design.
We have the Romans to thank for the
aqueducts, the basilica, amphitheaters,
Literature
Roman literature was typically written
residential buildings and different types of in Latin with the influence of early Greek
arches, just to name a few. authors who set the stage before them.

Galen of Pergamum
(129-216 C.E.)
Galen was born as Claudius Before Galen’s work, people thought
Galenusin a town called Pergamum, in blood vessels carried nothing but air.
a part of the world that is now known He proved that they carry blood. He
as Turkey. Most citizens of Pergamum wrote books about body systems.
at the time worshiped Asclepius. They He taught people that the heart
believed he was the god of medicine. has chambers and that the nervous
When Galen was born, the Romans system controls the body. He also
were in charge of most of the known taught about other body systems like
world, and Pergamum was a well-known the kidneys and circulatory system.
center for health and healing. When Around 162 C.E., Galen moved to
he was 16, Galen knew he wanted Rome and became an advisor to the
to study medicine. He traveled to emperor. He even served as a doctor
Alexandria, Egypt, to learn about to gladiators. He wrote hundreds of
health and sickness. works that became medical textbooks
Over time, Galen became famous on anatomy. And, while we’ve learned
for his knowledge of the human body, a lot more about the human body since
but it wasn’t easy. It took a lot of then, some of Galen’s works are used
hard work and studying. He also faced even today. Medical scientists still
some challenges. For one thing, it was follow Galen’s scientific and precise
forbidden to study human bodies, techniques of studying the human
so he studied animal bodies instead. body.
 The Rhine
As the Empire grew and its obey an order to serve in the Week 33 of 36 • Page 3

army fought wars, Roman Roman military.

River
authors wrote epics about
major conquests and battles.
An epic is a long poem that
Religion
Roman religion began with Physical landmarks were an important part of ancient
tells a dramatic story. Roman the worship of multiple gods world civilizations. Cultures built communities, trading
authors and poets also wrote and goddesses. That included centers, farms and military defenses based on the features
about humorous and playful elevating the emperors to a
near their settlements. Cities on mountains and hills were
topics. Famous Roman authors divine status. The religious
easier to defend. Rivers and lakes gave people access to
food and water. The Rhine River was an important natural
included Ovid and Virgil, who legacy of the Roman Empire, boundary between the Germanic tribes and the Roman
wrote an epic poem called the however, is the preservation Empire. Anyone who wanted to challenge Roman rule knew
“Aeneid.” and growth of Christianity. At they would need to cross the Rhine and inhabit the far
reaches of the valley.
first, Romans hunted, harassed
Law and persecuted Christians.
The Rhine River is a powerful waterway in the heart
of Western Europe. The river gets its name from a Celtic
Both the Roman Republic In 313 C.E., Constantine the word renos, which means raging flow. The beginning of
and Empire had an influence on Great signaled a shift when the Rhine is high in the Swiss Alps. The Vorderrhein
today’s law and government. he announced that the religion and Hinterrhein streams join to form this powerful river
One of the greatest Roman would be tolerated. Before the before it flows approximately 800 miles north and drains
into the North Sea. The Rhine borders or runs through
contributions was the belief end of the century, Christianity
Switzerland, Germany, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands,
in liberty for individuals. became the official religion of France and Austria. More than a few European cities have
They also took advantage of the Empire. With the division been founded on the banks of the Rhine. For centuries, the
slaves and viewed them as a of the Empire along eastern river has helped the area become an industrial and cultural
necessity for the survival and and western lines, Christianity powerhouse.The Romans didn’t just use the mighty physical
advancement of society. Under stood the test of both time feature as a border. They also embraced it as a trade and
transportation route and used it as a cultural highway. The
Roman law, a person was born and collapse.
river created a large, vibrant valley that provided resources
free. Someone could become a for the empire’s vast economic, civilian and military
slave if they were captured in concerns. Hundreds of years later, German leaders used the
war, for example. People also river and its valley of resources to create one of the most
became slaves for refusing to powerful industrial regions in the world.

What is You Can be an

the Roman Archaeologist
Limes?
Archaeologists and historians continue to dig up and make discoveries all
What is the Roman Limes? Is it pretty, green over the world. Did you know that you can be an archaeologist too? Are you
citrus fruit for a refreshing summer drink? Nope, not interested in getting your hands in some dirt? Or water? Yes, that’s right.
at all! It doesn’t even sound the same! There are many different kinds of archaeology. Underwater archaeologists
Limes is a word with a Latin origin that means excavate and study the artifacts they find underwater. Historical
“path.” Surveyors who measured territory were the archaeologists use documents to help investigate sites
first to use it. They used the word to indicate where that have written artifacts. Geoarchaeologists study the
the boundaries were between meadows or fields. relationship between rocks or landforms and the people
Later, the term included the borders and defenses who used them or lived among them. Environmental
of the Roman Empire. The outermost reaches of archaeologists make connections between the artifacts they
the Empire had roads used by the Roman military to find and nature.
monitor the borders, transport supplies and defend You can learn more by checking out the archaeology
the Empire. One of those roads might be called a program for kids by the National Park Service.
limes. Eventually, the Roman Limes became You can learn more about how to get
the term that referred to the started on a career in archaeology.
frontier region of the Empire You can also find ways to volunteer
at its outer limits. at sites all over the country. With
Limes is a singular permission, check out the National
term. The plural form of Park Service archaeology website
the word is limites. Does for kids!
that word ring a bell?
Week 34 of 36 • Page 4

Name _______________________

ACROSS
4. main city of the Aztec
5. country whose explorers conquered
many Mesoamerican cultures
7. word used to describe a non-active
volcano

DOWN
1. Aztec Emperor fond of xocoatl
2. a person sent by the king to
conquer a group of people
3. largest Maya city
5. the lowest level in the class
systems
6. an item considered valuable for
trade As you read this week’s lesson, circle or
8. culture influenced by the Olmec highlight all proper nouns with any color pen
or highlighter. This will help you find some of
the crossword answers and get ready for this
week’s test.

Maya Math
Pretend you are a Maya student and do some math. The Maya had
three symbols for doing their arithmetic: a bar, a dot and a football
shape for place value (zero). Based on 20, students wrote equations
vertically, not horizontally. For example, to write 20, you’d make a dot
over the football shape.

At the top, each dot = 20

In the second part, each dot = 1 and each bar = 5
The following example shows the number 27

Using the number key to help you get started, write the following
numbers the Maya way. Be ready for the bigger numbers, though.
They’re not on the chart, but you can figure them out if you think
carefully. Once you get the hang of it, try writing simple math problems,
trade them with a friend and write your answers in Maya numerals. Now
you’re doing Maya math!

28 40 63 86 71

1. Where can remains of The Aztec and

the Maya culture be Maya civilizations
found today? developed
2. How does the thousands of
expansion project of the 4. What did the Aztec use to miles away from others we’ve studied, though
Panama Canal benefit develop their calendar? there are many similarities. Using information
modern trade? 5. Why did the Aztec in your magazines from previous weeks, choose
submit so easily to the another ancient civilization and write a paragraph
3. Why did the Aztec fish
conquistador named to compare and contrast it with a Mesoamerican
more than some of the civilization. Be sure to proofread and edit
other native groups? Cortés?
your paper!

If you’d like to make any editorial comments about our paper, please write to us at [email protected].
 WEEK 34 Mesoamerican
Civilizations

The Maya and Aztec

When someone mentions pyramids, you probably think Mexican cities such as Copán. Historians believe the ball game
of Egypt. When you think of advances in mathematics and was more than a sport—it was also a religious ceremony. Teams
astronomy, you might remember the contributions of ancient of two or three players would attempt to get a very hard rubber
India and Mesopotamia. Yet civilizations across the Atlantic ball through a stone ring, and they couldn’t use their hands.
Ocean flourished in ancient times, too. Cultures in the With the rings about 27 feet above the ground, scoring was
Western Hemisphere had writing and number systems, difficult. The losing team was usually sacrificed to the gods.
developed accurate solar calendars, studied eclipses, Machu Picchu, Tenochtitlán, Copán and Tikal were
developed a place value for zero and built impressive cities important cities for these cultures, and are good examples of
with huge pyramids. Doctors performed brain surgery, cast how the social structure worked. Like many other civilizations,
broken bones, made false teeth from jade and turquoise and the class system for the Aztec and Maya was clearly defined.
filled teeth with iron pyrite. The people of this part of the world Slaves labored at the bottom of the ladder,
were the first to develop chocolate, grow the potato and pop corn. and rulers sat at the top. In between
In this issue, we will learn about two such civilizations—the were nobles and priests, merchants and
Maya and the Aztec. craftspeople and finally peasants, or
Like other ancient civilizations we have previously commoners. In a special group of their
studied, the Maya and Aztec were polytheistic (believing own, warriors served at the pleasure
in many gods). They believed that happy gods of the rulers. When rulers decided to
rewarded their cultures make a human sacrifice to the gods,
by preventing floods, who do you think they thought of
droughts and disease. first? That’s right. Slaves and peasants
Archaeologists may not have been high on the
continue to find evidence social ladder, but they were
to support theories about highly valued when it came
Mesoamerican lifestyle, time to please the gods!
social structure, culture Turn the page to learn
and religion. For example, more about the Maya
they have found remains and Aztec!
of stone ball courts in

l
a oa u
re

1) Montezum ring g tect

2) Maya ston
e
nd a
rc h
i
1
3) Aztec art a

2 3

Ancient Temple Discovered in Guatemala

Imagine yourself in ancient Guatemala, about Diablo Pyramid. Archaeologists were working gods near the tombs of their royalty to show the
1,600 years ago, walking through the jungle. As on the tomb when they discovered some carvings high power that their kings had. The structure was
you climb a hill, you see it: a huge temple, glowing behind that area. When they looked closely, they painted bright red and could be seen from 15 miles
red in the setting sun. In 2012, archaeologists from realized they were looking at a structure used for away. The Maya eventually built other structures
Brown University discovered this temple near El worship. over the temple, but the sun god faces are well
Zotz, Guatemala. The Temple of the Night Sun To decorate this temple, the Maya carved five- preserved.
celebrates the sun god, who was very important in foot masks in stucco, a plaster-like substance. The Researchers don’t know why this temple
the Maya civilization. masks show the different faces of the sun god as he was abandoned, but it wasn’t used for very long.
During the first part of the excavation, moves through the day. He is portrayed as a shark Archaeologists continue to study what they find to
archaeologists discovered a palace and tomb on and a jaguar. It is thought that the Maya carved help us understand the Maya culture.

California State Standards: 7.7 Students compare and contrast the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Meso-American and Andean civilizations.
7.7.1 Study the locations, landforms, and climates of Mexico, Central America, and South America and their effects on Mayan, Aztec, and Incan economies, trade, and development of urban societies.
7.7.2 Study the roles of people in each society, including class structures, family life, warfare, religious beliefs and practices, and slavery. 7.7.3 Explain how and where each empire arose and how
the Aztec and Incan empires were defeated by the Spanish. 7.7.4 Describe the artistic and oral traditions and architecture in the three civilizations. 7.7.5 Describe the Meso-American achievements in
astronomy and mathematics, including the development of the calendar and the Meso-American knowledge of seasonal changes to the civilizations’ agricultural systems.
 d H istory
Worl

Maya in their largest city, Tikal (in Guatemala). Another

important city was Copán (in Honduras), the cultural
economy. They used irrigation systems and fertilizer
to produce enough food to feed the large populations
The Maya civilization flourished between 300
capital of the Maya Empire. Although many Maya in their cities.
and 900 C.E. Influenced by an earlier group of
cities were overgrown by jungles, there were roads The Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlán became the
people called the Olmec, the Maya culture peaked
connecting these cities where people traded items site of present-day Mexico City. They built a pyramid
around 400-500 C.E. They became quite skilled in
like maize, feathers and cocoa beans. about 197 feet high in the center of the city. Like the
astronomy and designed an accurate solar calendar
The decline of the Maya civilization is a mystery. Maya, the Aztec practiced human sacrifice, often at
based on 365 days. The Maya were mathematicians
Was it drought, war or rebellion of the poor? Some the top of the Tenochtitlan pyramid. They believed
who developed a counting system based on the
Maya culture remains in parts of Mexico, such as that sacrificing captured warriors to the main god,
number 20. They also developed a place value for
the Yucatan Peninsula and much of Central America. Huitzilopochtli, the god of war and sun, would bring
zero, using it long before the Arabs shared this
People here still speak the Maya language. It is them good fortune.
concept with the Europeans. The Maya economy
hoped that young Maya will learn the language well The Aztec developed a calendar that revolved
was based primarily on farming. They developed
enough to continue the oral tradition of passing down around their planting and harvesting seasons.
irrigation ditches to help raise crops like corn, which
legends to future generations. They invented a game called Tlachtli, which was
they called maize. The Maya also developed a
a cross between basketball and soccer. Popcorn
picture writing system. Unfortunately, when Spanish
explorers invaded the Maya civilization, they burned Aztec was a popular treat among the Aztec. They also
About 200 years after the Maya, the Aztec people used popcorn in their jewelry and to decorate their
most of the Maya books, so much of the knowledge
came into the Valley of Mexico. In fact, they called headdresses. The Aztec enjoyed wearing jewelry with
of the world at that time has been lost.
themselves the Mexica, giving Mexico its name. gold and turquoise stones, and they loved decorating
Like the ancient Egyptians, the Maya
They learned many of their ways from another group with colorful feathers, as well. Like the Maya, the
built wonderful pyramids as temples,
of people, the Toltec, who had also lived in the area. Aztec had a rich tradition of sharing their heritage
which were examples of
Some say a vision of an eagle perched on a orally and through their artwork.
their artistic abilities.
Many pyramids were cactus led the Aztec to move to swampy areas near
the shores of Lake Texcoco. Because they lived near
water, they fished and built canoes
for transportation. The Aztec also
designed floating gardens and built
dams. They hunted wildlife in the
area, and farming was part of their

Art and architecture give us

a glimpse into early life in
the Americas.

Cocoa
Do you like chocolate? Recent evidence suggests began to sip the new concoction, but
that Mesoamericans were consuming chocolate as only in secret. Cocoa beans were
far back as 1400 B.C.E. Cocoa beans were a very scarce, and they didn’t want to share
valuable gift, and people even used the drink with others.
the beans as money. The Maya The Spanish began serving the
people called the beans xocoatl. beverage hot and without the chili
The Aztec loved cocoa beans but pepper. Later, someone added sugar.
were unable to grow the beans It took about 100 years
themselves. So, xocoatl became an for cocoa beans to reach
important trading item for the other countries in Europe.
Maya. And while cocoa continued to
Eventually, the Aztec used be something for the very
the paste from the roasted wealthy, it was traded along
cocoa beans and added vanilla, the usual routes along with
cinnamon and chili pepper to other commodities. By 1657,
make a cold drink (called xocoatl the drink was served in
or chocolatl) that only the wealthy London “chocolate houses.”
could afford. Aztec Emperor People said the chocolate had
Montezuma (c.1480-1520) medicinal purposes, especially
really liked his xocoatl. Many for stomach distress. It was not
people think he guzzled more than 50 cups a until 1847 that someone discovered
day. Hernando Cortés took the beans and the xocoatl another great use for chocolate—chocolate bars.
recipe back to Spain in 1519. Wealthy people in Spain
A Spanish Conquest Week 34 of 36 • Page 3

We may not know exactly what happened to

the Maya civilization, but we do know that Spanish
conquistadors conquered much of Mesoamerica
and its native people. Conquistadors were people
who the king would send to conquer another group
The Panama Canal
of people. Sometimes they remained to settle. Before the early 1900s, ships traveling
Conquistadors were a part of the Spanish between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans had no
culture for hundreds of years. They sought to choice but to sail all the way around Cape Horn
dominate groups of people in both the Old and on the southern tip of South America. For years,
New Worlds. The conquistadors who set out sailors tried to find a shortcut for this long and
for the New World generally did so for one dangerous journey. Finally, engineers came up
purpose—to obtain gold. In their quest for gold, the with a plan to dig a waterway through the narrow
conquistadors killed many native people, and they country of Panama. This would allow ships to cut
sometimes destroyed entire empires. the 14,000-mile trip from one ocean to the other
Hernando Cortés is one of the most famous nearly in half.
conquistadors who conquered what is now Construction on the Panama Canal began in 1904
central and southern Mexico. He encountered the and was finished in 1914. Around 27,000 workers
Aztec empire around 1519. The Aztec king was died during the project, from both accidents and
Montezuma II. His people were very friendly to disease. Once the canal was finished, the United
Cortés and his group because they believed Cortés States controlled it and a 5-mile strip of land on
to be one of their gods, Quetzalcoatl, coming back either side of the channel known as the Canal Zone.
to greet them. After years of complaints from the government of
The Aztec did almost everything Cortés Panama, the United States finally gave control of
the canal to Panama in 1999.
wanted. Cortés captured Montezuma and tried to
Panama has spent years and billions of dollars
rule the Aztec empire. When Montezuma died,
to expand the canal. The project widened the
Cortés then attacked the Aztec. By 1521, Cortés
canal enough to allow ships twice the size of older
had taken over the city. His military triumphs
Panamax ships, the maximum size ships that fit in
led to 300 years of Spanish domination of
the canal, to pass through the waterway. It has
Mexico and Central America.
doubled the capacity of the traffic! The waterway
Other conquistadors were sent to find
expansion project exceeded $5 billion in cost, but
the legendary “seven cities of gold” that
governments and corporations are excited about
were spoken of in native legends. No one
the possibilities. In July 2016, the first modern
ever found the seven cities of gold, but
Panamax ship, the MOL Majesty, traveled through
they did conquer Latin America. the new canal.
The Panama Canal is a great example of
balancing costs and benefits. The canal took
amazing effort to build and has cost billions of
dollars to expand. But the benefits to the shipping
and tourism industries have also been great. Do you
think the Panama Canal has been worth the effort?

What is
the most
important Mesoamerica
food in the Before Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World, the Olmec, Maya, Toltec,
Mexican diet? Zapotec, Teotihuacán and Aztec civilizations lived in a region called Mesoamerica. The
word “meso” is Greek for middle. But just what and where was Mesoamerica? Historians
Corn tortillas have include central Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador and
been around so long that Guatemala in this region.
it’s hard to put a date on The geography of Mesoamerica is diverse. The main mountain range of Mesoamerica
their origin, but they’re is the Sierra Madre range,
as popular as ever. Today with around 83 volcanoes.
in Mexico, the tortilla is The largest peak is a non-
by far the most important active, or dormant, volcano
food. People called Pico de Orizaba. It
eat tortillas stands well over 18,000
there every feet tall. The highest active
day, at nearly volcano is Popocatépetl,
every meal. at just under 18,000 feet
Some Mexicans tall. Both volcanoes are in
get more than Mexico.
half their daily Mesoamerica also
calories from includes the second largest
tortillas. Most of rainforest in the Americas,
those eaten in after the Amazon. With
Mexico are corn a great climate and rich
volcanic soil, people started
tortillas, which are made from soaked, ground
farming around 10,000
corn and water. Tortillas are often eaten alone,
years ago. Corn, or maize,
in much the same way Americans eat bread,
was the most bountiful crop
but they are also the main ingredient in many
of Mesoamerica. Other early
Mexican dishes, such as tacos, enchiladas,
crops included peppers,
quesadillas and burritos. squash and pumpkins.
Week 35 of 36 • Page 4
ACROSS
1. He expanded his empire by offering
Name _______________________ citizenship to those he conquered.
4. conquistador who went to South
America to find fortune
6. the highest position of leadership in
the Inca Empire
8. The Inca built ______ into the
mountains for farming.
9. capital city of the Inca Empire
10. The western Andes range is
sometimes called _______.

DOWN
2. The Andes natural wall creates
diverse _______.
3. Spanish word for layered plateaus
and peaks
5. the “mother” of the Mesoamerican
civilization
7. a surprise attack on enemy warriors

Compare and Contrast

The Inca Empire was one of the largest empires in the ancient Directions
world. At its peak, it covered western South America from the Choose one other ancient empire we have studied this year to
northern-most peaks of the Andes all the way south to modern-day review. Use the provided Venn diagram to compare and contrast the
Santiago. Use your Studies Weekly magazine, along with any other Inca Empire with the empire you chose. Be sure to include as many
resources your teacher makes available, to complete the following topics as possible for comparison. Think about geography, location,
activity. religion, social structure, arts, architecture, geography, economy and
language.

Inca Empire _________________________

Both

Many
1. List at least two historians
ways in which believe the
the Inca Empire Inca sacrificed
was similar to children to the
the Roman Empire. If you use information from Studies gods. Today, a
Weekly, cite the name of the article and the paragraph or sacrifice is thought of as something a person gives up to
section as evidence. demonstrate that they believe something is important to
2. Why did Pachacuti come to be known as a brave leader? them. Consider a time when you sacrificed something for
3. What were some of the benefits of becoming a citizen of someone. You might also think of a time when someone
the Inca Empire? made a sacrifice for you. Write a paragraph or two to
describe the gesture, why it was made and how you felt
4. How did the Inca devise a way to farm in the mountains?
afterwards. Consider sharing it with someone if your
5. Why would an Inca family be willing to sacrifice a child to teacher allows.
the gods?
 WEEK 35 Andean
Civilization

Last week, we began our study of Mesoamerica in Central to the area, the Toltec civilization began to weaken. Finally, they
America. The Mesoamerican cultures were not the only ancient were completely taken over by the Aztec.
civilizations of the Western Hemisphere. Before we move on to The Inca Empire was also on the rise in the Post-classic era.
South America, let’s take some time to look at the big picture. The Inca lived in the Andes Mountain region of South America.
Ancient civilizations in the Western Hemisphere are often They are also known as an Andean civilization. The Inca Empire
grouped into three time frames. These time frames are the was huge. The government was organized and able to control
Pre-classic, the Classic and the Post-classic. These eras cover the area for a long time. Though they seemed not to have had a
the period of time from around 2000 B.C.E. until the Spanish writing system, the civilization was surprisingly advanced.
conquest during the 1500s. Huayna Capa, the ruler of the Inca, died around 1527. His two
The Olmec were the most powerful culture in the Pre-classic sons, Huascar and Atahualpa, led rival groups in a fight to control
period. The Olmec civilization began its rise around 1200 the empire. Civil war broke out. It ended when Atahualpa captured
B.C.E. and continued until its gradual decline in about 400 C.E. Huascar, his half-brother.
The Olmec are sometimes thought of as the “mother” of the Around this time, a Spanish conquistador named Francisco
Mesoamerican civilization. Pizarro arrived in the area. While Cortés was on the move in
The Classic period saw the rise of the city Teotihuacán and Central America, Pizarro went to South America in search of gold
the Maya culture. The Maya knew a lot about astronomy. They and other fortunes. When he found the wealthy Inca Empire, he
slowly declined in numbers and strength until the civilization immediately began plotting to defeat Atahualpa and his warriors.
mysteriously collapsed in the early 1500s. Pizarro ambushed Atahualpa and 5,000 of his unarmed warriors.
The Toltec and the Aztec enjoyed their An ambush is a surprise attack on an enemy. Atahualpa was
greatest power during the Post-classic captured. He ruled his empire from prison until Pizarro’s soldiers
period. The Toltec flourished from about executed him in 1533.
900 to 1100 C.E. They influenced the The Spanish tried to wipe out the culture and customs of the
Maya in many ways. As nomads migrated early Mesoamerican and Andean civilizations. Evidence of these
cultures is still in the area today. We
can see these cultures in the customs,
1) Francisco Pizarro language, architecture and traditions of
2) Giant Olmec carvings are the people of Mexico, Central America
still found in Mexico today. and parts of South America.
3) This is a painting of the 4
death of Atahualpa (4).
5) Huayna Capa
6) Huascar
1

2 3 6 5

Who Owns a Nation’s Heritage?

The Spanish explorers who conquered the Inca Picchu between 1912 and 1915. The president the return of their cultural antiques. Fortunately, an
Empire destroyed many of their cities. Machu of Peru gave Hiram Bingham special permission unpleasant argument in court was avoided when a
Picchu was one city that they missed. It was built to take many artifacts back to Yale for study and group of Yale alumni, or graduates, agreed with the
high in the Andes Mountains so that the people display there. They were only recently returned. Peruvians. These alumni convinced Yale to look
who lived there could be closer to the gods. The Peruvian government said the objects were for a compromise.
Machu Picchu was undisturbed for centuries. It only loaned to Bingham for study. They asked Yale Experts from both Yale and the San Antonio
was rediscovered in 1911 by a group of modern to give them back. Yale disagreed, and several Abad University in Cuzco agreed to work together
explorers led by Hiram Bingham. attempts to recover the artifacts were unsuccessful. to take care of the items. In 2012, thousands of
Bingham was a professor at Yale University in The government of Peru took legal action in 2008. artifacts were moved to the International Center for
Connecticut. He led three expeditions to Machu They began the process of suing the university for the Study of Machu Picchu and Inca Culture.

California State Standards: 7.7 Students compare and contrast the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Meso-American and Andean civilizations.
7.7.1 Study the locations, landforms, and climates of Mexico, Central America, and South America and their effects on Mayan, Aztec, and Incan economies, trade, and development of urban
societies. 7.7.2 Study the roles of people in each society, including class structures, family life, warfare, religious beliefs and practices, and slavery. 7.7.3 Explain how and where each empire arose
and how the Aztec and Incan empires were defeated by the Spanish. 7.7.4 Describe the artistic and oral traditions and architecture in the three civilizations. 7.7.5 Describe the Meso-American
achievements in astronomy and mathematics, including the development of the calendar and the Meso-American knowledge of seasonal changes to the civilizations’ agricultural systems.
 d H istory
Worl

According to legend, the Inca first As the empire grew, Pachacuti did not use the wheel, so they traveled
came up from the south and settled in established a centralized government in these roads by foot. The Inca used llamas
the Peruvian highlands around Cuzco. the capital. Beneath the king were three to carry supplies and goods for trading
Around 1100 C.E., they began to expand classes. Royalty were usually family valuable metal resources. Llamas were
their influence in the area, but the empire members who were related to the king. also an important part of the Inca’s main
was really built on the strength of their It was a very important class because economic source, which was farming.
first leader, Pachacuti. After taking over power was hereditary. This meant that The Andes provided a good ecosystem
the leadership from his father, King control was passed down through families. for farming, but the land was not very flat.
Viracocha, Pachacuti quickly began to Below the royal class was the nobility. Farmers needed to find a way to work the
turn the kingdom of Cuzco into one of the The last class was made up of commoners. soil on hillsides. They learned to use the
world’s most powerful empires. Under Commoners included farmers, herders, terrain and landforms together with the
Pachacuti’s rule, the empire grew servants and slaves. climate and became very skilled farmers.
throughout the Andes Mountains As Pachacuti expanded his empire, he They developed a technique called step, or
until it covered much of offered citizenship to those who spoke terrace, farming. They dug out flat patches
modern-day Peru, Ecuador the same language, Quechua. There were of land for farming that made the side of
and Chile. At its greatest benefits to becoming a citizen in the the mountain look like a giant staircase.
point in the 1520s, the Inca Inca Empire. The empire was wealthy, In order to water their crops, engineers
Empire stretched from and the government had ways to protect and architects built aqueducts. They
present-day Chile to its citizens and support them in times used rainfall and river water to supply an
Colombia. of need. The Inca built a road system irrigation system.
that connected the cities and regions of The Inca didn’t have a written
their empire. All the main roads led to language. They passed along history
the capital city, Cuzco. The Inca through oral traditions. They also kept
records using a series of knotted strings
called quipu. They used short, differently
colored wool to tie knots onto longer
cotton strings. The quipu hung down in a
vertical direction. Different colors stood
for different things. For example, yellow
knots might have meant the amount of
maize or gold. The number of knots
told how much maize or gold that each
merchant bought or sold. Quipus also
recorded information like the number of
births or deaths in a city, the number of
llamas, soldiers or anything else leaders

Nasca Lines
The southern coastal plains of Peru are home to some amazing about 193 square miles. They have been designated as a World
artwork, but to see it you will have to fly. The Nasca Lines are Heritage Site. Historians believe the Nasca Indians created the
geoglyphs that were scratched into the Earth about 250 miles artwork between 500 B.C.E. and 500 C.E., long before the Inca
south of Lima. A geoglyph is a large design that is carved into the civilization began. The designs include tracks that anthropologists
ground. The Nasca Lines were created over a thousand years ago. believe were built for large groups of people dedicated to
There are hundreds of different shapes and figures. These social, religious or astronomical functions. They may even have
figures represent geometric shapes, fantasy creatures and been used as an observatory to study the night skies. It might
animals like spiders, hummingbirds, monkeys, whales and lizards. help explain why these ancient people created art that can’t be
Ancient artists created these works by scratching and removing visualized from the ground, but it still leaves us with an important
reddish-colored pebbles to reveal the white earth underneath. question. Why did they create these works of art centuries before
The lines that make up these designs are ruler straight and cover the invention of hot air balloons or airplanes? What do you think?
wanted to know. People children were killed as sacrifices Week 35 of 36 • Page 3

carried quipus as they traveled to the gods. Many historians

throughout the Inca Empire. think Inca families thought it a
Like the Mesoamerican tremendous honor to offer their
civilizations, the Inca were child as a gift to the gods. The Pachacuti
polytheistic. They built many Inca would hold a feast to honor
temples all over the empire. the child, who would be dressed Pachacuti was the founder of the Inca Empire. He was
brave, even as a young man. He demonstrated his bravery
They also practiced human in fine clothing and jewelry. It when the warriors of his father, King Viracocha, were losing
sacrifice. Archaeologists in is believed the child would then a long battle. King Viracocha decided to surrender to save
Peru continue to find Inca be given a drink to make them the royal family. Pachacuti, whose name may be translated
mummies in the frozen areas of go to sleep before the actual as Earth Shaker, knew that most of his father’s people would
the Andes Mountains. Many of sacrifice. This made the practice likely be killed if they surrendered. He refused and asked
the gods for help to lead the soldiers in battle. When the
these mummies are of children. more peaceful, but it’s still scary battle was over and victory won, Pachacuti took power from
Archaeologists believe these to think about. his father. He gave himself the title of Sapa Inca, which was
the highest position of leadership. He began his conquest of
neighboring villages. Pachacuti offered membership in the
Inca Empire to those who surrendered without resistance. He
allowed local leaders to stay in power, but only if they were
loyal to him. If people refused, Pachacuti’s soldiers attacked.
Pachacuti’s strong central government was centered in
the capital city of Cuzco. He directed everyone in his empire
to practice the same religion and learn the same language,
Quechua. He had workers build one of the greatest road
systems in the world. People who traveled on the Inca roads
carried messages and trade goods across deserts and
mountains to all parts of the empire. The Inca built bridges
over rivers and gorges. Their common language, religion
and roads all helped unite the people of Pachacuti’s empire.
Farmers used terraces, irrigation and fertilizer to grow huge
amounts of crops to feed the people. Under Pachacuti’s rule,
the Inca people built schools and beautiful palaces. He was
also responsible for building the famous city Machu Picchu,
which means “Old Mountain” or “Old Peak” in the Quechua
language. Located high in the Andes Mountains, Machu
Picchu’s white granite stones have no mortar holding them
together, yet the buildings have stood for 500 years and
even survived earthquakes.

The Andes Mountains

The Andes is the world’s longest mountain refer to Eastern and Western cultures, people
range. The range runs along the western coast of or orientations. This is why the eastern range of
South America for approximately 5,000 miles. the Andes is often referred to as the Cordillera
It runs through seven countries, from Venezuela Oriental. The western range may be called the
in the north and down through Chile to the Cordillera Occidental.
southern tip of the continent. It has The Andes form a barrier between the Pacific
the highest peaks in the western Ocean and the rest of the continent to the east.
hemisphere, and they are the This natural wall creates some very diverse
second highest mountains in the climates. For example, 99 percent of the world’s
world. Only the Himalayas of tropical glaciers can be found in the Andes.
Asia are taller. Tropical glaciers are rivers at such high altitudes
The peaks are not their only that they are permanently frozen. They are not
unique feature. The Andes run the affected by the tropical ecosystems around them,
length of South America, but they even those that are near the equator where the
are not simply one continuous chain temperatures are very warm. Andean climates
of mountain peaks. They are actually range from rainy, warm and wet in the north and
formed into layers of plateaus and east to desert conditions in northern Chile.
peaks, called cordilleras in Spanish. The The Andes are also home to more than 50
cordilleras form smaller systems that run both volcanoes, some of which are active. This includes
parallel and at angles to each other. The terms Ojos del Salado, the world’s highest volcano. It is
oriental and occidental have been used to over 22,000 feet tall. That’s more than 4 miles
above sea level!
Week 36 of 36 • Page 4

Name _______________________
ACROSS soldiers guard the
3. period in history tomb of Qin Shi
when Joan of Arc Huang
was burned at the 9. country where you’ll
stake find prehistoric
4. people whose paintings in Chauvet
calendar included five and Lascaux caves
days of celebration
6. Fertile Crescent DOWN
culture in which 1. famous 6th-century
people built Phoenician explorer
ziggurats, or 2. barbarians from
pyramid-shaped modern-day Denmark,
temples Sweden and Norway
7. country where the 3. period in history
bicycle with pedals marked by great
was invented interest in learning
8. country where life- 5. today’s name for the
size terracotta Sandwich Islands

Test your memory with this crossword puzzle review! Not all of the
answers can be found in this week’s Studies Weekly, so you may have to
do some research or work in a group to get all the answers.

Secret Message
Continue your quest to learn about our vast world. __________________________________________________ (4)
Use library or classroom resources to identify these The capital of the Asian country of Afghanistan
locations. Then use the first letter of each answer to
___________________ _____________________________ (11)
spell out a secret message.
Capital of Iceland _________________________________ (8)
Country found on the southwest tip of the Arabian Peninsula
Capital of South Korea _____________________________ (3)
__________________________________________________ (7)
State that borders both the Pacific Ocean and California
Important river in the South American country of Venezuela
__________________________________________________(9)
_____________________________ (5)
Northern European country whose capital is Stockholm
Island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, north of Sardinia
_________________________________________________ (12)
________________________________________________ (10)
The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and this sea
Highest mountain range in the world—borders China and India
__________________________________________________(6)
__________________________________________________ (1)
Middle Eastern country whose capital is Baghdad
Rooftop of the world—this region is controlled by China
__________________________________________________ (2)

Place the first letter of each answer in the blanks below. What is the secret message?

________ _______ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

________ _______ ________ ________ ________

8 9 10 11 12

World Culture I.Q. — Part II

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3
7. After learning the Greek culture from my tutor, Aristotle, I
conquered much of the known world and helped spread Greek
ideas to everyone I ruled.
Write a short paper and tell what
______________________________________________________
civilization we learned about in World
History Studies Weekly was your favorite. 8. I was the Mongolian leader who first conquered the Chinese
Explain why it was your favorite. List a by storming over the Great Wall of China.
few things about that civilization you find
______________________________________________________
particularly impressive.
9. I was an admiral for the Phoenician colony of Carthage.

______________________________________________________
If you’d like to make any editorial
comments about our paper, please write to 10. Ruling for 22 years as a man, I wore men’s clothing and a
false beard. I was the first female pharaoh.
us at [email protected].
______________________________________________________
 WEEK 36
Let’s Review

That’s A Wrap!
You may have thought, “Why do we have Sixty was the highest they could count using excavated the earliest bathroom in a place
to learn this stuff?” as you read about all the all the joints of their fingers and toes. It’s the called Orkney Islands, Scotland. Scientists
world history topics we covered this year. basis of our time system today. dated the bathroom they found back to
It sure doesn’t seem to have anything to do You look at the kitchen calendar and see around 8000 B.C.E. You grab a bar of soap.
with your life today, does it? Your teacher that it’s Thursday. Well, thank the people The ancient Phoenicians (of present day
might have told you that it is important of Mesopotamia again. They established Lebanon) invented soap in about 600 B.C.E.
to learn about the past, because history is a seven-day week. Now, take the name They made their soap from goat fat and wood
the foundation of our present and future. “Thursday.” Would you believe Nordic ash. Did you know people thought bathing
Remember when you were little and sat in a people who lived long ago worshiped once a month (and in some cultures, once a
circle while someone whispered something different gods on different days? “Tyr’s day” year) was sufficient? Thankfully, people no
in your ear and then you passed the secret became Tuesday, “Woden’s Day” became longer believe bathing is unhealthy! Do you
along to the person sitting next to you? Well, Wednesday and “Thor’s Day” became think ancient people sang in the shower?
the history of the world is kind of like that Thursday. Sticking with the calendar, have Now that you’re all cleaned up and ready
game. People through the ages have passed you ever wondered why there are for your day, it’s time to head for
down ideas that we still use today. You could 365 days in a year? The ancient school. Turn the page and see how
say that in many ways the past really is our Egyptians had 360 days in the past is not just part of your
present. How? Let’s see! their calendar and added history class—it’s part of every
You wake up, look at the clock and see 5 extra days at the end subject.
that it’s time to get ready for school. Did of the year for a big
you know that the ancient people celebration—365 in all!
of Mesopotamia, who lived in Next, you go
the present-day country of Iraq, into the bathroom
developed a counting system and take a shower.
based on the number 60? Archaeologists

Test your World Culture I.Q.

1. Famous for developing the first alphabet, these sea 5. These ancient people believed that to have life after Hindus and Buddhists of this group of people
traders were also famous for their purple dye. death you needed your body preserved as a mummy. believed in reincarnation and gave the world the
They left behind many possessions and hieroglyphic activity called yoga.
__________________________________________ writings on papyrus.
2. These people presented the world with ideas for trial __________________________________________
by jury, democracy, the Olympics and much more. __________________________________________ 9. Chocolate, the Nazca Lines, popcorn, potatoes,
6. These early people once lived in the land of Palestine. pyramids and Spanish conquest were part of the
__________________________________________ They were monotheistic, believing in only one God, culture of these three ancient civilizations of the
3. This Titan was punished by Zeus and held the world and they developed a writing system called Hebrew. Americas.
on his shoulders until he turned to stone.
__________________________________________ __________________________________________
__________________________________________ 7. Kites, paper, eyeglasses, fireworks, yo-yos—all were 10. Ancient people who lived in the western region of
4. These people gave the world a counting system based gifts to the world from these ancient people. this continent established the kingdoms of Ghana,
on 60, the arch, the wheel, the seven-day week and Mali and Songhai. They traded gold, salt, cloth,
one of the world’s oldest libraries. __________________________________________ beads, ivory, kola beans and other items.
8. This culture developed a place value for zero, which
__________________________________________ Arabs learned then taught to the people of Europe. __________________________________________

California State Standards: 6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush.
6.3 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Ancient Hebrews. 6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social
structures of the early civilizations of Ancient Greece. 6.5 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of India. 6.6 Students analyze
the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China. 6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during
the development of Rome.
 d H istory
Worl

Wrapping it Up
You arrive at school and open your math book. Thank civilizations of Mesoamerica. These people used the cocoa
Johannes Gutenberg from Germany! In the 1400s, he plant for making a popular (although bitter-tasting) drink.
improved the Chinese idea of block printing and invented It wasn’t until many years later that someone
a printing press, which meant that books no longer had to thought to add sugar to the mixture.
be written and copied by hand. The printing press made Oh, and the ancient people of India
books available to more people. Time to practice your first used sugar in about 500 B.C.E.
math lessons, so take out some paper. People throughout Band lessons are next, and you
the ages first wrote on clay tablets, then on weeds woven pick up your music book. Once again
into a paper called “papyrus,” then on wax coated tablets the ancient Greeks and Romans are
and finally, the Chinese invented the earliest paper that is responsible for the first notation for
the “granddaddy” of paper we use today. music, although some historians believe
Did you remember to write your name on the top of the people of ancient Mesopotamia had
your paper? Thank the people who developed the writing music notation too. The Italians improved
system we use today. The earliest Phoenicians needed a on musical notation in the ninth century.
quick way to record their trading activities and picture Oh no! You can’t remember where
writing just wasn’t the answer. So, they developed the you left your glasses? How will you see to
first alphabet. They shared their alphabet with the ancient read Studies Weekly? The Chinese people
Greeks who, in turn, tweaked it a bit and passed it down invented eyeglasses. It is believed an Italian
to the Romans who then added their own flair (like capital explorer named Marco Polo went to China
letters), and the writing system eventually trickled down and brought spectacles back to Europe in the
to us. What just fell onto the floor? Your pencil? Did you 1200s. It was much later that Benjamin Franklin
know that Germans used the earliest known pencil in the improved eyeglasses by inventing bifocals. And
16th century? And did you know the earliest pencils didn’t that kite he flew during an electrical storm? Well,
have eraser tips? Someone developed erasers much later. that was another gift from the ancient Chinese, who
Thank goodness! first used their flying kites as a form of communication.
Your mind begins to wander a bit during math class, School’s out, and you get back home. You decide to
and your eyes settle on a faded poster of someone skiing ride your bike for a while because the weather is great
down a steep slope in the Rocky Mountains. The poster is and you need a break before starting your homework.
taped to the white painted concrete wall of your classroom. Someone in Scotland invented the first bicycle with
Ancient Romans first used concrete in their construction. pedals in 1839. Early bicycles had metal-rimmed tires,
Oh, and that skier? Well, archaeologists discovered a so they gave a pretty bumpy ride. (That’s why bikes
really old picture of two men on skis in a rock cave in the were nicknamed “bone shakers” at one time.) Later,
country of Norway, which they’ve dated back to about someone thought to add rubber tires. After a snack
2000 B.C.E. and doing some homework, you can’t wait to surf
Time for gym class, and the class is bowling. the Internet on your computer. Computers can’t be
Archaeologists have found a tomb in ancient Egypt with a connected to ancient times, can they? Actually,
bowling ball and nine bowling pins, which they’ve dated yes! Many historians trace the roots of the
back to 3200 B.C.E. And, if you and your friends like to computer to a mechanical calculator
play kickball, think about this blast from the past: The developed by the ancient
Aztec were bouncing rubber balls as far back as the 15th Greeks more than
century. 2,000 years ago.
Did someone say lunch? Well, pick up that fork and Let’s thank the
thank someone from the country of Italy who lived during people of the past for
the 11th century. Before this time, people ate with their making our present
fingers. In fact, for many years people considered it poor possible!
manners to use that metal contraption called a fork. Now,
drink up that chocolate milk and thank the Indian

World Landmarks
Locate each of these 10 landmarks on the world map at right and write the names on the lines provided.

1. One of the most famous clock towers in between the countries of Zimbabwe and starting in 1238 as a fortress and
the world is Big Ben. It is located by the Zambia. palace for the Moorish kings.
Palace of Westminster in London, England.
Actually, Big Ben isn’t the clock tower, but 5. The Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy is 9. The Great Pyramid of Giza was built
the 13-ton bell that rings every hour. a bell tower for the cathedral of Pisa. more than 4,500 years ago by the
Because it’s built on soft ground, the ancient Egyptians. Historians believe it
2. Angkor Wat, meaning “capital Tower of Pisa started leaning almost was the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu, who
monastery,” is a famous Khmer temple from the beginning. was known as Cheops in ancient Greece.
built during the 12th century in Cambodia.
6. The Parthenon was a temple of the 10. One of the most famous landmarks
3. The United States built the Panama Greek goddess Athena. The ancient in France is the Eiffel Tower of Paris.
Canal between 1904 and 1914, Greeks built it in the fifth century B.C.E. Workers built it for the 1889 World’s
connecting the Atlantic and Pacific on the Acropolis of Athens. Fair, and it was meant to be a temporary
oceans. This helped make sea travel structure. The tower is 984 feet tall.
between the East and West coasts of 7. High in the Andes Mountains of Peru,
the United States much quicker. the Incas built Machu Picchu during the Now, divide into teams and use books
15th century. and Internet resources to find two
4. Victoria Falls is one of the seven additional facts about each of these
natural wonders of the world. Also called 8. A beautiful example of Muslim landmarks!
Mosi-oa-Tunya (Smoke that Thunders), architecture is the Alhambra in Granada,
this waterfall is on the Zambezi River Spain. The Spanish constructed it
 Week 36 of 36 • Page 3

Test Your World Culture

I.Q—Part II
Who am I?
You learned about many people in World History Studies
Weekly this year, but how many do you remember? Read each
description below and write the name of the person on the
lines. Your teacher has an answer key you can use to check
your answers when you’re finished. Your score: 10 correct: a
world-class performance; 7-9 correct: worthy of a gold medal;
5-6 correct: worthy of a silver medal; 2-4 correct: worthy of a
bronze medal; 0-1 correct: time for some review! Once you know
your score, use classroom resources (including the Internet,
with permission) to look up the answers you missed.

1. As the son of British missionaries, I was the first white child

the Kikuyu tribe had ever seen.

______________________________________________________

2. As the ruler of Babylon, I ordered the first set of laws to be

carved on a huge black stone.

______________________________________________________

3. I was a famous anthropologist who believed that to truly

learn about another’s culture and their customs, you needed
to live among the people.

______________________________________________________

4. I studied Egyptian hieroglyphics for many years and cracked

the meaning of this ancient picture writing.

______________________________________________________

5. As King of Mesopotamia, I tried to make my queen happy by

building the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the seven
wonders of the ancient world.

______________________________________________________

6. An archaeologist, I became famous when I uncovered King

Tut’s tomb and all his treasures in 1922.

______________________________________________________

CONTINUED ON PAGE 4