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Analog and Digital Experiments

This document summarizes an experiment comparing the frequency response of common collector (CC) and common emitter (CE) BJT amplifier circuits. For the CE configuration, the midband gain is between 19.86-25.88 dB with a lower cutoff frequency of 126Hz and higher cutoff frequency of 1MHz. For the CC configuration, the midband gain is lower at -1.22 to 0.86 dB, with a lower cutoff of 32Hz and higher cutoff of 3MHz. The conclusion is that the CC configuration has a higher upper cutoff frequency due to its near unity gain and lack of Miller capacitance effect.

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42 views

Analog and Digital Experiments

This document summarizes an experiment comparing the frequency response of common collector (CC) and common emitter (CE) BJT amplifier circuits. For the CE configuration, the midband gain is between 19.86-25.88 dB with a lower cutoff frequency of 126Hz and higher cutoff frequency of 1MHz. For the CC configuration, the midband gain is lower at -1.22 to 0.86 dB, with a lower cutoff of 32Hz and higher cutoff of 3MHz. The conclusion is that the CC configuration has a higher upper cutoff frequency due to its near unity gain and lack of Miller capacitance effect.

Uploaded by

Iron Patriot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Lab 5

16.01.2021
─

Jadavpur University
1

Asipi Praveen Rao 001910701073


Gourav Nandy 001910701074
Sagnik Das 001910701075
Shouvik Barman 001910701076
2

THEORY: In this experiment,we have considered the frequency effects on the


effective gain of Bjt amplifier circuit for common collector as well as common
emitter.

The graph that we will obtain is generally divided into three parts depending upon
the operating frequency. The case or the bandwidth that we generally use for
maximum gain is midband.Moreover,we consider here another region for which
the gain is reduced,i.e,the low frequency range.Another region is the high
frequency region which introduces the effect of parasitic capacitances in the
circuit.

Normally, a Bjt amplifier circuit consists of three capacitors which are,two


coupling capacitors and a bypass capacitor.While,operating under midband
range,the values of the capacitor is such that their reactance or their contribution to
the change in gain of amplifier is considered negligible(since, we consider it as a
short circuit equivalent).Thus,we obtain a high gain.

Now,considering the low frequency region,the capacitors considered earlier starts


to show or rather has a considerable reactance.Therefore,its effect becomes one of
the things that should be considered while finding out the gain.Due to their
considerable reactance,the net voltage appearing at the base becomes less and
consequently the net gain decreases.

Another important parameter that we define in the frequency plots are the cutoff
frequency(fL).While operating the Bjt amplifier, we set a boundary for the midband
operating region seperating it from the lower frequency region.This boundary is
kept at a frequency value for which the net gain become 0.707 times the midband
gain.This is because at this value the output power is half of the output power at
midband.
3

Design:
Let Vcc = 12 V and Ic = 5mA β =200

Since the Q point is in the middle of the load line for the Amplifier

From the rule of Thumb ,

VcE= 50% of Vcc = 6V

For high stability VE is at least 10% of Vcc


Since RE will be bypassed by CE larger value of RE will not reduce the gain .

Ic≅IE = 5mA

Choose VE = 2V
RE = 2V / 5mA = 400 Ω

VB= VE + VBE = 2.7 V


Vc= 12-6-2 = 4V

So, Rc= Vc /Ic = 4V / 5mA = 25 μA


re= VT / IE = 26mV / 5mA = 5.2 Ω
Reflected resistance between base and emitter is

Ri = β RE
= 200* 400 = 80 kΩ

I1 ≅ I2

Take
I2 = 10 IB
I1 = 11 IB

R2 = VB / I2 = 10.8 kΩ ≅12kΩ
4

R1 = Vcc- VB / I1 = 33.8 kΩ ≅ 34 kΩ

So , R1= 34 kΩ
R2= 11kΩ
Rc = 800Ω
RE = 400 Ω

Let Av = -20

RE2 = (800/20)-5.2 = 34.8 Ω ≅ 34 Ω

RE1 = 400-34= 366 Ω

Design of coupling capacitance:


Reactance of input coupling capacitance XC1

XC1 ≤ Rin /10

Rin = R1 II R2 II β*RE
= 34 II 11 II 80
= 7.53 kΩ = 753 Ω

If lower cutoff frequency is 100 Hz

1/ 2πfCc1 = 753
Cc1 = 2.2 μF

XC2 ≤ R out /10

XC2= 80 Ω
5

Similarly ,
Cc2 = 20 μF

Similarly ,

XCE ≤ RE /10

XCE = 40 Ω
CcE = 40 μF

Circuit:
6

Frequency response of the circuit:

Midband gain: 19.86 and 25.88(in dB)


Lower Cutoff frequency: 126Hz
Higher Cutoff frequency: 1MHz
7

DESIGN OF CC MODE:

Let Vcc = 10 V and Ic = 3mA β =100

Since the Q point is in the middle of the load line for the Amplifier

From the rule of Thumb ,


VcE= 50% of Vcc = 5V
For high stability VE is at least 10% of Vcc
Since RE will be bypassed by CE larger value of RE will not reduce the gain .
Ic≅IE = 3mA

Choose VE =1.2V
RE = 1.2V / 3mA = 400 Ω

VB= VE + VBE = 1.9 V


Vc= 10-5-1.2 = 3.8V

So, Rc= Vc /Ic = 3.8V / 3mA = 1.26 kΩ


re= VT / IE = 26mV / 3mA =8.66Ω
Reflected resistance between base and emitter is

Ri = β RE
= 100* 400 = 40 kΩ

I 1 ≅ I2
Take
I2 = 10 IB
I1 = 11 IB
R2 = VB / I2 = 6.33Ω ≅6.34kΩ (market value)
R1 = Vcc- VB / I1 = 24.5 kΩ ≅ 24.3 kΩ(market value)

So , R1= 24.3 kΩ
R2= 6.34kΩ
Rc = 1.26kΩ
RE = 400 Ω

Let Av = -20

RE2 = (1260/20)-8.6 = 54.3Ω ≅ 54.9 Ω(market value)


RE1 = 400-54.3= 345.7Ω
8

Design of coupling capacitance :

Reactance of input coupling capacitance XC1

XC1 ≤ Rin /10


Rin = R1 II R2 II β*RE
= 24.5II 6.3 II 40
= 4.47 kΩ = 4470Ω

If lower cutoff frequency is 100 Hz

1/ 2πfCc1 = 447Ω
Cc1 =0.89 μF

XC2 ≤ R out /10


XC2= 126 Ω
Similarly ,
Cc2 = 3.5 μF

Similarly ,
XCE ≤ RE /10
XCE = 34.56 Ω
CcE = 9.9 μF
9

CIRCUIT :
10

Frequency response of CC mode:

Midband gain: 0.86 and -1.22(in dB)


Lower Cutoff frequency: 32Hz
Higher Cutoff frequency: 3MHz

CONCLUSION:
1) In CE mode we have used divide emitter resister into two parts to reduce the
temperature dependency of the circuit and also we can’t increase the amount of
unbypassed resister too much because it will reduce the gain. So, Here a trade-off
exist between gain and stability.
2) From the graph we can see that higher cut-off frequency of the CC Mode(3Mz) is
more than CE mode(1MHz) this is happening because in CC mode gain is unity or
almost uity so Capacitance due to miller effect is 0.

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