sea Water toner fzon canta, pelt ees exec £0 fe effects of oes fuclesr explosions are exoeed 2y ground sptfony sirblast Teudingy Anpacting eebris, cortatn of shese pleseasa are rebfontbiy well. understood can be modeled with confkdence, ef. fluid slosh lndvced by ground aotton td verpantane tng tur penn eh od swith Tove se tar van ctrl be stl sly eh oe mtd, ov the Brauh of rttce insite er de pretreating Topccng ava tees a id le of lot ete, Jah cu eg dee an tee Ion an oni be peered mt» fcton of tpt wtoctty, 2 ‘This paper oma nats end thape of dabri ‘the wacereaineiee én spacteying the dbcis enviscanats ny enalyaia of water lots produed by ispactingdsbris (although debris certainly contetbuted to the fls{2 los abeerved on high-oxplosive eracering ‘iperiaente), Rather, we concentrate on {Avid motion induced by ground ‘notion and overpressure loading ~ and prove Some coment on fluid response ‘snoctated with complex Anteractionsheteeen the aablast dynante pressure sand the feld's trae ourtacs. (ur approach 42 £0 ssa the exinteace of a caunel relottenship betweon ‘he maxinon wave response aid the war lots, and to obtain data vo quantity so celatiuisliye soelyeie sstectons for Dull twopseey (lu cucuangslar containers) to groimd mition excicatfon ave obtained and compared to data ‘rom controlled teberatory shske-table emerisente. Ne find that, for orlsoneat, eisusridal ground aotien Leading conditsene of frequency £, the depth renoved (44) is proportiensh to the anplltede of the dlsplacenene Sopue Ce), Hoes, Ads 7(8-a uhere 710) fo 4 fesuency dependent constant ‘The theoretically deteraleedmaxsaus vave response (h) of proporttonalsty. 4& alto proportional to the anplitule of the txt dleplacesent asplitudo, fees, B= A(O)-8 whore A(6) 15 a frequency dependant constant of proport en ality: Furthermore, iv appears thot 7(€)% IME) where T fs constant for a1 rectansviar geonstries examined, Hated on chi observation ve hypothesize har the fracttonal depth Love és given by 4a where T'4e 2 constant for © given container geonetry (C= 0,21 for rectangular Gontsiners) and d Se the contsiner depth. The above hypothesis is used to ‘smtinate fuid loss from contalners exposed to conbined eicblast-horicoatad Cy round motion eavironmnts. such predictions aro consistent with data obtained ‘frou MIXED OOMPAN, sIthough the eetiaater Ife on he low wide of cho date seatter, This dinagrennent way de due to the effects of alr foi, vertical ‘ound notion ond iapacting debria, which are Jgnored in the wave hedeht Following the encouraging conpecisen with MIRED OAM’ data, we estimate ‘Haid losses fron typical Large-scale cntatners aubjected to atshlaat and ‘round sottons predicted for muclear explosions. This anaiyete auggoeto ‘hs the relative portion of fluid Joss arsoclated with gromd sotion varios ‘smookderebly with yield, covtatnar dioension and geclogte variations of fntorest." In sone cases airblact loading doninates the fluid response, smd in other cases ground chook exe{tation doniuates. Yor extuple, whoa 3arge trenches (2300 ft iength) tn "ry" soll are subjected to Iowyteid ‘surface burst, sirbLast effects dominate the "cloce tn" (eid love, thie sound ootion effects doninate the “elane-in! Elutd loss for exeuches evpoved to large yields in “wot” soil. The wort caze ix associated with "yee" grotosten, ‘heoe results may wnderestiente the actual fluid loos became conecibutions susoctated vith dymanc prossurs and debris impact have aot boon considered: addtional studies are roquteed to antcas the water Inve 1tkely to be counected with such effects. Hosavar, 4¢ 4s believed that only minor Porcurbutiont to the fluid tase predsctions presented hore Will be datto- ater lose fron trenches, consis, pools, etc. may be preveated, or stguificantiy educed vith ehe use of berus placed around their periacters, Ax» practieal master, the cost of bers would be nosinal becouse excavated sof] would be readily available for chets constrection. Ta wave heteht calculations ‘scunsed 4a this paper could be ured co develop design cxLterta fot bere features (e.g., berm height) once the thitent savixoasent and sell geology axe apscttiee, *AMiblase-tndveed water loos ts independent Of geology except fo a tocond order ‘sense which considers coupled aisblast and greund fucion stfecte,_yenapocr10% ste offocte of nuclear burata on vater-tslted cole, Toe amelyols presented here ie socerest for a variety of reasons 11) encerued with atcoiase ond goin abock tadoced Fuld atin £2 ¢ ree angular trench, vbere the blast vave ts normal the french eidewnite Cee Figur 10H ephste, hve the nee of MS Pret cutariy wsapie geoentey ix motvated cal) ty ovr desire 9 #fer ‘easily eineralisad Co wore kone Moat of ene results drained heze can complicated uitustions-both {a the snse of container aroutry and dn the sense of Siare wave disection relative t9 te contsiner erientation. Za sy : ny cave, the geometry i2iwtrated 42 Figure 1.1 {6 m excellent appront— Tee ‘tion £0 nearly all the fied and loboratory exoariemte discuseed {0 Gispter 5. Since the inforaation obtatoed fron these experimints consist ck fluid 1osa sosurenente, the theoretical offort ‘ssose entirely of post presented here 46 dicected prisseily tovard the ceveloreent of = outcble ‘Tuid-lose prediction technique, altheyps inforastton oo ofhex Aaporeene uid cesponse charactertetics (ecgsy te velostty Held) {5 also btcined, In principio, ¢ complete doceription of fuld reaponte tn contstners exposed fo biase aad shock effecte frou nuclear eploriens can be derived fron the Jesaute proud dieplacsneat vayotores ato sinly composed of Lov freqveccy component, which are cancntéally unaffected by the presence of shallow owsary condition for the pool side walle. jeuratsly repeeuented an » presnuze Boundary Towerer, although the ground aotton In adsttion, the effece of Wee ese Bie men TE ET cly. ueeeoane Poort ine na tg ae ae ena eae ‘ederstocd aad can only be approxintely soleled. This fact, along vith fue suspicion that che water loss eaused by dyuante prescure-related forces sy be of mizor Seportance for the Larger length scales of Socerett, lead us to CLmat consider the offece of grou mozion aad overpressure on flii4 ‘osponse in Gispter 2, viere « discatsion of the comlete Douodary-inttial ‘yall roblea Leads to caning rules eployed to design HE (401d experisoutes and fn Guprer 3, vbere « detstled, Linearized ansiyais of £lutd notion te Presented. An exautnatfon of aynante presaure effects, dncluding seating requirements, 4s presented 1s Chapter 6, vhile ia chapter 5, ve consider chs‘he avatlable oxerfactal dats ia formulating « flute 1008 prediction achniaue, Finally, Gupeor 6 provides eotisates of fluté 1os5 tn Largan scale containers subjected to sithiast and horigental ground notion Loading, ‘he vater oss dnduced by Sepasting debris ean eloo be modeled thecrotteally provided the debris alze, shape and tapace velocities are Boown. Ne shalt sot atteupe to txest ehie water Toes mecanien here, Other atuites, beyond the scope of thie papery vill consider poontble bounde £0 wator Loes sasociated ‘vith {apacting debris (oa well ap tne potentinl hazards of Sapactiog mtesiie on the survivabiy of che cantante of Liquid shelters)» 2. GOVERETRG UATIONS AND SeALAME FOR hn examination of exe governing equations for fluid vesponke 4a open sontainece Aodicacen that ae Leabt! five aepmeate sealing coefreaeats mort fal uatideied ‘ese requizenenes, enfoh are associated with gravteational, viscous, aveEace porated inco che design of nodal sxporimante, TE eppeatd, however, thse flatten oF eke nen-gravitattonal aos ing raquixenents may not aerously affect the properties of fluld motion which are important ta blast snd shod fnuced f1uld lose. In partCoular, viscosity and euefase tension probebly hnave a vory minor erect on paremetors sen se maximum wave heseht and nat Hote lees, provided concat Likewise, cavkeation (itch may not even oeovt) sod EI compeesssbiliey sre oly tuporcant curiae passage of a strong atr shock (100 pa) over the Cutd!s surface. Ale shosk-reliced compressive effects ote currently foot «he Fiala response ohartotertatics senesone Delng Anvoptigeted; hovever, for che parposas of th ‘hae they do not sértousty Consider an open, euo-atzentianal, rectangular flutd-contsiner eyston! of Aengsh snd mesa Elid depth, d. Acmume chat the free surface of the fiutal 15 suajeatod co a overgressure Loading (x,t) ané Eat the container under oes 4 elsid body dlsplacensat, defined by tha motion of eurrounsing ground savertal, HCO By aaglecting the fluta"e viscouiey, auetace tension and conpressibelity, and by fntroduetig the Length scale # and cme sealeV7e, ‘he eqwations of mcfon and bounésry condttLons oat be expressed in the VE8" = 0 (courtautty equation) eo ‘ie specioltzation to two-dinensional, roetengular containers és nade only to stsplify the notation. coneraitzation of the folloriag procedure to a chee ispostoel eystan of arbitrary gesmatey 9 atraightfonard, The sesslis ore ‘*#tor 6 esacossion of the dteensional equations, ace Seference 2 e7an! BL) mene y ee ay! Bef 2 dng? oa ae 2] ido yp wom “Bleusom (HS | ao! ¥ where gravity acto tn se apativerdlrection, #18 the velocity Potential, 74s tm dlplacen of hm Eve aertce in otlibriun, Ted ate vie vecears dn the x ad rdltectiom and xxi, atx/f, ontt, rane, # AN, BS, Tee To qutantee siatStuse In by, (21-2), we mit require PCat) = pale es) ! Fe =H) an Thm, AE a flate-contaiser syaten of chactertstic length I, 4s subjected to $5 overpressure (1,8) and a dieplacsnent fj (c), a geosetslcslly otatiar flai sontaloer syaten of characterLetic Length fy wil] indergo dynanically eit tar sotion proviges ‘aeae ecuathons sepresent the Kisoatle free surface boundary condition (2,2), the yeni ace surface toutny cntitien G3), nd te sid ail Posse che Bo = cy laptevRTE) an Fle = UIA Oley, ARTES * en WWheh viscous; cusface seneton and couprecatble effects neglected, ys. (2.7) and (2:8) comtotety spectty tne ground wotion ond overpresture acoling redutreneaes, and {9 the Adealistie atruatfon unere couplets control over the enviroment ta Foantble, no sore need be wal. vnfortwately, complete onviromiental eouttot 45 not slays posstble, eapectally whe HE field teats are used ko node] proto- type sesponse. Por exanpls, although UE and HE groved notton waveforms are raaesa- ‘bly otattar (and hense a. (2.7) can Ye satsatied by adjusting che Lengch scale snd range from ground a6r9), the spatfel tod temporal dependence of overpreasures ‘generated Oy explosions of different ytelds 4 inconststent vith the Toate wents of fi. (2.6). TMe fact has Lead to the developoat of spprexteate ove Pressure scaling rules witch are seful under Linfeing cixconmtances 2.2 ovEEnASULE IMPULSE seALtnD 1£ the overprenaure positive phase duration 43 amsll competed te the period of the loveat [lulé response mode and effects of che negitive phase axe ncslistble, the snsizets presented io Guapter 3 (200 84, (3.199) denonateates that vith rapard tO sfvblastrinduced fluid motton, positive pines dapuiee graéient 4a the most por fmt overpressure. garanster. Integrating 2g. (2:8) over tine; we obtain the (618), 14) ca} here T denotes pooseive phase ovcrpressura ‘apolae, IE ¥ to the peak overpressure st 0, Kio te radius from ground zaro and ¥ ts the explosive yield, dapulte feeling 1s obtainod ehroush the folloving seeps: “The pooftion x0 is defined an the Jkading edge of che container, ch.a. stnoe 1 t/4y8/3 proptded P< 1000 pot [3], Bee (2.9) roRutron phab_ pf, ‘The poomeeisal rogutrenent epecitted hy che function arguments So Ba. 2.9) fo satietied $6 2d. © the relatéon P~ G2 /m)® (shore 25» $3 for P B10 pot) together vtch a, and bs aplien that P= 13, WA where J = 2/¢42/n) end S200, 40 Ley cdma eas g- For tized ¥, 2~ 14/9 a the Sogulaegeaient (= mmisies ¢ otelteibte YHeLé dependence. This, the only explicit aealiag rule te? ~1), although there {an inpliett yield dependence because wt have asad chat che ponsesve Phase duration {8 email cotpered to che lovest ande period. For very large ylelde and/or very guait contataers this ype of aealing t= Jaayprepciate Goobss tapes scaling ts accurate 1f W/3/tccl, vere WSs expressed ta NE and 1 4s tho Lovaot mode period in ecconde), Since cht fundamental periods for containers with Lengths of 200-300 £& vary fron 5-15 eec, the ute of Anpulte scaling for yields 21 Mf teade co lneccracies. For ektuetions where ia condftion de violated, and che yield de ast eutfiefenciy Large for ul Sealing (eos below) Co apply, ox when the effects of « negative phage are of Interest, no otmpie acaltog rule applies, and sore dotatled exanination Of the problen 1s noes 2.9 quaeseR noor oF wasup seazye ‘he nealing rocutreneats, P~f and J~ 1/4, commoly referred as quarter oot of yield sealing, ars dozived 4m Reference 4 wich the aid of the strong a ) wader the asouption thar the shock relations w~PA) and v(ehock apeee)—P characteristic tine scale for the problen fs the air shock traneit tine across he container. | AE the positive phase durecton 4= mish longer thant pertod, WM scaling 16 appiscable because the ieportant forcee are applied fo ho fiuLé surface ooly during the eir akock traverse (and hence the trenci¢ tie does serve as a charactertetic time scale). On the other hand, tn cares Where the porktive phase duration 18 shore, important forcea are applied to the ‘terface long after the air shock feat hat passed (shen the overpressure decay ‘ine constant ie unrelated to the shock transit tise). Unfortimately, «i/4 | scaling appears co be appropriate only for extremely large ylelés and/or very 4.10 fasa1l contalnere. Hor centatners Lengths on the onder of « fev huared feet ‘is aesling does not apply walece tho yfetd 2100 Mt. 2:4 cov moto seALENe re ayant Yor 2 given FC), #9. (27) defines a'F,Ce) vaen watt pe 4n principle, stusecity of the Fluid potton. Laborstony aipertmoats ca satloty Ee. (27) to aiy destred degree of accurdeys eherefore, prototype Wave omg cas be accurately mdolog ~ to the extent that they ere komm, from che seandoine of £810 teats, ground notion aesling Ls approxiaate becauee of &1f~ Hloulefes in seating ME and WE ground notion vaveferns precttely. However, a Well designed HE vepectmen: provides a wide variety of ground aotton environ ents which usually nodet tone nuclesr waveforne of fatereses 1 the dontaant froquaney of « prototype displaceneat vaveforn a f,, and the douteant frequency of 2 ftetd test waveform {8 £,, the length Sealc"viich should be ued in the CHeld vast te dacernined frow 29. (2.7) a8 ‘Swen, for {eld cet experinonta, ground ahock scaling requincuents can be: sstisCted fatrly accurately, but only st the expense of the overpressure equlrewents. Tate condition, coupled wie tho fact that rigorous aceling of overpressure ettects te often inpossfile, atrongly ouggeet® chet ve acteopt vo underscand Ciutd response ftom {Set principles, rather chan fatally relying on information fron spproxiuately scaled experinonts, ‘Sonsequanely, in cho gaxt anapeer, we proGent @ nose detailed analysis of‘3, prwwctes oF FID RESRONEE 70 CROWND ROTION AND OVERFRESSURE Set rowmnarros In Mo chapeex, a normil node anlyote Le ured to examine che probien ‘Uluetrated én Figure 2:2- Stace the teshnique of nodal decomposition can be appiied to aay fladd-sontaiser ayaten; cited in an arbitrary direction, ‘he extenofon of thers roctangular trash rorults to nore complicated situations 4 seratgnetorvand or of length P An che a-dtrection Consider a ceondinesatone), rectangular cont 45 4 seevttattonal eels g whieh acta An the negative e-ekcection. that che equlitbrium flutd depth éa che container {6 4 aad that the sides of ‘he container are extended sutticiealy to prevent any f1u{6 100 WEEh viscostey, surface tension and conressibiltty neglected, 40 (2.1)~(2-4) and the {attiat conditions 9(o)=He)=0 comprise a boundary-initiel valve probien ‘ith a (premunabiy) imique solution, Unfortunstely, the highly noolinear fasture of the problen preciuies tho wee of staple aotution tactnigues, although rinse slation By Lneartzing £40. (2.2)- 15 45 posstbie to obtain a vseftl app (2-0) ~ ise,, we assume that the free autace and ground dioplacenente ace rounpeione exe justi~ ssall comered to typical eurtase vave speeds. Te #484 for sost caren of Snterest, aad even in eftuttfons vhere thie 48 not ao the Uneertsed asiution ie at least quslitatively useful. ‘he Linearized, diuansionat yeraioas af Hs. (2:2)-(2.4) axe Beso -Ben ae Bese) + aye) + HD. on char Boe aaa Spee ca Cerage) = fey teh together wien 7%$+0 and che aforementioned Initial conditions comprise the Llneartzed problem. Wore, 0(2) and HC) are respectively the hortzontal fond vertical componante of the around displacement In kerms of Y, dattsed by FED Fiery the foverning equstLons becene veo oo Heed 1 Gtlrind PED hoe b=0 os) fe) +88 0,0) = 8 Ge) oo 2 20 PH re) BE Gice) = on BE tantio= eis fe the vortieel acceleration are wrually apall conpszed t9 (0.5) tor the renainder of this chapter. chapeer 6 si ‘lscusses che effect of this torn uler sore general cfrcuatmces. Note ‘that HC) 4m m4. (3.6) onty equines the equilibrius position of che free surface to move vertteslly with cha dlsplacenent 1).Equations (3.4)=(9.2)s with oll vertical motion terme onitted can be satiated ow os witha, and atta by Reeee eaten Goes, a, = SU 6m)? for of aj a, = 0 for even 9) He = 2, Osmond afl (wrx) (ie, 8,00 fi revel Poe >, uaisacion of A tn 6. 0.8) and (3.8) ytde me 400), =f +a] an 4g = Cooma) aah omejey) 2 cha 42 the natural radtan Eroquency of of norsal node. Equation (3,10) can be uy se {0 excited by the ‘escribing the dieplaceneat of a hamonie ouekilator of frequescy reo" (u,"/) (Bayt). Tre solution of Ba. (3.10), WH satietles the iafttel condétions 9,(0)=R,(0)=0, ta 50 = Die =u, f Dereinta, (en er} om Bereta, (e-o))ae freee t-0 marks the stort of the intttal Minturbance (either ground eotton or overpressure). By differentiating fq. (9.11) and exbetituting the results 1ato 25, G9), one can enleulate 4,8) and thereby deteraine the flutd velocity sien, WH. complicated requenetee of the aysten {a question and the modal functteas coaCers/B) by Mote that ehis replaccnont changes che dittottions of @, and Q,. In laboratory vith the possible exception of the Feat, are probably vary diftieite to sound shock simulation oxpariseace (Go be disouae 0 of Bqs- (3-20) sad (11) to flutd-eontasner aystens with nore costries £8 accomplished by roplactag a, with the actual naturel in Chapter $) indleats the existence of » good correlation between fut ove end the maximum virtual” vave height szcociated with the first nods Ths, Zor fluld lose prodiccion, the Féxet mode response appears to 10 --lf olf samentyemee]| Gan ‘Since the calculation of 3,(¢) assumes that fluid cannot leave the contetoer, habe Wate besghes are terSed virtuels chs4 DIRAC PRESSURE AND YERITCAL GROUND MOTTON BFFECTS 401 RUHIN-ReaMiourD (fou) HAVE GeNERRTION Chapters 2 and 5 nave been conceraed with the comuhat Hdealized problen ff overpressure and groin! wotton-indussd fluid responses Clearly, the ‘gh anced, escongiy tine dapondent alr flov fleld sasociated wich sirblast suvironments can also datesact vith the fluid fres surface, exciting vaves AIshowgh ete ineeraction ‘and povatbly causing fluld lees tn the proce=s $8 difficult to describe theovstically, pronrare can be wade in sezessing ‘She stuntftcance oF some of the more staple dynante presoure effects A quilicative underetanding of dynanis pressure affects can be obreined by Agnoring many of the sore couplex skanendna viteh would othervise render fhe problon ineractibie. For enarple, {£ ve tenors the Boundary layer and ‘he tnherent enrocndimsotonality of the flow fitid, treat the problen 8 qussistartc, and atsuau chat the deformation of the fluid surface 18 fomoT1," the rosuleane ateflow-fluid tnterastion can be interpreted os a ‘hese assunptions generally exaggerate the In particular, boindary layer Kelvin-llctsholts sostabilicy, strength of the aiefloefluld interaction. effects tend to reduce the effective afr flog veloett ‘Setornations induce flov separation and theraby Lintt the grovth of curéace Anstabilictes; and che actusi ehreo-diseneional flov can relieve itself, argo free surtsce Unteraily, around’ ene wave disturbance Consider a atengy,saviscid eirflov over a enall amplitude, sinacoidal aue~ fee. For subsonic conditions the aurfase variations induce a pressure dia turbance {a the air given by 82 = -c,0n% ay where 7148 the anplitude and k tho vave number of the surface deflection, 9 Uke mrertutbeddonanc pressre enclstad withthe acflov, and G, (a° 4 frap coetSictent which depends on che flox's Mach muaber (5]. Fotlosdnk a approach used to describe atrblast saterectioas with structurealé), ve stmwme that Bg, (41) canbe extended to iutesty flo situations by cecting BFC) = Pye d0, ona) 4.2) cha ‘era €,(2) 19 new che tine dependent dynesic pressure and Ty Le an average 08 coetfictont, assed to dapend otly on tho inttiat (e0) Hach maber My. The pressure fluctuations (4.2) cin be incorporated into (3-5) by replacing Gt) sith F(a) +8R(a,e). The net eeeule of ta procedure 1s to replace 24, 1m 29. (3.10) with ‘hos, as expected, the dynante precnure effect (Zepretented by Kelvin-Heluholts Anetabiiiey) forces the modal Frequencies to besone tina dependent and possttly Ananinary, 40 noted previowsly, vertical groud accelerations cause a sinilar effect. 42 APPROXIMATE TREADENT OF KSLYIN-HELAGOLTZ YAU GENERATION AND vERTLCAL mouND worioH he discussions presented in Sections 4,1 and 3.2 dadlcate that both Kelvin= Helmolts tastabiltty and vertical ground sotioas wodlfy the baske modal 2 Hm +070 + 6ce))8,¢) ~“2 [Bede + 4. G HMO tutor Keene «2 [Boa sacs] wn EO era, ree ve NG) to (iatstont Ciena Wotton) Denoting Ae) a6 he solutlon of best to aL(o-H(o-t, wx soce thet sho Gttereatial equation (6.9), together lth thro chon Soictal conditions is ogulvalint to the Woleerta Sotagral equation 4.391,0 = afo-af/ (0 stale OE ww rotation to He (40) aon = Hci faintness ee sefleuonmgeen fiers a oo Pee ete emcees tected teeeallentteniresraatione at. reel2) oa roa [ Noe ORG wo store fe) 4s glen ty . OD- 0) amteaon to me reascumocre rast untyy y(t) can ne aprontated by rs arene 9) qo sapere Tn easy cobss of Sntorear @ 4 auch antler than the perfods of the frat few nomial nodes, oo that for the purposes of sntegeation sia(e,(t-9) = 0, (0) sn) canbe printed for, here Vln a charasterietsc valoctty. tquetien (6,6) can then be agproxtaated by Ea Peo Mer “un provided ujeect sad £8 The relative Soporcance of she felvde-tetsholts 2,0) 2 a9) so, 14 Ket, the serie solution £9. (4-5) {9 waetel end the Anfluonce of the KM mechanism £9 aioors Lf Kyl, 34. (4.5) probably docs not converse land the HoH effect ts probably significant, Hor meat prototype envixonasate K,G1, at least for the Firat fev noden,which are noat dmportent vith regsea (a8/2)2, xo wave generation buconer inerenatogly moze o-8 since 9~W/? for explosive teats, the second vetetion fo Hq. (9) tuplioe that Hee chanafore Leaving the suijoct of dysante pretsure effects, we should point out that Fuld can bo removed without the appearance of large eupiteude waves, Shock tuho experieents (9) have sndlcated that te ar Flay telnd « shock ave can afgntfteantly role the flatd curace vl Detween the air and feta, Ie appears thatvender oore resliatts ffeld teat crplosive condtions,shear erosion 42 such Sees aigagicent. Th ony cates s ‘suLeable phyetean aade1 of ente effece an nor Jat been perfected “oh ABpLeATioy so guneveAL GRouND OLIN Suvetceucion of (0) = Here taro Br (6.5) stvet 9 =H af, BO aoninagteore «o.) ‘Often W(x) and B(e) ars nonzero only £2 tine interval hich {2 short compared to Puy, a last foe the Fist fat ones. adr such femmes ¢ fed errccintinata biel eetac1 iu) feo = a e000 Go that 7g. (4:10) can be epprovinated by 8 | ce) —u, noe “Waoene| «a ote eine he relative contribution to 3,(t) fran vertical sptfe0 doponds on the phasing bervéen the horizontal and vertical comments. The relative Aeportance of vertical soctone Je rougly represented by the aiz0 of enone ere T 4a the guration of she gromé sotion ane Hse gene “avoraye" verti! fceelerstion, Since g,Tet, the aspaltie of typical vertical eccleratione ‘must ho Goncvtac Larger than gf te yorELcat wotton eoncributton £0 B,() Sa to be atgniticant 4.3) sau ‘iin malysts suggests that both vertical ground motion ad XH vave generation ‘my be uotnportant, particularly Cor Large length scales. Estinutes of K, (oe £4. (6.89) for typten prototype pareseters and lov pode muabers indleate hae Kc, cepectally 4F Miles! corvactica 42 applied. Unfortunately, the Anceraction, and sleiovgh chore Ss reuson co Poliove chat wndar the highly eansient condicions generated by nuclear bores Sl coupling probably over= cstimices the strength of the Antaractfon, more effort is needed to clarify st, deseribed at the ond of Section 4,3, and other eave geceration sicuanioes wien are beyond the scene of tate paper. to sxanination of Ha, (4.12) fox eypteal sround section wavatorms indicatoc that the verticnl notion correction is usually onall. This obearvation cAiich are discussed Sn Chapter 5. 4.23Bereta ese we nce rane cai gS ULATION EPISEETS somata havo bien performed £2 fe sooliszcne souessners. Al Recently, several fleld ond Iborstorr omit Je and shock-énaucod Auld sotion $ study Bl he start of cach coat and conesinere vero completely full at eaten esi VIG esos eae cenrae mh rience, eects, Theta ft210d : ‘humic containers) wore 63° containers (hareafter referred t9 a» the MIRED poted co atroiast, gromd notice ond dvcis cuvésmoeents of Y#r7i0 Get, runoe conesizce, whee tee sTtasceerelie Paipse Levees Plesed ot 500 t+ Ceareeerending slnary incerprecation je will act be Aistances fron ground sero ranging {roa 20 £2 250-10 pak peak overpreesures). The seslce and peel ‘of these exporiaants are given ia Taference 3) ond Herefo jee with fluid loss predfettone ‘eid expectoente vill be seloded om Fre) ‘A mre sophisticated set of 74 TAOV 1V ~ Bveae 6, vnteh d= echadeled for the sumer of 1 iat tose observed nm MIE OOMEANY was tnduced by the emsbined actton of ground shock and debrio iapact, To ald fn unfolding the relative fp stchasions, Iakoratery swperinenes have been fnftuence of thexe water tos conducted to atuéy fluid xvspoote to gromd actions vistout the I of other possible toss nechentens. These experiments were conducted o0 2 duaivaxts hydeculte dynanic simulator, at We Laboratories’ Yoreo, Celt fornia Faciley (10), The prinsry cast series exposed water-filled MDXRD GOMPAIT ancous Picasa) (Rortzontal ‘contelners to uai-antel (horizontal) and simul sand vertical) exsieation, A test series employing eemaubat larger concatncrs ‘vith several different well slopes vas also conducted. apasts vas placed ‘on pavanctric etuiies that varied Saput wavefors frequency, amplitude, uration and vertical-horteontsi phasiag, The experinmes iavolving com biged verticst-Horisoote} loading vars aoweviat complicated by the fact that, for nolerate vertical sotione, she water scparated froa the container sod catered o gravitationsl feee-fall stage, Under a conbined atrbinst- round shock eaviroasent, £1ui4 eoparstion probably would be proventod oF “it Least dahtbited by the fovees aociared with the uizblast overpresoure. {ie de saportant co note that the theocet les) epproach to vertical wotion ffocte protented in Section 4.5 ence accoméate fluld-container separation. In any case, our efforts to develop « fluld Loss prediction teshntave have ch. Figure 8.1 ixEb coHPAny containercevutta; consequently, Paes tie wake eam dey gears eancementezee t= ‘uly those results viN1 be examined im dete 5.2 RMyMnenerAnow oF TAnORATONY EXPERDIENS oom By (9011, with a, feds thm necimin ubetoe ene anne asc Dirdetn(e,(e-0 0] on) cont as fom Ss Oe eee eee se eth ce enrrire =) t2 On tore 8 ortzontal ateplacemeat wavefor Be tempore tzeqency of the cocaine Jove arm Plt the ple perience exployed dlplocenet wvefrm aproniately seprsented by oe ae seatoe) 0S ES WE eae PH ne = oa het a3 ° eewe u i} ners Y,2 or 9s Yor th veers (), Ba, (1) canbe wrzeoud se ne af onl af eon(),a/9 6. wusee Fg matt be deterasned mumectealty. A plot of Fy(f,/8) and Fa(F,/6) 48 Prozenced Sn Figure 5.2. ota that the difference® fire negligible except neat resonance. The large values of F, calculated near ‘resonance should be Interpreted carefully because nonlinear, vave~grovth~ ucen the 9 fenced ximun wave Het ‘on-Dinenstonal Of Manieing sechantams vers not ceoeidered tn the antlyeie of Chapter 3. Gm- seqentiy, though che two-cycle fluid lose 66 oxpected to be Targer chen the onoreyele lose when (,/ Hially ese than indicated by Hlewe 5-2. This eubject in soneshar acadentc or large axplttude ground sotione near grad aero because they tend to have fever eycles Figure 5.2. 1, the ctefevenee tt spected to be substan often ese then a complete e7ele. bie expact that the observed depth tora Ad can Se related fn cone samer to ‘the maxioum wave hofaht schioved fn cesponse to the displacement excitation. ‘Thos, we shall correlate the fluid loss date vith the virtual wave hetsht in Ba, (3.3). Yor eovantonce, both tha dapth Loss end vave height ero ch.25 cz |tocanLized bythe mum depth d. Wigse 5.9 lots exvrtamaealiy Uececse aluee of 44/8 oo a fucctin of the teoresieal vrs wore BABE N/E (hoecs Calm cann Gru) #y (Ele) fr « sagle cele dsphactesne pulse (eq. (5.2) wieh b= 1). Thao date ae fron tants fawohving £995 ectatecr eemtsien (praia end ontcon MHD OBER, cnttgustietee tnd broedalde wd ond-on coutigeracions for m6 1504 2" sectanBes entaaes) wich afd 0-2, 042, 0,3 014 for the ND COMPAR const esale/aba oih Yc chat ociee caaeiaien, Tylnilcteny enreral volves °F Che ee 2; 15) 2 Sep 10 Be for the MIXED for the BC 15% 2" contednere, The Anput frequency vere investigate Mean containers, ond f+ 12, 5 Me overt mods natural frequencies for th (@roadside and end-on, MINED OMPANT) and 1.33 end 0,90 He 159% 2" contatnes). ra ceagatnece ort 2-37 and 2.55 Ts Groadetde ad ‘to within che experineatal scatter, Ai/A appears to be proorticnsl to b/d ‘Tits Linear dependence 1s eves note apperent 1£ the dats roints where &/E>1 or container Lengths oa the ozdee face excluded--on shom so Figure 3:4. ‘rus, the Laer relatios ‘9 100 ft or Larger and yletde <50 mr, £,/f <1. ship berwean Aé/d and b/d appanrs co be quite accurate in the sen-dimantfonal, voqvonsy donain of most practical concerae a the bavto of this date, ve hyporestze that the fractional depth Lore te related to the marinus save height via ‘bala =P ow whose T= 0.31 2 0402 for rectangular containecs and £>fo- ‘Mo Lilustrate the AmpLicatfons of #4. (5.4), a nove detatied view of the Asboretory water Joas date froa the MIXED IMPLY emmeainers (for the 44 placenent pulse in 14, (5.2), vith K = 2) 40 given in Figures 5.5 and 5.6. ‘Also cham in theae figures are predictioas based dn Bq. (5.4) vith b given by ute (5.3) and T= 0431 ‘he dlaagceesent nese resonsnse probably resuite fron two effects. Fisat, noa-Linear effeste late vave height grovth and tend to flatten the peak for relatively Large values of afd. Second, as fluid 1s Lost from & container, the resonance frequency f, lovere--an effect chat tends to browdea the resonance oak over s wider range of frequencies oh Fractional Depth Loss tasuresents as a Function ‘aed Haxinon vave Hevane of form Figure 5.3‘water toes and Lap enliside ae 6 function of facteney tnd all lone, the resiceappeae tobe competible withthe Fuld Joe preiletion fovea 6.0 whee Face Mowever, the varkation tn and f, appears vo be rather ino? for wall slopes greater than 18 degrees. for the aotmun slope tested (18°) f, vas Aovered by about 19% from eho natural froquaney for roctangvlar containera, vie T decreaced at nost by 25% ftom 0.21 to about 0.25 perimental, Results as a dimensional Frequency for Various Volues of Tho matown "vireun!™ vave ReLghE sanpeiated with he Jowest nonnal made fvvkronnent. Equneion (514), Which uao dextved from experineata fovolving only groind motion Loading, nay then be aevuned to péedict fluid lose for combined airblast-groud ahock eavéroaaente. Although this sasumption bi ot been verified chovgh a comprehensive experimental programy 4¢ 8 sneutetvely appealing snd vill be used in the rensining analysis tn this co ay nnxiun vave BeLghE ealeulation, and because these effects are thought co be relatively uotaportane, cha folloving eslovistions will oniy consider ‘1044 104 aL show chat such a prediction procedure 1s consistent wien me Fxeld 0st observations on MIXED COMPANY [3]; thor demmosttating som coutldenee ‘tm applying this procedute co extinate water Lees in prototype {tuations ‘caused by horizontal ground notion and overpressure Loading. Ye Nancdtmensional” Input Uvaplacenant, Aptitude Function of Ror = id) = 0.4 B= (ave) - 0.3 = (afd) = 0.1 . ° 4 ‘attenuation of pask dlaplacenent wich rage fren ground sero ts given fn Figure 5.7] Oonscquenty, oc tel] eode] O(6) oo m one-cyele § lin ainecetdal Figure 5.6 Fractional Depth Loss Predictions and Ex igure 5.7. Sings £,[€50.5, the predict{one are relatively intaneitive fe ss07 mis30 mien cue 6 aim of threo exnonentiale: 4.29 rr rrDISPLACEVENT ~ jn 10 ou 100) pe amet = tt ure 5.7. Poa Surface (1.5 dpe) trizonial (Howe S.7 Teh Stents oo MCD COA chat Ae = Feaeey (ae + PT eH stese ©= (c,)/0, £, ta the clas of shock arrival and 0 45 the posteive ‘hase covetion. Tha pacanotere 8, 4, ¢, a md Tare given ax a function of oak overpressure in Weteronce 3. Although Ehis overpeenouce approrination 10 ‘elt only for avlear enviroments, {can be cestonable node for ME exper stone provided the actual HE overpreasires and positive pu ‘Accordingly, these dats aro taken fron Reference Il, for sinplictty, the ground shock end aitbiese arrival tines are atswmed to cofnetde, Only 6 onal error Gisuilty <10z tn Bd/s) se nexodussd by this ascumpeton ‘igure 5.8 compares che smill container deta with caleulated vater lots fron ‘smbined aisblant ond hortzoatal ground notion losdiag. Yortcal ground wotton, ebsis tnpact, aud donate pressure effescs are dgnored in this aodel. Tho fha0ry doen dFferentiate baruees Drondakde and enihon contigecationsy hovever ‘he tfferences are £00 small to indicate in Pigere 5.8. tha Sroadeice con figuration loses nore fluid util the range exseede shout 700 ft, afcor wich Geecribe the variation of flutd toon with congo, although they generally wndor= sstinate che observed flutd Ios Comparison of data from the calculations and Taboratory experigents with the Heid experinents eugseste thar about half of the observed fluid tose from ‘he saulL containers on MIXED COMPART can be attsthuted to hordaoat potion alone, provided the range froa proud zero is Lees than about 450 fe ‘Se rangoo fm excess of about 600 £¢, the theory predicts tha the aisbaar Bonding ca 2 arom nes most Of he Flat Loc, ‘tee F() aod 6j aay tase we the apvontntely coasane shock spec across the container, are the only parameters treated as, feces Dosition over the fisld's aucénce! "aitcuiee passatars Seite CS yg {etependent ot potcion, boing factions of ta rettitce Geena F(o0), Shon, "thls npeoxnacion tn conseraties Secease Ne Teel ne penn inl ovecitane onal page ele piton ede the| 6. PREDLCLION OF FLUID 1088 nH A mucLEAR mE 6.1 cuRerEIZArION oF mE mnEOMENT ‘Toe Low-frequeney ground aotions fron a near-surface emplecion way be represented by # single cycle dtoplaceuent waveform rhove amplitude 19 ass 8 sor a? 7.5 on i i ae g i. . aor ete ee ee ee B sstegeaieraes cates te gee oc oe feces tf edlot St gevtad ‘whet oid me LAA}. WEE RASS le ae a Coe aie ew aoe =| ee ui é Teas eae : fi Be believe that the following reeults underestimate water lose if x/v'/3> 7,5, : ease mma fe Wo assune that V~ 2x 10° W fe? for wet seils, vhere W ts the yield ta : = ae sepevone.: Tor dry ootley we ante Val9:5'1008-fe3)shaee coe p= ipmipel los ay : ee ee pssrs0 w (ADD) ay 6.2) ap a ® nytt) = £.3 wY3(r/eaodetsants wee nol (6.3) A i 2 nye) #13 Fereomsunete ay eat 6.0) Sard f= unr? us cha SSFor the following calsulations the overpressure, at in the previous chpEery Ae sodeled aftor nrode (3], ané the ground shock and air ahook serive1 tines sre spain assued to coincide. Dsbrin ‘apace, verticel notion sed drmante Pressure are couplately ignored. 6.2 Eepprerron cxovarioxs shore Figures 6.1 ~ 6.4 give predictions of flutd toss based oa Fa- (3:8), ‘Oye socio wave heseht {+ calculated fron fa, (3-11), For muclenr enviroments and recemgular contatnor goonetrfes of Antscest. figuras 6,1 and 6.2 indicate fhe depth Loss experienced under "ary" geologic conditions a2 « function of peak overpressure and yield. The container étzenstens for the ealeslations fare = 100 ft, &> 40 fe in Pence 6.1, and = 300 fe, a= 40 #E dn Figure 6.2. ‘Tye cana inferaieion for "wet" geologic conditions 40 presented Sn Figures 6.3 s08 6.4 the bande 4a mere ttgyros artze from the incortatnty 4a predicting the Gisplacesent vavetors frequency, Genttelty speaking, the 1ar5er 200900 ave sssoctated with ce lower Srequency Matt, £~ 0.25/0"/6; che lover Losses With the Mighor frequency inte, f= 1,0/44/6, tn exception to ehis rule is the 100 m1, 2 100 ft, predictions. In this cane the lover frequency knit ‘corresponds to £,/f22, unite for tue higher frequency Ut fy/fS2+ thus, an Intoruedtate frequency actually 4s associated with the larger Lose. ieive to ground notion: Shan onetter jonesinurs, the £= 300 fr container generally loses lees fluid shan the A= 100 (e container. Figure 6.2 indicates that che asnetesvtty of futd {oss to sioid is extreacly tov for the f= 200 £6 container at Loe yholds In these cases, ground notion £2 relatively iniaportant and che overpressure ‘ite rapidly relative to the normal sode period. ence, 24. (3.12) ‘Should apply, and as mentioned tn Chapter 2, the vave hetght so deternined 4 ud 1oe8 from even large pools sa "vet effectively yield independent, seologies Le uiually doninated by ground ation The rolacive portion of fui Lose atsociated with ground motion varies slderably wich the yield and conteiner dineorion variations presented lo Figures 6.1 ~ 5.4. For the 4 = 200 #t soatSguration, "dry" geologic fonditions and Jos yielde, the ground motion soocribution 1s neglisibie, ‘hile the overprossure contribution 18 negligible for the £ = 100 £6 cone ‘uration and "wet" geologte conditions. The comparativo danger associated eh iting prototype systems in "wee" geologian 18 obvious fron s comparison 4 Figurae 6.1 and 6.3. es a Function of Peak Overpressure "ony" Geologie Condition 8 OVERPFESSURE ~ psi 34 = 5507 niea0 c4.39230 34 = 500sarees 1. be aeode; Hef. cooper mad Os Ce Uatahy TBardnete, NOLLLECT, Diaper gions soficinar Attack," Prevented Sedundancy an Winner tect ives ees Wt Se i nent March Sony Satan om Sytem Concent for of ‘ iene sepleser 1972, Maen oe etptan taorstory tecbical Revere ARICTICT2-18, Nay i972. 2s de J, Stoker, ater Maven, Gaterscience, ew York, 1957), pps 9-18 3. Hs Beode, dans Rave tines Sefy 1B, 1525 0968) 4. Fm, Glinore, Sealing the Effects of Oveppzessure on bee of Hater Sonn H.W, Liepeann and A, Hosts, Elements of Gaséroasies, (Wiley, New York 1857, pp. 208215. s Glasatone, the £ffects of Hustent Uoazean, (USAEE, 960), pp. ATID. Te 1. Miles, J, rlste mech Personal Goumntcation, P. Leberaama, THY systems O19. wrtngton, Dr Coy 6, 585, 1959). %. yak snd He F. cooper, J, "utd slosh Bperinente™ (date ‘orth scien, snsan OOM hvene; rrojee,Ficet¥e Report 6765, Contract Roy DRADOL-71-€-0103, 25 July 1973). 10, Marsh, "Beat Report for Soall Fan Fluid Slomh Taveattgazion " (Srle sboratertes Zest Report 26270, becenber 1973). ‘ALebtost Wossurennats" (Proceedings of che MIXED CON@AE/ els 1s GE-TmGO, SASIAG, Senta Barbara, 1, 6. p, nest, ibOLE Gis Ranues Mesto California), pp. 2ii-az4, 12, a. P. cooper, chat