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M I N I P R O J E C T

DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE-II

PORTAL FRAME AND CANTILEVER METHODS

NAME: TOKO JOTAM

SCHOLAR ID: 1811049

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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INTRODUCTION

The building frames are the most common structural form, an

analyst/engineer encounters in practice. Usually, the building frames
are designed such that the beam column joints are rigid. A typical
example of building frame is the reinforced concrete multistorey
frames. A two-bay, three-storey building plan and sectional elevation
are shown in Fig. 1. In principle this is a three dimensional frame.
However, analysis may be carried out by considering planar frame in
two perpendicular directions separately for both vertical and
horizontal loads as shown in Fig 2. and finally superimposing
moments appropriately. In the case of building frames, the beam
column joints are monolithic and can resist bending moment, shear
force and axial force. The frame has 12 joints(j), 15 beam members
(m), and 9 reaction components (r). Thus this frame is statically
indeterminate to degree ((3m+r)-3j) = ((3x15+9)-12x3) = 18. Any
exact method, such as slope-deflection method, moment distribution
method or direct stiffness method may be used to analyse this rigid
frame. However, in order to estimate the preliminary size of different
members, approximate methods are used to obtain approximate
design values of moments, shear and axial forces in various members.
Before applying approximate methods, it is necessary to reduce the
given indeterminate structure to a determinate structure by suitable
assumptions. These will be discussed in this lesson.

Figure 1: Portal Method for the Approximate

Analysis of indeterminate frames

Fig 3: Shears in Column

Fig 2: Idealised Frame for Analysis

A building frame may be subjected to wind and earthquake loads during its life time. Thus, the building
frames must be designed to withstand lateral loads. A two-storey two-bay multistorey frame subjected to
lateral loads is shown in Fig.3.
Cantilever and portal are methods of analysis of Frame structures in which we do 2D analysis of a 3D Frame
structure for Simplficity in calculation. Both these methods are quite similar to one another.
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LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY

The Portal Method
The portal method is based on the assumption that, for each storey of the frame, the interior columns will
take twice as much shear force as the exterior columns. The rationale for this assumption is illustrated
in Figure 4.

Let's consider our multi-storey, multi-bay

frame as a series of stacked single storey
moment frames as shown at the top
of Figure 4. The columns on either end of each
individual portal frame are likely similar size
because they would each equally share the
gravity load from above. When we join these all
together into a stacked system, we can see, as in
the figure, that the interior columns have two
portal frame columns each since they need to
take axial force from the left and from the right
(whereas the exterior columns only take gravity
loads from the left or right). So, if we combine
all of these individual portal frames together,
our interior column (the sum of the two
individual portal frame columns) will need to be
twice as strong as the exterior columns.

If the interior columns are twice as strong, they

may also be approximately twice as stiff (as
shown in the diagram at the top right of figure
4). If we then have three columns in parallel as
shown and they all share the total lateral load at
the top as shown, then they will resist the total
load in shear in proportion to their relative
stiffness. A column that is twice as stiff will take
twice as much load for the same lateral
displacement. Figure 4: Portal Method for the Approximate
Analysis of Indeterminate Frames
So, it may be reasonable to assume that, since the interior columns are approximately twice as big, and
therefore twice as stiff, as the exterior columns, those interior columns will take twice as much shear as the
exterior columns. This is the basis of the portal method assumption.

This assumption is valid for the columns at every storey as shown in figure 4. So, the portal method
provides us with the shear force in each column at each storey in the structure. In our example structure, for
any given free body diagram cutting at the hinge location at a single storey, the system will be 2∘
indeterminate. If we know the shear in the middle column in relation to the shear at the left column, that
eliminates one unknown (we assume the middle column has twice as much as the left column 2*F1). If we
know the shear in the right column in relation to the shear at the left column, that eliminates another
unknown (we assume they are equal). These two assumptions eliminate the remaining 2∘ of static
indeterminacy, meaning that we can find the rest of the unknowns using the equilibrium equations only. The
portal method assumptions do not give us three known forces because we still have to solve for the force in
the left column using horizontal equilibrium before we can use that force to find the forces in the middle and
right columns.
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The Cantilever Method

The cantilever method is very similar to the portal method. We still put hinges at the middles of the beams
and columns. The only difference is that for the cantilever method, instead of finding the shears in the
columns first using an assumption, we will find the axial force in the columns using an assumption.

The assumption that is used to find the

column axial force is that the entire
frame will deform laterally like a single
vertical cantilever. This concept is shown
in Figure 5. When a cantilever deforms
laterally, it has a strain profile through its
thickness where one face of the cantilever
is in tension and the opposite face is in
compression, as shown in the top right of
the figure. Since we can generally assume
that plain sections remain plane, the
strain profile is linear as shown. The
relative values of the tension and
compression strain are dependant on the
location of the neutral axis for bending,
which is in turn dependant on the shape
of the cantilever's cross-section.

The cantilever method assumed that the

whole frame will deform laterally in the
same way as the vertical cantilever. The
location of the neutral axis of the whole
frame is found by considering the cross-
sectional areas and locations of the
columns at each storey:
̅=∑i(Aixi)/∑iAi
𝒙 (1)

where 𝒙
̅ is the horizontal distance
Figure 5: Cantilever Method for the Approximate Analysis of between the location of the neutral axis
Indeterminate Frames and the zero point, Ai is the area of
column i, and xi is the horizontal distance
between column i and the zero point. The location zero does not matter, but is commonly set as the location
of the leftmost column. Once we know the location of the neutral axis, using the assumption that the frame
behaves as a vertical cantilever, we know that the axial strain in each column will be proportional to that
column's distance from the neutral axis, just like the strain in any fibre a distance xx away from the neutral
axis of a cantilever is proportional to the distance xx. Since we are assuming that all of our materials are linear
(stress is linear to strain), then this also means that the axial stress in each column is proportional to it's
distance from the neutral axis of the frame. Also, columns on one side of the neutral axis will be in tension,
and columns on the other side of the neutral axis will be in compression. The linear axial stress profile for a
sample structure is shown at the bottom of Figure 5. If we assume an unknown value for the stress in the
left column (σ1 in the figure) then the cantilever method can be used to find the stress in the other two
columns as a function of their relative distance from the neutral axis as shown in the figure. From these
relative stresses, we can determine the force in each column as a function of stress σ1. Then, using a global
moment equilibrium, we can solve for σ1, and therefore for the axial force in each column. From this point,
the structure is again broken into separate free body diagrams between the hinges as was done for the portal
method and all of the remaining unknown forces at the hinges are found using equilibrium.

Since this method relies on the frame behaving like a bending cantilevered beam, it should generally
be more accurate for more slender or taller structures, whereas the portal method may be more accurate for
shear critical frames, such as squat or short structures.
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PROBLEM DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLE 1
Analyse the following G+5 building using Portal Frame Method. (Dimensions are in m)
10 kN
A5 B5 C5

3.5000

10 kN
A4 B4 C4

3.5000

10 kN
A3 B3 C3

3.5000

10 kN
A2 B2 C2

3.5000

10 kN
A1 B1 C1

3.5000

10 kN
A0 B0 C0

3.5000

A-1 B-1 C-1

4.0000 4.0000

Fig e1: G+5 building frames

Solution: 10 kN
A5 B5 C5

F6 2F6 F6 3.5000

10 kN

STEP 1: Calculation of horizontal shear in A4 B4 C4

F5 2F5 F5 3.5000

the column 10 kN
A3 B3 C3
We assume the horizontal shear forces in each columns being F1,
3.5000
F2, F3, F4, F5 and F6 as shown in the fig.
F4 2F4 F4

10 kN
A2 B2 C2

F3 2F3 F3 3.5000

10 kN
A1 B1 C1

F2 2F2 F2 3.5000

10 kN
A0 B0 C0

F1 2F1 F1 3.5000

A-1 B-1 C-1

4.0000 4.0000

Figure: Horizontal shears for each column members

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CALCULATION FREE BODY DIAGRAM

From 6th floor:

10 kN
A5 B5 C5
10 kN = F6 + 2F6 + F6
10 = 4 F6
F6 2F6 F6
F6 = 10/4
F6 = 2.5 kN

From 5th floor:

10 kN
10 + 10 kN = F5 + 2F5 + F5 A5 B5 C5
20 = 4F5
F5 = 5 kN
10 kN
A4 B4 C4

F5 2F5 F5

10 kN
A5 B5 C5

From 4th floor:

10 + 10 + 10 kN = F4 + 2F4 + F4 10 kN

30 = 4F4 A4 B4 C4

F4 = 7.5 kN

10 kN
A3 B3 C3

F4 2F4 F4
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10 kN
A5 B5 C5

10 kN
A4 B4 C4
From 3rd floor:

10 + 10 + 10 + 10 kN = F3+2F3+F3 10 kN
40 = 4F3 A3 B3 C3

F3 = 10 kN

10 kN
A2 B2 C2

F3 2F3 F3

10 kN
A5 B5 C5

10 kN
A4 B4 C4

From 2nd floor:

10 kN

10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 kN = F2 + 2F2 + F2 A3 B3 C3

50 = 4F2
F2 = 12.5 kN
10 kN
A2 B2 C2

10 kN
A1 B1 C1

F2 2F2 F2

10 kN
A5 B5 C5

10 kN
A4 B4 C4

10 kN

From 1st floor: A3 B3 C3

10+10+10+10+10+10 kN = F1 + 2F1 + F1 10 kN

60 = 4 F1
A2 B2 C2

F1 = 15 kN
10 kN
A1 B1 C1

10 kN
A0 B0 C0

F1 2F1 F1
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STEP 2: Moments at the end of the columns

Storey Calculations
6th MA4 A5 = MC4 C5 = (1.75 m) x F6 = 1.75 x 2.5 = 4.375 kNm
MB4 B5 = 1.75 x 2F6 = 1.75 x 2 x 2.5 = 8.75 kNm
5th MA3 A4 = MC3 C4 = (1.75 m) x F5 = 1.75 x 5 = 8.75 kNm
MB3 B4 = 1.75 x 2F5 = 1.75 x 2 x 5 = 17.5 kNm
4th MA2 A3 = MC2 C3 = (1.75 m) x F4 = 1.75 x 7.5 = 13.125 kNm
MB2 B3 = 1.75 x 2 F4 = 1.75 x 2 x 7.5 = 26.25 kNm
3rd MA1 A2 = MC1 C2 = (1.75 m) x F3 = 1.75 x 10 = 17.5 kNm
MB2 B2 = 1.75 x 2F3 = 1.75 x 2 x 10 = 35 kNm
2nd MA0 A1 = MC0 C1 = (1.75 m) x F2 = 1.75 x 12.5 = 21.875 kNm
MB0 B1 = 1.75 x 2 F2 = 1.75 x 2 x 12.5 = 43.75 kNm
1st MA-1 A0 = MC-1 C0 = (1.75 m) x F1 = 1.75 x 15 = 26.25 kNm
MB-1 B0 = 1.75 x 2 F1 = 1.75 x 2 x 15 = 52.5 kNm

STEP 3: Moments at the end of the beams

Storey Calculations
6th MA5 B5 = MB5 C5 = MA4 A5 = (1.75 m) x F6 = 1.75 x 2.5 = 4.375 kNm
5th MA4 B4 = MB4 C4 = MA3 A4 + MA4 A5 = 8.75 + 4.375 = 13.125 kNm
4th MA3 B3 = MB3 C3 = MA3 A4 + MA2 A3 = 13.125 + 8.75 = 21.875 kNm
3rd MA2 B2 = MB2 C2 = MA1 A2 + MA2 A3 = 17.5 + 13.125 = 30.625 kNm
2nd MA1 B1 = MB1 C1 = MA0 A1 + MA1 A2 = 21.875 + 17.5 = 39.375 kNm
1st MA0 B0 = MB0 C0 = MA-1 A0 + MA0 A1 = 26.25 + 21.875 = 48.125 kNm
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STEP 4: Shear in the beams

We assume the vertical shear forces in each columns being V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, ..., V12 as shown in the figure
below.

2V1 = MA5 B5 V1 V2

10 kN
A5 B5 C5
2V1 = 4.375
F6 2F6 F6 3.5000
V3 V4
V1 = 2.187 kN` 10 kN
A4 B4 C4

F5 2F5 F5 3.5000
V5 V6
2V2 = MB5 C5 10 kN
A3 B3 C3

2V2 = 4.375 F4 2F4 F4 3.5000

V7 V8

V2 = 2.187 kN 10 kN
A2 B2 C2

F3 2F3 F3 3.5000
V9 V10

2V3 = MA4 B4 10 kN
A1 B1 C1

2V3 = 13.125 F2 2F2 F2 3.5000

V11 V12

V3 = 6.562 kN 10 kN
A0 B0 C0

F1 2F1 F1 3.5000

2V4 = MB4 C4
4.0000 4.0000
2V4 = 13.125
Figure: Horizontal and Vertical Shears of the structure
V4 = 6.562 kN

2V5 = MA3 B3

2V5 = 21.875

V5 = 10.937 kN

2V6 = MB3 C3

2V6 = 21.875

V6 = 10.937 kN
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2V7 = MA2 B2

2V7 = 30.625

V7 = 15.312 kN

2V8 = MB2 C2

2V8 = 30.625

V8 = 15.312 kN

2V9 = MA1 B1

2V9 = 39.375

V9 = 19.687 kN

2V10 = MB1 C1

2V10 = 39.375

V10 = 19.687 kN

2V11 = MA0 B0

2V11 = 48.125

V11 = 24.062 kN

2V12 = MB0 C0

2V12 = 48.125

V12 = 24.062 kN
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STEP 5: Axial forces in the beam

V1 V2 V2

V1
For calculation of axial forces in each we denote the axial A5 B5 C5

forces each column member as shown in the fig. N5 O5 P5

V3 V4 V4

V3
A4 B4 C4

N4 O4 P4
Here any positive value for axial force it would be V5 V6 V6

considered tensile in nature and negative value for axial V5

A3 B3 C3
force means compressive in nature
N3 O3 P3
V7 V8 V8

V7
A2 B2 C2

N2 O2 P2
V9 V10 V10

V9
A1 B1 C1

N1 O1 P1
V11 V12 V12

V11
A0 B0 C0

N0 O0 P0

A-1 B-1 C-1

Figure: Column FBDs

For column A

V1
N5 = V1 = 2.187 kN (tension) A5

N5
N4 = V1 + V3 = 2.187 + 6.562 = 8.749 kN (tension)

N3 = V1 + V3 + V5 = 2.187 + 6.562 + 10.937 A4

V3

N3 = 19.686 kN (tension) N4

N2 = V1 + V3 + V5 + V7 = 2.187 + 6.562 + 10.937 + 15.312 V5

A3

N2 = 34.998 kN (tension) N3

V7
A2 Figure: Column A FBD
N1 = V1 + V3 + V5 + V7 + V9
N2

N1 = 2.187 + 6.562 + 10.937 + 15.312 + 19.687

V9
A1
N1 = 54.685 kN (tension)
N1

V11
N0 = V1 + V3 + V5 + V7 + V9 + V11 A0

N0 = 2.187 + 6.562 + 10.937 + 15.312 + 19.687 + 24.062 N0

A-1
N0 = 78.747 kN (tension)
 P | 12

For column B
V1 V2

O5 = V2 – V1 B5

O5
O5 = 2.187 – 2.187 V3 V4

O5 = 0 kN B4

O4
O4 = O5 + V4 – V3 V5 V6

O4 = 6.562 – 6.562 B3

O3
O4 = 0 kN V7 V8

O3 = O4 + V6 – V5 B2

O2
O3 = 10.937 – 10.937 V9 V10

O3 = 0 kN B1

O1
O2 = O3 + V8 – V7 V11 V12

B0
O2 = 15.312 – 15.312
O0

O2 = 0 kN B-1

O1 = O2 + V10 – V9
Figure: Column B FBD
O1 = 19.687 – 19.687

O1 = 0 kN

O0 = O1 + V12 – V11

O0 = 24.062 – 24.062

O0 = 0 kN
 P | 13

For column C V2

C5

P5 = V2 = -2.187 kN (compression) P5
V4
P4 = V2 + V4 = -2.187 - 6.562 = -8.749 kN (compression)
C4
P3 = V2 + V4 + V6 = -2.187 - 6.562 - 10.937
P4

P3 = -19.686 kN (compression) V6

P2 = V2 + V4 + V6 + V8 = -2.187 - 6.562 - 10.937 - 15.312 C3

P3
P2 = -34.998 kN (compression) V8

C2

P1 = V2 + V4 + V6 + V8 + V10 P2
V10
P1 = -2.187 - 6.562 - 10.937 - 15.312 - 19.687
C1
P1 = -54.685 kN (compression)
P1
V12

P0 = V2 + V4 + V6 + V8 + V10 + V12 C0

P0
P0 = -2.187 - 6.562 - 10.937 - 15.312 - 19.687 - 24.062
C-1
P0 = -78.747 kN (compression)

Figure: Column C FBD

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EXAMPLE 2
Analyse the following G+5 building using Cantilever Beam Method. Assume all columns
having same area of cross section (Dimensions are in m)
10 kN
A5 B5 C5

3.5000

10 kN
A4 B4 C4

3.5000

10 kN
A3 B3 C3

3.5000

10 kN
A2 B2 C2

3.5000

10 kN
A1 B1 C1

3.5000

10 kN
A0 B0 C0

3.5000

A-1 B-1 C-1

3.5000 4.5000

Fig 1: G+5 building frames

CENTROIDAL AXIS

10 kN
A5 B5 C5

STEP 1: Location of Centroidal Axis of 3.5000

Column 10 kN
A4 B4 C4

𝑿𝟏 .𝒂𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 .𝒂𝟐 + 𝑿𝟑 .𝒂𝟑 𝑿𝟏 .𝒂+ 𝑿𝟐 .𝒂 + 𝑿𝟑 .𝒂 3.5000

̅=
𝒙 =
𝒂𝟏 +𝒂𝟐 +𝒂𝟑 𝒂+𝒂+𝒂 10 kN
A3 B3 C3

𝟎.𝒂+(𝟑.𝟓).𝒂 + 𝟖.𝒂 𝟑.𝟓+𝟖 3.5000

= = = 3.833m
𝟑𝒂 𝟑
10 kN
A2 B2 C2
Distances of each column from the centroid be x1, x2 and x3 x2 = 0.3333
x3 = 4.1667
respectively,
3.5000
x1 = 3.8333

10 kN
x1 = 𝒙
̅ = 3.5 m A1 B1 C1

3.5000
x2 = 𝒙
̅ – 3.5
10 kN

= 3.833 – 3.5 = 0.333 m A0 B0 C0

3.5000

x3 = 8 - 𝒙
̅
= 8 – 3.833 = 4.167 m
A-1 B-1 C-1
3.5000 4.5000
 P | 15

STEP 2: Axial forces in the column of the first storey

CENTROIDAL AXIS

Axial stress in the column is proportional the distance between the 10 kN

column and the centroid of the frame.

A5 B5 C5

10 kN
Therefore, σn ∝ xn A4 B4 C4

N
Fn/an ∝ xn
10 kN
Or, F10/a1 x1 = F20/a2 x2= F30/a3 x3 A3 B3 C3

O
Since, a1 = a2 = a3 = a
10 kN
Hence, F10/x1 = F20/x2 = F30/x3 A2 B2 C2
x2 = 0.3333
P x3 = 4.1667
Or, F10/3.833 = F20/0.333 = F30/4.167 x1 = 3.8333

10 kN
A1 B1 C1

Let, F10 = F (downwards) Q

Then F/3.833 = F20/0.333 = F30/4.167 10 kN

A0 B0 C0

F20 = 0.333F/3.833 = 0.087F (downwards)

F10 F20 F30

F30 = 4.167F/3.833 = 1.087F (upwards)

Taking moment of all forces about the point of contraflexure R.

10*A5R + 10*A4R + 10*A3R + 10*A2R + 10*A1R + 10*A0R + F10*0 + F20*3.5 - F30*8 = 0
10*19.25+10*15.75+10*12.25+10*8.75+10*5.25+10*1.75 + 0.087F*3.5 - 1.087F*8 = 0
630 + 0.304F - 8.696F = 0
630 = 8.392F
F = 630/8.392 = 75.071 kN

F10 = F= 75.071 kN (downwards)

F20 = 0.333F/3.833 = 0.087F = 0.087*75.071 = 6.531 kN (downwards)
F30 = 4.167F/3.833 = 1.087F = 1.087*75.071 = 81.602 kN (upwards)
 P | 16

CENTROIDAL AXIS
STEP 3: Axial forces in the column of the
10 kN

second storey A5 B5 C5

10 kN
A4 B4 C4
We have,
N

F11/3.833 = F21/0.333 = F31/4.167 10 kN

A3 B3 C3

Let, F11 = G (downwards) O

Then G/3.833 = F21/0.333 = F31/4.167 10 kN

A2 B2 C2
x2 = 0.3333
P x3 = 4.1667
x1 = 3.8333

F21 = 0.333G/3.833 = 0.087G (downwards) 10 kN

A1 B1 C1

F31 = 4.167G/3.833 = 1.087G (upwards) Q

F11 F21 F31

Taking moment of all forces about the point of contraflexure Q.

10*A5Q + 10*A4Q + 10*A3Q + 10*A2Q + 10*A1Q + F11*0 + F21*3.5 - F31*8 = 0
10*15.75+10*12.25+10*8.75+10*5.25+10*1.75 + 0.087G*3.5 - 1.087G*8 = 0
437.5 + 0.304G - 8.696G =0
437.5 = 8.392G
G = 437.5/8.392 = 52.133 kN
F11 = G = 52.133 kN (downwards)
F21 = 0.087G = 0.087*52.133 = 4.536 kN (downwards)
F31 = 1.087G = 1.087*52.133 = 56.669 kN (upwards)
 P | 17

STEP 4: Axial forces in the column of the CENTROIDAL AXIS

10 kN
third storey A5 B5 C5

We have,
M

10 kN
F12/3.833 = F22/0.333 = F32/4.167 A4 B4 C4

Let, F12 = H (downwards) N x2 = 0.3333

x3 = 4.1667
x1 = 3.8333
10 kN
Then H/3.833 = F22/0.333 = F32/4.167 A3 B3 C3

F22 = 0.333H/3.833 = 0.087H (downwards) 10 kN

A2 B2 C2

F32 = 4.167H/3.833 = 1.087H (upwards) P

F12 F22 F32

Taking moment of all forces about the point of contraflexure P.

10*A5P + 10*A4P + 10*A3P + 10*A2P + F12*0 + F22*3.5 - F32*8 = 0
10*12.25+10*8.75+10*5.25+10*1.75 + 0.087H*3.5 - 1.087H*8 = 0
280 + 0.304H - 8.696H = 0
280 = 8.392H
H = 280/8.392 = 33.365 kN
F12 = H = 33.365 kN (downwards)
F22 = 0.087H = 0.087*33.365 = 2.903 kN (downwards)
F32 = 1.087H = 1.087*33.365 = 36.268 kN (upwards)

STEP 5: Axial forces in the column of the fourth storey

CENTROIDAL AXIS

We have, 10 kN
A5 B5 C5

F13/3.833 = F23/0.333 = F33/4.167 M

Let, F13 = I (downwards) 10 kN

A4 B4 C4

Then F/3.833 = F23/0.333 = F33/4.167

N x2 = 0.3333
x3 = 4.1667
x1 = 3.8333
10 kN
A3 B3 C3
F23 = 0.333I/3.833 = 0.087I (downwards)
O

F33 = 4.167I/3.833 = 1.087I (upwards)

F13 F23 F33

Taking moment of all forces about the point of contraflexure O.

 P | 18

10*A5O + 10*A4O + 10*A3O + F13*0 + F23*3.5 - F33*8 = 0

10*8.75+10*5.25+10*1.75 + 0.087I*3.5 - 1.087I*8 = 0
157.5 + 0.304I - 8.696I = 0
157.5 = 8.392I
I = 157.5/8.392 = 18.768 kN
F13 = I = 18.768 kN (downwards)
F23 = 0.087I = 0.087*18.768 = 1.633 kN (downwards)
F33 = 1.087I = 1.087*18.768 = 20.401 kN (upwards)

STEP 6: Axial forces in the column of the fifth storey

CENTROIDAL AXIS
We have,
10 kN
F14/3.833 = F24/0.333 = F34/4.167 A5 B5 C5

Let, F14 = J (downwards) M x2 = 0.3333

x3 = 4.1667
Then J/3.833 = F24/0.333 = F34/4.167 x1 = 3.8333
10 kN
A4 B4 C4

N
F24 = 0.333J/3.833 = 0.087J (downwards)
F34 = 4.167J/3.833 = 1.087J (upwards)
F14 F24 F34

Taking moment of all forces about the point of contraflexure N.

10*A5N + 10*A4N + F14*0 + F24*3.5 - F34*8 =0
10*5.25+10*1.75 + 0.087J*3.5 - 1.087J*8 =0
70 + 0.304J - 8.696J =0
70 = 8.392J
J = 70/8.392 = 8.341 kN
F14 = J = 8.341 kN (downwards)
F24 = 0.087J = 0.087*8.341 = 0.726 kN (downwards)
F34 = 1.087J = 1.087*8.341 = 9.067 kN (upwards)
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STEP 7: Axial forces in the column of the sixth storey

We have,
CENTROIDAL AXIS
F15/3.833 = F25/0.333 = F35/4.167
Let, F15 = K (downwards) 10 kN
x2 = 0.3333
A5 B5 C5
x3 = 4.1667
Then K/3.833 = F25/0.333 = F35/4.167 x1 = 3.8333
M

F25 = 0.333K/3.833 = 0.087K (downwards)

F35 = 4.167K/3.833 = 1.087K (upwards) F15 F25 F35

Taking moment of all forces about the point of contraflexure M.

10*A5M + F15*0 + F25*3.5 - F35*8 =0
10*1.75 + 0.087K*3.5 - 1.087K*8 =0
17.5 + 0.304K - 8.696K =0
17.5 = 8.392J
K = 17.5/8.392 = 2.085 kN
F15 = K = 2.085 kN (downwards)
F25 = 0.087K = 0.087*2.085 = 0.181 kN (downwards)
F35 = 1.087K = 1.087*2.085 = 2.266 kN (upwards)

STEP 8: Shear at the end of the Beam

Let us assume downward force as negative and upwards force as 10 kN

positive. A5 B5 C5

F15 M F25 F35

At joint A0, FA0 = F15 + F14 + F13 + F12 + F11 - F10

10 kN
= 2.085+8.341+18.768+33.365+52.133-75.071 A4 B4 C4

F14 N F24 F34

= 39.621 kN
10 kN
At joint A1, FA1 = F15 + F14 + F13 + F12 - F11 A3 B3 C3

F13 O F23 F33

= 2.085+8.341+18.768+33.365-52.133
= 10.426 kN 10 kN
A2 B2 C2

At joint A2, FA2 = F15 + F14 + F13 - F12 F12 P F22 F32

= 2.085+8.341+18.768-33.365 10 kN
A1 B1 C1

= -4.171 kN F11
Q
F21 F31

At joint A3, FA3 = F15 + F14 - F13 10 kN

A0 B0 C0
= 2.085 + 8.341 - 18.768 = -8.342 kN F10 F20 F30
R

At joint A4, FA4 = F15 - F14 = 2.085 - 8.341 = -6.256 kN

 P | 20

At joint A5, FA5 = -F15 = -2.085 kN

At joint B0, FB0 = F25 + F24 + F23 + F22 + F21 – F20
= 0.181+0.726+1.633+2.903+4.536-6.531
= 3.448 kN
At joint B1, FB1 = F25 + F24 + F23 + F22 - F21
= 0.181+0.726+1.633+2.903-4.536 = 0.907 kN
At joint B2, FB2 = F25 + F24 + F23 - F22
= 0.181+0.726+1.633-2.903 = -0.363 kN
At joint B3, FB3 = F25 + F24 - F23 = 0.181+0.726-1.633 = -0.726 kN
At joint B4, FB4 = F25 - F24 = 0.181-0.726 = -0.545 kN
At joint B5, FB5 = -F25 = -0.181 kN

At joint C0, FC0 = F35 + F34 + F33 + F32 + F31 – F30

= -2.266-9.067-20.401-36.268-56.669+81.602
= -43.069 kN
At joint C1, FC1 = F35 + F34 + F33 + F32 - F31
= -2.266-9.067-20.401-36.268+56.669 = -11.333 kN
At joint C2, FC2 = F35 + F34 + F33 - F32
= -2.266-9.067-20.401+36.268 = 4.534 kN
At joint C3, FC3 = F35 + F34 - F33
= -2.266-9.067+20.401 = 9.068 kN
At joint C4, FC4 = F35 - F34 = -2.266+9.067 = 6.801 kN
At joint C5, FC5 = -F35 = 2.266 kN

STEP 9: Moment at the end of the Beam

MA0 B0 = MB0 A0 = 3.5/2*FA0 = 1.75*39.621 = 39.621 kNm

MA1 B1 = MB1 A1 = 3.5/2*FA1 = 1.75*10.426 = 18.245 kNm

MA2 B2 = MB2 A2 = 3.5/2*FA2 = 1.75*(-4.171) = -7.299 kNm

MA3 B3 = MB3 A3 = 3.5/2*FA3 = 1.75*(-8.342) = -14.598 kNm

MA4 B4 = MB4 A4 = 3.5/2*FA4 = 1.75*(-6.256) = -10.948 kNm

MA5 B5 = MB5 A5 = 3.5/2*FA5 = 1.75*(-2.085) = -3.649 kNm

MB0 C0 = MC0 B0 = 4.5/2*FB0 = 2.25*3.448 = 7.758 kNm

 P | 21

MB1 C1 = MC1 B1 = 4.5/2*FB1 = 2.25*0.907 = 2.041 kNm

MB2 C2 = MC2 B2 = 4.5/2*FB2 = 2.25*(-0.363) = -0.817 kNm

MB3 C3 = MC3 B3 = 4.5/2*FB3 = 2.25*(-0.726) = -1.633 kNm

MB4 C4 = MC4 B4 = 4.5/2*FB4 = 2.25*(-0.545) = -1.226 kNm

MB5 C5 = MC5 B5 = 4.5/2*FB5 = 2.25*(-0.181) = -0.407 kNm

Result Discussion and conclusion:

Analysis of G+5 building frames has been completed using both Portal Frame and Cantilever Method.
We have obtained the following data in both these methods viz. Axial force in each of the column member
and the nature of axial force(Tension and Compression), Bending moment of each members (Beam and
Column) and Shear Force of each members.
From Example 1 it is found that when the structure is symmetrical given that the area of cross section of
each column is equal and it has odd number of column then the axial force is found to be zero in the middle
column.
The cantilever method is very similar to the portal method. The only difference is that for the cantilever
method, instead of finding the shears in the columns first using an assumption, we will find the axial force
in the columns using an assumption.
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REFERENCE

https://learnaboutstructures.com/
https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/105105109/pdf/m6l36.pdf